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The article offers information on the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association focused on fiscal policy that was held on August 2011 in Washington, D.C. It mentions that taxation is an important determinant of the scope of government. It presents information on the decision-making during fiscal stress related to various states.

Social information, defined as information about what others have done, are doing or will be doing in future, is a powerful motivator of pro-social behaviour. However there is little research on the role of social information on volunteering, where work has instead examined socio-economic and demographic correlates, the role of personal networks and barriers to participation. In this paper we examine the effect of leader and peer endorsement as forms of social information where such endorsement provides a signal to others that these people value the activity and sets an example that others could emulate. The paper presents the results of a field experiment carried out in the autumn of 2013, which examined the effect of different forms of endorsement on volunteering activity amongst 100,000 students in five UK universities. We compare the effect on volunteering rates of politician, celebrity and peer endorsement from named people who have engaged in volunteering compared with a control group that has no such endorsement. We examine outcome measurements of click-throughs to volunteering unit websites, attendance at volunteering training, registration with volunteering units, and results from an all-student survey seven weeks after the original e-mails. We find student endorsements reduce click-throughs. There are treatment effects for endorsement by politicians on subsequent training. We find heterogeneity in treatment effects for registration and training, with both negative and positive effects of celebrity endorsements. Overall, we find some support for the provision of leader and celebrity endorsement, but confirm negative effects for peer endorsement in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines what can happen to judicial confirmations once they receive home-state senator approval and start down the road to confirmation. It begins by exploring the different ways in which judicial confirmations may be delayed once they reach the Senate. This paper then turns its attention to a key mechanism of delay, the use of ?holds? placed on confirmations once they reach the Senate floor by individual senators. This paper begins its analysis of the ?hold? by examining the historical use of holds and its present-day incarnation, and it ends by investigating all holds that have been applied to Circuit Court nominees between 1987-2002 (100th-107th Congresses), and assessing their application as well as the underlying reason for each usage. Strikingly, it finds that much of the delay and obstruction which mark the modern-day lower court confirmation process is not due to ideological opposition but rather is a function of nominees being used as bargaining tools in unrelated disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first in a larger project to estimate Congress-Administrator-President (CAP) scores, or ideal point estimates for federal cabinet secretaries, presidents, and members of congress on a common scale. In this paper, we present ideal point estimates for labor secretaries, presidents, and members of the Senate from 1991-2002. Two sets of estimates have been generated: (a) single-congress W-NOMINATE estimates with bootstrapped standard errors (Lewis and Poole 2004), and (b) Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods in a Bayesian framework (Clinton, Jackman, and Rivers 2004; Martin and Quinn 2003). Administrative positions have been constructed through a content analysis of congressional testimony in which an administrator expresses a position on a bill submitted to a roll-call vote in the current Senate session. Results indicate that most labor secretaries have ideal points distinct from their appointing presidents, questioning the assumptions of much of the theoretical literature on the executive branch. Also, using the CAP scores for labor secretaries and senators, we examine the effect of secretary preferences on the allocation of distributive policy projects. We find that the distances between the labor secretary and senators of the same party (Republican) in the 107 th Congress are directly related to the amount of labor department funding allocated to the senator?s state: the further the secretary?s ideal point is from senators of her own party, the less those senators receive in labor outlays. The implications are that the preferences of unelected officials have a direct impact on policy outcomes in Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper "Is Selective Exposure a Good Media Diet" is to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association on August 29, 2014. Topics discussed include television (TV) as the source of media consumption for Americans, importance of TV to evaluate societal and political issue and provide cognitive templates, and evaluation of the agenda-setting effects of narrowcasting of cable and network news along with the relation between media and individual issue.

A conference paper related to the affects of government interventions on insurgency violence to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association on August 28 ? 31 2014. Topics discussed include suggestion from the U.S. Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency (COIN) Field Manual on the pillars of COIN warfare such as governance reform and development aid, and highlighting the role of grievances causes violent conflict.

A conference paper on understanding the power of state legislative leaders and approaches to measure their power is to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Topics discussed include influence of leaders for state legislatures and Congress, use of Bayesian hierarchical model for estimating the influence of majority party leaders, and analysis on the linkages between formal institutional powers and perceived power.

A conference paper related to the significance of women's political and social standing and public policy is to be presented at the Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association on August 29-31, 2014. Topics discussed include theological principles related to the need for male leadership, views of Beverly LaHaye, founder of conservative women's group Concerned Women for America (CWA), on the primacy of motherhood, and understanding of motherhood by conservative women leaders.

A conference paper "The importance of national stereotypes in the diplomacy of Poland's rebirth, 1914-1921" is to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association on August 28-31, 2014. It talks about the prediction of revolutionary leader Józef Piłsudski regarding the collapse of the partitioning powers by the end of the First World War. It mentions the role of culture in international relations explained by British historian James Joll.

A conference paper about the U.S. Internal Revenue Code's Section 527 Obstacle to Effective Section 501(c)(4) Regulations, prepared for the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, is presented. Topics discussed include the American Bar Association Tax Section meeting held in Washington D.C., a report by the U.S. Department of the Treasury Inspector General (TIGTA) on tax law limits, and views of IRS (Internal Revenue System) Commissioner John Koskinen on the same.

