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Recycling plant-based materials for various applications not only reduces the harm to the environment but also presents an excellent green source for nanomaterial synthesis. Being chiral and biodegradable makes cellulose, which is an organic polymer, an economic and easy-to-access plant-derived green material. Cellulose can be synthesized into nanostructures for a vast array of high-demand applications, such as drug delivery; biomedicines, which includes "biosensors and diagnostics"; medical implants; skin tissue healing; wastewater treatment; touch screen technology; electronic skin; human–machine interfaces; flexible devices; energy storage devices; clothes; packaging; and cosmetics. The daily newspapers that are delivered to our homes can be one of the best sources of cellulose for us. Our work in this study concentrated on removing nanocrystalline cellulose from newspapers. To begin, we deinked the newspapers and then the deinked pulp was transformed into its nanostructures, or nanocrystalline cellulose, to achieve a high aspect ratio, on the one hand, using chemicals like NaOH, thiourea, etc., and on the other side, via a mechanical process. We used a variety of characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy to study morphological properties, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic light scattering for dimensional analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy for thermogravimetric analysis, and others, to confirm that the synthesized materials had achieved the intended outcomes. A high aspect ratio enables us to create surfaces with a huge surface area with very little synthetic material. The final product, which was created by synthesis, has been discovered to have features that are identical to those of nanocrystalline cellulose, which is available for purchase in the market for use in laboratory purposes. To make nanocomposites, this nanocrystalline cellulose can be combined with various organic and inorganic polymers, which can be further used as a base material for energy storage devices. In this paper, we compared our materials at different time durations used in synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of technology and information has a significant impact on society, both positively and negatively. Digitalization has resulted in many people switching from printed newspapers to digital newspapers. This could lead to demand uncertainty in the newspaper industry. At PT.XYZ, the number of newspapers produced and distributed to realtors often exceeds customer demand. In 2017, the company's return rate reached 5%. However, every January, March, and April where the Chinese New Year Festival, Dalang Cilik Festival, and World Dance Day are held, the demand will increase. This surge in demand, if not anticipated properly, can result in unfulfilled customer demands. For this reason, in this research, forecasting is carried out by considering special event factor using Holt-Winter's, Decomposition, and Exponential Smoothing Event-Based method. To decide which method is the best, the MAPE value was used as criteria. The MAPE value for Holt-Winter's, Decomposition, and Exponential Smoothing Event-Based method respectively are 0,92%, 1,05%, and 3%. Based on the MAPE value for each method, it can be seen that the most effective forecasting method is Holt's-Winter method with a MAPE value of 0.92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's digital era, many industries are affected by digitization. One of them is the newspaper industry which causes demand uncertainty and is difficult to predict. This causes a very high rate of return or newspaper returns which will result in losses for the company. Therefore, it is necessary to use a newspaper demand forecasting method that has a low error rate. The method used is trend line analysis method and backpropagation neural network. The data used is actual demand data, sales results, sales prices and stock from January 2020 to January 2021. The calculation process uses Microsoft Excel and Matlab. In addition, the selection of the best method is obtained by comparing the smallest MSE value. Based on the MSE comparison, it was found that the forecasting method with the smallest error rate was the backpropagation artificial neural network method with an MSE value of 0.0104 Therefore, the best forecasting method for forecasting the demand for the number of newspapers PT. Solopos script is a backpropagation method for artificial neural networks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of manipulative techniques and their use in the media is currently a global topic. In this article, I will focus on specific events that have been reported on the first pages of the most read Czech newspapers. The aim of this thesis is the analysis of manipulative techniques in the papers BLESK, MF DNES and PRÁVO. The thesis will take the form of a one-case study, in which it will discuss the approach of three different Czech daily papers to current topics with nationwide overlap. I solve the study as part of doctoral study and scientific grant E 41-66 - Metropolitan University Prague. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was aimed to explain how the activities of the media relations and the strategy of a PR CCAI Medan to do the activity to the newspaper in Medan. The source of data in this research is PR CCAI Medan and three newspaper journalists who have fulfilled the criteria. The method of collecting data was done by interview, documentation and study the literature. From the result of the research gained that media relations activities of PR CCAI Medan in the last 3 (three) years is press conference, press reception, press calls, meeting with editor and press release. PR CCAI Medan gave priority of a harmonious and familiar relationship with journalists as basic strategy for approaching the media. Harmonious relationship with the media helped PR CCAI Medan to confirm the negative issue easily, and helpful for the media to access the reliable information from CCAI Medan as the need writing news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was aimed to explain how the activities