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In recent years, the role of "sleepiness at the wheel" in the occurrence of accidents has been increasingly highlighted with several national and international public health campaigns based on consensual research publications. However, one aspect of this phenomenon is rarely taken into account, i.e., the risk of sleep-induced accidents while riding powered two-wheelers (PTWs). PTWs are indeed involved in a high percentage of fatal accidents mostly with young male riders. The effects of sleepiness may be different in drivers and riders, partly because riders may be stimulated more by the road environment. But riders (differently from drivers) have also to maintain continuously a balance between their own stability and the need of following the road, even when they are directly exposed to adverse climatic conditions. We, therefore, gathered the limited scientific literature on this topic and tried to analyze how riders may be affected differently by sleepiness. Finally we provide some suggestions as to how this question may be better approached in the future.

12th ICBEN Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, ZURICH, SUISSE, 18-/06/2017 - 22/06/2017; Objectives: Exposure to aircraft noise has been shown to have adverse effects on health and particularly on sleep. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aircraft noise exposure and subjective sleep quality in the population living near airports in France. Methods: Sleep interview was made through a questionnaire administered to 1,244 residents of three major French airports: Paris-CDG, Lyon-Saint-Exupéry and Toulouse-Blagnac. For each participant, aircraft noise exposure was estimated at home using noise maps. Logisticregression models were used with adjustment for potential confounders. Results: Aircraft noise exposure was associated with the risk of being a short sleeper (sleep duration £ 6h), and with the feeling of tiredness while awakening in the morning. An increase of 10 dBA in aircraft noise level at night was respectively associated with an OR of 1.66 (95% CI: 1.16 to 2.35) and an OR of 1.24 (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.63). Conclusion: These findings contribute to the overall evidence suggesting that aircraft noise exposure at nighttime may decrease subjective quality of sleep.

In this paper, a machine-learning framework is used for riding pattern recognition. The problem is formulated as a classification task to identify the class of riding patterns using data collected from 3-D accelerometer/gyroscope sensors mounted on motorcycles. These measurements constitute an experimental database used to analyze powered two-wheeler rider behavior. Several well-known machine-learning techniques are investigated, including the Gaussian mixture models, the $k$ -nearest neighbor model, the support vector machines, the random forests, and the hidden Markov models (HMMs), for both discrete and continuous cases. Additionally, an approach for sensor selection is proposed to identify the significant measurements for improved riding pattern recognition. The experimental study, performed on a real data set, shows the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and the effectiveness of the HMM approach in riding pattern recognition. These results encourage the development of these methodologies in the context of naturalistic riding studies.

Background: Noise in the vicinity of airports is a crucial public health issue. Exposure to aircraft noise has been shown to have adverse effects on health and particularly on sleep. Many studies support the hypothesis that noise at night can affect subjective sleep quality. Fewer studies, however, have performed objective measurements of sleep. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between aircraft noise exposure and objective parameters assessed by actigraphy of sleep quality in the population living near two French airports. Methods: This study includes 112 participants living in the vicinity of Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Toulouse-Blagnac airports. Wrist actigraphy measurements were performed during eight nights to evaluate objective parameters of sleep quality such as sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), total sleep time (TST), time in bed (TB) and sleep efficiency (SE). Acoustic measurements were made simultaneously both inside the participants' bedrooms and outside (at the exterior frontage) in order to estimate aircraft noise levels. Energy indicators related to the sound energetic average for a given period of time, as well as indicators related to noise events (such as the number of events that exceed a given threshold for example) were estimated. Logistic and linear regression models were used, taking into account potential confounders: age; gender; marital status; education; and body mass index (BMI). Results: Energy indicators, and more particularly indicators related to noise events, were significantly associated with objective parameters of sleep quality. Increased levels of aircraft noise and increased numbers of aircraft noise events increased the time required for sleep onset (SOL) and the total wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and decreased sleep efficiency (SE). An association was also observed between aircraft noise exposure and an increase in total sleep time (TST) and time in bed (TB). Conclusion: The findings of the present study contribute to the overall evidence suggesting that nocturnal aircraft noise exposure may decrease objective quality of sleep. Aircraft noise exposure affects objective parameters of sleep quality, not only in terms of noise levels but also in terms of number of events. Mechanisms for adapting to sleep deprivation could be observed.

Background: Exposure to aircraft noise has been shown to have adverse effects on health, particularly on sleep. Exposure to nighttime aircraft noise clearly affects sleep architecture, as well as subjective sleep quality. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aircraft noise exposure and subjective sleep quality in the population living near airports in France. Methods: A total of 1,244 individuals older than 18 and living near three French airports (Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Lyon-Saint-Exupery and Toulouse-Blagnac) were randomly selected to participate in the study. Information on sleep as well as health, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors was collected by means of a face-to-face questionnaire performed at their place of residence by an interviewer. For each participant, aircraft noise exposure was estimated at home using noise maps. Logistic regression models were used with adjustment for potential confounders. Results: Aircraft noise exposure was significantly associated with a short total sleep time (TST) (£ 6 h) and with the feeling of tiredness while awakening in the morning. An increase of 10 dB(A) in aircraft noise level at night was associated with an OR of 1.63 (95%CI: 1.15-2.32) for a short TST and an OR of 1.23 (95%CI: 1.00-1.54) for the feeling of tiredness while awakening in the morning. Conclusions: These findings contribute to the overall evidence suggesting that aircraft noise exposure at nighttime may decrease the subjective amount and quality of sleep.

Background Saliva cortisol is a possible marker of noise-induced stress and could then mediate the relation observed between exposure to aircraft or road traffic noise and cardiovascular diseases. However, the association between transportation noise and cortisol levels is still unclear. The objective of the study was to investigate the variability of saliva cortisol concentration as an indicator of disturbed hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation in relation to long-term aircraft noise exposure. Methods Saliva samples were taken when awakening and before going to bed for 1244 participants older than 18 years of age. Information about health, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors was also collected by means of a face-to-face questionnaire performed at home by an interviewer. Aircraft noise exposure was assessed for each participant’s home address using noise maps. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the effects of aircraft noise exposure on the morning and evening cortisol levels and on the daily variation of cortisol per hour. Results This study suggests a modification of the cortisol circadian rhythm in relation to aircraft noise exposure. This exposure was associated with a smaller variation of cortisol levels over the day, with unchanged morning cortisol levels, but higher cortisol levels in the evening. Conclusions These findings provide some support for a psychological stress induced by aircraft noise exposure, resulting in HPA dysregulation and a flattened cortisol rhythm, thus contributing to cardiovascular diseases.

Atelier technique sur les cohortes environnementales, BIVIERS, FRANCE, 05-/11/2019 - 05/11/2019; L'objectif de DEBATS est de mieux connaître et de mieux quantifier les effets du bruit des avions sur la santé des populations riveraines des aéroports français. Il s'agit d'adopter une approche globale en caractérisant les relations entre l'exposition au bruit des avions et les états de santé des riverains d'aéroport à la fois sur le plan physique et mental mais aussi en termes de gêne ressentie. En 2013, 1 244 riverains des aéroports de Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Toulouse-Blagnac et Lyon-Saint-Exupéry ont répondu à un questionnaire administré par un enquêteur à leur domicile concernant leur état de santé (perturbations du sommeil, pathologies cardiovasculaires, troubles anxio-dépressifs et gêne ressentie due au bruit des avions). L'enquêteur a également mesuré la pression artérielle et la fréquence cardiaque des participants et leur a demandé de prélever un échantillon de leur salive pour déterminer la concentration de cortisol salivaire (marqueur des états de stress). Ces participants ont été réinterrogés en 2015 et en 2017. Un sous-échantillon de 100 riverains a participé à une deuxième étude plus spécifique sur le sommeil avec des mesures acoustiques.

Réunion AdP, PARIS, FRANCE, 01-/07/2019 - 01/07/2019; Présentation de la méthodologie adoptée dans DEBATS et des premiers résultats au Groupe Aéroports de Paris

Contexte : Le cortisol, reflet de l'activité de l'axe hypothalamo-pituito-surrénalien (HPS), est un marqueur possible du stress induit par l'exposition au bruit des transports et pourrait se positionner comme un facteur intermédiaire dans la relation entre cette exposition et la survenue de pathologies cardiovasculaires. Cependant, les effets de l'exposition au bruit des transports sur la sécrétion de cortisol sont encore largement discutés. Objectif : L'objectif de l'étude est de rechercher l'existence d'une association entre l'exposition au bruit des avions et la variation journalière du cortisol salivaire. Méthodes : En 2013, 954 participants âgés de 18 ans et plus ont prélevé deux échantillons de leur salive, un au lever et un au coucher. Des informations relatives à leur état de santé, leur statut socioéconomique et leurs habitudes de vie ont été collectées grâce à un questionnaire administré en face-à-face par un enquêteur à leur domicile. L'exposition moyenne au bruit des avions au domicile des participants a été estimée à partir de cartes de bruit. Des modèles de régression log-linéaire ont été ajustés afin d'évaluer l'effet de cette exposition sur la variation horaire journalière des niveaux de cortisol salivaire. Résultats : L'exposition au bruit des avions serait associée à une diminution statistiquement significative de la variation horaire du cortisol salivaire au cours de la journée, avec des niveaux de cortisol inchangés au lever, mais plus élevés au coucher. Cette exposition engendrerait ainsi une modification du cycle physiologique de la sécrétion du cortisol. Conclusion: Ces résultats soutiennent l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'exposition au bruit des avions serait génératrice d'un stress psychologique induisant une perturbation du fonctionnement endocrinien et du cycle circadien du cortisol. Cette relation pourrait contribuer à favoriser l'émergence de pathologies cardiovasculaires.

