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Анализируется использование тропа относительности Секстом Эмпириком. Поднимается проблема возможного агностицизма главного представителя пирронизма и предлагаются аргументы и основания, которые показывают способ отведения данного возражения. Основой интерпретации является так называемая диалектическая стратегия, с помощью которой Секст мог описать свое непропозициональное использование норм и аргументов, которые были им заимствованы у догматических философов и использованы против них самих., The goal of Sextus Empiricus' philosophy implies achieving the tranquility of soul (ataraxia), which is reached through investigation of scientific and philosophical beliefs. Sceptic comes to conclusion, Sextus says, that conflicting beliefs have equal persuasiveness, which allows him to suspend judgement about truth and falsity of any issues under investigation. At the same time Sextus uses powerful arguments of negative dogmatic nature, what provides reasons to some scholars to contend Sextus' insincerity and inconsistency. Indeed, we come to strange results, undertaking analysis of the Relativity Mode. If we reconstruct arguments, contained in the Mode, we can see that the main premise of the Mode is an assumption that relative knowledge of the things is not the proper one, for it cannot reveal their real nature. For the being of things in themselves is assumed as absolute and not relative one. Every relative predicate then does not reveal the real properties of the things in themselves. Assuming this, one should certain conclude that things are incomprehensible, which means in its turn taking agnosticism. However this takes no place in Sextus' case -at the end of every Mode he declares necessity of suspending judgement. This issue raises the main problem of this paper. I argue that Sextus has sufficient means to refute those hasty charges sketched above. So it is proposed an apologetic interpretation based on so called «dialectical strategy», which can be traced to Socrates and which was inherited by Sextus through Arcesilaus. It consists in hypothetical assuming premises and deduction rules of opponents (dogmati-cists), and revealing internal contradictions of their accounts. As example of such strategy could be taken a special way of skeptical speaking, which is described by «phainestai rule» (K. Vogt). According to this rule the pyrrhonian sceptic makes no statements, but just utters about his perceptions and mental states. It means that the sceptic have a special skeptical propositional attitude, according to which he makes no truth claims but he is just reasoning from the dogmatist's point of view. Thus we reach a point that the sceptic doesn't argue truth of premises and deduction rules, and thereby is not committed to their conclusions. This shows why the sceptic isn't entitled to claim agnosticism as consequence of his reasoning. However this interpretation calls an account of isosthenia in question, which I'll undertake in the following paper.

Рассматривается романная тетралогия Томаса Манна «Иосиф и его братья». Проводится сопоставление романов тетралогии с образцами жанра эмигрантского романа, созданными писателями, покинувшими Германию после событий 1933 г. (Э.М. Ремарк, Л. Фейхтвангер, К. Манн). Учитываются такие аспекты романной поэтики, как пространственная организация, сюжет, типология героев. Обосновывается принадлежность тетралогии Т. Манна к жанровой периферии немецкого эмигрантского романа., Data for study for the paper is Thomas Mann's tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers finished in the American exile in 1943. T. Mann's work is considered to belong to different genres, namely myth novel, historical novel, anti-totalitarian Bildungsroman. In the paper it is compared with the main examples of German exile novel created by exile writers E.M. Remarque, L. Feuchtwanger, K. Mann. The exile novel is a genre where space organization plays an extraordinary important role. Two main kinds of space worldview presented in Joseph novels are considered in the article. The bearers of the first one are Jacob and his relatives and the bearers of the second one are Egyptians. The sacred centre of Jacob's world is the Luz hill, and Canaan is considered to be a sacral territory. Secular territories are located around it. As for Egypt, it is outskirts having the same axiological meaning as the underworld. Egyptians' worldview is an axiological inverse of Jacob's one because they accept Egypt as a sacral territory and Canaan as a barbarian country. The authors of the German exile novel also simulate two worldviews which are axiologically opposite. The author refers to them as "Nazi space" and "exile space" because their bearers are Nazi characters and emigrant characters respectively. Yuri Lot-man offered such a criterion for constructing the typology of literary characters as their relation to space. Using this criterion in studying the German exile novel enables to define Nazi and emigrant characters as bearers of opposite worldviews and to analyze the situation of choice appearing in every emigrant's life. Emigrants can either accept the axiology of the exile space where the central zone is a "dark" world and outskirt is a sacral rational territory or suffer from being far from their motherland. Emigrant characters from the first group start a new life in one of the outskirt countries while characters from the second group mostly die. A similar self-determination act must be held by Th. Mann's Joseph who accepts Egypt as "his" country and sacral territory. Joseph's moving to outskirt is shown as a symbolic death and a new birth; the same can be found in E.M. Remarque's, L. Feuchtwanger's and K. Mann's exile novels. That is why Th. Mann's Joseph can be defined as an emigrant character and Joseph and His Brothers as belonging to the genre periphery of the German exile novel. The tetralogy novels are not thematically related to the events of the 1930s-1940s. But they were a reaction to these events, being created as a "humanistic project". Though Th. Mann used an Old Testament plot he documented the emigrant view in his work, a bearer of which he also was.

На материалах Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Государственного архива Хабаровского края впервые в отечественной историографии исследуется история разработки и последующей реализации проекта организации обороны низовьев и устья р. Амур в 1906-1914 гг. Изучены решения Особого Совещания при СГО и проблемы их практической реализации. Введены в научный оборот и проанализированы данные о визите в 1911 г. в Приамурский военный округ военного министра В.А. Сухомлинова, принятых им в Николаевске решениях об изменении планов строительства Николаевской крепости, характеристике Амурской речной флотилии., This paper continues to present the results of a study devoted to the elaboration and discussion the complex defence project of the Lower Amur and its mouth, prepared by the experts of the War and Navy Ministry, in the Special Consultation of the State Defence Council. It explains the reasons why most part of it was never implemented. Using sources from the NA RF and NAKR, this paper first examines the history of the elaboration and the following implementation of this defence project in 1906-1914. The decisions of the Special Consultation of the State Defence Council and problems of their practical implementation are analysed. Only one part of the project was implemented in 1911. It was the plan of creating the Amur River flotilla. However, it was greatly sequestered by the reason of financial problems. Not only the absence of money inhibited the creating of the ground defence, but also the gaps in regional geography and some debatable issues of fortifications construction. The War Minister of the Russian Empire V.A. Sukhom-linov saw all this during his visit to the Nikolayevsk Fortress in May 1911. He made a conference of all the leaders of the Priamur-skiy Military District, and the plan of the "immobile defence" was curtailed and reconsidered. The slow implementation of this plan continued until the outbreak of World War I and went along with the military-geographical and topographical investigation of the Lower Amur region. The results of it were very useful in the Soviet Union time, on the new level of the defence building in the Russian Far East. Therefore, despite the heavy blunders in the infrastructure organisation, the Amur River flotilla, which already existed by the time of V.A. Sukhomlinov's visit, became the foundation of the Amur defence. The idea of "mobile" defence was so prosperous, that the flotilla not only took an active part in World War II, in the time of the Manchu operation of 1945, but also continues its service today. The archival materials about the complex defence project of the Lower Amur and its mouth, the visit of V.A. Sukhom-linov and decisions that he made in Nikolayevsk about the changes in the building plans of the Nikolayevsk Fortress, the Amur River flotilla assessment and the descriptions of the absence the providing infrastructure are first published.

Рассматриваются основные особенности, связанные с проведением автороведческой экспертизы текстов протокола допроса. Исследуются юридические требования к составлению документов данного жанра и вызванные ими трудности определения границ авторского текста и разделения двух авторов. Рассматриваются стилевые и жанровые особенности протокола допроса и их роль в атрибуции протокола. На основе изучения обширного эмпирического материала разрабатывается методика анализа текстов данного жанра., The paper aims to clarify basic characteristics of interview memo authorship examination. The object of research is the memo of interview and its characteristics that determine the complexity of authorship examination. The paper attempts to develop a procedure for interview memo authorship examination. The paper has an introduction and 5 parts: "The Authorial Text Borders", "Genre and Authorial Traits Demarcation", "Binary Authorship", "Relevant Characteristics System", "Authorship Examination Algorithm". The paper is addressed to those working in the field of forensic linguistics and of problems of authorship examination. The introduction tells about the importance of knowing genre traits for reasoned authorship attribution. The first part familiarizes readers with legal requirements to the form and content of the memo of interview. The basis of the following research is a conclusion that only the descriptive part of the interview memo is authorship analyzable. In the part "Genre and Authorial Traits Demarcation" the most important characteristics of the interview memo genre are described. The third part is devoted to the problem of two authors coexistence in the text of the memo of interview. The first author is the interviewee, the second is the interviewer. Of particular interest is an attempt to distinguish text elements of the two authors. The part "Relevant Characteristics System" is devoted to the analysis of the traditional authorship examination method. It is established that lexical-phraseological, stylistic and syntactical linguistic levels are most appropriate for interview memo authorship examination. The last part of the paper, "Authorship Examination Algorithm", generalizes the results of the research and proposes a series of steps of interview memo authorship examination. In the conclusion the author again speaks about special aspects of interview memo authorship examination and notes a necessity to find a new basis for the analysis of texts of this genre. The paper is illustrated with two tables. The firs table illustrates the essay to distinguish text elements of the first and of the second authors. The second table expresses steps of interview memo authorship examination. The article contains a list of references.

Рассматривается вопрос о редакторской деятельности Ф. Сологуба в издательстве «Всемирная литература» (1918-1924). Подробно освещена работа над «Избранными сочинениями Ги де Мопассана», для которых Сологуб выступил не только как переводчик, но и как редактор, автор примечаний и вступительных статей. Проанализированы принципы, по которым работало издательство, пытаясь изменить саму форму работы переводчиков и редакторов по подготовке книг., The paper discusses the work of F. Sologub in the publishing house "Vsemirnaya literatura", organized in 1918. The aim of this paper is to review the editorial principles of the writer and their changes in the course by cooperation. Sologub's work as editor has not previously been a subject of research; the introductory articles by the writer have not been the subject of a separate study. Using the comparative method, the author traces the evolution of the editorial principles of the writer. In "Vsemirnaya Literatura", Sologub was the editor, compiler, author of commentaries and introductory articles for Izbrannye proizvedeniya G. de Mopassana [Selected Works of G. de Maupassant]. Archival studies showed that Sologub prepared six volumes; however, only two of them were published (Bel Ami, Strong as Death). They became the main research material, along with previously unknown documents (Maupassant's Lunnyi svet i drugie rasskazy [Moonlight and Other Short Stories] from Sologub's private library which preserved marginalia and allowed tracing the process of editing, and the unpublished "Preface" to the two volumes of Rasskazy Mopassana [Short Stories of Maupassant] stored in the archive of the writer). Until 1918 Sologub had written three introductory articles to the books of translations: his own translations of poems by P. Verlaine, the novel translated by An. Chebotarevskaya and a note for Polnoe sobranie sochineniyMopassana [Complete Works of G. de Maupassant]. These brief notes by Sologub about the authors or the works were an expression of the subjective attitude of the writer towards the object, they disclosed his own views on issues raised in the novel or on the work of the author. "Vsemirnaya Literatura" had specific requirements for introductory articles. Instructions sent to the editors are a detailed plan of what the preface should contain and how it should be structured. Sologub wrote his introductory article for Izbrannye proizvedeniya G. de Mopassana following this plan. However, the evolution of the principles of editorial work by Sologub did not satisfy the reviewer of the book, N.O. Lerner. He gave a negative review and pointed to the source in one of the articles -Complete Works of G. de Maupassant in French (ed. by L. Conard). The review of this publication and its comparison with the content of Sologub's introductory articles shows that the informative part of the preface is completely taken from this source. However, when writing articles, Sologub did not abandon his principles of writing. It is most evident in Sologub's article to his translation of the novel Strong as Death. Comparing the introductory articles of the two periods of the writer, i.e. before 1918 and during the existence of "Vsemirnaya Literatura", the author comes to a conclusion that Sologub, who, at first glance, completely changed an approach to work, managed to save his characteristic manner, i.e. expressed his vision of the works by Maupassant at a professional level.

Описываются методологические основания выбора психокоррекционных и психотерапевтических методик для работы с пациентами кардиологического профиля до и после коронарного шунтирования. Исследованы и описаны особенности когнитивно-эмоциональной сферы пациентов с нарушениями по типу «лобного» синдрома. С учетом нейропсихологической симптоматики и специфики эмоционально-волевой сферы данной категории пациентов предложен комплекс методик, базирующийся на техниках и приемах когнитивно-бихевиорального подхода психотерапии и методах программированного обучения больных с «лобным» синдромом Л.С. Цветковой и восстановления планирования речевого высказывания М.К. Шохор-Троцкой. В предлагаемом комплексе выделено три блока по формированию и закреплению определенных психологических навыков: рационально-поведенческий, прогностический, когнитивно-коммуникативный., This article describes the methodological bases of the choice of psychocorrectional and psycho-therapeutic techniques in working with cardiological patients before and after coronary bypass surgery. The features of the cognitive-emotional sphere of patients with frontal lobe syndrome are presented. A clinical psychologist action algorithm for the diagnosis and prevention of behavioral and psycho-emotional disorders in patients preparing for surgery was worked out. The article highlights the "targets" of psychocorrectional exposure with the aim to overcome patients' "frontal" dysfunctions and to restore cognitive functions after coronary bypass surgery. In the paper we present a list of existing and most commonly used therapeutic approaches when working with patients suffering from somatic diseases. The paper describes a number of physiological mechanisms which patients with anxiety or depressive disorders may encounter. To prevent the influence of a negative stress response on the cardiovascular system we suggested to use the problem-oriented approach, in particular, the method of the rational-emotive therapy by A. Ellis. The techniques of this approach, unlike other types of psychotherapy, prevent the patient from coming back to the traumatic situation. The advantages of the rational-behavioral therapy were presented, where the main aim is to change the irrational patient's settings and to produce the optimal behavior during the preparation for the surgery. Taking into account neuropsychological symptoms and the specificity of emotional and volitional aspects of this category of patients, the complex of methods based on techniques and methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches was chosen including the methods of programmed training for patients with frontal lobe syndrome by L.S. Tsvetkova, and the recovery method of verbal planning by M.K. Shokhor-Trotsky. The scheme of psychological support of patients before and after coronary bypass surgery was developed. In the proposed complex we identified 3 blocks allocated for the formation and consolidation of certain psychological skills: rational-behavioral, predictive, and cognitive-communicative. Positive changes in the psychological sphere by using this methodical complex are expected, such as: reducing attention deficiency; enhancing voice and task oriented behavioral activity; reducing anxiety; actualization of time perspective. The complex of psychotherapeutic methods is oriented to improve the quality of life and to form the patient's personal responsibility for the treatment, which could become the basis for the psychological preparation for the surgery and for the rehabilitation in the postoperative period.