of the media relations and the strategy of a PR CCAI Medan to do the activity to the newspaper in Medan. The source of data in this research is PR CCAI Medan and three newspaper journalists who have fulfilled the criteria. The method of collecting data was done by interview, documentation and study the literature. From the result of the research gained that media relations activities of PR CCAI Medan in the last 3 (three) years is press conference, press reception, press calls, meeting with editor and press release. PR CCAI Medan gave priority of a harmonious and familiar relationship with journalists as basic strategy for approaching the media. Harmonious relationship with the media helped PR CCAI Medan to confirm the negative issue easily, and helpful for the media to access the reliable information from CCAI Medan as the need writing news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of allusions in economic discourse has assumed importance; a great number of researches is devoted to this subject due to interest in the issue of manipulating public’s opinion and forming people’s worldview by means of stylistic devices. The purpose of the present research is to identify regularities of usage of allusions in English-language newspapers. Theoretical background of the research includes critical analysis of linguistic works on economic discourse and allusions. The article includes statistical data on the frequency of different types of allusions in newspaper sections. The frequency of allusions used is defined by quantitative analysis. We are focusing on values, mood and economic tendencies of society that are integral parts of allusions and are stipulated by historical and cultural context; hence the need not just to provide statistical data, but to characterize the selected examples is reflected in the application of contextual analysis, descriptive and transformational methods. The research shows which newspaper sector has the greatest number of allusions and what type of allusions is prevailing in economic discourse. Special attention is given to the peculiarities of usage of specific types of allusions and their correlation with the intention of an author to present information with positive or negative connotation, which is amply employed in manipulation. Ultimately, the research reveals that the most widely used types of allusions in economic discourse are historical, cultural and religious ones. Value of their usage is that, in spite of an informative character of newspaper articles, allusions form readers’ attitude to the topic and have undeniable emotive effect when emerging in the formal text saturated with clichés. The results of this research may be successfully used by teachers in delivering business English courses in linguistic departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the important changes brought about by the early years of the interwar period in the life of the woman was the fact that she, the woman, was no longer regarded as the "weak" half of man, as it had been before, but the "beautiful" half. Another feature of the interwar era is that beauty is no longer old. The desire of the interwar woman, regardless of her social status or her age, of being always beautiful was explained by the fact that a beautiful woman was easier to find a job or get into the business world. For some journalists, lipstick and last fashion clothes were specific to women of mild morals. Most of the texts used for this paper were published in the years between the two world wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case reports how a social innovation satisfies the social needs of about half million migrants in Taiwan and created a Vietnamese language newspaper in 2006. Up to 2011, four more languages were added, Thai, Cambodian, Indonesian and Tagalog (local Philippine language). The newspaper invites the migrants to contribute articles and paintings. By sharing their secrets in mind and showing their skills, immigrants and foreign labors calm their uneasy feeling, knowing that they are not alone thus regaining their confidence in a foreign land. Now, the Four Way Voice is issued on the first day of every month and can be purchased from around 500 convenient stores in Taiwan. Regular Vietnamese radio broadcast and "Sing Four Way" TV program were also launched. With these publications, local Taiwanese become more receptive to the migrants. This case provides a reference for how to handle the recent large scale refugee migration to Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental reporting refers to systematic, holistic, progressive statements of environmental issues and how it is effecting the society, and the ecological imbalance of nature. Media is helping many organizations to reach out to the people in a wide and vast way. In this reporting the organizations should have a periodical comparison between different reporting periods within an organization as well as amongst other organizations. In this research work I will be collecting the data on the environmental reports based from the" Deccan Chronicle", which is the largest circulated and the no 1 English Daily in the entire South India. So, my aim is to focus on how the climatic and environmental changes are effecting the people, the nature and also how we should take responsibility to preserve the environment and understand the environment than letting it get more polluted. Though media itself tries to make the people aware about the environment, we have to keep in mind that living beings and environment are inter-dependent on each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Autism represents a broad group of developmental disorders characterized by impaired social interactions. It has attracted widespread concern in academia and media. The reported causes of autism have an enormous impact on the people's opinion about autistic patients and various treatments from scientific literature and media news. In this study, we use open information extraction (OIE), a machine reading technique, to automatically extract causal relationships from autism researches and news reports. We explored the differences between the scientific literature and news about