A conference paper discussing how work society effectively immunizes workers from non-workers through employment of citizenship, prepared for the American Political Science Association annual meeting 2014, is presented. Topics discussed include work of Italian philosopher Roberto Esposito on the issue, neoliberal incarnation of the work society, and impact of immigration on jobs.

A conference paper on how local reconciliation is critical to post-conflict peace-building in Northern Ireland, in the wake of the Good Friday Agreement, for the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association to be held in August 2014 in Washington D.C., is presented. Topics discussed include how lack of reconciliation process impacts the peace process implementation, unionist hegemony, and problems associated with the lack of a truth commission in Northern Ireland.

This paper makes three key contributions to debates surrounding the effectiveness of democratic innovation, deliberation, and participation in representative political systems. In the first instance we argue that more attention should be paid to the role that participation actually plays in governance. We show that the burgeoning literature on democratic institutional design often neglects concern about the outcomes and effect of these designs on more traditional representative fora, at the expense of concerns about their internal procedures. Secondly we argue that despite limitations, replicable systematic comparison of the effects of institutional design is both necessary and possible even at the national level. We present a qualitative comparative analysis of 31 cases of National Public Policy Conferences (NPPCs) in Brazil. Finally, we show that popular deliberative assemblies that vary in their familiarity and their policy area of interest, and that organize their structure and sequence deliberation in different ways can be associated with differential effects on both option analysis and option selection stages of the policy process respectively. The paper proceeds by critically reviewing the relevant literature, presenting the data and describing its operationalization before explaining the different associations between NPPC designs and their effects on legislative activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about association between neutrality and religion analogy, to be presented at the American Political Science Association's (ASPA) 2014 Annual Meeting, is presented. Topics discussed include neutralitarian liberalism, contemporary theories of religious liberty, and views expressed by American philosopher John Rawls about the issue, in his writings.

The article discusses a conference paper prepared for the 2014 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association to be held in August 2014 in Washington D.C., which discusses voting in elections habit-forming. It offers information on voting age in Norwegian municipalities, highlights the extent to which voting is a form of habitual behavior, and informs that older age does not have any habit-forming effect of voting.

A conference paper about how nonverbal and verbal behaviour of politicians during a television-debate induces the candidates' short-term perceptions, presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in Washington D.C. in August 2014, is presented. It highlights role played by party leaders' televised debates on an electoral campaign and a debate between Austrian politicians Werner Faymann and Hans Christian Strache.

A conference paper about impact of municipal takeovers on local governance in the U.S., to be presented the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in Washington D.C. in August 2014, is presented. Topics discussed include views of U.S. federal Judge John F. Dillon on the issue, involvement of state in municipal financial affairs, and a report released by the Pew Charitable Trust in 2013 which highlighted state intervention strategies.

A conference paper discussing why Penelope's, wife of Greek leader Odysseus, individual virtues are necessary for Odysseus's survival in island Ithaka and political success of her family, is presented, which will be delivered at the American Political Science Association's 2014 annual meeting in August 2014. Topics discussed include political authority of Penelope, political study of Penelope, and gender-transcending model of political efficacy and private virtue.

A conference paper about the U.S. education reform-related report "The Heart of the Matter" published by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) in 2013, for the 2014 American Political Science Association Meeting, is presented. Topics discussed include similarity between neoconservatives and neoliberals, "A Nation at Risk" report published by the U.S. National Commission on Excellence in Education, and arguments of American economist Milton Friedman on the issue.

A conference paper about enclosures related to privatization of public space and the occupancy movement started at the Zuccotti Park in New York City, for the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in August 2014, is presented. It discusses ways in which each of the four types of enclosures work politically for constricting resistance to neoliberalism. It also highlights how growth of privately owned public spaces (POPS) is politically consequential.

A conference paper about Aborigine constituencies in the Taiwanese Legislature, prepared for the American Political Science Association's Annual Conference to be held on August 28-31, 2014 in Washington D.C., is presented. Topics discussed include role played by representatives from aborigine reserved districts in Taiwan's politics, impact of aborigine reserved seats on aborigine communities, and the aborigine electoral system.

A conference paper about role of international forces in failure of elections, drawn from Chapter 4 of the book "Why Elections Fail," by Pippa Norris, for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) in 2014 is presented. Topics discussed include role of international forces in strengthening electoral integrity; the case of the 2006 elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo; and use of multivariate models controlling for economic development and natural resources.

A conference paper about incongruity between principles and the life of French author and philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) in Washington DC, in 2014 is presented. It discusses relationship between Rousseau's autobiographies and the noble idealism of the theoretical writings. It mentions incongruity in theoretical writings of Rousseau such as books including "Social Contract."

A conference paper about counterfactual possibilities associated with financial property rights under Colonialism, prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) in Washington DC, in 2014 is presented. Topics discussed include property rights literature with reference to financial systems, emergence of institutionalized financial systems and Indian currency problems.

A conference paper about role of the political party organizations in electoral campaigns, prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) to be held in August 2014, in Washington, D.C., is presented. It examines the local party organizations' canvassing efforts in Turkey that are involved in patron-client exchanges and vote buying. It discuses importance of strategic planning for political parties.