Background: Many studies have demonstrated adverse effects of exposure to aircraft noise on health. Possible biological pathways for these effects include hormonal disturbances. Few studies deal with aircraft noise effects on saliva cortisol in adults, and results are inconsistent. Objective: We aimed to assess the effects of aircraft noise exposure on saliva cortisol levels and its variation in people living near airports. Methods: This study focused on the 1300 residents included in the HYENA and DEBATS cross-sectional studies, with complete information on cortisol sampling. All the participants followed a similar procedure aiming to collect both a morning and an evening saliva cortisol samples. Socioeconomic and lifestyle information were obtained during a face-to-face interview. Outdoor aircraft noise exposure was estimated for each participant's home address. Associations between aircraft noise exposure and cortisol outcomes were investigated a priori for male and female separately, using linear regression models adjusted for relevant confounders. Different approaches were used to characterize cortisol levels, such as morning and evening cortisol concentrations and the absolute and relative variations between morning and evening levels. Results: Statistically significant increases of evening cortisol levels were shown in women with a 10-dB(A) increase in aircraft noise exposure in terms of LAeq, 16h (exp(?) = 1.08; CI95% = 1.00-1.16), Lden (exp(?) = 1.09; CI95% = 1.01-1.18), Lnight (exp(?) = 1.11; CI95% = 1.02-1.20). A statistically significant association was also found in women between a 10-dB(A) increase in terms of Lnight and the absolute variation per hour (exp(?) = 0.90; CI95% = 0.80-1.00). Statistically significant decreases in relative variation per hour were also evidenced in women, with stronger effects with the Lnight (exp(?) = 0.89; CI95% = 0.83-0.96) than with other noise indicators. The morning cortisol levels were unchanged whatever noise exposure indicator considered. There was no statistically significant association between aircraft noise exposure and cortisol outcomes in men. Conclusions: The results of the present study show statistically significant associations between aircraft noise exposure and evening cortisol levels and related flattening in the (absolute and relative) variations per hour in women. Further biological research is needed to deepen knowledge of the pathway between noise exposure and disturbed hormonal regulation, and specially the difference in effects between genders.

26th World Road Congress, Abou Dhabi, EMIRATS ARABES UNIS, 06-/10/2019 - 10/10/2019; When dealing with road safety in Africa, one should bear in mind that road safety problems in Africa must be seen in their own context as the solutions proposed to address them. While it is relevant to take into account international good practices, African stakeholders should become owners of the interventions addressing their problems and take the responsibility for developing and implementing the appropriate solutions, taking advantage of suitable technical assistance, if needed. Based on these considerations, in this paper a presentation is made of the process used in the European research project "SaferAfrica - Innovating dialogue and problems appraisal for a safer Africa" to develop Safe System road safety intervention proposals for Africa. SaferAfrica aims at supporting policy makers and stakeholders with evidence on critical risk factors, related actions and good practices drawn from high quality data and knowledge. This project also serves as a platform to foster effective cooperation in road safety and to propose possible next road safety steps and identify possible funding sources in those countries were capacity review is carried out. In the project, road safety and traffic management capacity reviews at the country level were carried out in four countries (Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Tunisia and Kenya), following the World Bank guidelines. After conducting such a capacity review, these guidelines recommend the preparation and implementation of Safe System projects, «stand-alone, multisector initiatives targeting high-risk corridors and areas, with outcomes large enough to be reliably measured». In SaferAfrica, this approach aims at facilitating the implementation of Safe System projects in the considered countries, by identifying detailed short-term improvement plans, and producing contextualized Terms of Reference for a number of interventions per selected country. These interventions are remedial in nature, they address high-priority concerns and demonstrate the viability of high potential gains within current administrative and legislative frameworks. In order to design interventions suitable to the existing context, a transferability assessment tool is adopted within a "participative" process, involving all possible interested parties, from the institutions to NGOs. The tool will indicate which immediate enabling actions are required to overcome legislative, regulatory, organisational, institutional and other barriers that may prevent measures or actions from being implemented. Results from the process are presented and discussed.

59th ERSA, LYON, FRANCE, 27-/08/2019 - 30/08/2019; Introduction : HYENA (HYpertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports), a well-known study on the health effects of aircraft noise, involved 4,861 participants from six European countries (except France). DEBATS (Discussion on the health effects of aircraft noise), a study with a similar protocol, included 1,244 participants from France. Saliva samples were obtained for 439 and 954 participants in HYENA and DEBATS respectively, to determine cortisol concentration as a possible marker of noise-induced stress. Associations were found between aircraft noise and cortisol levels in each study separately, but they were not consistent between the two studies. The objective of the present study was to combine datasets to improve statistical power. Methods : We investigated the associations between aircraft noise levels and, the log-cortisol levels in the morning and in the evening, and the log-relative variation per hour, adjusted for relevant confounders. Results : We found evidence in women for an increase in the log-evening cortisol level ?=0.09 (95%CI 0.01;0.17), and for flattening of the log-relative variation per hour ?=-0.09 (95%CI -0.16;-0.02), with a LDEN 10-dB(A) increase, but no significant effects in men. Conclusions : These findings provide some support for psychological stress induced by aircraft noise exposure, resulting in disruption of hormonal rhythms.

The extent to which the diurnal fluctuations of different cognitive processes could be affected by sleep loss may be explored to predict performance decrements observed in the real world. Twenty healthy male subjects voluntarily took part in 8 test sessions at 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h, following either a night with or without sleep in random order. Measurements included oral temperature, simple reaction time, sign cancelation, Go/NoGo, and the Purdue pegboard test. The results indicate that simple reaction time and motor coordination had morning–afternoon variations closely following the rhythms of temperature and vigilance. Inhibitory attention (Go/NoGo) presented no morning–afternoon variations. Sleep deprivation may affect the profiles of cognitive performance depending on the processes solicited. Sustained and inhibitory attention are particularly affected in the morning (after 24 and 28 waking hours), while a complex task (visuo-motor coordination) would be affected after 32 waking ho...

In the governorate of Sfax in Tunisia, the Grand Sfax perimeter constitutes an interesting laboratory for a multi-criteria analysis of road safety. As part of this qualitative study, we propose to develop a territorial diagnosis of Grand Sfax for better management of road safety. It is an approach that aims to understand the issues of road safety for sustainable mobility in order to identify suitable courses of action. The conception of a broader vision of road safety necessitated the consultation of several actors, namely various categories of road users and institutions. The empirical analysis of these different actors made it possible to formulate scientifically sound recommendations, in terms of planning, transport management, training and awareness-raising actions, suggestions for changes in legislation, and management road safety. It is a work that offers prospects for complementary research. Indeed, while theimplementation of certain recommendations could lead to the observation of certain improvements in the short or medium term, other elements raised will offer the opportunity for the development of new multi-disciplinary or mono-disciplinary research.; Au sein du gouvernorat de Sfax en Tunisie, le périmètre du Grand Sfax constitue un laboratoire intéressant pour une analyse multicritère de la sécurité routière. Nous nous proposons, dans le cadre de cette étude qualitative, d'élaborer un diagnostic territorial du Grand Sfax pour un meilleur management de la sécurité routière. C'est une démarche qui vise à comprendre les enjeux de la sécurité routière pour une mobilité durable afin d'identifier des pistes d'actions adaptées. La conception d'une vision élargie de la sécurité routière a nécessité la consultation de plusieurs acteurs à savoir diverses catégories d'usagers de la route et d'institutionnels. L'analyse empirique auprès de ces différents acteurs a permis de formuler des recommandations scientifiquement fondées, en termes d'aménagement, de gestion des transports, d'actions de formation et de sensibilisation, de suggestions d'évolution de la législation, et de management de la sécurité routière. C'est un travail qui offre des perspectives de recherches complémentaires porteuses. En effet, si la mise en oeuvre de certaines recommandations pourrait conduire au constat de certaines améliorations à court ou moyen termes, d'autres éléments soulevés offriront l'opportunité au développement de nouvelles recherches pluri ou mono disciplinaires.