Показана история Ярославского Демидовского юридического лицея в 1900-1914 гг. Дается характеристика учебного процесса и сословного состава учащихся, анализируются квалификация и материальное положение профессорско-преподавательского состава. Отмечены расцвет регионального высшего образования в 1900-1904 и 1908-1913 гг. и упадок 1905-1907 гг., связанный с революцией. Рассматривается студенческое движение в период первой российской революции. Описан вывод о влиянии общероссийских процессов на региональное образование. Подчеркнуто, что Ярославский Демидовский юридический лицей в исследуемое время играл важную роль в системе высшего образования Российской империи., The article is devoted to the study of the history of a higher education institution Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum at the beginning of the 20th century. The aim of the article is to analyze the trends in the development of regional higher education in this chronological framework by the example of the Demidov Lyceum. The study mainly used archival materials clerical work documentation and statistical sources. The paper describes the student movement, which was a response to the events of January 9, 1905. The students joined the demonstrations of the workers, and refused to study before the introduction of the country's representative form of government. Russian higher education institutions, including Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum, stopped working for about 9 months, until the first of September, 1906. After these events, in the 1906-1907 academic year, higher school students from Moscow, St. Petersburg and other universities expelled for participating in the revolutionary movement joined the numbers of the Yaroslavl Lyceum students. Student unrest stopped after 1907. At the beginning of the century, a significant democratization of education occurred. Analysis of the statistical data leads to a conclusion that there was classless education in the Demidov Lyceum in the prewar period, that more than 50% of its students paid for their education, that there was a scholarship program and a clear predominance of the dominant religion Orthodoxy. The paper also provides a detailed list of the Lyceum teaching staff and administration who worked at the beginning of the 20th century, reports information about their education, salary and title. Famous lawyers such as Professor S.M. Shpilevsky, a known Russian historian of law and archaeologist, Professor V.M. Gordon, an outstanding expert in civil law, Professor I.Ya. Gurlyand, Doctor of Police Law, in the future one of the closest staff of ministers P.A. Stolypin and B.V. Sturmer, E.N. Berendts, the largest expert in Finnish law in the country, the future senator of the Provisional Government and Minister of Justice in the government of the Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky in the Ukraine, Professor L.S. Tal, the initiator of the study of labor law as a since, and others worked in the lyceum. The author comes to a general conclusion that Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum played an important role in the system of domestic higher school, and was one of the centers of legal education. Despite the short-dated decline during the First Russian Revolution in 1905-1907, the regional higher education in the Russian Empire flourished at the beginning of the 20th century, at both the national and the regional levels.

Рассматривается история внедрения новой для Забайкальского региона административно-управленческой схемы провинции. Освещены основные сведения об учреждении, устройстве и компетенции канцелярии и воеводы Удинской провинции. Сделан вывод, что политика обустройства сибирских окраин Российской империи не только не носила инновационного характера с целью развития региона, но даже не адаптировалась к местным социально-экономическим, географическим, этническим, климатическим и прочим особенностям., The article discusses the history of the introduction of the province as an administration and management scheme new for the Transbaikal cross-border region. To manage the new territorial unit the Provincial Office was established, headed by the governor, subordinate to the governor of Irkutsk. The aim of the work is to highlight the basic information about the institution, the structure and the competence of the administrative body of Udinsk Province the Office and the magistrate. The author uses archive, previously unpublished material stored in the regional archive to examine the Office personnel, the main directions of its activities, the structure of divisions and their competence. The paper gives a brief historiography of the study of the topic which indicates its insufficient study. The paper describes the progress of the formation of the province and its administration system. The author identifies the main functions of the provincial authorities: administrative, fiscal, judicial, police and land management functions. According to the author, the few employees of the Provincial Office were not enough for the effective management of the region. All Transbaikal administration scheme is briefly discussed, from commissioners managing individual divisions to peasant self-government in the form of hut clerks. The archive materials indicate numerous abuses by the administrative officials of the province, but due to the small number of staff even convicted officials could again take part in managing the region. This situation often gave rise to open public protests and provoked riots. The establishment of the province in the Transbaikal region, therefore, is the first attempt to make administration of the distant cross-border region autonomous. Despite the fact that for the European Russian the provincial administration system was outdated and had been canceled, for the border regions of Russia bordering this scheme was new. The author concludes that the policy of resettling the Siberian outskirts of the Russian Empire neither was innovative for the development of the region, nor adapted to the local socio-economic, geographic, ethnic, climatic and other features. Besides, the implemented scheme did not undergo any significant changes and amendments based on the experience of its functioning. The province lasted for less than ten years and was abolished, according to the author, because of its complete inconsistency with the local conditions and the actual worthlessness of the scheme as a whole.

Рассматривается вопрос об оказании экономической и военной помощи правительству Чан Кайши со стороны США в разгаре антияпонской войны, его влиянии на различные аспекты американо-китайских отношений. Отмечается рост значимости данного вопроса по мере приближения разгрома Японии, обусловленный ролью сотрудничества двух стран в планах Ф. Рузвельта по поводу мирного переустройства на Дальнем Востоке. Выявлено наличие острых разногласий по проблеме оказания помощи между США и Китаем, а также внутри американского руководства, проанализированы способы их преодоления., This paper examines the impact of the problems associated with the provision of US military and economic aid to the Chiang Kai-shek Government on the condition of US-China relations during a turning point of World War II, when China's leadership made a stake on the conduct of hostilities mainly due to the US economic, military, and technical assistance. Throughout the period under review, the Chinese government tried to put pressure on the Roosevelt administration with the aim of increasing the supply of modern weapons, military equipment, and other goods. However, the Japanese occupation of almost all of Burma, which had been the last land bridge linking China to the outside world until 1942, created tremendous barriers to the delivery of US aid and actually meant blockade of the Chiang Kai-shek government-controlled provinces of China. The result was a steady decline in the US supply throughout 1942 causing some worsening of relations between the US and China. Nevertheless, Roosevelt and Chiang Kai-shek continued to actively discuss issues of US-Chinese cooperation in the economic field in the aftermath of the war in the Far East. Related issues were studied very carefully by the Chinese government which planned a large-scale modernization of the national economy in the postwar years and desperately needed to attract foreign, and in the first place American business. China's leadership counted on the interest of the US business community in the extraction of profits from the economic cooperation with China. It was America's paramount concern to establish control over the potentially far-reaching and highly promising Chinese market. It was also expected in Washington that the American support aimed at the post-war reconstruction of China was able to perform a decisive role in overcoming its backwardness and modernization of the Chinese political system. The relevance of the issue is determined by China's importance to the Allied strategy at the beginning of the war, the value of US-Chinese cooperation in the calculations of Franklin D. Roosevelt administration concerning post-war reconstruction of East Asia. The aim of this paper is a comprehensive examination of the problems of economic and military cooperation between China and the United States. Methodological foundations are the principles of historicism, objectivity, and causality. The novelty of the work is determined by using a considerable amount of historical evidence, not involved in the work of Soviet and Russian researchers previously, in a comprehensive study of the economic, political, and military ties between the US and China in the most difficult war years. The author comes to a conclusion that there were discrepancies between the two countries that made the existence of different, often conflicting positions on issues of interaction with the Chiang Kai-shek government in the economic field within the American establishment almost inevitable.

Выявляются подходы англо-американских и немецких исследователей к изучению истории массовых крестьянских переселений в Азиатскую Россию в дореволюционный период. Установлено, что работам западных авторов, опубликованным в первой половине XX в., присущи объективизм, использование «универсальных теорий» (колонизации, модернизации), стремление рассмотреть историю крестьянских миграций в общеевропейском и глобальном контексте. Во второй половине XX начале XXI в. исследователи сосредоточились на изучении особенностей крестьянских миграций в условиях «сибирского фронти-ра». Наряду с разнообразием теоретико-методологических подходов для рассматриваемого исследовательского направления характерна широкая палитра оценок переселенческого движения, от преимущественно критических в начале XX в. до преимущественно положительных в современной историографии., The aim of the paper is to present a comprehensive historiographical analysis of the works of Anglo-American and German authors who studied the history of mass peasant migration to Siberia and Far East during the post-reform era. Since the late XIX century up to the present the Western researchers have shown a great interest in the progress and results of the mass peasant resettlements beyond the Ural. In their numerous publications they used new theoretical and methodological approaches, made some valuable observations and conclusions. However, the majority of their publications have been neglected by the Soviet and contemporary Russian scholars. The present paper is meant to fill this gap, so it has the following tasks: to determine the range of relevant issues addressed by Western researchers; to delineate the main periods in the history of studying the peasant migration to Siberia; to characterize main theoretical and methodological approaches used by Western scholars; to evaluate their contribution to this field of research. The author notes that Anglo-American and German researchers considered the mass peasant migrations along with the construction of Trans-Siberian railroad as significant factors ensuring a stronger Russia's presence in Asia. In their works the agrarian history of Russia and Siberia is analyzed in the global context, while the Russian peasantry's way of life is viewed as part of the global peasant culture. In the late XIX mid-XX centuries the Englishand German-language scholars used an objectivist approach and "universal theories" of colonization (K. Wiedenfeld, W. Klumberg, H.-Y. Seraphim) and modernization (D. Treadgold). They retrieved their data from a limited amount of available sources which was offset partially by the widespread use of the works of pre-revolutionary and Soviet specialists. As the international scientific cooperation increased, Western scholars increasingly used documentary materials from the central and local archives of the USSR and Russia. In the second half of the XX early XXI centuries one of the main distinguishing features of Siberian studies in the West was an extensive use of the "frontier" theory (D. Treadgold, D. Kazmer, A. Kappeler). A contemporary German researcher E.-M. Stolberg attempted at summarizing various theoretical approaches representing the cultural history of Siberia within the political and socioeconomic frameworks, thus contributing to the development of the "frontier" theory, trans-regional and trans-cultural history. The author comes to conclusion that over the last century Western researchers demonstrated a variety of opinions: from the mostly negative attitudes in the early XX century to the mostly positive ones in the contemporary historiography. While admitting failures in implementation of some governmental measures and specific situation in Southern and Eastern Siberia or in the Far East, contemporary authors tend to write about the migrations' positive impact on the social and economic development of Asian Russia. Focusing on the specifics of situation in Siberia they often underestimate the results of governmental policy aimed at unification of social groups and creation of a "big Russian nation" in Asia. However some historians (St. Marks, A. Wood and others) urge their colleagues not to exaggerate the success of "modernization" or specifics of the Siberian frontier. Such approach along with the use of a traditional theory of "colonization" resembles evaluations and forecasts made by the researchers at the beginning of the XX century.

Исследуются материалы о ходе второго Мараморош-Сиготского процесса 1913-1914 гг., которые печатались на страницах иркутской газеты «Сибирь». Периодическое издание достаточно объективно представляло сведения, обращало внимание на главные причины православного движения. Особенно подробно освещены слушания свидетелей и обвиняемых. Журналисты приходят к выводу, что большинство свидетелей делали признание под давлением полиции и жандармерии. Находим также урывки из выступления прокурора, судьи и адвокатов. Газета является важным источником по истории православной церкви в Закарпатье., The purpose of this paper is to overview the content and the context of notes on the history of the Second Maramorosh Sighet Trial (1913-1914) published in the Irkutsk newspaper Sibir' [Siberia]. In the study, the author analyzed newspaper articles published from late December 1913 to early March 1914. The author proves for the first time in the historiography that the newspaper objectively reported on the progress of the Trial, focusing on the causes of the Orthodox movement, methods of carrying out pre-trial investigation, violence by the police and gendarmerie. The author showed that most of the defendants and witnesses refused to testify, claiming their innocence. On the basis of the research, the author highlighted the main issues raised at the Trial. These include cooperation with Russia, anti-state and anti-Uniate propaganda and illegal distribution of literature. Particular attention is paid to the questioning and testimony of the main defendants: Kabaljuk, Vorobchuk, Petrovci, Palkaninets. It was found that most of the arrested farmers were poor, little versed in political matters and had no education. The main reasons for the Orthodox movement were the socio-economic and religious factors which are demonstrated on the set of examples in the paper. The position of witnesses who supported the prosecution is shown. The author comes to a conclusion that they were an interested party and the operational part of the population of different settlements. Contacts of the leader of the Orthodox movement A. Kabaljuk with Count V. Bobrinsky, Gerovski brothers, representatives of Russian and Athos monasteries is shown as well. The position of various Austrian and Hungarian newspapers on the issue of the Trial is shown in the paper and the author highlighted that it was not straightforward. A separate list of farmers sentenced to various prison sentences and fines is presented. The public opinion reaction of Austria-Hungary, Russia and other countries on the verdict is analyzed as well. The author concludes that this source plays an important role in the study of Transcarpathian Church History of the early twentieth century. It is noted that the repressions of the peasants did not stop the Orthodox movement. The subsequent history of Transcarpathia indicates the geographical expansion of the Orthodox movement.

