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The article discusses the contributions of David Pines on the study and development of the theory of superconductivity. Currently a theoretical physicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and the Davis-based University of California, Pines together with John Bardeen have showed that it is possible for phonons to generate an attractive force for some electrons despite strong Coulomb repulsion during the 1950s. They have also introduced the Bardeen-Cooper-Schreiffer theory, which has allegedly played a very important role in the development of nuclear physics, astrophysics and particle physics.

The article discusses the way three researchers, Aviv Regev, Jill Mesirov and Johanna Daily, began their study on malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. According to the article, Daily approached Mesirov regarding the problem of finding means to know the different stages of the disease. In addition, Mesirov bumped into a conversation with Regev, who gave her a clear understanding of the illness' phases. Furthermore, the three scientists will do a field work in 2008 which is expected to have a strong effect on realizing the beginning of the malady and know how it can be treated.

The article discusses the study conducted by planetary scientist Steven Miller and his colleagues, which identifies the changes in the Jupiter-like gas giant planets as they approach the Sun. The research team created a three-dimensional model to examine the Jupiter-like atmosphere of HD209458b. The study found that the change of Jupiter-like atmosphere to an expanded atmosphere with hydrogen gas escaping in a bulk outflow of planetary wind occurs over a very short orbital distance. At 0.16 astronomical units (AU) the atmosphere is stable. However, the hydrogen breaks down with catastrophic results when the AU drops at 0.14.

The article focuses on the reasons why the author has spent nine years pursuing a map of the 450-protein nuclear pore complex (NPC). His fascination by how things move in and about the cell's nucleus contribute with his determination to mapping huge complexes. The author, together with his colleagues, has generated proteomics, biochemical and mass spectrometry data for all NPC proteins. Fitting each protein's volume into its hotspot gives a physical map of the pore. It is considered that this serves as a powerful approach to solve large assemblies.

The article highlights the background of termite's research by Jared Leadbetter during his journey to Costa Rica in May 2005. It is said that Leadbetter, an environmental microbiologist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, took a slice of the termite nest and transported it and its inhabitants, the tropical Nasutitermes termites, to Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Institute wherein he dissected almost 200 termites. Leadbetter found a high concentration of spirochetes, a helical bacteria that are usually associated with disease, in the termite's hindgut. It is claimed that the research implicates spirochetes in the initial hydrolysis of wood polysaccharides, making it a crucial part of the termite's digestive machinery.

The article examines the social capacities of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is considered that this bacteria can be easily manipulated experimentally and mutant strains missing key behavior exist naturally. The process quorum sensing (QS) allows bacteria to coordinate certain behaviors as a population. It was found that such process leads to cooperation because it stimulates the release of products that can be shared by other cells and QS can be exploited by cheats due to its social nature.

The article discusses the findings of the study of astronomer Philippe Zarka and colleagues concerning the rotation rate of Saturn. It reveals that the rate varies by 1 percent to the estimated rate of 10 hours, 39 minutes and 24 seconds after few months. It is believed that the difference is caused by the planet's magnetic field or radiowave source in the field. They theorized that the solar wind affects Saturn' radio clock in the solar system due to the prominent oscillation that occur over the Sun's 25-day rotation period.

The article reports on the result of a research conducted by doctor Tali Sharot regarding the relationship between emotion and memory. As part of the study, she asked volunteers to rate each of 80 events as positive, negative or neutral in which the next step included an imaging component called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner to capture their brain's activity. According to Sharot, the images showed that the same parts of the brain that were involved in processing memory and emotion had a role in anticipating and rating the events that would happen in the future.

The focuses on a study to examine the movements of single cells in early embryonic development using a recently developed technology. Researchers chose the chick embryos as an animal model. They used the multi-photon microscope, which can penetrate deep into tissues and obtain high-resolution three-dimensional images. To see the movements of individual cells, researchers used single lines to connect groups of three cells into triangles on each video frame. Then compared the movement of triangles in different regions of the embryo.

The article reports on the study conducted by Curtis Marean, an archeologist at the Arizona State University, regarding modern man's earliest seafood diet in Tempe, Arizona. Result shows that modern individuals integrated shellfish into their diets and it is proven on the evidences gathered by Marean and his team. Marean conducted his research on the caves of early modern humans in South Africa and they found mollusc in sediments on the cave floor that was dated around 164,000 years ago. Such findings made him conclude that shellfish consumption already exist thousands of years ago.

The article reports developments related to research about the planet Saturn at the Space Science Institute (SSI) in Boulder, Colorado. It is stated that the Cassini spacecraft took seven years to reach Saturn. According to Carolyn Porco, who leads the Cassini imaging team at SSI, the images sent back were well worth the wait. She reveals that the most exciting was the finding that one of the planet's moon has the essential ingredients to support life. The spacecraft's images suggest one of the Saturn's moons may host water.