International audience; Simulation appears as an indispensable tool for automotive manufacturers to validate autonomous vehicle development, this latter reported to require billions of miles of driving. To involve the end users in this validation process, a project of large scale public application on smartphone allowing them to test and submit specific use cases, is presented in this paper. A first version of this application “3DAV Explore” has been released and is already available, allowing users to see in Virtual Reality traffic scenarios in subjective view from the autonomous vehicle and/or from an exterior view. This paper details more deeply the development steps and the libraries used for the second version of this application. Further development steps and implications are also detailed in the conclusion.

47th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering (inter-noise 2018) , CHICAGO, ETATS-UNIS, 26-/08/2018 - 29/08/2018; Aircraft noise has been shown to have adverse effects on health and particularly on sleep. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between aircraft noise exposure and objective sleep quality in the population living near airports in France. Methods: Actimetric measurements were performed during eight nights to evaluate sleep quality of 112 participants in terms of total sleep time, sleep onset latency, wake time and sleep efficiency. Simultaneously, acoustic measurements were performed inside and outside (at the façade) the participants' bedroom in order to estimate integrated indicators as well as the number of noise events. Logistic regression models were used with adjustment for potential confounders. Results: Integrated indicators as well as the number of noise events were significantly associated with objective sleep quality: increased levels or numbers of aircraft noise events increased time to fall asleep and total wake time, but decreased sleep efficiency. Unexpectedly, they also increased total sleep time, and time in bed, and delayed get up time. These latter results can be interpreted as an adaptation mechanism to sleep deprivation. Conclusion: Noise event indicators have been shown to be more often associated with sleep disturbances than integrated indicators.

Background: The effects of aircraft noise on psychological ill-health have not been largely investigated and remain to be discussed. No study has been performed in France on the health effects of aircraft noise. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between aircraft noise in dB and in terms of annoyance and psychological ill-health in populations living near airports in France. Methods: A total of 1244 individuals older than 18 and living near three French airports (Paris&ndash, Charles de Gaulle, Lyon&ndash, Saint-Exup&eacute, ry and Toulouse&ndash, Blagnac) were randomly selected to participate in the study. Information about their personal medical history and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors was collected by means of a face-to-face questionnaire performed at their place of residence by an interviewer. Psychological ill-health was evaluated with the 12-item version of the General Heath Questionnaire (GHQ-12). For each participant, outdoor aircraft noise exposure in dB was estimated by linking their home address to noise maps. Objective noise exposure in dB was considered to be the primary exposure of interest. Four noise indicators referring to three different periods of the day were derived and used for the statistical analyses: Lden, LAeq,24hr, LAeq,6hr&ndash, 22hr, and Lnight. Noise annoyance and noise sensitivity were the secondary risk factors of interest. Logistic regression models were used with adjustment for potential confounders. Results: The participation rate in the study was 30%. Approximately 22% of the participants were considered to have psychological ill-health according to the GHQ-12. No direct association was found between exposure to aircraft noise in dB and psychological ill-health. However, annoyance due to aircraft noise and noise sensitivity were both significantly associated with psychological ill-health. Moreover, a gradient was evidenced between annoyance and psychological ill-health, with increasing ORs from 1.79 (95% CI 1.06&ndash, 3.03) for people who were not all annoyed to 4.00 (95% CI 1.67&ndash, 9.55) for extremely annoyed people.Conclusions: These findings confirm the results of previous studies, suggesting there is no direct association between aircraft noise exposure in dB and psychological ill-health, but there is a significant relationship between noise sensitivity or annoyance due to aircraft noise and psychological ill-health. This supports the hypothesis that psychological aspects, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity, play important roles in the association between environmental noise and adverse effects on health. However, further studies are necessary in order to better understand the links between these variables.

EUROEPI 2018, European Congress of Epidemiology , Lyon, FRANCE, 04-/07/2018 - 06/07/2018; Background: Noise in the areas near airports is considered as a public health issue. Exposure to aircraft noise has been shown to have adverse effects on health and particularly on sleep. Sleep disturbances are the most investigated health effects related to environmental noise. Many studies support that noise at night can affect subjective and objective sleep quality. If habituation to noise can be observed for subjective sleep quality, no habituation has been shown with objective sleep quality. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of aircraft noise on sleep quality with objective measurements at home. No such studies have been performed around French airports. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between aircraft noise exposure and objective sleep quality in the population living near airports in France. Methods: Our study includes 112 people living around Paris-CDG and Toulouse-Blagnac airports. Actimetric measurements were performed during eight nights to objectively evaluate the sleep quality of the participants in terms of sleep onset latency, wake time, total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Simultaneously, acoustic measurements were performed inside and outside (at the bedroom façade) the participants' bedroom in order to identify aircraft noise and to evaluate the impact of this noise in the participants' bedroom. Thus, integrated (that is related to energetic average for a given period of time) as well as noise event indicators (that is the number of events that exceed a given threshold) were estimated. Logistic regression models taking into account measurements repetition were used with adjustment for potential confounders: age, gender, marital status, education and body mass index (BMI). Results and discussion: Integrated indicators as well as noise event indicators were significantly associated with objective sleep quality. Increased levels of aircraft noise or increased numbers of aircraft noise events increased time to fall asleep, total wake time and decreased sleep efficiency. Unexpectedly, they also increased total sleep time, time in bed and delayed get up time. This latter result can be interpreted as an adaptation mechanism to sleep deprivation. If deterioration of the sleep quality has been observed with an increase in time to fall asleep and in total wake time, a process of recovery and sleep maintenance has been shown with an increase in total sleep time. Noise event indicators seemed to be more often associated with sleep disturbances than integrated indicators. Increased numbers of noise events during the sleep period have been found to degrade objective sleep quality. Conclusion: The present study is the first one to investigate the effects of aircraft noise exposure around French airports on sleep quality evaluated with objective measurements. The findings contribute to the overall evidence suggesting that aircraft noise exposure at nighttime may decrease objective quality of sleep. Aircraft noise exposure affects objective sleep quality whatever the type of noise indicator. In front of this nuisance, adaptation mechanisms to sleep deprivation could be observed.

EUROEPI 2018, European Congress of Epidemiology , Lyon, FRANCE, 04-/07/2018 - 06/07/2018; Background : Many studies have evidenced adverse effects of exposure to aircraft noise on health, such as annoyance, sleep disturbance, cardiovascular diseases or altered cognitive performance. Mental health has been less investigated. In France, about 18% of the population suffer from mental disorders. The effects of noise annoyance on psychological distress have rarely been evaluated, and no study exists in France. We investigated associations between annoyance due to aircraft noise and psychological distress for people living near airports in France. Methods : The DEBATS longitudinal study included 1,244 residents around three French airports: Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle, Toulouse-Blagnac, and Lyon-Saint-Exupéry. Information about psychological distress was assessed by a face-to-face questionnaire, including a single question about the feeling of depression, and the 12-version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Annoyance due to aircraft noise was assessed with the following question 'Thinking about the last 12 months, when you are at home, how much does aircraft noise annoy you?' The five-point verbal scale proposed by the International Commission on the Biological Effects of Noise was used: extremely, very, moderately, slightly or not at all. Associations with psychological distress were investigated using logistic regressions including relevant confounders such as gender, age, country of birth, occupational activity, marital status, alcohol consumption, smoking, sleep duration, number of stressful life events, education, income, and antidepressant use. Results : About 13% of the participants reported depression and 22% were considered to have psychological distress according to the GHQ-12. Significant associations were found between annoyance due to aircraft noise and the feeling of depression, and between annoyance due to aircraft noise and psychological distress evaluated with the GHQ-12. The Odds Ratio (OR) for the feeling of depression ranged from 0.89 (95% CI 0.50-1.59) to 2.61 (95% CI 1.09-6.23). The OR for the GHQ-12 ranged from 1.49 (95% CI 0.94-2.39) to 3.64 (95% CI 1.70-7.78). For the both outcomes, OR reached the maximum estimate for people reporting to be extremely annoyed compared to those who are not at all annoyed. Discussion : The present study found significant associations between annoyance due to aircraft noise and psychological distress assessed both with a single question about the feeling of depression and with the GHQ-12, with gradual ORs according to the different categories of noise annoyance. This result is in line with the findings of a cross-sectional study performed in Minneapolis. However the direction of the association can be questioned. Extremely annoyed people might be more at risk to have psychological disorders, and it is also possible that people with psychological disorders might be more at risk to be annoyed.