В статье показано существование различных исследовательских позиций в трактовке графического дизайна, что объясняется сложной системой общекулътурных функций, которые выполняют объекты дизайн-графики. Автор показывает необходимость теоретико-понятийного изучения графического дизайна в контексте его исторического самоопределения. Обосновывается идея о том, что визуальный дизайн как искусство графики начиная со второй половины XX в. замещается коммуникационным дизайном, целью которого является обеспечение эффективных коммуникаций, а не создание выразительных графических форм., The paper shows the existence of various research strategies for graphic design treatment, determined by the emergence of new culture-related functions that graphic design objects fulfil. Academic descriptive definitions of graphic design identifying its subject areas are considered in the paper and the objects typologies are brought forward. Grounds are given for the necessity of graphic design theoretical and conceptual study, as well as for the necessity of identifying its essential characteristics in the context of historical self-determination. In this regard, the paper examines the stages of graphic design development, starting with the 1920s. Graphic design emerged as visual, painting and drawing techniques having been extensively included in its toolset. Visual ingenuity, expressiveness of the graphical forms presented in the creative work of graphic artists became the "goal" of their design projects. It is noted that at all times when the visual expression is put forward as the goal of the design project, its objects are evaluated with due regard for aesthetic qualities. The paper studies how the ideas of the graphic design role in public life changed historically. A comparative analysis of the visual constituent role in design projects of the XX-XXI centuries is carried out. The idea of visual design as a graphics art being replaced by communication design from the 2nd half of the XX century onward is substantiated. Functionality, simplicity, clarity serve as the fundamental characteristics of communication design. For this reason, the creation of expressive graphic forms is not an end in itself but is just a means of organizing effective mass communication. Concurrently, graphic design has not lost its dual nature. 0n the one hand, it is deeply related to art. 0n the other hand, the design principles used in graphic design distinguish it from art. Changes connected with the ones in the graphic design problem field today result in new criteria being established for assessing the quality of design developments and professional competence of the designer. It is also noted that professional graphic designers have two opposing viewpoints concerning the designer's role in the communication process. According to one of them, the designer carries out "transportation", "transfer" of understandable, useful, interesting information, showing neutral attitude towards its content. The other standpoint "announces itself" today ito an increasing degree: when choosing expressive means, the designer's social responsibility towards the consumers should be of priority rather than commercial interest of marketing.

Цикличность процессов развития на основе интеграции и дезинтеграции характерна для открытых систем различной природы, включая социально-экономические. Нефинансовый сектор корпоративной экономики рассматривается в качестве открытой системы, специфика процессов производства продуктов в которой характеризует ее как среду, способную к воспроизводству интеграционных процессов. Выявлены факторы воспроизводственной природы корпоративной интеграции в нефинансовом секторе экономики, к каковым относятся влияние трансформаций состояний внешнего окружения бизнеса, человеческий фактор и изменение состояний и возможностей компаний на соответствующих этапах их жизненного цикла., This paper is devoted to the development of open systems that can have evolutionary reproduction character in conditions of constantly changing characteristics of an external environment. Integration processes are objective tendencies in development. Integration processes in the corporate sphere have the reproduction nature. Authors note that the development of national and global economic systems stimulated by corporate integration generates formation of external operating conditions, new for enterprises, that stimulates new waves of integration or disintegration. Achievement of the initial purposes of integration, including achievement of a certain economic power of corporation, can become a disaggregation factor by means of separate productions allocation for a further increment of business efficiency and competitiveness. The analysis shows that modern economic literature leds to the conclusion that recurrence of processes of merges and absorption is considered by them only as result of external influence of development of the related systems. The question of the nature (factor) of reproduction processes in the corporate sphere isn't studied enough. The article considers the problems of the nature of reproduction's type of corporate integration in non-financial sector of economy. The paper presents the author's interpretation of the corporations life cycle which is admitted conditionally infinite that is generated by change of phases of integration and disintegration.

This paper is about the pragmatic notion of truth, according to which what we believe in the ideal limit of inquiry is true. Hence, it refers to the dynamics of belief and thus to theoretical rationality. Thereby, truth and rationality are inexorably entangled; neither can be explained without the other. The paper intends to make plausible that this entanglement may be developed into rigorous and fruitful theory. published

В статье приведен впервые составленный перечень публикаций Е. Ф. Корша в журнале «Библиотека для чтения». Подробно рассмотрены его переводы литературных произведений, опубликованные в этом журнале: повесть «Страсть на двух различных ступенях общества» (Э. Бульвер-Литтон); статья «Английские романы-путешествия», в которую входят переводы «Матросский набор в Англии» (М. Скотт) и «Бал на острове Барбадосе» (Ф. Марриет); перевод стихотворения «Нас семеро» (в составе статьи об У. Вор-дсворте), а также ряд переводов, авторство подлинников которых не удалось определить: «Англичане в чужих краях», «Графиня из простых. Сцены образованного света», «Замок Эльмир. Очерки ирландских нравов», «Мой братец Вася»., The paper describes the translations by Evgeny Fedorovich Korsch 1834-1842 in the journal Biblioteka dlya chteniya [Library for Reading]. E.F. Korsch (1809-1897) participated in the publication of many well-known newspapers and journals, he was an authoritative editor. But, unfortunately, his personality and activities are forgotten at the moment, and require a study to establish the overall picture of Russian literature and publishing processes of the 1830s-1850s and the role E.F. Korsch played. The paper lists translations of literary works (7); analytical articles, reviews (9); prose translations of "intermediate" genres (5). Then more details on translations of literary works are given: the novel Strast' na dvuh razlichnyh stupenyakh obshchestva [Passion at two different levels of society] (E. Bulwer-Lytton); the article "Angliyskie romany-puteshestviya", which includes translations of Matrosskiy nabor v Anglii [Sailor's set in England] (M. Scott) and Bal na ostrove Barbadose [Ball on the island of Barbados] (F. Marryat); the translation of the poem "We are seven" (W. Wordsworth). At the end of this paper the author considers translations of E.F. Korsch, whose original authorship could not be determined. All the originals were taken from the English monthly journals New Monthly Magazine and Blackwood's Magazine. These are such works as Anglichane v chuzhikh krayakh [The British in foreign lands], Grafinya iz prostykh. Stseny obrazovannogo sveta [A Countess from the simple. Scenes of educated society], ZamokEl'mir. Ocherki irlandskikh nravov [Elmir Castle. Sketches of Irish manners], Moy bratets Vasya [My brother Vasya]. The considered publications suggest that the contribution of E.F. Korsch to the development of the journal Biblioteka dlya chteniya was significant. These publications reflect the interest of the reader community, they helped to form the taste of readers and were a reaction to the most recent developments in the literary process of the time.

Приведены описание и фотографии для определения фрагментов насекомых, поедаемых Vespertilio murinus L. (Chiroptera). Впервые на территории равнинного Среднего Зауралья изучен рацион этого вида. В составе рациона нами отмечены насекомые 8 отрядов: Diptera (Nematocera, Brachycera), Trichoptera, Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae), Homoptera (Cicadinea, Aphidina), Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera (Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae) и представители кл. Arachnida (Acari). Самые высокие частоты встречаемости и обилия отмечены для Diptera (Nematocera), Coleoptera и Homoptera (Cicadinea). Выявленный состав рациона Vespertilio murinus L. сходен с рационом вида на территории Европы и России, но имеются различия в численном соотношении пищевых групп., Studies of bats diet are of scientific and practical interest. But in the vast territory of Russia such studies are rare. Therefore, we study the diet structure of the background and highly plastic bat species in the Middle Urals Vespertilio murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). The aim of the research was to study the species diet structure and to create an atlas qualifier of prey fragments, using a digital stereo microscope. We collected the material in Skorodumskoye village (Irbit district of Sverdlovsk region, 57°36N, 62°52'E) on the 11th and 16th July, 2012. We studied bat diet analyzing bat droppings. After collecting droppings, the bats were set free. In the laboratory, we selected 5-10 excrements of the close size and form for each individual. Each dropping (sample) was placed on a glass slide in a drop of glycerol. To determine and to count, the residues of arthropods were uniformly distributed on the glass surface (14 cm2 area), graph paper marked up into squares of 1 cm2 was placed under the slide. To create a photo collection of the residues we photographed the most characteristic elements, using the stereo microscope "Olympus SZ61" 2x-4x magnification (2x front lens and 10x eyepieces). Totally, 80 samples were analyzed. For quantitative estimation of the residues we calculated the relative occurrence and abundance of various arthropod taxa. The relative occurrence is the share of samples with the taxon residues in the total number of samples (for each individual). Relative abundance is the share of squares (1 cm2) with the taxon residues in the total number of squares of all found taxa (for each individual). The paper describes fragments of arthropods eaten by V. murinus, and gives photos for identification. Fragments of arthropods found in the droppings were from

Находится множество всех невырожденных двухточечных инвариантов групп движений некоторых феноменологически симметричных двумерных геометрий (плоскости Гельмгольца, псевдогельмгольцевой, дуальногельм-гольцевой и симплициальной плоскостей). Для решения соответствующих функциональных уравнений применяется аналитический метод., In G.G. Mikhaylichenko's classification, along with the well-known geometries, such as the Euclidean plane, Minkowsky plane, two-dimensional sphere, and others, there are two-dimensional Helmholtz type geometries in which the circle does not have the usual pattern, as evidenced by Helmholtz in his work "On the Facts Underlying Geometry," as well as the sim-plicial plane. All these geometries are endowed by group and phenomenological symmetries. The essence of the phenomenological symmetry is in the link between all the mutual distances for a finite number of points. The paper describes a complete system of non-degenerate two-point invariants of groups of motions for some phenomenologically symmetric two-dimensional geometries (Helmholtz plane, pseudo-Helmholtz plane, dual-Helmholtz plane, and simplicial plane) as a solution of corresponding functional equations for a set of two-point invariants of transformation groups. The paper found that every two-point invariant of motion groups of the aforementioned geometries coincides with the metric function of the corresponding plane up to a smooth transformation у( f) f.

Предлагается новая (дополненная) система аксиом для общефилософской теории знания. В язык этой аксиоматической теории включаются новые термины, в частности, термин «существует алгоритм (может быть построена машина) для установления, что р». При этом в теорию включаются ранее отсутствовавшие в ней аксиомы, определяющие значения новых терминов. Исследуются приложения аксиоматики к истории философии., The paper submits a new (substantially expanded) system of own axioms for the general philosophical theory of knowledge. In comparison with the previous option of axiomatizing epistemology some novel terms are added to the language of the axiomatic theory, for instance, the term "an algorithm exists (a machine can be constructed) for deciding that p", where p stands for a proposition. Precise definitions of meanings of the newly introduced terms are given indirectly by adding corresponding new own axioms of epistemology to the axiomatic system which axioms have not been included into the system hitherto. The submitted new axiomatic epistemology system makes up new precise definitions of the notions "a-priori-knowledge" and "a-posteriori-one". In the axiomatic system the two kinds of knowledge are precisely defined by means of compositions of epistemic, alethic, de-ontic, axiological and other modalities. Systematically exploiting the hypothetic-deductive method the author investigates the set of logic consequences of accepting the mentioned hypothetical precise definitions of the epistemic modalities "a-priori-knowledge-of-being" and "a-priori-knowledge-of-value" and of the graphic representation of their logical interrelations by means of the logical square-and-hexagon. In particular, at the level of artificial language a strict formal derivation of "it is obligatory that p" from "there is a-priory knowledge that p" is constructed within the framework of the submitted axiomatic epistemology system. Within the same system at the same level a strict formal derivation of "it is good that p" from "there is a-priory knowledge that p" is constructed as well. Moreover it is formally proved in the present paper that in the axiomatic system under consideration there is the logic equivalence between the modalities "it is obligatory that p" and "it is good that p", if it is true that "there is a-priory knowledge that p". The submitted new (significantly transformed and complemented) axiomatic system is applied to the relevant concrete material of the history of philosophy, namely, to G.W. Leibniz', D. Hume's, and G.E. Moore's philosophical epistemology views.

Во всех биологических жидкостях здорового человека поддерживается постоянный уровень рН, изменение которого может говорить о различных патологиях, которые могут привести к тяжелым хроническим заболеваниям. В женском организме кислотность влагалищного секрета играет очень важную роль. В норме этот показатель составляет 3,8-4,4 ед. рН. Изменение этого показателя в кислую либо щелочную сторону говорит о дисбалансе внутренней микрофлоры, появлении болезнетворных бактерий, что может привезти к бесплодию, тяжелым хроническим заболеваниям, а в случае наличия беременности к тяжелому ее течению и риску развития патологий у плода. На сегодняшний день определение рН влагалищного секрета является одной из стадий выявления нарушений бактериального биоценоза. Ввиду отсутствия удовлетворяющих диапазону определения рН тест-систем его определяют с помощью индикаторной бумаги, так как прямая рН метрия дорога и нецелесообразна при малом количестве и различной консистенции материала. Использование индикаторной бумаги для определения рН несет ряд существенных недостатков. Для измерения полоска бумаги помещается в материал, сохраняющийся на браншах при взятии мазка. Бумага плохо намокает, цвет ее определить сложно, поскольку она изначально окрашена. Также следует учитывать возможность ложноположительных результатов рН-метрии при попадании в вагинальное отделяемое церви-кальной слизи, крови, спермы, поскольку эти биологические жидкости имеют более высокую по сравнению с влагалищным секретом уровень рН. Исходя из сложившейся проблемы, создание индикаторной системы для контроля рН слизистых оболочек в гинекологии является актуальной задачей, и однозначного решения этой проблемы до настоящего времени найдено не было. Сотрудники Томского государственного университета совместно с ЗАО «Альдомед» предложили разработку, способную решить данную проблему. В основу этой разработки легла рецептура с использованием кислотно-основных индикаторов, а также других компонентов, состав и количество которых являются производственной тайной. Тест-система представляет собой раствор, который может применяться в лабораториях лечебно-профилактических учреждений без вреда для здоровья и особых способов утилизации. Идентификация рН проводится визуально, с помощью цветовой шкалы и шагом определения 0,5 ед., что является необходимым требованием для разработки. Продукт был опробован в медицинских лабораториях на более чем 200 реальных образцах, обратные отзывы о работе индикаторной системы без нареканий., All biological fluids of a healthy person is maintained a constant pH, a change which may indicate various pathologies that can lead to severe chronic diseases. In the female body the acidity of vaginal secretions plays a very important role. Normally, this indicator is 3,8-4,4 units of pH. Changing this parameter in an acidic or alkaline side says the imbalance of internal microflora, the emergence of pathogenic bacteria that can bring to infertility, severe chronic diseases, and in the case of pregnancy to heavy flow and its risk of abnormalities in the fetus. Today, the definition of the pH of the vaginal secretion is one of the stages of violations bacterial biocenosis. In the absence of satisfying the definition of a range of pH test kits, it is determined by the test paper as a direct pH meters of the road and not practical for a small number of different consistencies and material. Using indicator paper to determine the pH brings a number of significant drawbacks. To measure the strip of paper is placed in a material that lasts for at Branche smears. A piece of paper gets wet, its color is difficult to determine, since it originally painted. You should consider the possibility of false positives pH meters when released into the vaginal discharge of cervical mucus, blood, semen, since the biological liquid has higher compared with vaginal secretions pH. Given the current problems, the creation of an indicator system for monitoring the pH of the mucous membranes in gynecology is a challenge and a unique solution to this problem, to date, has not been found. Employees of Tomsk State University jointly with company «Альдомед» offered products are capable to solve this problem. The basis of this development lay recipe using acid-base indicators, as well as other components of the composition and quantity of which is hidden the secret of production. The test system is a solution that can be used in the laboratories of medical institutions without harm to health and special disposal methods. Identification of the pH is carried out visually, using a color scale, and 0.5 U determining step. That is a prerequisite for development. The product was tested in medical laboratories in more than 200 real samples, check reviews of the indicator system flawlessly.