A conference paper about approaches to accountability, prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) to be held on August 27-30, 2014 is presented. It discusses research on three approaches of accountability as participation, transparency, and sanctioning. It mentions that accountability as resistance focuses on the forms of institutional nay-saying within non-governmental organization (NGO's) decision-making processes.

A conference paper about the Muslim democracy in the making of pragmatism and values of Turkish political party Ak party (AKP's) Selective Democratization Project, prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) to be held on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It mentions institutional configuration of democratization in Turkey. It discusses issues of conceptualization of democratization for assessing the evolution of AKP's project.

A conference paper is presented about participatory budgeting (PB) for presentation at American Political Science Association Annual Meeting to be held in August 28, 2014. Topics discussed include impact of participatory governance reforms on quality of democracy, contribution of US President Barack Obama's Open Government National Action Plan to policy recommendations from the World Bank, on quality democracy; and improvement in understanding conditions that constrain the impact of any reform.

A conference paper about the relationship between philosophy and poetry in the Republic, prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) to be held on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It discusses direct engagement of poet Homer with Greek philosopher Socrates. It also mentions the play "Oedipus Rex" by Sophocles.

A conference paper about the relationship between religious practice and civil authority, to be presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association(APSA) in Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014, is presented. Topics discussed include controversies on contraceptive coverage in the health insurance under the US Affordable Care Act (ACA); U.S. Supreme Court case Sibelius v. Hobby Lobby Stores and emerging conflicts in rights of conscience against civil authority.

A conference paper about analysis of the race and public opinion during World War II and the politics of South and urban north by the US government, prepared for presentation at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C., August 28-31, 2014. It discusses governmental research on black-white attitudes and relations with reference to conflicts in the Sojourner Truth housing project in Detroit, Michigan.

A conference paper about gender role beliefs and attitudes towards abortion, prepared for presentation at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C., August 28-September1, 2014, is presented. It discusses importance of gender role attitudes in discourse on abortion. It examines weak relationship between gender role egalitarianism and support for abortion than effects of other variables such as attitudes toward euthanasia and factors such as working mother.

A conference paper about impact of clashing beliefs in State Executive Branches, prepared for the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, is presented. It explores the extent of partisan disagreement within state executive branches over a fifteen year period in the U.S. It also assess impacts of disparities that exist beyond policy preferences on administrator?chief executive relationships.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines methodological considerations and European evidence for polarization and depolarization. It also discusses several aspects of European party systems and electoral reforms.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines several prospects of religious freedom that has been drawn into culture wars. It also discusses various projects launched to advocate for religious freedom in the U.S.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines evolving European Union (EU) governance of economic and regulatory integration during the Eastern enlargement. It also examines anticipatory integration and orchestration in relation to the Eastern enlargement.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines several prospects of electoral mobilization in France. It also discusses how canvassing or door to door selling reappeared in French studies on electoral mobilization.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines systematic polarization of political parties. It also discusses impact of majority runoff rules for the election of a president on party system polarization.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines impact of Intelligence Analysis on foreign policies of the U.S. It also discusses frequent disregard of intelligence analysis by policymakers based on a evaluation of the role that intelligence analysis that plays a part in the policymaking process.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines the impact of political moralizing on climate change politics. It also discusses two unique public opinion surveys to issue of climate change to highlight the role of political moralizing in the legislative fate of political issues.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines mass media messages about implementation of American health care legislation named Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the U.S. It also discusses analyses of television news and paid advertising along with representative survey in the U.S.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines government performance, public opinion and electorates performance of countries including the U.S. It also offers information on range of mechanisms argued to underpin trends in governing costs.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines how the Diaoyu/Senkaku Island conflict is presented on highly regulated web in China. It also discusses how individuals use digital infrastructures to construct a discourse on national history and sovereignty.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines several aspects of civic education and web-writing in terms of politics. It also discusses literatures from political science and higher education policy studies, and activities to counter the trend of declining participation by bolstering understanding, motivations, and skills of students.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines deliberation, recognition and the aspiration for liberal self-government. It also discusses liberal political philosophy, and legitimacy to shade into invocations of civic community.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines law with Inter-American human rights law in Mexico. It also discusses conventionality control in the Americas and Mexico, and compliance with international judicial rulings, and human rights.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines the impact of customary law on trust and reciprocity in southern Mexico. It also discusses several aspects of formal institutionalization of usos y costumbres.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines conditions under which international organizations (IOs) are more likely to exercise suspension. It also discusses a study concerning membership suspension wherein international organizations have increasingly engaged in the practice.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), in Washington, D.C. is presented. It examines insurgency wars and the civil war of Syria through the Iraq insurgencies of 2006-2009. It also highlights points from Iraq and planning for Syria and insurgency wars of future.

A conference paper prepared for presentation at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, D.C., on August 28-31, 2014 is presented. It examines the history of political and governmental role in Intersectionality in Germany. It also discusses several methodological challenges to doing intersectional enquiry, and political and economic institutions of German and place of Germany in the International System.