18th International Conference Road Safety on Five Continents (RS5C 2018), JEJU, COREE, REPUBLIQUE DE, 16-/05/2018 - 18/05/2018; The expected total cost of accidents for France amounted between 37.5 and 50 billion Euros in 2014. It would represent between 1.5 % and 2 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). At the European level, the total costs of crashes vary between 0.4% and 4.1% of the GDP and the total costs related to serious injuries vary between 0.04% of the GDP for Ireland and 2.7% for Poland, according figures advanced by a recent European research project (Safetycube). For France, the total costs of serious injury crashes/serious injuries is estimated at 10.5 billion Euros in 2014 and the total costs of slight injury crashes/slight injuries is estimated at 0,7 billion Euros. However,, the monetary values used for valuing the different types of injury are estimated by applying a simple percentage of the Statistical Value Of Life (VOSL) (3 billion Euros per fatality, 2010 value), aligned with the HEATCO or CEMT recommendations. Consequently, in France, there is no real and accurate knowledge of the amount of costs for the different components of the total costs of road injuries and there is a relative uncertainty concerning the assessment of that cost. However, that figure is quite crucial, because it could help the public decision maker in deciding to implement or not some road safety countermeasures, but also in establishing some hierarchies among the efficient road safety measures. That contribution proposes first a state of the art related to the estimation of the cost of the road injuries for the French case, the different components, and the potential sources of information and methods of estimation and second few methodological propositions in order to better identify the costs of injuries. It would sum-up the crucial information dealing with the cost of injuries, and especially the personal damage. In some way, it will propose for the first time in France a survey and a critical analysis of the most recent information available on that question. It would provide additional information collected from on-going projects.

Objective: better knowledge of the cost of road morbidity. Interests: Assessment of the impact of road accidents on society / Prioritizing investments in road safety, Objectif : meilleure connaissance du coût de la morbidité routière intérêts : Appréciation de l'impact des accidents de route sur la société / Priorisation des investissements en sécurité routière

Conseil national du bruit 2018, PARIS, FRANCE, 11-/06/2018 - 11/06/2018; Présentation des premiers résultats de la phase d'inclusion de DEBATS au Conseil National du Bruit

According to the Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 of WHO (WHO, 2015), 'road traffic injuries claim more than 1.2 million lives each year and have a huge impact on health and development'. Using WHO classification of regions, there has been a further deterioration in road fatality rates in the WHO Africa region from 24.1 fatalities per 100,000 populations in 2010 to 26.6 fatalities per 100,000 in 2013. Over the same period, there was a further improvement in road fatality rates in the WHO Europe region. Road trauma in Africa is expected to get worse, with fatalities per capita projected to double over the period 20152030 (Small and Runji, 2014). SaferAfrica project aims at establishing a Dialogue Platform between Africa and Europe focused on road safety and traffic management issues. It will represent a high-level body with the main objective of providing recommendations to update the African Road Safety Action Plan and the African Road Safety Charter, as well as fostering the adoption of specific initiatives, properly funded. The main objective of work package 3 is to assess the implementation of the Action Plan 2011-2020 (AUUNECA, 2010). This assessment has been supported by SWOT and PESTEL analysis completed at different geopolitical scales (continental, regional economic communities/corridors and country). The second main objective is to define some initiatives for different topics designed to foster the implementation of the Action Plan. The initiatives will be based on the outputs of WP3, WP4, WP5 and WP6 and will address technical, administrative and economic concerns. The aim is to prepare turnkey project for the Dialogue Platform Management Board. The objective of Task 3.1 on which is based this deliverable is the Assessment of the implementation of the Action Plan and of regional instruments. The analysis has been realized at different spatial levels, country, corridor and continental levels. For the continental level the choice is made to focus the analysis on the recommendations issued from the midterm review of the African Road Safety Action Plan (ARSAP) (AUUNECA, 2015a, 2015b) and on SWOT and PESTEL approaches by pillar of the Action Plan. For the country level, 5 countries are chosen for a detailed evaluation: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa and Tunisia. For these countries the analysis is based on results of the country on each of the five pillars and on results andknowledge of partners in charge of these countries, for example through Capacity Reviews realized in WP5. Regional analyses are made on Corridor Abidjan-Lagos, involving 5 countries: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Data has been collected through questionnaires distributed by WP4 and international databases (mainly WHO data). A specific process of data validation has been proposed and realized by partners in order to reinforce quality of the information and of the analysis. Based on those data and methodological choices, results allow us to highlight recommendations that were proposed by midterm review of the ARSAP and which are still reliable and new recommendations which seem important in order to improve Road Safety in Africa. These recommendations will be discussed through the dialog platform.; According to the Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 of WHO (WHO, 2015), 'road traffic injuries claim more than 1.2 million lives each year and have a huge impact on health and development'. Using WHO classification of regions, there has been a further deterioration in road fatality rates in the WHO Africa region from 24.1 fatalities per 100,000 populations in 2010 to 26.6 fatalities per 100,000 in 2013. Over the same period, there was a further improvement in road fatality rates in the WHO Europe region. Road trauma in Africa is expected to get worse, with fatalities per capita projected to double over the period 20152030 (Small and Runji, 2014). SaferAfrica project aims at establishing a Dialogue Platform between Africa and Europe focused on road safety and traffic management issues. It will represent a high-level body with the main objective of providing recommendations to update the African Road Safety Action Plan and the African Road Safety Charter, as well as fostering the adoption of specific initiatives, properly funded. The main objective of work package 3 is to assess the implementation of the Action Plan 2011-2020 (AUUNECA, 2010). This assessment has been supported by SWOT and PESTEL analysis completed at different geopolitical scales (continental, regional economic communities/corridors and country). The second main objective is to define some initiatives for different topics designed to foster the implementation of the Action Plan. The initiatives will be based on the outputs of WP3, WP4, WP5 and WP6 and will address technical, administrative and economic concerns. The aim is to prepare turnkey project for the Dialogue Platform Management Board. The objective of Task 3.1 on which is based this deliverable is the Assessment of the implementation of the Action Plan and of regional instruments. The analysis has been realized at different spatial levels, country, corridor and continental levels. For the continental level the choice is made to focus the analysis on the recommendations issued from the midterm review of the African Road Safety Action Plan (ARSAP) (AUUNECA, 2015a, 2015b) and on SWOT and PESTEL approaches by pillar of the Action Plan. For the country level, 5 countries are chosen for a detailed evaluation: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa and Tunisia. For these countries the analysis is based on results of the country on each of the five pillars and on results andknowledge of partners in charge of these countries, for example through Capacity Reviews realized in WP5. Regional analyses are made on Corridor Abidjan-Lagos, involving 5 countries: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Data has been collected through questionnaires distributed by WP4 and international databases (mainly WHO data). A specific process of data validation has been proposed and realized by partners in order to reinforce quality of the information and of the analysis. Based on those data and methodological choices, results allow us to highlight recommendations that were proposed by midterm review of the ARSAP and which are still reliable and new recommendations which seem important in order to improve Road Safety in Africa. These recommendations will be discussed through the dialog platform.

Objective - In 2009, a meta-analysis reported an increased risk of hypertension (HTA) related to long-term aircraft noise exposure. One of the objectives of the Debats (Discussion sur les effets du bruit des aéronefs touchant la santé) study was to assess the prevalence of HTA and to investigate the relationship between aircraft noise exposure and the risk of HTA among people living near airports in France. Methods - Blood pressure was measured for 1,244 participants living near three French airports: Paris-Charlesde-Gaulle, Lyon-Saint-Exupéry, and Toulouse-Blagnac. Information about major risk factors for HTA was collected by means of a face-to-face questionnaire or by means of objective measures performed by an interviewer. Aircraft noise exposure was estimated for each participant's home address using noise maps produced by the airports. The major risk factors for HTA were included in logistic regression models as confounding factors. Results - The prevalence of HTA was significantly higher in men (37.0%) than in women (30.5%). A significant relationship was evidenced between the risk of HTA and aircraft noise exposure at night for men, not for women. A 10 dB(A) increase in Lnight was associated with an ORa of 1.34 (95%CI: [1.00-1.97]) for men, and of 0.90 [0.66-1.22] for women. Conclusion - These ndings contribute to the overall evidence suggesting that aircraft noise exposure may increase the risk of HTA in men.; Objectif - En 2009, une méta-analyse a mis en évidence une augmentation du risque d'hypertension artérielle (HTA) avec l'exposition au bruit des avions. Un des objectifs de l'étude Debats (Discussion sur les effets du bruit des aéronefs touchant la santé), réalisée en 2013, était de décrire la prévalence de l'HTA et de rechercher l'existence d'une association entre l'exposition au bruit des avions et le risque d'HTA chez les riverains des aéroports en France. Méthodes - La pression artérielle a été mesurée chez 1 244 riverains des aéroports de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle, Lyon-Saint-Exupéry et Toulouse-Blagnac. Des informations relatives aux facteurs de risque potentiels d'HTA ont été recueillies, soit via un questionnaire administré en face-à-face par un enquêteur, soit grâce à des mesures objectives réalisées par cet enquêteur. L'exposition au bruit des avions au domicile des participants a été estimée à partir de cartes de bruit produites par les aéroports. Les facteurs de risque potentiels de l'HTA ont été inclus dans des modèles de régression logistique comme facteurs de confusion. Résultats - La prévalence de l'HTA est significativement plus élevée chez les hommes (37,0%) que chez les femmes (30,5%). Une augmentation significative du risque d'HTA est observée chez les hommes (ORa=1,34, IC95%: [1,00-1,97]), mais pas chez les femmes (ORa=0,90 [0,66-1,22]) pour une augmentation de 10 dB(A) de l'exposition au bruit des avions pendant la nuit. Conclusion - Ces résultats confirment ceux de la plupart des études antérieures, qui suggèrent que l'exposition au bruit des avions pendant la nuit augmenterait le risque d'HTA chez les hommes.