Рассматриваются основные доводы, приписываемые Г. Фреге при построении программы логицизма. Приводится краткая характеристика этих доводов. Анализируются математические доводы: проблематизируются аспекты неологицизма, ставящие под сомнение выполнимость в рамках данной программы математических задач Г. Фреге. Делается вывод о решении этой задачи в рамках проекта неологицизма К. Райта иБ. Хейла., The paper analyzes G. Frege's logicism and neo-logicism of C. Wright and B. Hale. The main aims that have been attributed to Frege's logicism by different scholars are considered. A brief description of these aims is given. The paper is concerned with the mathematical rationale. According to the mathematical rationale, G. Frege believed that whatever admits to proof ought to be proved. And he thought that the propositions of arithmetic, hitherto unproved, admit of proof and should be proved. Aspects of neo-logicism, questioning the feasibility of mathematical aims of G. Frege in the framework of the program, are problematized. It is concluded about the solution of this problem in the framework of the project of neo-logicism of C. Wright and B. Hale.

Представлен пленарный доклад автора на межрегиональной конференции «Психология мотивации в современных социальных контекстах», организованной совместно ТГУ и Международной лабораторией позитивной психологии личности и мотивации НИУ ВШЭ (Томск, июль 2016 г.). Описываются две из пяти мини-теорий, составляющих СДТ: организмическая теория интеграции, в рамках которой выделяются различные типы регуляция (внутренняя и внешняя) и разрабатывается континуум интернализации (от амотивации к внутренней мотивации); теория базовых психологических потребностей. Представлены результаты исследования, проведенного в двух юридических школах США. Согласно полученным результатам поддержка автономии в образовательной среде по сравнению с контролирующим стилем обучения является предиктором более высокой карьерной мотивации, роста субъективного благополучия и более высоких академических достижений. Обсуждается новый подход к оценке мотивации к изменениям, предложенный Hudson и Farely (2015), и его приложение к оценке мотивации к изменению субъективного благополучия и ценностей., The paper presents the keynote lecture given at the Interregional Conference "Psychology of motivation in modern social contexts" organized jointly by Tomsk State University and International laboratory of positive psychology of personality and motivation of National Research University Higher School of Economics (Tomsk, July 2016). The paper introduces Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a contemporary theory of human behavior. The issue of "free will" is discussed from the perspective of psychology of motivation. An integrated multi-level model of human behavior viewed from different perspectives of contemporary science is presented. The main aspects of two of five mini-theories constituted SDT framework are described: an Organismic Integration Mini-Theory, which distinguish different types of regulation (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) and elaborates the Internalization Continuum (from amotivation to intrinsic motivation); and Basic Psychological Needs Mini-Theory, which describes the concepts of three basic psychological needs in autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as analogues of "psychological vitamins" neсessive to human growth, flourishing, and optimal functioning. The concept of autonomy and its impact on different types of interpersonal relationships like parenting, teaching, and employer-employee relationships are discussed. The results of research conducted in two Law Schools in the USA are presented. The findings show that autonomy-supporting environment results in student's higher career motivation, better subjective well-being, and higher academical performance, as compared to more controlling environment. The new approach to measuring the motivation to change, proposed by Hudson and Farely (2015), and its implications for measuring the well-being changes, and value changes is discussed.

Рассматриваются функциональные свойства английских отсубстантивных глаголов в бизнес-дискурсе. Для изучения от-субстантивных глаголов, функционирующих в корпусе текстов британской деловой газеты «The Financial Times», привлекался комплекс исследовательских методов: корпусный анализ, лексикографический анализ, дискурсивный анализ. Делается вывод об увеличении числа отсубстантивных глаголов, приводится их классификация по типу пропозиции, а также анализируются причины широкой распространенности в бизнес-дискурсе глаголов с метафорическим значением., The paper is devoted to the examination of functional properties of English denominal verbs in business discourse. Although de-nominal verbs formed via transmutation from nouns make up a significant class of English verbs, their functioning in business discourse remains understudied. This justifies the novelty and relevance of the work. The study is based on the data of the British business newspaper the Financial Times. The corpus of the Financial Times articles referring to 2014-2015 and comprising more than 621,000 words was collected. A number of research methods were employed. At the first stage a quantitative analysis was conducted to determine the number of denominal verbs functioning in the corpus and to compare the data gained with that of the LOB corpus. The comparison of the Financial Times corpus and the subcorpus of press of the LOB corpus, which refers to 1961, allowed the author to draw a conclusion that the quantity of denominal verbs in the British press increased over the 50-year period. In the FT corpus 163 denominal verbs were found and analysed with the lexicographical and contextual methods for further classification. In the paper the classification of denominal verbs based on the type of proposition is given. When analysing the type of proposition the attention is focused not on the predicate but on the actant which is determined by the parent noun. To have reasons to put a verb into a particular group, their definitions in an English-English dictionary, their translation given in an English-Russian dictionary, the context the verb is used in and, in some cases, the etymology of the verb were analysed. The classification includes six groups of verbs: verbs with incorporated subject (e.g. to witness, to doctor), verbs with incorporated object (e.g. to bill, to tag), verbs with incorporated locative (e.g. to shop, to house), verbs with incorporated instrument (e.g. to e-mail, to pen), verbs with incorporated resultative (e.g. to clone, to draft) and verbs with incorporated descriptive (e.g. to axe, to balloon). The final group of verbs, whose meaning is based on metaphor, turned out to be the most numerous in the corpus (29 % of all the denominal verbs). The author believes it can be explained by the presence of evaluation in this type of discourse and by the important role metaphor plays in the formation of concepts because of the complexity of processes and phenomena business discourse is characterised by.

В статье развивается тема психосемантической самоорганизации человека как субъекта жизни. Рассмотрен системный синергетический подход как принцип современной общенаучной методологии в аспекте субъектной парадигмы в гуманитарных науках и в психологии в исследовании человека как активного деятеля, субъекта жизнетворчества. Психика определяется как информационно-семантическая система, которая обладает свойством саморазвития и самоорганизации. Отсюда актуальны задачи изучения психосемантических механизмов самоорганизации активности человека как субъекта. Сознательная самоорганизация человека как субъекта проявляется в когерентности и гомогенности сформированных им в процессе развития информационно-смысловых структур и механизмов относительно чувственно-смыслового ядра «Я» в мире и жизни, определяющих устойчивость и гибкость его поведения и деятельности в динамике и диалектике жизни. В современных гуманитарных науках недостаточно используются системный подход и диалектико-синергетическая методология, что отражается на отсутствии эффективных технологий реализации субъектно-деятельностного и поступкового подходов в исследовании и реализации программ развития самоорганизации человека как субъекта жизни., The article develops the topic of the psycho-semantic self-organization of a person as a subject of life. The system-synergetic approach is considered as a principle of modern scientific methodology in terms of subject paradigm in the humanities and in psychology in researches of a person as an active figure and a subject of creativity. The psyche as a system includes structural and functional mechanisms of reality reflection which enables a person to know the reality and himself and, on the basis of this, to regulate his behavior and actions in order to adapt and transform the living environment and himself. In our work the psyche is defined as an information-semantic system, which has the property of self-development and self-organization. Hence the objectives to study the psycho-semantic mechanisms of self-organization of a human's activity as a subject. Conscious self-organization of a person as a subject is evident in the coherence and homogeneity formed in the development process of information and meaning structures as well as mechanisms regarding sensory-semantic core "I" in the world and life that determine the stability and flexibility of his behavior and activity in the dynamics and dialectics of life. In modern human sciences the system approach and dialectical-synergetic methodology are used insufficiently, which is reflected in the lack of effective technologies of implementation of subject-activity and actions approaches in studies and implementation of programs on self-organization development of a person as a subject of life. The problem of subjective properties of a person is the subject of a special study and it is put forward as the subject of psychology. This determines the necessity of modeling structures and mechanisms of a subject and subjectivity for analysis, evaluation and systematic study of these phenomena. Currently in psychology the major questions remain those about how a person, a conscious individual reveals himself as a subject, and what makes his essential content, his true "self". This paper analyses some aspects of personality development in the course of individual life of a person. This method of psychological research allows to objectively reveal the individuality of a human being as an individual in his life and to identify promising targets, epigenesist of human life. The principle of the psycho-semantic self-organization of a person as a subject is proven in the paper. This system consists of information and semantic motivational-semantic mechanisms of self-realization of an individual, i.e. the mechanisms of self-realization, when a person fulfills his individual abilities and potentials and his own ideas and values of life.

Изучен процесс нитрования имидазола и 4(5)-нитроимидазола с использованием в качестве нитрующего агента нитрата натрия. Определены условия синтеза монои динитропроизводных имидазола, при которых достигается максимальный выход целевых продуктов., The results of investigation of imidazole and its derivative 4(5)-nitroimidazole nitration by sodium nitrate as nitration agent are represented. The conditions for selective preparation of 4(5)-nitroimidazole, 4,5and 1,4-dinitroimidazole are determined. Reactions of nitration were carried out with sulfuric acid solution in the case synthesis of mononitroimidazole and 4,5-dinitroimidazole, while acetate solution was used for synthesis the 1,4-dinitroimidazole. In this paper sodium nitrate is proposed for the first time as a nitration reagent to obtain the dinitroimidazoles. This makes the method more technological as compared with the known methods of nitration of imidazoles using concentrated nitric acid and acetic anhydride. It was determined that synthesis of 4(5)-nitroimidazole and 4,5-dinitroimidazole occurs advantageously at high temperatures (100-160°C), while the obtaining of 1,4-dinitroimidazole occurs at a temperature near 50°C. The influence of the reaction time of imidazoles nitration, the temperature conditions of the reaction and the amount of nitrating agent on yield of base monoand dinitroimidazoles were investigated. Optimal conditions of nitration processes to corresponding nitroimidazole maximum yield were determined. The graphs of dependence of yields the base products from conditions are constructed. It was founded that the dependence of the yield of 4,5-dinitroimidazole from amount of sodium nitrate in certain interval of the graph has pronounced linear character. Deviation from optimal conditions leads to decreasing of main product yield which induced by oxidative processes to produce different substances with unascertained structure. Synthetic methods proposed in the present work does not require special additional equipment, simply reproduce in preparative practice and are characterized by good selectivity. In the experimental part of this paper the detailed methods of synthesis of 4(5)-nitroimidazole, 4,5dinitroimidazole and 1,4-dinitroimidazole are described. The characteristics of the synthesized compounds reported in the experimental part have agreement with literature data. The resulting products were identified by physical-chemical methods such as IR-spectroscopy, NMR-spectroscopy, elemental analysis, melting point measurement. The effect of temperature conditions, the time of the reaction, the amount of added components to yield the appropriate monoand dinitroimidazoles were studied. Preparative methods of synthesis of nitroimidazoles suggested in this work can be used to develop technologies for their production, which are attractive for a potential industrial partner. Moreover, designed methods Cand N-nitration of imidazoles can be used for obtaining another nitroderivatives diazaheterocycles.

Рассматриваются архивные документы, которые поступали в приходские церкви и составлялись в них в XVIII начале XX в. Проводится критический анализ различных систематизаций архивных документов, отложившихся в фондах церквей и учреждений по управлению Русской православной церковью. Выявлены схожие и отличительные черты мнений ученых. Представлена авторская классификация документальных источников приходских церквей Тобольской епархии XVIII -начала XX в., разработанная в результате анализа документов, хранящихся в ФКУ «Российский государственный исторический архив», ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске» и ГКУ «Государственный архив Курганской области»., In the research a critical analysis of various types of church documents systematization is carried out. Similar and distinctive features of scholars' opinions are given. Among experts in the history of church there is no consensus about the classification of church sources. The only thing scholars agree on is the classification of church books, confession lists, clerical lists, marriage searches and census records about sacred and clergymen, their families as a group of documents of the church account and mass sources. The author's classification of the documentary sources of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries is presented; it was developed as a result of the analysis of the documents stored in the Russian State Historical Archive, in the State Archive in Tobolsk and in the State Archive of Kurgan Oblast. Official documentation of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries has been conditionally divided into four categories by the functional criterion: assembly documents; registration documents; reporting documents; parish chronicles; correspondence; documents on economic activity. Documents of legal and standard character belong to the first group, assembly documents; they include three categories: 1) acts of the supreme authorities; 2) departmental acts of the Holy Ruling Synod; 3) regulations of local bodies of the church power. The second group of documents includes documents of the church accounting of the population which began at the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. The third group of sources is reporting documents. Parish chronicles are classified into a separate, the fourth, group. The fifth group of documents of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy is correspondence; the sixth is economic documents. Most often archives have account books (receipts and expenses books could be kept separately) and property registers of parish churches. This group can also contain notebooks of profit, expenses and surplus of prayers of absolution and paper bands; profit registers of church priests; books for records of donation money or butts; books of auxiliary salaries; justificatory monetary documents; registers of parishioners depositing funds for the maintenance of the temple; cases of church repairs; documents on the opening of parish guardianship and renovation of church iconostases; books on candle sales; paper band and prayer books.