The article focuses on metastasis of cancer cells from tumors. The author, Antoine Karnoub, is a postdoctoral fellow in Robert Weinberg's laboratory at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts. According to Robert Weinberg, owner of the laboratory, for cancer research, one has to understand how a tumor invades other tissues and metastasizes. Weinberg says that in 30% of patients with breast cancer, there are many micrometastases in their bone marrow at the time of diagnosis, but half of them never develop metastatic disease. In his study, Karnoub noticed that mesenchymal stem cells facilitated metastasis of cancer cells from tumors.

The article discusses the complement of Leslie Vosshall, a neurogeneticist at the Rockefeller University in New York, and Hiroaki Matsumi and His Group at Duke University Medical Center, in Durnham, North Carolina, for the experimentation on John Amoore's research on the perception of androstenone, an odorous steroid in the urine and sweat of men in the U.S. Matsunumi arranges the coding region of the OR7D4 gene of 391, an odour receptors in tissue-culture cells, to Vosshal's volunteers. It is then, Vosshal recognizes that there is clear and strong correlation between having the functional receptor in the genome and being very sensitive to androstenone.

The article reports on the archaeological excavation carried by David Lordkipanidze, a paleontologist and director of the Georgian National Museum in Tbilisi. Lordkipanidze's excavation site was located at the medieval city of Dmanisi where he was able to recover five human jaw bones, skulls and skeletons dated 1.77 million years ago. It was inferred that the remains have helped Lordkipanidze in gathering relevant information concerning on when the early inhabitants left Africa as well as the origin of the remains. It was found that the humans belonged to the group of Homo habilis which is considered as the oldest inhabitants in Africa. In addition, Lordkipanidze has also preserved the site which is comprised of dome, laboratory and museum.

The article provides information on the stem cell research conducted by Sean Morrison and his colleagues at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Morrison states that the research aims to evaluate the existing concept which states that immortal-strand hypothesis is a way in which stem cells might protect themselves against accumulating mutations. Their investigation reveals three nucleotide analogues to developing haematopoietic stem cells (HCs). Their findings show that at least one type of stem cell does not conform to some accepted theories.

The article focuses on the efforts made by geologist Phil Cummins in the risk assessment of probable tsunamis from the Indian Ocean. Cummins reveals that the earthquake which occurred in 2004 in Sumatra, Indonesia have motivated the pursuance of his work. However, he faced numerous problems during the assessment including the scarcity of geological surveys in the ocean. He notes that the limited evaluation in the region causes difficulty in the detection of surface-stress movements that precede earthquakes.

The article discusses the result of the study on female mice sexual behavior conducted by researcher Tali Kimchi with the research team lead by Catherine Dulac who is based at Harvard University. Under the investigation, researchers analyze the effect of sex pheromone switching on the sexual identity of female mice. Results show that pheromone determines female sexual identity as the female mice demonstrate high level of male-mating behaviors. Moreover, the study also suggests that loss of vomero-nasal organ (VNO) function could disrupt proper brain development of female sexual identity. At the end of the investigation, the group concludes that the female brain includes the neuronal connections for male behavior.

The article discusses the experimentation of the neurobiologist Guoping Feng and his colleagues concerning the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) through analyzing the mice which lacks one brain protein. The study has showed that the neurons of the mice have responded to glutamate which is different from the reactions of the neurons in human to dopamine or serotonin. The result of the research has illustrated significant implications for the discovery of drugs which has not focused on glutamate synapses.

The article presents a study by Oliver Höner and Bettina Wachter, who worked in Tanzania's Ngorongoro Crater, which found that female choices drive the dispersal of male spotted hyaenas. The study also revealed that dispersal of males is common in social and group-living mammals. According to the researchers, it is difficult to monitor the fate of dispersing individuals. The researchers investigated the factors that influence a young male's decision on where to start his reproductive career. Furthermore, they also found that male clan selection is influenced by the number of young females and not the number of unrelated adult females.

The article provides information on the research of neuroscientist Gilles Laurent of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California, using locust as a model in experimenting the neural mechanisms of insects use to learn odors. He chose the locust as a model of his study in which he first began studying insect olfaction because it was a good way of tracing circuit function and neural computation in the brain. Meanwhile, the article also discusses the detailed experimental design and the results of the study.

The article reports on the investigation whether electrical pulses from deep-brain electrical stimulation electrodes implanted in the central thalamus could recruit and activate unused but functional cerebral networks in patients in the minimally conscious state (MCS). This work, which was conducted by Nicholas Schiff, a neurologist at the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, together with Weill medical ethicist Joseph Fins, neurologist Joseph Giacino, and neurosurgeon Ali Rezai, focused on a single patient who was unable to follow commands consistently, communicate, or vocalize after severe traumatic brain injury. Schiff considers the team's effort not just an innovation in neurosurgery, but also in how MCS patient behavior is assessed and how doctors think on finding ethical ways.