In the governorate of Sfax in Tunisia, the Grand Sfax perimeter constitutes an interesting laboratory for a multi-criteria analysis of road safety. As part of this qualitative study, we propose to develop a territorial diagnosis of Grand Sfax for better management of road safety. It is an approach that aims to understand the issues of road safety for sustainable mobility in order to identify suitable courses of action. The conception of a broader vision of road safety necessitated the consultation of several actors, namely various categories of road users and institutions. The empirical analysis of these different actors made it possible to formulate scientifically sound recommendations, in terms of planning, transport management, training and awareness-raising actions, suggestions for changes in legislation, and management road safety. It is a work that offers prospects for complementary research. Indeed, while theimplementation of certain recommendations could lead to the observation of certain improvements in the short or medium term, other elements raised will offer the opportunity for the development of new multi-disciplinary or mono-disciplinary research., Au sein du gouvernorat de Sfax en Tunisie, le périmètre du Grand Sfax constitue un laboratoire intéressant pour une analyse multicritère de la sécurité routière. Nous nous proposons, dans le cadre de cette étude qualitative, d'élaborer un diagnostic territorial du Grand Sfax pour un meilleur management de la sécurité routière. C'est une démarche qui vise à comprendre les enjeux de la sécurité routière pour une mobilité durable afin d'identifier des pistes d'actions adaptées. La conception d'une vision élargie de la sécurité routière a nécessité la consultation de plusieurs acteurs à savoir diverses catégories d'usagers de la route et d'institutionnels. L'analyse empirique auprès de ces différents acteurs a permis de formuler des recommandations scientifiquement fondées, en termes d'aménagement, de gestion des transports, d'actions de formation et de sensibilisation, de suggestions d'évolution de la législation, et de management de la sécurité routière. C'est un travail qui offre des perspectives de recherches complémentaires porteuses. En effet, si la mise en oeuvre de certaines recommandations pourrait conduire au constat de certaines améliorations à court ou moyen termes, d'autres éléments soulevés offriront l'opportunité au développement de nouvelles recherches pluri ou mono disciplinaires.

Young reseachers seminar 2017, Berlin, ALLEMAGNE, 16-/05/2017 - 18/05/2017; Nowadays, the development of new technologies in the automotive industry integrates more and more different complex safety systems. Some of these security systems (ADAS) are based on the monitoring of the driver's cognitive state (Wang, Xu, & Gong, 2010). To this aim, these systems take into account some physiological and/or behavioural parameters in order to estimate for example the level of stress/anxiety or the level of mental workload. Nevertheless, most of these systems do not integrate in their functioning the type of driving situation in which the driver is (e.g., overtaking of a truck, sudden occurrence of a pedestrian). Furthermore, the temporal period for which physiological and behavioral data are affected by a given driving situation still needs to be determined. Therefore, a study has been driven on a simulator so as to investigate how 1) driving could impact drivers' internal state; 2) which indicator (physiological and/or behavioural) was the more sensitive to these changes. Participants had to perform three different driving situations (left-turn, overtaking and pedestrian occurrence) within two sessions (baseline and experimental sessions). The traffic conditions were manipulated to increase traffic density and/or time pressure for each situation of the experimental session, when compared to the baseline session. After each driving situation, the driver had to perform a standardized car following task (Brookhuis, Waard, & Mulder, 1994) during five minutes while the driver's cognitive state was analyzed through physiological (EDA and ECG) and behavioural (driving performance parameters). Besides, subjective measures (questionnaires) were performed after each driving session. The results highlighted the relationship between high mental workload and physiological variations after all experimental situations. Nevertheless, behavioural reactions following the unexpected event seemed to differ from those obtained after a situation inducing anxiety, because of a high traffic density. Moreover, the signatures of behavioural and physiological reactions to the experimental situations did not present the same duration. While, physiological data quickly returned to their baseline value, (after one minute following the situation), behavioural variations persisted on a longer period (variations visible during the five minutes following the situation). Despite the fact that these results have to be confirmed by future studies, suggestions can already be made for the conception of the future ADAS centered on the driver's cognitive state.

Estimation of the risk of being responsible for a fatal crash when driving while impaired by drugs (alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, opiates), Estimation du risque d'être responsable d'un accident mortel en conduisant sous l'emprise de drogues (alcool, cannabis, amphétamines, cocaïne, opiacés)

International audience; This paper presents a review of the various innovations in driver training methods which have been elaborated in the industrialized countries, in order to reduce the over‐risk of young novice drivers, and of their evaluations. First, we present the scientific and policy factors that have guided some countries to focus on the reduction of risk exposure (GDL or Graduated Driver Licensing) and other countries on driver education, in order to improve the various driving and safety skills during this phase of inexperience. Starting from the theoretical and methodological field of the GDE matrix, the various types of training are reviewed, before licensing (training with professional driving teachers, accompanied driving, simulator training) and after licensing (practical driving skills training, cognitive training like risk perception training, commented driving, task completion, life‐skills training, self‐evaluation training). Last, we conclude on what we have learnt about good practices concerning moderation of excessive confidence and development of meta‐cognitive skills (more realistic self‐evaluation) at each level of the GDE Matrix.; Cet article présente une revue des diverses innovations pédagogiques apparues dans les pays industrialisés afin de réduire le sur‐risque des jeunes conducteurs novices, ainsi que de leurs évaluations. On présente d’abord les logiques scientifiques et politiques qui ont conduit certains pays à se focaliser sur la diminution de l’exposition au risque (accès graduel à la conduite ou permis progressif) ou d’autres sur l’éducation du conducteur afin de renforcer ses diverses compétences lors de cette phase d’inexpérience. À partir du champ théorique et méthodologique impulsé à partir de la matrice GDE, on passe en revue les divers types de formation, avant le permis (apprentissage avec les enseignants de la conduite, conduite accompagnée, entraînement sur simulateur) et après (entraînements aux manœuvres de pilotage, formations cognitives, entraînement à la perception des dangers, conduite commentée, complètement de tâche, entraînements des « compétences de vie », programmes d’amélioration de l’autoévaluation). On conclura par les enseignements de cette revue à propos des bonnes pratiques visant à modérer la confiance excessive, en développant les compétences métacognitives (autoévaluation plus réaliste de soi) à chaque niveau de la matrice GDE

International audience; This paper presents a review of the various innovations in driver training methods which have been elaborated in the industrialized countries, in order to reduce the over‐risk of young novice drivers, and of their evaluations. First, we present the scientific and policy factors that have guided some countries to focus on the reduction of risk exposure (GDL or Graduated Driver Licensing) and other countries on driver education, in order to improve the various driving and safety skills during this phase of inexperience. Starting from the theoretical and methodological field of the GDE matrix, the various types of training are reviewed, before licensing (training with professional driving teachers, accompanied driving, simulator training) and after licensing (practical driving skills training, cognitive training like risk perception training, commented driving, task completion, life‐skills training, self‐evaluation training). Last, we conclude on what we have learnt about good practices concerning moderation of excessive confidence and development of meta‐cognitive skills (more realistic self‐evaluation) at each level of the GDE Matrix.; Cet article présente une revue des diverses innovations pédagogiques apparues dans les pays industrialisés afin de réduire le sur‐risque des jeunes conducteurs novices, ainsi que de leurs évaluations. On présente d’abord les logiques scientifiques et politiques qui ont conduit certains pays à se focaliser sur la diminution de l’exposition au risque (accès graduel à la conduite ou permis progressif) ou d’autres sur l’éducation du conducteur afin de renforcer ses diverses compétences lors de cette phase d’inexpérience. À partir du champ théorique et méthodologique impulsé à partir de la matrice GDE, on passe en revue les divers types de formation, avant le permis (apprentissage avec les enseignants de la conduite, conduite accompagnée, entraînement sur simulateur) et après (entraînements aux manœuvres de pilotage, formations cognitives, entraînement à la perception des dangers, conduite commentée, complètement de tâche, entraînements des « compétences de vie », programmes d’amélioration de l’autoévaluation). On conclura par les enseignements de cette revue à propos des bonnes pratiques visant à modérer la confiance excessive, en développant les compétences métacognitives (autoévaluation plus réaliste de soi) à chaque niveau de la matrice GDE