Изучаются свойства робастных оценок масштабного параметра. Показано, что оценка медианы абсолютных разностей имеет асимтотически нормальное распределение, является B-робастной и имеет ограниченную функцию влияния. Приводятся результаты сравнения оценок масштабного параметра в рамках гауссовской модели с засорением., This paper deals with asymptotic robust properties of some estimators of scale parameter by the e -contamination of the model distributions: F = Фе x (x) = (1 е)Ф(x) + еФ(x /x), e is a known proportion of contamination (0 1,...,Xn is a random sample with distribution function F(x) and F has a density f (x), x е R1. Let T(F), F еЗ, is a generic scale functional and Tn(X1,...,Xn) = T(Fn) is its sample estimator. We consider the functional T(F) defined by J [ F (x + T (F)) F (x T (F)) F (x)]dF (x) = 0 and the location invariance and scale equivariance sample estimators of the functional T (F), F еЗ. The sample estimator of this functional T (F) is given by Tn (X1,..., Xn) = med {| Xi Xj |, 1 < i, j < n }. This estimator is also named as the median of the absolute differences. The purpose of this article is to study asymptotic robust properties Tn estimators for different models distributions. The formal calculation of the Influence Function IF(x; F, T) is given by IF(x; F, T) = dJ(F; Д F) = 1 + 2F(x T) 2F(x + T), x е R1. 2J [ f (x + T) + f (x T)] dF (x) Note that Influence Function IF(x;F,T) is bounded and looks like as the U-shaped curve. If j[f (x + T) + f (x T)]dF(x) > 0, then the random variable *Jn{T T(F)}/ ct(F, Tn) has asymptotically standard normal distribution, where the asymptotic variance of JnT is given by the following formula: да2 j [1 + 2 F (x T) 2 F (x + T )]2 dF (x) a2(F, T„) = j IF2(x; F, T)dF(x) = 1---. -да 4 (j [ f (x + T) + f (x T)] dF (x)) The paper contains numerical comparisons for some estimators of scale parameters by e contamination of the model distribution for different values of e and x. It is shown that for normal distribution asymptotic relative efficiency Tn estimator with respect to S1 having the classical standard deviation is equal: ARE(I) (Tn : S1) = 0.86 and ARE(I) (Tn : S2) = 0.98, where S2 has the average absolute deviation.

Рассматриваются вопросы функционирования моделей инфинитивных предложений в творчестве Е. Летова. Цель работы заключается в том, чтобы выявить функции и оттенки значений инфинитивных предложений в рассматриваемом корпусе и найти ответ на вопрос о причинах частого использования автором этих моделей. Анализ материала показывает, что существует разновидность инфинитивных предложений, не обладающая очевидной модальной спецификой и подробно не описанная в литературе, модально неквалифицируемая., Though the variety and functioning of Russian infinitive clauses are described rather well, they are still worth studying, especially referring to their functioning in those spheres which have not been researched yet. This paper is based on Egor Letov's verse, and focuses on functions and semantic nuances of the infinitive clauses as well as on the reasons of their frequent use. A specific semantic subtype of infinitive clauses, which has not been in focus in previous works, is described. Some remarks on this topic may be seen, though, in a series of papers by A. Zholkovsky, who names this subtype the 'absolute infinitive construction' and treats it as a variety of the so-called 'infinitive writing'. Nevertheless, his analysis focuses on the poetic functions of the infinitive writing. The specific aim of this work is to give a linguistic description of the subtype. The majority of infinitive patterns have vivid modality; nevertheless, the subtype described does not possess any obvious modal specificity: strelyat', metat', teryat' druzei /posylat' na smert' batalyony soldat [To shoot, to throw, to lose friends / to send battalions of soldiers to their deaths]; Ekh, zashishat svoi Faterlyand [Oh, to defend the Fatherland]. Such cases differ in the interpretation of modal connotations of meaning. One cannot clearly estimate the desirability / undesirability, obligation, inevitability or failure the author keeps in mind. Some infinitives indicate actions that are perceived with obvious positive evaluation (pisat' stikhi o vesne [to write poems about spring]), which itself could be seen as an indirect sign of optative modality, but this evaluation is neutralized with neighboring infinitives having an opposite connotation. Most infinitives in the subtype investigated do not contain any modal connotation in lexical meaning: probirat'sya [wade], polzti [crawl], shagat' [stride], zashchishchat' [protect], zashit' [sew], katitsya [roll], zaglyadyvat' [look]. The frequent use of verbs of motion in the material attracts attention: Kolesompo raduge letat' /Solnechnye zaychiki glotat' [To fly like a wheel over the rainbow / To swallow sunbeams]. The data analysed illustrate the meditative nature of the modal meaning. It seems that the author considers the action per se. Such infinitive clauses cannot be modally qualified. Characteristic for this subtype are 1) absence of the dative subject; 2) absence of any verbal exponents of modal connotations, such as particles by, ne, zhe, li; 3) proximity of the infinitive to nomina actionis. It is important to underline that the absence of the dative subject does not mean that it is simply omitted and can be easily restored. In fact, its restoration is possible only under condition that particles are introduced into the construction, i.e. if the construction is essentially altered.

Представлены результаты математического моделирования течения в пламени, образующемся при горении дизельного топлива и экспериментальные оценки масштабов турбулентных вихрей в пламени, полученные с применением методов термографии. Путем сравнения результатов численного моделирования и экспериментальных данных показано хорошее согласование основных термодинамических параметров пламени и масштабов турбулентных вихрей в нем., Diffusion combustion generated during combustion both in technological devices and in natural fires is usually implemented during the turbulent flow of combustion products in the flame. Nonstationarity of the process leads to the distortion of the flame shape, which provides surface area extension and combustion rate increase. Turbulence scale and the magnitude of pulsation of the parameters significantly affect the combustion mechanism in turbulent flows. It should be noted that in turbulent conditions the scale of turbulent pulsations and the mixing intensity significantly affect the flame shape, the combustion speed, the thermodynamic parameters of the process, the combustion completeness, and efficiency. The development of the thermography methods gives encouraging results for obtaining reliable temperatures of the flame. Thereby it is possible to visualize the temperature inhomogeneities. Based on the analysis of the flame radiation spectra with the application of high speed infrared cameras, it was found that the temperature in the flame changes repeatedly in time, and there are characteristic frequencies in the range of the temperature changes. These frequencies are caused by the movement of the flame temperature inhomogeneities associated with the structure of the flow. This paper presents results of mathematical modeling of the current in the flame generated during diesel fuel combustion, and experimental estimates of the scale of turbulent eddies in the flame. The results were obtained using the SIMPLEC algorithm and thermography methods. The paper includes the description of the experimental design and data processing. A detailed description of the system of equations used for the mathematical modeling is presented. Comparing the results of numerical simulation and experimental data shows a good correlation of the basic thermodynamic parameters of the flame and the scale of turbulent eddies in it.

Излагаются результаты, полученные автором в области синтеза генераторов контрольных векторов модифицированных кодов Бергера. Данные коды принадлежат к классу модифицированных модульно взвешенных кодов с суммированием. Приводятся общие структуры генераторов таких кодов, а также алгоритм построения генератора, позволяющий оптимизировать его структуру, сократив количество используемых функциональных элементов. Выводится формула подсчета общего количества двухвходовых логических элементов, необходимых для технической реализации генератора. Предложенный алгоритм синтеза генераторов является универсальным и может быть использован для построения генераторов любых модифицированных модульно взвешенных кодов с суммированием., Different codes with summation (most of which are Berger code modifications) are often used in reliable discrete devices design. Modified code with summation of weighted data bits refers to such modifications. It is systematic code (the same as Berger code) and has k = |~log2 (m +1)| check bits (m data vector length). This code formation involves attribution of natural numbers weight indexes, calculation of total active bits weight and its least nonnegative residue by modulo M = 2log2 (m+1) 1. This value is placed in low bits of check vector. High bit is calculated as modulo two sum of data bits with even positions (that have even weight indexes). This code has better data bits error detection properties comparing with Berger code. Also it is the code with minimum total number of undetectable data bits errors for given length of data and check vectors. The paper describes the method of modified Berger code generator synthesis. Component base list contains standard circuits of modulo two, half and full adders. They compose functional blocks of M = 2log2 (m+1) 1 sum. Generator itself is formed by cascade connection of such blocks. Two structural diagrams of modified Berger code generators are given; also the generator synthesis algorithm is described that optimizes its structure by separation of weight indexes by groups of summed numbers without transfers. These numbers are sent on inputs of counters of M = 2 logl (m+1)V1 sum. High bit of check vector is formed on the output of the block that calculate modulo two sum of data bits with even positions. The algorithm is illustrated on the example synthesis of the generator for modified Berger code with m = 8. -1 functional blocks of sum by M = 2log2 (m+1)_|' modulo and block of high bit formation that consists of The paper shows that of modified Berger code includes -1 modulo two adders. Dependence between complexity and data vector length is stated. It is shown that number of two-input gates in generator structure is calculated with the following expression: 7[log2 (m +1)) m -1|-12 m m + 3 2 ) 2 _ 2 _ + 9. The described way of generator synthesis is universal and could be used for the formation of generators for codes with summation of weighted data bits and for codes with summation of weighted transitions between adjacent bits as well.

Построены новые примеры ассоциированных контактных метрических структур (п, 4, ф, gJ) на 7-мерной единичной сфере S7. Для полученных структур установлено соответствие ассоциированных метрик gJ неинтегри-руемому семейству ассоциированных почти комплексных структур J в 3-мерном комплексном проективном пространстве CP3., In this paper, we construct new examples of associated contact metric structures (n, Ф, gJ) on the 7-dimensional unit sphere S7, other than standard. The construction involved a Hopf bundle n: S7^CP3. This projection maps affinor ф into an almost complex structure J. Therefore, it became necessary to build new examples of associated almost complex structures J in the 3-dimensional complex projective space CP3. Let Ф be a nondegenerate 2-form (a Fubini-Study form). An almost complex structure J is called positively associated with the form Ф if the following conditions are satisfied for any vector fields X, Y: Ф(JX, JY) = Ф^,Y) and Ф^, JX) > 0, if X * 0. Each positively associated almost complex structure J defines a Riemannian metric gJ by the equality g(X,Y) = Ф^, JY); the metric is also called associated. The associated metric has the following properties: g(JX, JY) = g(X, JY), g(JX,Y) = Ф(X,Y). The positively associated almost complex structure can be obtained as follows: J = J 0(1 + R)(1 R) -1, where R is a symmetric endomorphism R: TCP3 ^ TCP3 anticommuting with the standard structure J0, J ~{U 0J° 4 0 -iI In this paper, we have found a series of matrices R satisfying these conditions. Each matrix of this kind defines an associated almost complex structure in the space CP3. One of these matrices, ' 0 н!л 1 R R 0 (1+1 w |)4 f-1 2 3 n n Л www 0 0 r\ 1-2 3 n 0 www 0 0 0 w1w2w where the block Ra =, has been considered in more detail. For this endomorphism, the relevant almost complex structure J and a Hermite metric g have been found in the space CP3. It has been verified that the constructed structure J is not integrable.

Статья посвящена германо-российскому противостоянию в Иранском Курдистане накануне Первой мировой войны. На основе анализа широкого круга источников и научной литературы предпринята попытка дать объективную оценку тем историческим событиям и процессам, которые происходили в этом регионе в начале ХХ в. В работе раскрываются предпосылки возникновения, формы и методы соперничества двух европейских держав за преобладание в курдских провинциях шахского Ирана, а также освещаются основные результаты этой борьбы., The article describes the complex research on the problems of the Russian-German conflict in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War (1907-1914). On the basis of a wide range of sources, which include archival materials, official publications of documents and analysis of the scientific literature on the subject, an attempt was made to give an objective assessment to the historical events that occurred in this region in the first third of the twentieth century. The development of the German-Russian rivalry in the Kurdish provinces of Iran in 1907-1914 is characterized. The place given to the Kurdish question in the system of foreign policy goals and objectives of the two great European powers in the Middle Eastern arena in the period under review is determined. Prerequisites of the Kaiser's Germany policy formation on Iranian Kurds in the context of the general doctrine of Drang nach Osten, as well as the policy of the Russian Empire aimed at preserving its economic and political dominance of the North-western Iran and at ensuring the safety of its Transcaucasia possessions, are disclosed. The paper reflects the means of penetration of Russia and Germany in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War. The German leadership, using the methods of economic penetration and political maneuvering, was meant to win a strong position among the Iranian Kurds in order to continue to use them in their expansion to the East and the Caucasus. This desire, of course, met serious opposition on the part of the tsarist government. The paper studies the forms and methods of the Russian-German conflict in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War and the main results of this struggle. Attention is also paid to the discussion that ensued among the Russian diplomats on the issue regarding the use of the Kurdish factor in Russia's interests in the Middle and the Near East. The ability to act and blunders of the German and Russian governments in their policies towards the Kurds are analyzed. It is concluded that, overall, the German policy in Iranian Kurdistan in 1907-1914 was much more successful than the Russian. The ruling circles of the Kaiser's Germany with the help of its agents were able to establish strong ties with the Iranian Kurds, have a significant impact on them and undermine the position of their rival. It was later successfully used by the German commanders during combat operations in the initial phase of hostilities at the Turkish-Asian arena of the First World War.

При исследовании абелевых групп большое значение имеет свойство гомоморфизмов, отображающих подгруппы данной группы в саму группу, продолжаться до эндоморфизма всей группы. Так, например, (вполне) транзитивные группы без кручения можно определить как группы, в которых все (гомоморфизмы) сохраняющие высоты элементов гомоморфизмы из любой сервантной подгруппы ранга 1 в саму группу продолжаются до (эндоморфизмов) автоморфизмов всей гуппы. Приведены некоторые эквивалентные условия выполнимости свойств для группы быть (вполне) транзитивной, эн-дотранзитивной или слабо транзитивной. Рассмотрены связи между этими понятиями. Известно, что прямое слагаемое вполне транзитивной группы будет вполне транзитивной группой. Существуют транзитивные р-группы, которые имеют нетранзитивное прямое слагаемое. В то же время остаётся открытым вопрос: «Замкнут ли класс транзитивных групп без кручения относительно взятия прямых слагаемых?» Предлагаются некоторые необходимые и достаточные условия, при которых прямое слагаемое произвольной транзитивной группы будет транзитивной группой. Хорошо известен критерий Корнера о (вполне) транзитивности редуцированной р-группы. Ниже данный результат обобщается на произвольные редуцированные абелевы группы., In the study of Abelian groups, the fact that homomorphisms mapping subgroups of a group into this group can be extended to an endomorphism of the whole group is an important property of homomorphisms. For example, (fully) transitive torsion-free groups can be defined as groups in which all (homomorphisms) height-preserving homomorphisms from any pure rank 1 subgroup into this group are extended to (endomorphisms) automorphisms of the group. In this paper, some equivalent feasibility conditions for a group to be (fully) transitive, endo transitive, or weakly transitive are given. Relations between these notions are also shown. It is easy to show that a direct summand of a fully transitive group is a fully transitive group. There exist transitive p-groups which have a nontransitive direct summand. At the same time, the question whether the class of torsion free transitive groups is closed with respect to taking direct summands remains open. In this paper, some necessary and sufficient conditions under which a direct summand of an arbitrary transitive group is a transitive group are proposed. There is a well-known Corner's criterion on (full) transitivity of a reduced p-group. Below, this result is generalized to arbitrary reduced Abelian groups.