The article focuses on Lawrence Steinman, a neurologist from Stanford University in Palo Alto, California who studied the role of protein αB-crystallin (CRYAB), an eye lens protein in the neurological disease multiple sclerosis. The work of Steinman distinguished CRYAB as a central agent in controlling inflammation and programmed cell death in the brain. Steinman's team has also shown that CRYAB likewise tones down many inflammatory pathways and helps in preventing programmed cell death.

The article discusses the study carried out by researcher Sanjev Gupta and his colleagues of the Imperial College London concerning on how Great Britain became an island. It states that Gupta's team has utilized the map of the English Channel to gather relevant data. It was found that islands existed on the valley's bed rock floor where the channel is divided into two that resulted to the formation of land in between. Also, the occurrence of flood contributed to the existence of lakes.

The article provides information about the BIODEPTH project, a project that tested plant species biodiversity and ecosystem properties in test plots at eight grassland sites around Europe. This generated a vast amount of data, and Andy Hector, who worked on the project, has figured out a way to pull it all together. BIODEPTH tested how different numbers of plant species affect ecosystem functions, such as total hay production or how well the ecosystem retains certain nutrients.

The article discusses the study of experimentalists to determine whether species whose markings mimic those of less palatable species are mutualistic or parasitic. Two types of mimicry exist in nature. Müllerian mimics are unpalatable species that evolve to resemble another unpalatable, model species. Batesian mimics receive all the benefit of their model's protection without making any contribution.

The article focuses on research investigating the chemical composition of the supergiant star VY Canis Majoris conducted at the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory in Tucson. Astronomers Lucy Ziurys, Nick Woolf and Stefanie Milam at the university, were discussing how gas clouds that surround old stars contribute to the origins of life. With the installation of a new receiver in their radio telescope they have explored into the oxygen-rich envelope of the said star.

The article illustrates how Italian astronomer Ermanno Borra initiated the creation of an infrared-spectrum telescope on the moon. Borra and his colleagues from Laval University in Quebec City, Quebec revived the idea of a liquid-mirror telescope (LMT). A lunar LMT needed to be very cold and a highly reflective liquid. Borra and a graduate student added metal coatings to thick and syrupy liquids. However, it was ionic liquids that provided the breakthrough for their team.

The article presents a study on antibacterial agent that would act specifically against Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium that causes stomach ulcers. It has been found that the current therapy for H. pylori infection is a cocktail of two antibacterials and an antacid. Moreover, narrow spectrum agents against H. pylori could therefore serve not only to replace current therapies, but also as prophylactics against ulcers and cancer.

The article focuses on the study conducted by Richard Cornall of the University of Oxford, Great Britain, and Christopher Goodnow of the Australian National University which addressed the role of stem cells exhaustion due to DNA damage in ageing. It highlights a statement by Cornall on how the research got its start as well as the actions they had done to bring it to completion. Several findings of the research are also discussed.

The article discusses the value of variation in animal personality. Researchers pointed out that individual tends to be more aggressive and inclined to be bolder in exploring its territory. According to psychology student Max Wolf, observations suggested that something akin to human personalities exists in other animals.

The article focuses on the results of the study conducted by Jiandie Lin of the Life Sciences Institute at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor which wanted to determine the relationship between the metabolic clock and circadian clock. Lin studied a protein know as PGC-1 which is a master regulator of energy-producing mitochondria. Based on the results, circadian clock was thought to affect physiology by downstream output mechanisms.

The article offers information regarding a study which aims to determine whether stem cells in the hair follicle could help heal wounds. The researchers found that when skin is cut, stem cells move quickly from the lowest portion of the follicle to the surface of the skin to form new skin cells. The group has also developed several antibodies that can distinguish between various types of skin cell.

The article discusses the comparative genomics map in the evolution of marsupial and placental mammals. Tarjei Mikkelsen, along with his collaborators, has used the opossum data to distinguish which genome changes are specific to placental mammals. They have discovered that one fifth of conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) is an invention of placental mammals' evolution, likewise it has allowed them to classify larger fraction of CNEs as originating from transposons called junk DNA.

The article discusses the study on the development of ciliated cells in the skin of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis by Chris Kintner, a molecular neurobiologists, and his team in California. It is stated that the group observed that Xenopus embryos tended to float at the bottom of the culture media because of the cilia on the skin cells. The group realized that when cilia first form on cells in Xenopus skin, they tend to point towards the tail.

The article focuses on the development of methods for making very sensitive measurements of biological molecules and nanoparticles by Scott Manalis and his group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Manali said that they wanted to develop methods for label-free detection that could be as sensitive as fluorescence. After three years, they came up with a vacuum-packaged resonator that could weigh individual nanoparticles, single bacteria and protein monolayers.