Objectives The largest study until now around 6 major European airports, the HYENA (HYpertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports) study, reported an excess risk of hypertension related to long-term aircraft noise exposure. The DEBATS (Discussion on the health effects of aircraft noise) study investigated the relationship between this exposure and the risk of hypertension in men and in women near French airports. Methods Blood pressure of 1244 participants older than 18 years of age was measured. Information about health, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors was collected by means of a face-to-face questionnaire performed at home by an interviewer. Aircraft noise exposure was assessed for each participant9s home address using noise maps. They were calculated with the Integrated Noise Model with a 1 dB(A)-resolution. The major potential confounders being risk factors for hypertension were included in the logistic regression models: age, occupational activity, body mass index, physical activity and alcohol consumption. Results After adjustment for the main potential confounders, an exposure–response relationship was evidenced between the risk of hypertension and aircraft noise exposure at night for men only. A 10-dB(A) increase in L night was associated with an OR of 1.34 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.97). Conclusions These findings contribute to the overall evidence suggesting that aircraft noise exposure at night-time may increase the risk of hypertension in men. Hypertension is a well-known and established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The association reported in the present study between aircraft noise and hypertension implies that aircraft noise might be a risk factor also for cardiovascular disease.

12th ICBEN Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, ZURICH, SUISSE, 18-/06/2017 - 22/06/2017; The impact of exposure to aircraft noise on health is of growing concern because of a steady rise in flights. While many studies address the annoyance associated with aircraft noise, very few studies consider the health status perceived by the population itself. We investigated associations between aircraft noise exposure and perceived health for people living near airports in France. The DEBATS longitudinal study included 1,244 residents around three French airports: Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle, Toulouse-Blagnac, and Lyon-Saint-Exupéry. Information about perceived health was assessed by a face-to-face questionnaire. Aircraft noise exposure was evaluated for each participant's home address. Associations with perceived health were investigated using logistic regressions including relevant confounders.No association was found between aircraft noise exposure and perceived health. After stratification on gender, significant associations were observed for men: OR=1.55 (95%CI=1.02-2.35) per 10-dB(A) Lnight-increase. The associations observed in this study could be due to residual confounding or to declaration bias which cannot be excluded. Further studies are necessary in order to better understand these associations.

Background Noise in the vicinity of airports is a public health problem. Many laboratory studies have shown that heart rate is altered during sleep after exposure to road or railway noise. Fewer studies have looked at the effects of exposure to aircraft noise on heart rate during sleep in populations living near airports. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the sound pressure level (SPL) of aircraft noise and heart rate during sleep in populations living near airports in France. Methods In total, 92 people living near the Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Toulouse-Blagnac airports participated in this study. Heart rate was recorded every 15 s during one night, using an Actiheart monitor, with simultaneous measurements of SPL of aircraft noise inside the participants&rsquo, bedrooms. Energy and event-related indicators were then estimated. Mixed linear regression models were applied, taking into account potential confounding factors, to investigate the relationship between energy indicators and heart rate during sleep measured every 15 s. Event-related analyses were also carried out in order to study the effects of an acoustic event associated with aircraft noise on heart rate during sleep. Results The more the SPL from all sources (LAeq,15s) and the SPL exceeded for 90% of the measurement period (LA90,15s) increased, the more heart rate also increased. No significant associations were observed between the maximum 1-s equivalent SPL associated with aircraft overflight (LAmax,1s) and differences between the heart rate recorded during or 15 or 30 s after an aircraft noise event and that recorded before the event. On the other hand, a positive and significant association was found between LAmax,1s and the heart rate amplitude calculated during an aircraft noise event. Results were unchanged when analyses were limited to participants who had lived more than five years in their present dwelling. Conclusion Our study shows that exposure to the maximum SPL linked to aircraft overflight affect the heart rate during sleep of residents near airports. However, further studies on a larger number of participants over several nights are needed to confirm these results.

Congrès Société Française de Santé et Environnement , STRASBOURG, FRANCE, 28-/11/2016 - 29/11/2016; Contexte / Context : La réduction des nuisances sonores dues aux avions a longtemps été considérée comme une préoccupation majeure des pouvoirs publics. Mais depuis quelques années, la problématique liée à la pollution de l'air à proximité des aéroports est venue s'ajouter à celle des nuisances sonores, ce qui soulève évidemment la question de la dissociation des effets du bruit de ceux de la pollution de l'air, en particulier sur les maladies cardiovasculaires. Méthodes / Methods : Nous avons réalisé une étude écologique s'intéressant non seulement à l'existence d'une association entre l'exposition au bruit des avions et la mortalité cardiovasculaire, mais aussi à l'impact de la pollution de l'air sur celle-ci. Cette étude a porté sur 161 communes situées à proximité de trois aéroports français majeurs : Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Lyon Saint-Exupéry et Toulouse-Blagnac. Les données de mortalité ont été transmises par le Centre d'épidémiologie sur les causes médicales de décès de l'Inserm. L'exposition moyenne au bruit des avions, pondérée par la population, a été calculée au niveau de chaque commune à partir des cartes de bruit produites par la Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile. L'exposition moyenne à la pollution de l'air en termes de NO2 et de PM10 a été estimée grâce à des modèles de dispersion. Résultats et discussion / Results and discussion : L'association entre la mortalité cardiovasculaire et la concentration en NO2 ou PM10 est à la limite de la signification. Une association significative a été mise en évidence entre l'exposition au bruit des avions et la mortalité cardiovasculaire. Elle n'est pas atténuée lorsque la concentration en NO2 ou PM10 est prise en compte dans les modèles. Ces résultats confirment ainsi ceux d'études récentes qui suggèrent que la pollution de l'air ne modifie pas l'impact de l'exposition au bruit des avions sur la mortalité cardiovasculaire. Cependant d'autres études individuelles sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre les associations mises en évidence dans cette recherche.

29èmes Entretiens du Centre Jacques-Cartier. Facteurs humains, technologies embarquées et numériques : quel rôle pour les politiques de sécurité routière ?, Lyon, France, 22-/11/2016 - 23/11/2016; L'essor des nouvelles technologies dans l'industrie automobile permet d'intégrer des systèmes de sécurité de plus en plus nombreux et complexes. Une partie de ces systèmes de sécurité (ADAS) se basent sur le contrôle de l'état cognitif du conducteur (Wang, Xu, & Gong, 2010). Pour cela ces derniers prennent en compte des paramètres physiologiques et/ou comportementaux afin d'estimer par exemple le niveau de stress/anxiété ou de charge mentale. Néanmoins, la plupart de ces systèmes n'intègrent pas dans leur fonctionnement le type de situation de conduite dans laquelle se trouve le conducteur (e.g., dépassement d'un camion, apparition soudaine d'un piéton, etc.). De plus, la plage temporelle selon laquelle les données physiologiques et comportementales sont affectées par une situation de conduite donnée reste encore à déterminer. Dans ce contexte, une étude a été menée sur simulateur de conduite afin d'examiner comment les conducteurs réalisaient trois différentes situations de conduite (tourne à gauche, dépassement et apparition d'un piéton) au sein de deux sessions (session baseline et session expérimentale). Les conditions de trafic étaient manipulées afin d'augmenter la densité de trafic et/ou la pression temporelle dans chaque situation de la session expérimentale, en comparaison avec la session baseline. Après chaque situation de conduite, le conducteur devait réaliser une tâche standardisée de suivi de Îhicule (Brookhuis, Waard, & Mulder, 1994) pendant 5 minutes. L'état cognitif du conducteur était analysé à partir des données physiologiques (EDA et ECG) et comportementales (paramètre de la performance de conduite) sur des plages d'une minute et de cinq minutes à partir de la situation de conduite. De plus, des mesures subjectives (questionnaires) étaient également réalisées après chaque phase de conduite. Les résultats mettent en évidence une charge mentale subjective éleÎe liée à des variations physiologiques (Collet, Salvia, & Petit-Boulanger, 2014; Paxion, Galy, & Berthelon, 2014) après toutes les situations expérimentales, lorsqu'on les compare aux situations baseline. Néanmoins, les réactions comportementales suivant un éÏnement inattendu semblent différer de celles obtenues à la suite d'une situation anxiogène, du fait d'une densité de trafic éleÎe. En outre les signatures des réactions comportementales et physiologiques aux situations expérimentales ne présentent pas la même durée. Alors qu'au niveau physiologique, les données retournent très rapidement (dans la première minute suivant la situation expérimentale) vers un niveau de base, les variations comportementales persistent sur une plage temporelle plus importante (variations visibles sur l'ensemble des cinq minutes suivants la situation). Bien qu'il soit nécessaire de confirmer ces interprétations à l'avenir, des suggestions peuvent déjà être faites aux industriels du secteur automobile pour la conception de futurs ADAS centrés sur l'état cognitif du conducteur.