В статье исследуются формы проявления этнического сознания, особенности взаимодействия «своего» и «чужого» в романе американо-японской писательницы Дж. Оцука «Когда император был богом» (2012). Выявляется специфика повествовательной стратегии, своеобразие развития двух разновекторных психологических сюжетов: второго рождения героев, обретших этническую идентичность, и её утраты, а также двух разнонаправленных мифологических сюжетов моделирование «своего» мира и признание мифологизированного образа «чужого» как своего., The paper deals with ethnic consciousness manifestations as well with characteristic features of "self' and "non-self' in Julie Otsuka's novel When the Emperor Was Divine (2012). The ethnic consciousness of a person living in a multinational environment is a relevant issue. The author determines the term "ethnic consciousness" as a scope of beliefs, ideas and concepts which manifest themselves in the language of the ethnic group, in its customs and traditions as well as in the legends, myths. The aim of the paper is to see how the artistic structure of the novel reflects the process of ethnic identification and adjusting of the subjective reality of a person. Julie Otsuka belongs to the third generation of Japanese immigrants who got used to identifying themselves as belonging to the American nation. In the novel, Julie Otsuka tells the story of her mother thus trying to realize that she belongs to the Japanese ethnic community. However, this fact implies that she has to oppose herself to the other ethnic groups. The title helps to analyze the novel putting forward the archetypical characters which give rise to the archetypical mentality of the nation. The paper shows that the plot of the novel When the Emperor Was Divine is based on the cosmogonical myths about the doomsday which is followed by the rebirth of the world from chaos. The mythological motives: farewell to life, descent to hell, resurrection, are developed in the structure of the novel. The author reveals the cyclic nature of the events. The idea of the cycle (life death rebirth) is reflected in the chapter titles. The paper shows that the mythological code of the novel is closely connected with its psychological plot. The narrative strategy of the novel reveals the processes going on in the characters' minds. The author proves that in the text there is a "narrative I" as well as some kinds of a "narrated I". Each chapter has a narrator's point of view which combines the attitude of "another": the point of view of the woman, then her daughter's, her son's and, finally, her husband's, who returns from an internment prison. The author demonstrates that the mentality of each character, their individual values combine both Japanese and American features in their interaction. This narrative form is used to show all the changes that are developing in the "narrated I". The paper focuses on two major psychological plot lines of the novel. One of them, connected with the story of mother and her children, emphasizes the moment of the rebirth of the characters. The rebirth resulted from the awakening of the ethnic identification. The other one, connected with the story of father, puts forward the tragedy of depersonalization due to the loss of identity. The psychological lines are paralleled by two corresponding myths. The first describes the creation of the "self" world while the other one presents the acceptance of the "non-self" mentality.

Статья посвящена анализу романа современного французского писателя Поля Фурнеля «Читалка», в котором представлена ситуация вхождения электронной книги в читательские и издательские практики. Через судьбу главного героя Робера Дюбуа, издателя, прослеживается неизбежный конфликт старого и нового в условиях столкновения традиций эпохи Гутенберга и инноваций цифровой культуры. Весь комплекс проблем, связанный с изменениями читательских предпочтений, издательских технологий и ценностных установок издателей, которые штрихами представлены у Фурнеля в ироничном аспекте, трактуется как исходная точка пути для формирования нового издательского канона., The novel Dear Reader written by Paul Fournel in 2012 was translated into Russian and published in 2015. In his work, Paul Fournel, a contemporary French author, presented, on the one hand, the radical change that is happening in the publishing industry because of the emerging competition between paper and e-books, on the other hand, the situation of summing up of professional activities by the old-school publisher Robert Dubois. This article discusses the principles of representation in the novel, the story of the expected collision of the old and the new, tradition of the Gutenberg era and innovation of digital culture. The protagonist is depicted not as a numbly conservative man, but rather a soft and flexible one. He is sincerely interested in the latest technological innovations in the publishing field. And this gives no reason for a conflict with the young team of interns. A number of urgent and serious issues reflecting the problems of transition from paper to electronic publishing are actualized in the plot when Robert Dubois first sees and tries to use an e-book. Firstly, it is the change of readers' expectations and preferences which in the current situation are connected with the desire of the reader to obtain the desired book "here and now"; secondly, it is the transformation of the traditional genres of literature: the rejection of large genres in favor of smaller ones; thirdly, it is the threat to the content of the text because of its support by an excess amount of interactive elements. Despite all the identified problems of the transitional situation in publishing, Paul Fournel quite ironically makes the story of the relationship between the old-school publisher and the e-book secondary to the story of summarizing the results of Robert Dubois' life. The success of the virtual publishing house, established on his initiative, is only a short insignificant fragment in a long life of the man who devoted himself to the publication of books. All problems associated with changes in readers' preferences, publishing technologies and values of publishers, who Fournel sketched in an ironic and utopian way, are treated as a zero reference point for the formation of a new reader and publisher canon that must repeat all the ups and downs of the previous one.

Предлагаемое точное формальное ограничение сферы корректной применимости логико-философского принципа, условно именуемого «Гильотиной Юма», графически моделируется с помощью логических квадрата и гексагена оппозиции относящихся к обсуждаемой теме композиций эпистемических, алетических, деонтических и аксиологических модальностей., The paper is devoted to discussing such a new form of analytical philosophy of law-and-morals which is mathematically represented by two-valued algebraic system of formal ethics-and-natural-law. This algebra of the natural-law-and-formal-ethics is used for systematical analysis of moral-legal forms of (any) either-good-or-bad activity in general. The new form of analytical philosophy of law-and-morals immediately (directly) deals not with logic-forms of thought-and-speech about moral-legal activity but with moral-legal-forms of (either-good-or-bad) activity. Thus the subject-matter of direct (immediate) analyzing is significantly shifted from the logical-linguistic-form of thinking to the moral-legal-one of acting. Within the scope of the mentioned algebraic system the notions "formal-axiological equivalence of moral-legal-activity-forms" and "(universal) law of algebra of formal ethics-and-natural-law (= constantly-good moral-legal-act-form)" are defined precisely. Introducing the mentioned algebra makes up a possibility to investigate compositions of alethic, deontic, and axiological modalities, for instance, the complex ones: "it is (ale-thically) necessary that it is (legally) obligatory that p"; "it is (alethically) necessary that it is (morally) good that p". In the present paper the indicated formal-ethical machinery is exploited for limiting precisely the domain of relevant applicability of the famous logical-philosophical principle somewhat conventionally called "Guillotine of Hume". For implementing this limitation the author submits new (hitherto not discussed) compound definitions of the epistemic modalities "a priori knowledge that p" and "a posteriori one that p". Accepting these definitions logically entails accepting a precise formal limitation of the scope of "Hume's Guillotine". The submitted precise formal limitation of sphere of correct applicability of "Guillotine of Hume" is modeled graphically by means of logical square and hexagon of opposition of relevant compositions of epistemic, alethic, deontic and axiological modalities related to the theme under discussion.

Рассматриваются основные компоненты контактной среды этничности и средств массовой информации в современном информационно-коммуникативном пространстве диаспоры, характеристика которых представлена в контексте практики сохранения этничности в Полонии Западной Сибири. Проанализированы пять основных параметров: организация и функционирование этнических каналов в средствах массовой информации, аудитория средств массовой информации, получающая этническую информацию, этническая информация, гражданские позиции журналистов, освещающих этническую тематику, правовые основы и нормы этнической журналистики., The relevance of the paper is proved by the role of mass media in the life of modern society. The research experience of the group of scientists, who studied the problems of the reflection of ethnicity in mass media, helped to distinguish five main parameters of interaction: organization and functioning of ethnic channels in mass media; mass media audiences that get ethnic information; ethnic information; civil journalists who spotlight ethnic matters; legal foundation and norms of ethnic journalism. Analyzing these parameters the author makes an attempt to define the character and the format of the reflection of ethnicity in mass media, it helps to find an opportunity to preserve ethnicity with a help of mass media that creates its own information and communication environment of a diaspora. By way of example, the researcher described the information and communication environment of Polonia in Western Siberia. The complexity of the problem of the nature and essence of ethnicity predetermines the existence of several approaches: primordialism, constructivism and instrumentalism. There are not unified definitions of some key concepts in this paper that were taken into consideration, such as mass media, information and communication environment. Back on topic of the main parameters of ethnic environment and mass media it is necessary to notice that during the research of communication environment of Polish diaspora in Western Siberia we marked out and analyzed four main ethnic channels the first component of ethnic environment and mass media: "Polonian organization Polonian organization", "Polonian organization country exodus", "Polonian organization host country", "Country Exodus host country". Mass media audiences that are interested in ethnic matters are a part of ethnic environment and mass media and can be divided into three parts: the representatives of Polonian organizations, interested party of the country of exodus and host country. The third parameter of ethnic environment and mass media ethnic information is considered according to its main content. The fourth component authors who spotlight ethnic information, this example was also based on Polish diaspora in Western Siberia. We managed to reveal the problem of professional shortage in this field. The problem of the legal nature of ethnic information (that is the fifth parameter) made us address the main legal documents in the sphere of mass media and also regulations of Polonian organizations. Thereby, using information and communication environment of Polonia in Western Siberia the author introduced the characteristics of the main parameters of ethnic environment and mass media, they were indicated as tools which help to preserve ethnicity in nonethnic environment.

В работе предлагаются три метода модификации асимптотического анализа в условии большой загрузки RQ-систем. Описание методов проведено на примере RQ-системы M|M|1. Предложены «промежуточная» асимптотика, имеющая вид гипергамма распределения, модификация «промежуточной» асимптотики в виде сдвига аргумента на параметр 5 и полусумма распределений модифицированной и второй асимптотики. Представлены результаты численного анализа предложенных модификаций., In the paper, three methods of the asymptotic analysis modification are offered for retrial queueing systems under heavy load condition as mathematical models of telecommunication systems. The characteristic feature of these models is existence of repeated attempts of calls to get service after a random time. There are a large number of papers devoted to retrial queues researching, but mainly problems are solved by numerical methods and simulation. Analytical results are obtained only for systems with Poisson input process. Earlier we proposed the method of asymptotic analysis (first and second order) for retrial queueing systems researching under heavy load condition [13, 14]. It has been shown that the first order asymptotics has the form of gamma distributions for all types of the system, but its application range is quite narrow. The asymptotics of second order has allowed to extend the application range of the results by 4 times, but the asymptotic formula has not unified form and it needs time-taking rather laborious formula derivations for each system. Therefore, we suggest ways to modify the method of the asymptotic analysis under heavy load condition to increase the method accuracy. The method is described on the example of the simplest retrial queue M|M|1 in order to compare the results with the known exact distribution. The system of differential Kolmogorov equations for Markov process {k(t), i(t)} is composed, then it is rewritten for characteristic functions in steady state. X The parameter p = is the load rate of the system. The principle of asymptotic analysis method under heavy load condition (where p 11) is briefly described. Asymptotic characteristic functions of the first and second order are presented. Note that during the derivation of the first order asymptotic formula the function F0(w) was obtained. We propose to study "intermediate" asymptotics h (u), which has the form of a weighted sum of two gamma distribution characteristic functions: h (u) = q^(u) + (1 q)Г0(и), { \-a / \-a+1 i where Г1 (u) = f 1 jUj, Г0(u) = |ljuj, q = -, « = ^ +1 и P = 1 -p. We suggest to call this distribution as hypergamma distribution (like a hyperexponential distribution). The numerical analysis shows that hypergamma asymptotics is more accurately than the first order asymptotics, but it is worth than the second order asymptotics. However, the derivation of the second order asymptotic formula for more complex retrial queues is difficult, whereas "intermediate" asymptotics does not require additional calculations, because its shape is the same for all retrial queues and hypergamma distribution parameters are obtained in the first order asymptotic formula theorem. Then a modification of hypergamma asymptotics of shifting the argument to the parameter 5 is proposed: F(x) = qr 1 (x + 8) + (1 q)r0(x + 8), where 5 is found from the condition Г 1(8) = (1 p)2. The numerical analysis shows that "modified" distribution significantly improves results of hypergamma asymptotics. In the paper conclusion a combination of "modified" distribution and the second asymptotics Pm(2) = 2(Pm + P(2)). is considered. As a result of numerical analysis, it was observed that this modification is more accurately than the second order asymptotics and can be applied for load rate p>0.7 and even p>0.5 for large values of delay parameter a. In summary, it can be concluded that for practical tasks which does not require high accuracy of approximation, it is useful to apply the "intermediate" asymptotics results because of its simplicity of construction and rather broad area of applicability (p> 0.8), and for applications requiring higher accuracy of approximation, it is advisable to apply the proposed modifications 1 and 2. In the future, the modifications can be applied to the study of various retrial queueing systems including with non Poisson incoming process.