The article focuses on the neurobiology researchers Liane Young and Michael Koenigs, and their recent study on moral judgement in people with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC). Their study shows that patients with this type of brain damage are able to make some types of moral judgements without the interference of emotion.

The article offers information on a computer game that shows humans prefer equality. James Fowler, associate political science professor at the University of California, San Diego, and his team designed a game to fine out the people's motive for punishment. They wanted to know whether people wanted to punish free loaders or that moderate-to-low earners resented the rich.

The article outlines the collaborative work on auxin binding to TIR1 that activated the cascade of chemical responses in plants by Ning Zheng, biologist, and Mark Estelle, plant biologist. An overview of the study of crystalline structure of TIR1, the role of inositol phosphate molecule as co-factor, structure of TIR1 bound to a number of different auxin analogues and the usefulness of the study in drug discovery, is presented.

The article discusses the control mechanism in mating habits of the fruitfly Drosophila. The gender specific behavior of the fly is controlled by a gene called fruitless that is expressed in the nervous system. Various factors involved in the mating habits of the fruitflies including the activation of receptors, sensing of the male sex pheromone, odors and identification are also discussed.

The article focuses on the research of self-healing polymer by Jeffrey Moore and his colleagues Scott White and Nancy Sottos at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Over a period of five years the team has synthesized the first mechanophore-a molecule that changes structure in response to mechanical force. Details of the research regarding self repair and effects of ultrasound are provided.

The article reports on the possibility that Arctic ice formed at the transition between the Eocene and Oligocene epochs based on oxygen isotope calculations from Pacific Ocean sites. Dropstones or fragments of rock carried out to the sea by ice at different depths were found in cores collected from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. The origins of the dropstones and the sediment grains were provided by their characteristics.

The article focuses on the technique used by Karen Liu in completing her study on mouse embryonic development. She felt that she needed new tools for her to study more precisely of her subject, she later joined the Crabtree laboratory. The laboratory had developed an 89-amino-acid tag, the FRB, of which when drug rapamycin blends to the tag, it results to the stabilization of protein. To test the method, they set up mice containing FRB tagged glycogen synthase kinase which had been a success.

The article discusses the research about the evolutionary history of the microbe Helicobacter pylori . Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria causing gastric and duodenal ulcers. According to molecular biologist Mark Achtman and his colleagues , the microbe has hitchhiked along in the gut of human beings for more than 58,000 years.

The article presents the research survey by John Tooby, of the University of California, to study the altruistic behavior, and aversion to incest, in humans. The author summarizes the research that the internal monitoring system is developed the human mind, right from sibling stage and by environment, that regulates the feelings of altruism and sexual attraction. The article reports the evidence of biological mechanism in human beings to recognize their kin.

The article analyzes the missing link between T lymphocytes and psoriasis. The observations of Immunologist Yan Zheng and his colleagues at the company Genentech in San Francisco, California are discussed in detail. An overview of the cause for the white cell infiltration into the skin and the role of IL-22 in causing the disease of psoriasis, through experimentation on mice, is presented. The article also presents the observations of Wenjun Ouyang on TH 17 and T22 to find the missing link.

This article focuses on a synthetic molecular machine developed by chemist David Leigh that could transport particles away from their natural distribution. The design of the machine was inspired by a thought experiment proposed 140 years ago by physicist James Clerk Maxwell. The team of Leigh designed a molecule that moves and sorts particles according to their relative positions.

The article describes how Logan Grosenick, Tricia Clement and Russell Fernald developed an experiment to determine whether fish can know the social rank of other fish simply by observing how they interact. They employed a large, square tank which was partitioned into several compartments and the extremely territorial Astatotilapia burtoni.

The article reports on the use of gravity by researchers to show the arrangement of dark matter. The technique is called gravitational lensing. Dark matter neither reflects nor emits light and it cannot actually be seen. Because of the bending of light, the shapes of the galaxies are slightly distorted on telescopes.

The article discusses the research by Leslie Vosshall and colleagues to disable the scent tracking ability of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes reach their prey by smelling carbon dioxide from the victims breath like many insects. Vosshall states that they identified homologous receptors in a mosquito that function as carbon dioxide sensors. Vosshall hopes that this breakthrough will help in developing compounds that dispel insects off human track which in turn will contain malaria and other diseases.

The article discusses the competition and cooperation in meerkat's reproduction. Description of a study conducted by Timothy Clutton-Brock for observing the behavioral and breeding patterns of the meerkat is presented. The article mentions the Kuruman River Reserve which is said to home for 15 different types of meerkat. The article details the data collection efforts of the research team from South Africa and mentions the findings of their study.