Semaine de la sécurité routière de Bogota. Atelier : Methodologia para el analisis detallado y reconstruccion de senestrios viales en Bogota D.C, BOGOTA, COLOMBIE, 05-/10/2016 - 05/10/2016; Devant une quarantaine de professionnels de la sécurité routière (universitaires, ingénieurs, techniciens...), présentation des typologies d'accidents de motos et les recherches scientifiques corolaires réflexions sur les transferts pour la Colombie - Secrétariat de la mobilité de Bogota.

ADELF, Congrès de l'Association des Epidémiologistes de Langue Française, Rennes, FRANCE, 07-/09/2016 - 09/09/2016; INTRODUCTION - Une précédente recherche, HYENA (Hypertension et exposition au bruit à proximité des aéroports) a mis en évidence un excès de risque d'hypertension lié à l'exposition au bruit des avions à proximité de six aéroports européens. OBJECTIF - L'objectif de notre étude est de rechercher l'existence d'une association entre cette exposition et le risque d'hypertension chez des riverains des aéroports français. MÉTHODES - 1 244 riverains des aéroports de Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Toulouse-Blagnac et Lyon-Saint-Exupéry ont répondu à un questionnaire, administré par un enquêteur à leur domicile, décrivant leurs éventuels troubles de santé supposés en lien avec le bruit (perturbations du sommeil, pathologies cardiovasculaires, troubles anxio-dépressifs et gêne due au bruit des avions). L'enquêteur a également mesuré la pression artérielle systolique (PAS) et diastolique (PAD) des participants. Ceux-ci ont été classés comme hypertendus si leur PAS dépassait 140 mm de mercure ou leur PAD 90 mm (valeurs limites définies par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé) ou s'ils déclaraient avoir eu un diagnostic d'hypertension par un médecin et prendre un traitement antihypertenseur. L'exposition au bruit des avions au domicile des participants a été estimée à partir des cartes de bruit produites par les aéroports. Les facteurs de risque connus de l'hypertension ont été inclus dans les modèles de régression logistique comme facteurs de confusion. RÉSULTATS - Une association positive significative a été obserÎe pour une augmentation de l'exposition au bruit des avions pendant la nuit de 10 dBA chez les hommes (ORadj = 1,34, IC à 95% = 1,00-1,97), mais pas chez les femmes (ORadj = 0,90, IC à 95% = 0,66-1,22). DISCUSSION - Les résultats de la présente étude confirment ceux de la plupart des études antérieures qui suggèrent que l'exposition au bruit des avions pendant la nuit augmenterait le risque d'hypertension chez les hommes.

VIIème Congrès international d'Epidémiologie ADELF-EPITER, Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, RENNES, FRANCE, 07-/09/2016 - 09/09/2016; INTRODUCTION - Le cortisol est un marqueur possible du stress induit par l'exposition au bruit. Il pourrait être un facteur intermédiaire dans la relation entre l'exposition au bruit des transports et la survenue de pathologies cardiovasculaires. Cependant, les études sur le sujet sont peu nombreuses. OBJECTIF - L'objectif de notre étude est de rechercher l'existence d'une association entre la concentration de cortisol salivaire et l'exposition au bruit des avions chez des riverains des aéroports français. MÉTHODES - 1244 riverains des aéroports de Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Toulouse-Blagnac et Lyon-Saint-Exupéry ont répondu à un questionnaire décrivant leurs éventuels troubles de santé supposés en lien avec le bruit (perturbations du sommeil, pathologies cardiovasculaires, troubles anxio-dépressifs et gêne due au bruit des avions). Ils ont également préleÎ un échantillon de leur salive au lever et au coucher (la sécrétion physiologique de cortisol étant maximale entre 6h et 8h du matin, diminuant ensuite pour être presque nulle vers minuit). La concentration en cortisol de ces prélèvements a été déterminée par technique immunoenzymatique. L'exposition au bruit des avions au domicile des participants a été estimée à partir des cartes de bruit produites par les aéroports. Des modèles de régressions linéaires ont été ajustés sur le logarithme de la variation horaire du cortisol avec prise en compte de facteurs de confusion potentiels. RÉSULTATS - Une baisse significative de la variation horaire du cortisol a été obserÎe lorsque l'exposition au bruit des avions augmente de 10 dBA (0,90, IC95%=0,74-1,00). DISCUSSION - La présente étude suggère une variation nycthémérale du taux de cortisol moins prononcée chez les individus les plus exposés au bruit des avions. Ceux-ci réguleraient donc moins bien leur sécrétion de cortisol, signature d'un stress généré par leur exposition au bruit des avions. Ces résultats restent cependant à être confirmés par des études de plus grande ampleur.

TAP 2016, 21st International Transport and Air Pollution Conference, LYON, FRANCE, 24-/05/2016 - 26/05/2016; The health impact of living in the vicinity of an airport has been of growing concern. The reduction of aircraft noise nuisance has been considered to be the main issue for a long time but in recent years, the question of air pollution around airports has been raised. Air pollution has been found to be associated with cardiovascular disease (Brook et al (2010)). As several studies have shown an association between aircraft noise exposure and hypertension (Babisch and van Kamp (2009)) or mortality from cardiovascular disease (Huss et al (2010), Hansell et al (2013)), concerns for disentangling the effects of air pollution and of noise on cardiovascular outcomes have increased. We performed an ecological study addressing the issue of an association between exposure to aircraft noise and mortality for cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and stroke. A secondary aim was to examine if this association was modified when air pollution was taken into account. The study was based on 161 communes (the smallest administrative unit in France) close to three major French airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Lyon Saint-Exupéry and Toulouse-Blagnac. The mortality data were provided by the French Center on Medical Causes of Death. Based on noise maps produced by the French Civil Aviation Authority with the 'Integrated Noise Model', a population-weighted average exposure to aircraft noise was computed at the commune level. The average air pollution exposure for both NO2 and PM10 indicators was estimated with dispersion modelling by Airparif institute for the Paris area, and by Air Rhône-Alpes institute for the Lyon area (data for the Toulouse area were missing). The average concentration in NO2 was estimated to 22.3 mg/m3, the average concentration in PM10 to 23.9 mg/m3 and the average exposure to aircraft noise to 49.6 dBA, as shown in Table 1. NO2 and PM10 concentrations were positively correlated. NO2 concentrations were moderately correlated to aircraft noise levels while PM10 concentrations were not. Regardless of aircraft noise, neither NO2 nor PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with mortality. However, positive associations were observed between exposure to aircraft noise and mortality for all causes of interest except stroke. These associations were not attenuated when air pollution was taken into account. The present study seems to confirm the findings of recent studies suggesting that air pollution does not appear to be a confounding factor in the relationship between aircraft noise and mortality from cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. However, the potential for ecological bias and the possibility that this association could be due to unmeasured factors cannot be excluded. Further individual studies are necessary in order to better understand this association. This work was supported by funds from the French Ministry of Health, the French Ministry of Environment, and the French Civil Aviation Authority.

7th AHFE - International Applied Human Factors and ergonomic conference 2016, Orlando, ETATS-UNIS, 27-/07/2016 - 31/07/2016; Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are designed to improve driving safety by reducing the risk of human error. Some of these systems process information about the driver's internal state such as stress, fatigue, vigilance or drowsiness in order to assist him and to prevent potential risks (Wang, 2010). Except for few systems, most of ADAS exploit the driver's internal state by means of behavioural or physiological measurements independently of the driving context. A difficulty for innovation in the development of efficient ADAS consists in the fact that the internal state is dynamically constructed through the driving event and affective states felt by the driver (e.g., mental wellness, relaxation or satisfaction) and reciprocally, that the internal states could have an effect on driving behaviour. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, the driver's behaviour merged with physiological data has not yet been taken into account in the assessment of his/her global internal state when considering the driving context. The present study investigated how an external factor such as the traffic conditions and time pressure can influence the driver's behaviour and internal state as a whole. For this purpose, an experiment had been conducted on a driving simulator examining how the drivers performed the same three different driving events (left-turn, overtaking and pedestrian events) under two conditions: baseline and experimental. Traffic density and time pressure were increased in the experimental condition when compared to the baseline condition so as to affect the driver's internal state. The effects of Condition and Event on the driver's internal state were investigated through electrophysiological (ECG and EDA), behavioural (driving performance parameters) and subjective (questionnaires) measures. Each driving event was followed by a car-following task to assess its impact on the following driving behaviour. The results suggested that the drivers react with more accuracy to changes in speed of the lead vehicle after the events in the experimental condition, probably because of an increase in vigilance when also considering the electrophysiological driver's activity. Nevertheless after the sudden occurrence of a pedestrian crossing the road, the drivers lowered other aspects of performance such as standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP). Thus, in absence of an avoidance manoeuvre (e.g., car-following), SDLP could constitute a pertinent behavioural parameter that has already been demonstrated as an indicator of a decrease in performance (Harrison & Fillmore, 2011). Besides, it was observed that the amplitude of the skin conductance level that is very sensitive to stress/mental workload, decreases very quickly after the events. In this regard, some links between physiological and driving data are evidenced. The present study demonstrates the interest to combine electrophysiological and behavioural parameters for assessing overall changes in the driver's internal state. Whereas the interpretations have to be confirmed, some recommendations can already be made for improving ADAS in the automotive industry.