Статья посвящена одному из секторов современной музыкальной науки композиторскому музыковедению. Актуализирована тема авторефлексии композитора, которая находит выражение в вербальном, интроспективно окрашенном дискурсе композитора. Пространство авторефлексии композитора репрезентирует система вербальных высказываний различного жанрово-структурного содержания. Система охватывает жанровые структуры, характерные для музыковедения и имеющие отношение исключительно к композиторским стратегиям., This research is dedicated to Art and one of the aspects of musical science composer's musicology. Many different problems of composer's musicology attract musicologists today. Concept composer musicology is actual in science and the arts. Composer Musicology is the polysemantic concept. The first structural and semantic position is composer musicology a substructure of a musical science-critical activity, scientific branch of musicology. Composer is the main and sole agent of it. The second position is associated with the idea of composing musicology as extra-musical substructure of intellectual and artistic activity of the composer, which acts as a non-specific part of his legacy in the form of scientific papers and literary works. It is actualized the theme of self-reflection of the composer, which finds expression in verbal, introspective painted, discourse composer. The issue of self-reflection of the composer is vast, diverse and relevant as there is creativity, art and science. Word composer may exist in various forms. Purpose of the article the explication of verbal forms of self-reflection of the composer-musicologist. We use scientific and analytical methodology, synthesizing the various approaches of the humanities. This is a new scientific approach to musicology. The concept of culture (M.M. Bakhtin), the theoretical position of composer musicology (N.S. Gulyanitsky, T.N. Naumenko); theory of reflection (N.I. Kuznetsova), the poetics of postmodernism (V.N. Kuritsyn). Space represents the composer's self-reflection system of verbal statements of different genre and structural content. For musicians who have chosen the double and sometimes even triple specialization are organically roles of composer, philosopher, art, music writer, critic, theorist, musicologist, teacher, scientist, which is subject to not only a musical perspective, but are close to modern mathematical theory of Synergetics, Computer techologies. This kind of information support of the author of his work. The system covers the genre structure, typical of musicology and related exclusively to the compositional strategies. This paper attempts to identify ways to study the composer's self-reflection as a tool for theoretical and aesthetic self-interpretation provided by a variety of verbal formulation of copyright materials.

Статья посвящена роли иностранных военнопленных в металлургическом производстве и в строительстве на территории Удмуртии в 1945-1948 гг. На основе архивных документов, которые впервые вводятся в научный оборот, автор обращает внимание на характер труда спецконтингента, анализирует уровень его эффективности и рентабельности. В статье представлены численность пленных, трудившихся на заводе № 71, а также размер их заработной платы. Приведенные данные позволяют утверждать, что, несмотря на существовавшие проблемы, в выполнении производственной программы некоторых предприятий труд спецконтингента занимал значительное место., The article is devoted to the role of foreign prisoners of war (PoWs) in the metallurgical production and construction on the territory of Udmurtia in 1945-1948. The author describes the character of PoW labour on the basis of archival documents that were first introduced in the scientific use. The author states that the use of PoWs in the production and construction occurred because of the lack of workers at enterprises of Izhevsk and Udmurtia. The paper contains the analysis of the labour effect and the profit from PoW activities, represents the quantitative indexes of the special contingent and the level of PoW wages in the metallurgical production in Izhevsk. Enterprises that used PoW labour are listed. The author fixes some problems in the organization of PoW labour. The causes of low PoW productivity and labour results are identified. The kinds of PoW work are also presented, as well as the number of PoWs at the city enterprises and their wages. The data reveal forgotten and unknown facts about the activities of the special contingent in the reconstruction of the Votkinsk Dam. The data show the importance of PoW labour for certain enterprises in the solution of different problems. Sometimes enterprises lacked workers because the number of PoWs involved in production and construction decreased. Foreign prisoners of war were the main resource of workers at some enterprises of Izhevsk during the post-war time. The author states that PoW labour played a certain role in the reconstruction and improvement of the economic indexes of Izhevsk and Udmurtia after the Great Patriotic War. Foreign prisoners of war were mainly auxiliary workers at enterprises because they had no professional qualification. The author states that the labour of PoWs often did not pay their support costs. This tendency was a cause of the quick repatriation of PoWs from the Soviet Union. The paper describes the nationalities of foreign PoWs who worked in Izhevsk and Udmurtia after World War II. The contingent of PoWs in Izhevsk consist of Germans, Romanians, Hungarians and foreigners of others countries of Western and Central Europe. The author also analyzes the facts about the Izhevsk camp for the special contingent. The issue of foreign PoWs in the USSR during 1941-1956 is a blind spot of the Soviet history. The paper assists in the study of the little known episodes of the Soviet and regional history and helps to reconstruct the integral image of PoW life in the USSR.

Цель данной статьи указать на пробел в нашем понимании того, как, начиная с раннего возраста, у человека складываются интуитивные представления о том, что такое язык и мышление, и какая между ними связь. Совокупность таких интуи-ций можноусловно назвать наивной семантикой, которая часто в том или ином виде выступала мишенью для философской критики. Главный тезис статьи заключается в том, что такая критика во многом недооценивает значение наивной семантики для интеллектуального развития человека, а также отчасти неверно описывает ее происхождение. В частности, в статье говорится о том, что менталистские идиомы, характеризующие наивную семантику, представляют собой не вторичное и паразитирующее функционирование языка, а необходимый и предварительный этап в усвоении человеком абстрактных, в том числе и научных, понятий., The aim of this paper is to explore how from an early age a person acquires an intuitive ideas about what are the thought and language, and how they relate to each other. The sum of intuitions of this kind can be called naive semantics, which is often one of the main targets for philosophical criticism. The overall objective of the paper is to show that such criticism is largely underestimates the value of naive semantics for our intellectual development and cognition, and that it usually incorrectly describes the origins of naive semantics. In particular, the use of mentalistic idioms that characterize naive semantics is not a secondary or parasitic functioning of language, but a necessary and preliminary step in mastering of abstract, including scientific, concepts.

В статье рассматриваются проблемные вопросы, связанные с новыми принципами разработки и создания системы учебных макротекста и гипертекста в условиях тесной связи читательской, проектной и исследовательской деятельности. Раскрываются основные формы организации внешней структуры при моделировании макротекста с учетом тесной связи с внутренней структурой для выявления групп текстов и их фрагментов как информационной основы моделей гибкого иноязычного профессионально ориентированного чтения. Исследуются процессы и способы изучения и обработки информации структурных текстовых единиц с целью выявления и формулирования проблемы и проблемных вопросов, ориентирующих студентов на поиск, извлечение и употребление неизвестной искомой информации в проблемных задачах. Выделяются новые функции системы текстов в процессе обучения гибкому иноязычному чтению посредством проблемно-исследовательских проектов. Вопросы, рассматриваемые в статье, связаны с необходимостью изменения уровня информированности студентов по проблемам и проблемным вопросам учебно-исследовательской деятельности, формирования полной информационной основы для продуктивных видов речевой деятельности: письма и говорения, создания и сохранения динамичной устойчивой мотивации и коммуникативно-познавательного интереса, активизации мыслительной деятельности в гибком иноязычном чтении и исследовательской работе. Важным является вопрос рассмотрения обработки предметно-тематического и смыслового содержания макротекста по теме проблемно-исследовательского информационного проекта «Прошлое, настоящее и будущее пермской нефти». Раскрываются характеристики, структурная организация и моделирование макротекста, его содержание и специфика как объекта разных видов гибкого иноязычного чтения в тесной связи с письмом и говорением., The paper deals with new principles of texts' selection and academic macrotext and hypertext system creation in conditions of reading, project and research students's activity. Basic organization forms of macrotexts' external structure and textuality are described to find texts and fragments and make an information basis for flexible foreign reading models. New functions of texts' systems are singled out in the processes of flexible foreign reading and student's research project work. Texts structural units are studied and organized to make problem question for students and motivate them to search, find, perceive and use new and valued information for solving problem targets. The questions considered in the paper are vital because being kept informed is a must for university students whose research work is a necessity of higher professional education nowadays. Creation of a full information basis is important for productive types of speech activity, saving strong motivation and communicative-cognitive interest, mental activity intensification.

Рассмотрена успешность когнитивно-дискурсивной деятельности русских студентов при восприятии англоязычного аутентичного устно-речевого дискурса. Особый акцент делается на инференции смысла высказывания, содержащего социокультурно маркированные лексические единицы. Выявляются группы факторов, оказывающих воздействие на процесс коммуникации и успешность восприятия иноязычного аутентичного дискурса. Приводятся методология и результаты экспериментального исследования когнитивных процессов интерпретации значений языковых средств английского языка русскими студентами, изучающими английский язык как иностранный. Делается вывод о роли контекстуальных факторов и социокультурной информации для успешности понимания аутентичного иноязычного дискурса и причинах коммуникативных неудач в условиях коммунифкации между представителями разных культур., This paper explores the process of comprehension within intercultural communication; the factors that affect the success of the authentic discourse interpretation by Russian learners of English; and the causes of communicative failures in interaction between representatives of different cultures. The discursive-cognitive approach focuses on a foreign language as an object of study and comprehension, as well as on the study of cognitive processes responsible for communication activity. The paper presents an experimental study of the cognitive processes of English lexical expressions and discourse fragments interpretation by Russian students. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that if the verbal expression has a socio-cultural load, the inference becomes an even more complex cognitive challenge in the situation of intercultural communication. The experimental study was carried out on lexical units and cognitive-discursive fragments of the contemporary American English language. The research aimed at studying the substantive aspects of foreign language authentic spoken discourse acquisition; identifying the impact of context on the students' understanding of lexical units; identifying the factors that determine the interpretation process and its success. Empirical data have shown the important role of contextual factors and socio-cultural information for the success of an authentic foreign language discourse comprehension. Situation-bound utterances given in the situational context contributed to the optimization of the perception process that promotes the analysis and synthesis of all the characteristics of a word as a means of language and its environment (the actual situational context). The study proved that the causes of communication failure in a situation of intercultural foreign language communication are the following: 1) inadequate perception of linguistic and extralinguistic factors of communication; 2) imperfect mechanism of perception, interpretation and comprehension of the foreign language discourse; 3) insufficient volume of culture-loaded receptive and productive vocabulary of students; 4) lack of perceptual experience; 5) lack of discursive-cognitive experience that promotes awareness of the difference of cultures and languages as well as different / varied ways of speech activity to infer an adequate meaning of a foreign language utterance. These data confirm the hypothesis and reveal interesting features of the cognitive-discursive activity within intercultural communication; however, due to the complexity of the phenomenon the study requires further development.

Исследуется проблема возникновения и существования антиамериканизма в Южной Корее. Рассматриваются особенности южнокорейского антиамериканизма. Анализируется развитие антиамериканских настроений в южнокорейском обществе. Особое место уделяется выявлению причин южнокорейского антиамериканизма, исходя из изучения прошлого Кореи. В качестве наиболее известного примера антиамериканизма приводится инцидент 2002 г., когда в результате военных учений США погибли две корейские школьницы., The present paper is devoted to such a complex phenomenon as "anti-Americanism" in a case study of the nearest American ally South Korea. The authors considered the term "anti-Americanism" as a hostile attitude toward American lifestyle, policy, government, culture and American nation. In the authors' opinion, the strong economic, political and cultural ties with the US are among basic reasons of such a strong anti-Americanism. Nowadays anti-Americanism is getting more and more attention from western and South Korean mass media as well as from different academic communities. To the authors' mind, due to its geopolitical position, Korea has been influenced by its powerful neighbors since the ancient times, which has had an effect on Koreans and their mentality. That is why any encroachment on Korea's independence and domestic policy from the outside world is perceived by Koreans very painfully. Consequently, the main source of anti-American sentiment is considered to be the Status of Force Agreement (SOFA). It is an international agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in that country defining the rights and privileges of the military personnel. According to the SOFA, only the US courts have jurisdiction over crimes committed by military personnel in Korea. The paper considers in detail some facts about the crimes of American military on the territory of South Korea and the reaction of Koreans. The authors also state that the intensity of anti-Americanism depends on the left-wing movement activities. Nowadays, because of the increasing nuclear threat from the North and the aggressive Chinese policy, the intensity of anti-Americanism in South Korea has been declining. Taking into account such external conditions, it is disadvantageous for Koreans to oppose the US, their main supporter and ally. In the conclusion the authors note that despite the declining of anti-Americanism in South Korea, should any crime be committed by American military personnel, Koreans will go again to the streets with anti-American slogans because the problem of some unfair provisions of the SOFA has not been solved yet. That is why until amendments are made to the SOFA that will satisfy the Korean nation, anti-American sentiment will continue existing in South Korea.

Представлен обзор и критический анализ книги Д. Перебума «Свобода воли, агент и смысл жизни» (2014). Перебум один из главных представителей инкомпатибилист-ской позиции. В статье представлена попытка опровергнуть его основной аргумент «Аргумент манипуляций из 4-х стадий»., The problem of free will and moral responsibility is a traditional problem for the philosophical investigations. So the contemporary analytical philosophy continues the project that has been started a few hundred years ago. However in the past several decades there has been progress made in this area. Philosophers like R. Kane, J. Fischer, H. Frankfurt, D. Dennett and D. Pereboom made significant contributions to clarify the issues and drafts the possible solutions. In this paper I provide a review of D. Perebooms recent book on free will Free will, agency and the meaning of life (2014). The first part of the book is devoted to the proof of the Incompatibilism between causal determinism (and inde-terminism) and responsibility. Pereboom rejects the necessity of the alternative possibilities as a necessary component for the free will and moral responsibility. However he insists on incompatibilism on other grounds. The main argument for Incompatibilism is Pereboom's original Four Case Manipulation Argument. According to the author the argument shows that there is no relevant difference between the cases when the agent is being manipulated and the cases where the behavior of the agent is being determined by the events in the past and the laws of nature. The second part of the book is Pere-boom's defense of optimistic skepticism. The author argues that even without moral responsibility in the basic desert sense, the human life doesn't lose meaning and the interpersonal relations don't lose its value. In this paper I disagree with the main argument of D. Pereboom. I suggest his description of the four cases is missing important details. Most readers make a judgment about the absence of responsibility in the described cases not because there is manipulation but because there it is unclear if the agent there indeed is a person and what kind of person he is. If we fill in the important details and describe the agent in such a way that his character is being revealed the audience will likely to judge him to be morally responsible for his behavior. I try to prove my point by describing an alternative scenario to the first case of Pereboom's argument.

