Новая форма аналитической философии права и морали - алгебраическая система формальной этики и естественного права: точное формальное определение области уместной применимости «Гильотины Юма»

Предлагаемое точное формальное ограничение сферы корректной применимости логико-философского принципа, условно именуемого «Гильотиной Юма», графически моделируется с помощью логических квадрата и гексагена оппозиции относящихся к обсуждаемой теме композиций эпистемических, алетических, деонтических и аксиологических модальностей.
The paper is devoted to discussing such a new form of analytical philosophy of law-and-morals which is mathematically represented by two-valued algebraic system of formal ethics-and-natural-law. This algebra of the natural-law-and-formal-ethics is used for systematical analysis of moral-legal forms of (any) either-good-or-bad activity in general. The new form of analytical philosophy of law-and-morals immediately (directly) deals not with logic-forms of thought-and-speech about moral-legal activity but with moral-legal-forms of (either-good-or-bad) activity. Thus the subject-matter of direct (immediate) analyzing is significantly shifted from the logical-linguistic-form of thinking to the moral-legal-one of acting. Within the scope of the mentioned algebraic system the notions "formal-axiological equivalence of moral-legal-activity-forms" and "(universal) law of algebra of formal ethics-and-natural-law (= constantly-good moral-legal-act-form)" are defined precisely. Introducing the mentioned algebra makes up a possibility to investigate compositions of alethic, deontic, and axiological modalities, for instance, the complex ones: "it is (ale-thically) necessary that it is (legally) obligatory that p"; "it is (alethically) necessary that it is (morally) good that p". In the present paper the indicated formal-ethical machinery is exploited for limiting precisely the domain of relevant applicability of the famous logical-philosophical principle somewhat conventionally called "Guillotine of Hume". For implementing this limitation the author submits new (hitherto not discussed) compound definitions of the epistemic modalities "a priori knowledge that p" and "a posteriori one that p". Accepting these definitions logically entails accepting a precise formal limitation of the scope of "Hume's Guillotine". The submitted precise formal limitation of sphere of correct applicability of "Guillotine of Hume" is modeled graphically by means of logical square and hexagon of opposition of relevant compositions of epistemic, alethic, deontic and axiological modalities related to the theme under discussion.