This article sets out to identify the typical risky situations experienced by novice motorcyclists in the real world just after licensing. The procedure consists of a follow-up of six novices during their first two months of riding with their own motorbike instrumented with cameras. The novices completed logbooks on a daily basis in order to identify the risky situations they encountered, and were given face-to-face interviews to identify the context and their shortcomings during the reported events. Data show a large number of road configurations considered as risky by the riders (248 occurrences), especially during the first two weeks. The results revealed that a lack of hazard perception skills contributed to the majority of these incidents. These situations were grouped together to form clusters of typical incident scenarios on the basis of their similarities. The most frequent scenario corresponds to a lane change in dense traffic (15% of all incidents). The discussion shows how this has enhanced our understanding of novice riders' behaviour and how the findings can improve training and licensing. Lastly, the main methodological limitations of the study and some guidelines for improving future naturalistic riding studies are presented. Practitioner Summary: This article aims to identify the risky situations of novice motorcyclists in real roads. Two hundred forty-eight events were recorded and 13 incident scenarios identified. Results revealed that a lack of hazard perception contributed to the majority of these events. The most frequent scenario corresponds to a lane change in dense traffic.

Rapport annuel d'activité du Registre du Rhône

The most frequent motorcycle accidents involve another vehicle violating the motorcycle's right-of-way at an intersection. In-depth accident studies have shown that perceptual errors made by other vehicle drivers are a very frequent cause of motorcyclists' accidents and fatalities. Two kinds of perceptual errors can be distinguished. The first one is no or late detection of the motorcycle, which is mainly due to its low visual conspicuity (especially because of their small size). The principal safety measure in the past has been the use of daytime running lights (DRLs) by motorcycles, which became compulsory in the seventies in many countries. This conspicuity advantage of motorcycles as the only vehicles with DRLs is presently getting lost by the growing use of DRLs by cars as well. In an earlier study we have shown that car DRLs are actually competing light patterns that create visual noise and decrease the detectability of motorcycles. The second kind of perceptual error, less well known, is the misperception of the approaching motorcycle's speed (which is underestimated) and time-to-arrival (which is overestimated) that also contributes to accident occurrence. In order to reduce motorcycle accidents, and especially to improve motorcycle perceptibility (both detection and speed perception) by other vehicle drivers, ITS based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication will probably provide effective long-term solutions (>15 years). But until then, other solutions have to be found and could quite easily be implemented, by considering innovative headlight configurations for motorcycles. In two simulator studies, we tested various motorcycle headlight configurations, intended for remedying simultaneously the two perceptual errors made by other vehicle drivers. The impact of different headlight configurations (using colour coding and additional lights) was studied in the presence of visual distractors (car front lights: only DRLs, only dipped beams, DRLs and dipped beams) and in different illumination conditions (nighttime, dusk and daytime conditions). The results of the first study on motorcycle motion perception indicated that headlight configurations that accentuate the vertical dimension of the motorcycle (additional lights on the fork and on the rider's helmet) led automobilists to adopt larger safety margins towards motorcycles. The advantage provided by the innovative headlight configuration showed up especially at low illumination conditions (night and dusk) where the motorcycle outline was not visible or difficult to perceive. On the contrary, a triangular design (with two additional lights on the handlebars) showed no significant improvement. The findings of the second study on motorcycle detection showed that additional yellow lights (on the motorcyclist's helmet and the motorcycle fork) significantly improved motorcycle conspicuity and produced the best motorcycle detection performance, even in the presence of a great number of competing car headlights (when LEDs and dipped beams were lit at the same time). The findings also show that motorcycle detection was hampered when cars simultaneously lit their DRLs and dipped beams. The great number of competing light sources thus constitues visual noise detrimental to motocycle detectability. When combining the results of our studies, we suggest a motorcycle headlight configuration that consists in one white central headlamp, an additional yellow light on the helmet and two additional yellow lights on the fork. This ergonomic solution has the potential of successfully counteracting the two kinds of perceptual errors made by other vehicles drivers., La communication a porté sur le projet Avimoto qui s'est intéressé à la perceptibilité des motocyclistes. Deux expériences ont été présentées, abordant les deux principales erreurs perceptives (erreur de détection et mauvaise perception du mouvement du motocycle) faites par les autres conducteurs lors de leur interaction avec des motocyclistes. Plusieurs configurations de feux avant de moto ont été testées sur simulateur, débouchant sur la recommandation d'une configuration consistant en un feux central blanc et 3 feux additionnels jaunes sur le casque du motard et la fourche de la moto. Cette configuration a montré être capable de remédier simultanément aux deux types d'erreurs perceptives mentionnées plus haut.

Cet éditorial introduit le dossier de ce numéro spécial de la revue Recherche Transports et Sécurité consacré aux conducteurs âgés. Il évoque par ailleurs quelques éléments "décalés" sur les personnes âgées et la conduite automobile dans les années 60...

ISAL 2015 - International Symposium on Automotive Lighting, Darmstadt, ALLEMAGNE, 28-/09/2015 - 30/09/2015; The most frequent motorcycle accidents involve another vehicle violating the motorcycle's right-of-way at an intersection. In-depth accident studies have shown that perceptual errors made by other vehicle drivers are a very frequent cause of motorcyclists' accidents and fatalities. Two kinds of perceptual errors can be distinguished. The first one is no or late detection of the motorcycle, which is mainly due to its low visual conspicuity (especially because of their small size). The principal safety measure in the past has been the use of daytime running lights (DRLs) by motorcycles, which became compulsory in the seventies in many countries. This conspicuity advantage of motorcycles as the only vehicles with DRLs is presently getting lost by the growing use of DRLs by cars as well. In an earlier study we have shown that car DRLs are actually competing light patterns that create visual noise and decrease the detectability of motorcycles. The second kind of perceptual error, less well known, is the misperception of the approaching motorcycle's speed (which is underestimated) and time-to-arrival (which is overestimated) that also contributes to accident occurrence. In order to reduce motorcycle accidents, and especially to improve motorcycle perceptibility (both detection and speed perception) by other vehicle drivers, ITS based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication will probably provide effective long-term solutions (>15 years). But until then, other solutions have to be found and could quite easily be implemented, by considering innovative headlight configurations for motorcycles. In two simulator studies, we tested various motorcycle headlight configurations, intended for remedying simultaneously the two perceptual errors made by other vehicle drivers. The impact of different headlight configurations (using colour coding and additional lights) was studied in the presence of visual distractors (car front lights: only LEDs, only dipped beams, LEDs and dipped beams) and in different illumination conditions (nighttime, dusk and daytime conditions). The results of the first study on motorcycle motion perception indicated that headlight configurations that accentuate the vertical dimension of the motorcycle (additional lights on the fork and on the rider's helmet) led automobilists to adopt larger safety margins towards motorcycles. The advantage provided by the innovative headlight configuration showed up especially at low illumination conditions (night and dusk) where the motorcycle outline was not visible or difficult to perceive. On the contrary, a triangular design (with two additional lights on the handlebars) showed no significant improvement.The findings of the second study on motorcycle detection showed that additional yellow lights (on the motorcyclist's helmet and the motorcycle fork) significantly improved motorcycle conspicuity and produced the best motorcycle detection performance, even in the presence of a great number of competing car headlights (when LEDs and dipped beams were lit at the same time). When combining the results of our studies, we suggest a motorcycle headlight configuration that consists in one white central headlamp, an additional yellow light on the helmet and two additional yellow lights on the fork. This ergonomic solution has the potential of successfully counteracting the two kinds of perceptual errors made by other vehicles drivers.

Présentation au comité des études DSCR, CHAMPS SUR MARNE, FRANCE, 12-/11/2015 - 12/11/2015; Présentation à la DSCR du réseau Pandore (Production de recherche sur les bases de données et les données en sécurité routière) qui prend la suite du GERI Bases de données pour la recherche en sécurité routière.