Целью статьи является систематизация информационных ресурсов, посвященных старообрядческому духовному стиху, созданных за полуторавековую историю их исследования. На основе 250 источников определена периодизация истории изучения старообрядческого стиха (вторая половина XIX в., 1900-1930-е; 1940-1980-е.; 1990-е гг. и по настоящее время), осмыслен вклад отдельных исследователей, выявлены ключевые проблемы и намечены дальнейшие перспективы в изучении внебогослужебного духовного пения староверов., A base of numerous informational sources was formed during a sesquicentennial history of spiritual verses studying. In this paper a periodization of inquiring of Old believer's verse is proposed, a contribution of several researchers is estimated, key problems are found out as well as the future trends of studying the outliturgical spiritual verse of Old believers are set. The spiritual verse articles define four periods in its studying: 1) mid-to-late 19th century, 2) 1900-1930s, 3) 1940-1980s, 4) from 1990s until the present day. An interest to the Old believers' spiritual verse is formed in the middle of 19th century. Mid-to-late 19th century is a period of collecting the monuments of spiritual songwriting. Particular contribution to systemization of spiritual verse repertoire made V. Varenzov and S. Maksimov. A culminating stage in studying of Old believers' verses were 1900-1930s. It occurs in publications of collections of V. Bonch-Bruevich, T. Rozhdestvensky, A. Markov, I. Zavoloko, and P. Fadeev; in appearan of regional notes of I. Abramov, A. Veselitsky, I. Krasheninnikov, A. Mozharovsky, V. Moshkov, and N. Protasov; in research papers of Ya. Bogatenko and A. Seleshchiv; in publication of V. Druzhinin's catalogue. At this stage the role of Old believers in preservation and development of outliturgical spiritual singing traditions is comprehended. In contrast to the previous stage with diffusion of texts and comments to Old believers' verses in different collections, in this period appear specific titles. Because of archeographic work of V. Malyshev the Old believers' manuscripts with spiritual verses are collected and described since 1940s. Despite the spiritual verses were in the Soviet times on the ideological grounds unattractive subject of inquiry, a large source base was created. This base compiled fundamentals for upcoming studies of post-Soviet stage. The modern period of spiritual verse research begins in 1990s. From then on more than 200 works from different research schools with broad geography were published. 6 Candidate's dissertations (E. Vorontsova, O. Kuznetsova, I. Melnikov, N. Murashova, F. Panchenko, and E. Prokuratova) as well as 3 Doctoral theses (S. Buraeva, L. Soboleva and N. Fedorovskaya) affect different aspects of Old believers' spiritual verse presence. The process of studying the spiritual verses is under way. Expeditionary work proceeds. The source base constantly expands driven by introduction of the new hand-written and verbally existing samples presented different regional and subconfessional traditions of Old believers' repertoire. Methods and methodology of researching the outliturgical spiritual singing develop and allow to study the spiritual verse of Old believers multidimensionally: as an instrument of reflection of Old believers' world building and as an important part of Russian traditional culture as well.

Публикация продолжает рассмотрение статусов домохозяина в отраслях права, описаны гражданско-правовые и семейно-правовые разновидности. Особенность Уголовного кодекса содержание в нем запрещенных статусов (антистатусов), имеющих достаточно сложную предметную структуру, раскрываемую таблицей 1., The paper continues consideration of the statuses of the householder in branches of law. The civil-legal and family legal versions have been described earlier. Feature of the Criminal Code is a content there forbidden statuses (anti-statuses) having rather complicated subject structure. The structure of Criminal Code is presented in the paper.

Метод рецензирования выступает одним из методов проблемного обучения. Он заключается во взаимном изучении и корректировании обучающимися письменных работ с целью их дальнейшей доработки. Статья посвящена использованию метода рецензирования в обучении письменной речи студентов направления подготовки «Международные отношения». В ней авторы уточняют содержание обучения письменной речи студентов направления подготовки «Международные отношения»; приводят ряд лингводидактических функций метода рецензирования при обучении учащихся и студентов иноязычной письменной речи; разрабатывают этапы организации проектной работы, направленной на развитие умений письменной речи студентов на основе метода рецензирования. В результате к основным этапам предлагаемой методики относятся: 1) знакомство студентов со структурой письменной работы; 2) обсуждение со студентами методической ценности использования метода рецензирования в овладении ими умениями письменной речи на иностранном языке; 3) изучение памятки с примерными фразами и выражениями, используемыми при рецензировании (комментировании) письменных работ; 4) знакомство студентов с примерами рецензирования письменных работ; 5) пробное групповое задание на рецензирование анонимного образца с последующим анализом и обсуждением (фронтальная работа); 6) выбор интернет-платформы для реализации проекта, регистрация на платформе, объяснение технологической стороны реализации проекта по рецензированию студентами письменных работ друг друга; 7) знакомство студентов с критериями оценки письменной работы; 8) подготовка к написанию и написание письменной работы; 9) размещение письменных работ на интернет-платформе; 10) рецензирование письменных работ на интернет-платформе; 11) анализ рецензий и комментариев и внесение каждым студентом необходимых изменений в письменную работу; 12) размещение доработанной версии письменной работы; 13) оценка письменных работ преподавателем; 14) рефлексия студентов., Peer review is a problem-solving method based on mutual learning and correcting learners' written texts for the purpose of their further development. The paper is devoted to the use of peer review in teaching writing skills to students majoring in International Relations. In the paper the authors a) clarify the content of teaching writing skills to students majoring in International Relations; b) set out a number of language education functions of peer review in teaching writing skills to students; c) develop stages of organization for project activities aimed at developing writing skills on the basis of peer review. As a result, the following steps in peer review are suggested: 1) familiarizing students with the structure of written work; 2) discussing with the students the educational value of peer review in the mastery of their writing skills; 3) studying examples of phrases and expressions used in reviewing (commenting on) written papers; 4) familiarizing students with examples of reviews of some written papers; 5) a sample group task with an anonymous review of a written paper, followed by analysis and discussion (front work); 6) selecting an Internet-based platform for the project registering on the platform, and explaining the technological side of the peer review project; 7) discussing with students the criteria for assessment of their participation in the peer review project; 8) preparing for the writing and the writing itself; 9) posting written reviews on the Internet platform; 10) reviewing papers posted on the Internet platform; 11) analyzing reviews and comments, and making the necessary changes to the written papers; 12) uploading a modified version of a written paper; 13) assessment of the written papers by the teacher; 14) student reflection.

Рассматривается проблема преодоления репрессий, вызываемых теориями или философскими системами, претендующими науниверсалъностъ. На примере идей Ж.-Ф. Лиотара и Р. Рорти анализируются способы преодоления универсализма. Рассматривается вопрос о наличии и спецификации у этих двух философов универсалистских предпосылок в рамках антисистемных стратегий, направленных на защиту гетерогенного., The paper considers the problem of overcoming repressions, which are produced by the scientific and philosophical systems, which are pretending to be universal. Repressions originate from the position of the classical universalism that all the knowledge must be incorporated in rigorous system. In its turn, a system is legitimized by a metanarrative. Ideas, which are not blended with the universal requirements, drop out from the «normal» scientific or philosophical knowledge.In order to overcome repressions, produced by universalism, Lyotard and Rorty suggest anti-universalistic approaches. In this paper were analyzed conceptions of the local language games, which mainly concentrated around the idea of defending the heterogeneity and uniqueness of all discourses. Nevertheless, in such conceptions there are ontological and ethical presuppositions, which could be qualified as universalistic. Thus, however, such universalism could be marked as «soft», because even though it presupposes some sort of general conditions, they are not becoming a philosophical foundation in the classical sense. The paper shows, that they mainly served for providing a prevention of repressions and they focused on the differences maintenance. Nonetheless, because of denying of the strong universalism, Lyotard and Rorty don't achieve a general elimination of repressions. Therefore, their concepts appeal rather to the ethical identity of each participator of all language games.

Представлено математически эквивалентное, но более компактное описание обычно встречающейся квадратичной модели доходности. Получены уравнения для функций временной структуры и приведены общие свойства их решений. Основным содержанием статьи является рассмотрение случая, когда вероятностные свойства модели подчиняются нейтральной к риску вероятностной мере, что позволяет получить аналитические решения задачи о форме кривых доходности и форвардных кривых в явном виде. Уравнения кривых представлены в компактной форме с использованием гиперболических функций. Найдены семейства кривых доходности и форвардных кривых, которые для фиксированной краткосрочной ставки доходности обеспечивают получение одной и той же предельной долгосрочной доходности. Полученные результаты иллюстрируются численным примером., Instead of "usual used" quadratic models of the interest rate it is possible to obtain the equivalent description of the interest rate through process X (t) unobserved (latent) state variables by relations dX(t) = K(0-X(t)) dt + S dW(t), t > tQ, X(tQ) = XQ, r(t) = rmln + X^^X^), X(t) e Rn, r e R1, Ф e Rnxn, Where K, 0, S, XQ are corresponding constant vectors and matrixes, and Ф is a diagonal matrix on which diagonal positive eigenvalues of initial matrix of "usual used" model are located. The condition of absence of arbitration leads to the equation in partial derivatives for the price of zero coupon bond which is obtained in form P(r(X), x) = = exp[XTA(x)X XTB(x) C(x)]. For functions of term structure A(x), B(x) and C(x) there is a system of the nonlinear ordinary differential equations which generally in an explicit analytical form is unsolved. In paper assumptions are made: 1) process of latent variables X(t) is normal process with a stationary expectation 0 = 0. 2) probability properties of the interest rate r(X) submit to a risk neutral probability measure. At these assumptions it is found out that function B (x) = 0 for all values x. 3) the latent variables constituting vector X(t), are independent stochastic processes. At these assumptions the functions of term structure A(x) and C(x) are obtained in the analytical form and the yield curve Y(x) and the for ·Jk2 + > k, 1 < i < n: ward rate curve F(x) are derived in an explicit form for zt = фiX2 > 0, vt i k n 1 E t!2* n f ·+E i=1 2z, ch(v, x) +-sh(v, x) + ln k, x Y(x) = rmin + v V У1 vi z v, cth(v,x) + k, 2, 2 v, k, 1 F(x) = r (V ch(vx) + k, sh(v,x))2 2 v, cth(vx) + k, Both curves Y(t) and F(t) at change т from 0 to т от 0 до ю, starting from the fixed value of the interest rate r, determined by current « v k values of state variables X(t), converge to a general limit y (ю) = rmin + ^ --that is independent on current state X(t) and is dei=1 2 pending only from model parameters. As seen, in quadratic models the current interest rate r at yield curve deriving in an explicit form is not used, instead of it values of latent variables X which at known parameters models uniquely determine the interest rate r are used. However in quadratic models the same value of the interest rate r can be derived for some set of various state variables X. In paper it is found out, haw is the family of yield curve at a fixed interest rate determined by a variety of state variables, corresponding to this fixed interest rate. Besides, the width of a strip in which lie all possible yield curves (or forward curves), corresponding to various starting vectors X and to matrixes Ф, that determine the rate r, is found. All received analytical results are illustrated by a numerical example.

В статье на материале романов Н.Д. Хвощинской «Свободное время» и В.А. Слепцова «Трудное время» изучаются семантические свойства провинциального времени в беллетристическом произведении. Несмотря на разные эстетические установки писателей, тексты Хвощинской и Слепцова характеризируются общностью, заключающейся в сходных способах репрезентации повседневности. Провинциальное время, зачастую «заслоняя» моноцентрического героя, предстает в произведениях овеществленным, буквально погруженным в материю, быт. Кроме того, время в анализируемых произведениях становится имплицитным выражением авторского самосознания. Для женщины, писавшей под мужским псевдонимом, и разночинца, вышедшего из дворянской среды, провинциальный мир становится способом авторефлексии., The paper deals with the conceptions "provincial chronotope" and "provincial time" in the context of the Russian prose of the 19th century (novels Svobodnoe vremya [Free time], Kto zh ostalsya dovolen [Who is glad], Poslednee deystvie komedii [Last act of the comedy] by Nadezhda Dmitrievna Khvoshchinskaya (Zayonchkovskaya), and Trudnoe vremya [Hard time] by Vasily Alekseevich Sleptsov). The definition "provincial time" is compared with the definition "provincial chronotope" in the context of Mikhail Bakhtin's theory. As M. Bakhtin writes, "Time here is devoid of moving forward Day is never a day, year is not a year, life is not life It is ordinary, everyday domestic cyclical time. Time is uneventful and seems like it almost stopped It is a thick, sticky time crawling in space." The quote shows the provincial chronotope is a-narrative. In fact, it represents a quasi-event as part of the indiscrete eternity. But the main part of the phrase is connected with the ontological character of the provincial time. The interpretation of the provincial chronotope as "ordinary, everyday domestic cyclical time" presents another phenomenon important for Russian culture. It can be called "everydayness". In the paper, the provincial time is studied as a narrative, phenomenol-ogical and plot-forming category. Despite the fact that Nadezhda Khvoshchinskaya and Vasily Sleptsov belong to different social, politic and worldview poles and types of literature, the sense of time, its phenomenology can be recognized as an integral feature. Their texts are characterized by common narration strategies that consist in the representation of everyday life, the implementation of the so-called "provincial plot" (close to Balzac's The Human Comedy). The esthetic worldview of Vasily Sleptsov is a chaos of material events; the art world of Khvoshchinskaya is the order of different elements. So, comparison of these texts from the esthetic point of view is not quite adequate. However, the definition of the category of time allows to find inner connections realized in the form as a self-contained element of a literary text rather than through the naaration tradition. In the works under study, time is definitely spatial, and some time slots, representing a continuous existence, are virtually inseparable in the topology of the text. The provincial chronotope, devoid of limits and abysses, presents reality as a sequence of senseless events and episodes where the human and humanity lose significance. The author believes it is in this context that we should understand Bakhtin's statement about the provincial chronotope as "ordinary, everyday domestic cyclical time". The development of this model of time demonstrates its importance in the Russian literature of the 19th century. In particular, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov felt this elusive flow of time very subtly, many of his stories represent the image of the same actions and the same decorations on a new level of understanding of time, literature and life. In this case, the description of the provincial time should be taken into account as its essence is embodied, is fixed in the material substance. Results and observations of the research could be extended to other texts on "provincial" plots and could also be used in teaching the history of Russian literature of the 19th century.