the reported etiologies with respect to autism. As a result, we find that scientific papers clearly emphasize physical and biological factors, while the media emphasizes social factors as the perceived cause of autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysian has been urged to be innovative as innovation has been identified as the key principle underlining the new economic model. Government has initiated various programs as part of the Malaysian innovation agenda. At the same time, Malaysian newspapers have been conveying messages to the Malaysian public by publishing articles reporting innovationrelated events and information. But does the Malaysian public understand the message? Furthermore does the message manage to influence Malaysian public to be innovative? How public understand a new concept such as innovation are closely related to how the media framed the issues. Furthermore, how issues are framed in newspaper articles influence how a particular issue is understood and perceived by the reader. It will be interesting to read, code and categorize all the articles and try to understand the underlying themes presented to the reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Newspapers represent the most frequently invoked source of data for the analysis of social movements. We know a great deal about the ways in which routines of news coverage may bias the content of newspaper data. Less is known, however, about how different article retrieval and coding practices influence data collected. For the newspaper most frequently used as a source of data in movements analysis, the New York Times, we compare the depictions of African- American Civil Rights movement activity over time that are produced using the two most common methods of retrieving articles: index versus full-story coding. The overall pattern of findings in models predicting the incidence of civil right protest is consistent when applying data from the alternate collection strategies, but the effects of some control variables change across models. Our results have several implications for social movement research employing New York Times data. While index and full-text access methods may generate patterns of protest that correlate strongly, researchers should employ extreme caution when comparing the results of research from full-text coding with results that rely upon index coding or attempting to combine the collection methodologies to conduct longitudinal analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 12, 2013, North Korea conducted its third nuclear test despite sanctions to deter its nuclear program. The treatment of this news story by U.S. and Korean newspapers was decidedly different, although not in ways one might expect. This study seeks to understand how evaluative negative tone is used in U.S. and Korean news stories to deal with a clearly negative world event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a better understanding of the nature of the holistic innovation function, we studied a regional newspaper's redesign and development. Our research question can be formulated as follows: How is the innovation function executed in a regional newspaper? The study applies a case study approach. The data was primarily collected by interviews with the aim of building up a picture of the phenomenon in a single case. We introduce the dynamic innovation framework we used to analyse the case. The findings suggest that the concept of dynamic innovation is appropriate to describe the holistic innovation function. In practice, there are both massive innovation projects and agile "easy" innovations that are executed in different ways. The major challenges in corporate level innovations are technological diversity and project management in matrix project organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examined the intermedia agenda setting process for local news media coverage of the H1N1 flu pandemic. It explores the content analysis of the articles from national and local newspaper coverage that placed stories in the headlines. However, the local news is influenced by the national news coverage and were limited to the first three months of the story.

We tested if reading a newspaper which overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between "foreign country" and "criminal" in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an experimental investigation was done to find out if reading biased articles produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (arousal), and (3) attributed text-credibility moderate this effect. Supporting evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles (compared to short factual texts) produced a short-term effect indicating that texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on an explicit reality estimate (estimated frequency of criminal foreigners). This indicates that the effect on automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study content analyzes press releases developed by the Death with Dignity National Center and newspaper coverage from The New York Times and The Washington Post to code for the frames in discussion of physician-assisted suicide. The Death with Dignity National Center is an Oregon-based advocacy group in favor of legalized physician-assisted suicide and takes responsibility for the successful passage of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. Like many interest groups, the Death with Dignity National Center attempts to manipulate or inspire news coverage of its cause via several methods. This includes appealing directly to news organizations through press releases. Analysis reveals several significant correlations between how the press releases and newspaper coverage framed physician-assisted suicide. Both the releases and the coverage framed the issue to be about conflict, political consequences, big government, patient rights, or legality, and utilized these frames in similar ways. This study represents a new line of framing theory research in that it explores content through the traditional method of analyzing for frame frequency but also suggests integrating frame attributes - namely, frame valence and levels of substance - into this analysis. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how newspaper web site feedback interacts with the media agenda, and the role that this form of public response plays in the agenda-setting process. By examining how media and public agendas interact through Internet feedback opportunities over a two-week period, this paper looks at the gap in knowledge about online agenda setting after media agendas are built but before long-term agenda-setting effects take hold.Results indicate that media demonstrated a powerful and immediate influence on the public from day to day. On a consistent daily basis, stories presented as important in both the print and online editions of the paper corresponded with stories on which web site users offered the most comments. Yet the dynamic between media and public agendas yielded more complicated and less consistent results over time. These findings provide a preliminary step toward a better understanding of how media and public agendas develop and interact online. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine visual representation of our society in the news sections of Irish printed daily national newspapers and to analyse the power distribution that traverses these images for evidence of hegemonic tendencies. There are a small number of American studies of newspaper visuals similar to this one, but this study will fill a gap in the literature on Irish newspaper photography. Power is part of the fabric of our society and can be a destructive force when those without power suffer restricted freedom. The mass media play a pivotal role in the discourse of power relationships, in particular through visual representation, building up an impression in society's psyche about how to think about the other. When a group is repeatedly represented in a certain light, these images establish the dominant thinking on this group and may even sufficiently influence the group itself, compelling them into a particular pattern of behaviour. At the core of this study is the argument that, by portraying groups repeatedly in certain ways, either negatively or positively, the media may be advancing and normalising dominant ideologies which tend to benefit the already wealthy and powerful. Through an extensive content analysis of the photographs in the news sections of a cross-section of Irish daily newspapers, this study uncovers evidence that supports the hypothesis that press photographs in Irish printed newspapers support a dominant patriarchal ideology by collectively under-representing and marginalising females. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online multimedia platforms have allowed news organizations to cover the Iraq War in a more vivid and interactive manner than previous conflicts. This study examined the utilization of multimedia story types by U.S. newspaper Web sites in covering the Iraq War in 2007, and its role in framing aspects of the War. A total of 201 photo galleries, audio slideshows, interactive graphics, and interactive packages were analyzed from the 100 most-visited U.S. newspaper sites. Dominant textual and visual frames were coded for each story, along with framing dimensions including main subject, time and space. The study concluded that human interest framing dominated multimedia coverage, although the extent of such framing differed between multimedia story types. While there were no significant differences in framing along story platform, photo galleries and slideshows constituted a majority of the sample. 72 percent of stories utilized a human interest textual frame, and 81.1 percent of stories featured a human interest visual frame. Multimedia coverage of the war primarily told the stories of individual U.S. stories and their families. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will examine journalism profession from the viewpoint of journalists' own perspective. I will examine the way in which public journalism projects in three different newspapers in Finland have acted as a ground for professional reflexivity. The idea of the paper is to consider how journalists position themselves as professionals when they can reflect upon their own self-image and work practices through concrete and experimental news projects.Public journalism (or civic journalism) refers to the reform movement, to set of practices and to the philosophy about the press and its relation to the public. In this paper I will conclude that public journalism in the Finnish context has invoked journalists to reflect on their professional identities in relation to four directions: their own work community, the media organisation, the public (sphere) and the profession.Journalists rearticulate the role of the journalist as a helper; accessible collaborator; discussion moderator or "connector" and as a commercial representative of the paper. These signs point to the direction that despite its permanence and stability, journalists' professional self-image is a construct that can be rearticulated. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hal Jurgensmeyer of Knight Ridder identified four elements beyond advertising and reader revenue that can strengthen the news organization. These elements are owner contributions, raw materials, miscellaneous supplies, and labor. The present study looks at changes in the nation's newspaper readership and confidence in the press over the last 30 years, based on changes in the newspaper workforce. Data from the General Social Survey and the American Society of Newspaper Editors census were used to see how increases (or decreases) in overall staffing and minority staffing from the previous year related to national and minority readership and press confidence in that next year. Results suggest that investing in workforce, and in minority workforce especially, might be the answer to declining readership and press confidence across the board. These relationships are discussed within the context of market position harvesting, disruptive technologies such as the Internet, and Jurgensmeyer's Influence Model. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As U.S. newspapers seek to emphasize their combined audience of print and online readers, this study unpacks this problematic conflation, using a media economics framework to examine the perceptions, satisfaction, and behavior of consumers when presented with related goods of news. Using data gathered from 18,484 respondents spread among 27 metro areas large and small, this study examined key distinctions between online-only newspaper readers and those who read both print and online. We found that "hybrid" users were more satisfied with their local newspapers' Web sites, and used them more purposefully to seek everyday information. For practitioners as well as media researchers, these findings raise new questions about the perceived utility of online news sites, the economics of local newspaper readership, and the "active" nature of seemingly "passive" traditional media users. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The 2006 presidential election in Mexico came down to a battle between Harvard-educated technocrat Felipe Calderón and populist indigenous rights activist Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Through discourse analysis of news articles and interviews with journalists as well as a straightforward quantitative analysis of Mexican newspaper coverage of the election, Mexican media were found to acquiesce to globalization and U.S. hegemony. Pressures against Mexican sovereignty from other nations and from within Mexico were examined. Several key sovereignty issues were identified where they emerged through an analysis of the election agenda in several nationally distributed newspapers. A textual analysis of news stories describes threats to Mexican sovereignty on economic and political fronts, but those stories were relatively rare. In-depth interviews revealed Mexico's media elites largely accept globalization as a given, and nationalism is not a driving factor in Mexican politics today. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the use and placement of photos in The Tampa Tribune and its online counterpart, tampatrib.com. Shoemaker and Reese's (1991) theories of media content influences suggest that a newspaper's gatekeepers and internal organizational pressures affect a publication. A content analysis of a convenience sample of section front pages in print and online found that at least half had one picture in both media, and it was the same picture 63% of the time. This pilot study found that the print edition ran far more pictures overall, and the data suggest a strong influence of templates in photo use in online editions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This secondary analysis of a representative sample from respondents in 27 American cities shows that people's perceptions of local news quality and their preferences for new media features (represented by cell phones and access to broadband) is highly predictive on readership of local print newspapers. Only the new media features are predictive of readership of those newspapers' websites, except in one city where a concerted effort has been made to develop the website and drive traffic to it. In that city, website readership is strongly predicted by the news quality variables. The Media Choice Model, which combines demographics, news quality perceptions, and preference for new media features thus is provided as further support for its utility. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines media coverage via framing in a battle between the United States Navy and the Hawaiian people to claim ownership of a Hawaiian island named Kaho'olawe. This research analyzes 519 newspaper articles from two Hawaiian newspapers—The Honolulu Star Bulletin and The Honolulu Advertiser—over a seven-year period. The analysis shows that media frames change over time, when a frame changes so does the tone of the article, and each level of article (headline, quotes, etc.) showed different frame usage. In addition, this analysis is one of the first to examine the use of pictures within each article and between newspapers. The findings suggest that the media's coverage of land debates needs to be examined further to include the use of media frames, quotes, and pictures. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study of a long-term a public relations campaign over a 13-year period investigates whether it has had priming or framing effects on newspaper reporters. The "Great Cities Initiative," launched by a university in the Chicago media market, was the basis for a naturalistic quasi-experiment. The phrase "great cities" in the Chicago Tribune increased from 15 pretest occurrences to 65 during the posttest. Nevertheless, only 17 occurrences were in stories identifying the campaign source. Semantic network diversity increased. Evidence favored semantic priming over framing effects. This indicates that the public relations campaign did not result in as many articles that were consistent with campaign framing as articles that dealt with unrelated aspects of the concept "great cities." To examine longer term changes in priming effects, a series of 16-month periods from the primary post-test period forward until February 14, 2007 was analyzed for the number of stories containing "great cities." The slope of the line it shows that the initial increase in "great cities" use during the immediate post-campaign launch period continued to rise through 32 months after the launch, after which the trend is downward. The university continued its communication about the "Great Cities Initiative" throughout this period and continues to do so. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 18, 2007, two days after the tragedy termed the Virginia Tech Massacre, NBC revealed that Virginia Tech's shooting gunman, Seung Hui Cho, had sent them a package containing photographs, personal writings and a self made video - a "multimedia manifesto." After NBC's originally airing, quickly the image of Cho holding guns was being seen everywhere as Cho's own his words appeared on TV and online. What followed was a heated debate over journalistic ethics and the fine line between news and sensationalism. When the media confronts ethical issues regarding the showing of violent or indecent images, the media persists in claiming that the public has a right to know and their responsibility is to serve the public with this right. Traditionally the right to know has played an important role for "free press" on the grounds that if people know what is going on in the world they will be better informed and work to improve society. However, the right to know concept has often been confronted with questions such as: What should the public know? Who should decide what the public is to know? Are the media showing what the public needs to know?This paper examines the media's role in the public's right to know issue in the context of American court decisions. This paper also offers an analysis of visual images which appeared in print in the front pages of the U.S. newspapers the day after NBC released the Cho multimedia manifesto. For this visual analysis this presentation will utilize some categorical typologies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2007, Scottish voters elected into office a party and a political leader publicly committed to holding a referendum on independence from Great Britain within four years. This study offers one of the first in-depth looks at user-generated content on a newspaper-affiliated website in the context of a national election. It seeks to unite two strands of earlier work: research into how news media are accommodating a networked environment in their political coverage, and parallel research on the evolving nature of online political communities and the tantalizingly elusive "virtual public sphere." ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s drew attention to the continuing numerical and qualitative inequalities experienced by women in the economy and society, including what Gaye Tuchman referred to as women's 'symbolic annihilation' from the public sphere as the news media focused overwhelmingly on the activities of men. Since then, women have made gains in political and economic realms, including the news media, but we know much less about how the news itself has evolved over this time. If news is, as many feel and as most journalists would have us believe, a mirror of reality, how well has it reflected these broad social changes? In this paper, I present findings from a longitudinal content analysis of close to 530 photojournalistic images from one widely read American daily newspaper. Findings show that pictures of men overwhelmingly dominate the photojournalistic sphere and that male domination in this sphere has not subsided over time, despite a brief balancing in the mid-1970s. Testing several hypotheses derived from the empirical and theoretical literature on media production, I conclude that the findings of this study are best explained by a combination of two forces: organizational routines and procedures that enforce male domination in news organizations; and the explosive but un-sustained power of the women's movement in attracting media attention in the early and mid-1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a cross-market examination of newspaper accuracy, this study tracks errors identified by news sources in 2,700 news stories published by U.S. daily metropolitan newspapers. While journalists widely hold that errors are commonly detected and corrected, this study found that only about one in ten news sources had informed the newspaper of the errors they perceived. While many errors were considered too inconsequential to correct, news sources also expressed a sense of futility – that a correction would do little to set the record straight, or worse, that their complaints would either be ignored or draw reprisal from the newspaper. Results tentatively indicate that factual errors reported by news sources to the offending newspaper rarely yielded published corrections. The findings challenge how well the "corrections box" sets the record straight when inaccuracies occur or serves in journalism as a safety valve for the venting of frustrations by wronged news sources. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candidate portrayals in newspaper election coverage affect how campaigns are conducted and may even influence the outcomes of those contests. This study examined frames in nine of the 34 Senates races from 2004 to examine the type, source, and target of frames used in campaign newspaper coverage. “Horse-race” strategy frames were the most common frames overall and a preferred instrument of reporters. Partisan sources tended to provide policy frames while non-partisan sources were usually involved with strategy frames. When partisan sources did provide policy frames, they applied the frames to themselves more than two-thirds of the time, focusing on issues and topics involved with the campaigns. In addition, reporter-sourced frames were more likely focus on Republicans than Democrats by a margin of 55 percent to 45 percent ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests the idea that television genres (crime drama, reality cop shows, news) and channels (TV and newspapers) vary in their potential to cultivate perceptions, fears, and behavior related to exposure and attention to crime content. Five-hundred-and-five randomly selected adults over the age of 18 in Indiana were interviewed. Regression analyses indicate significant variance across media genres and channels in their influence on viewer orientations to crime. Yet overall, media use is a relatively weak predictor of crime orientations. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world, markets are increasingly affected by convergence as a result of ongoing internationalisation. Many industries have become global and national borders are no longer of significance, which is especially true for member states of the European Union. However, publishing markets are partly exempted from this process. An increasing number of publishing companies internationalise and enter foreign markets. Despite this development publishing markets remain geographically limited. Coalescence in publishing industries has not taken place due to cultural and linguistic barriers. Newspaper and magazine markets as adequate examples are object of investigation within the scope of this paper. More specific, this paper focuses on media economic analysis of newspaper and magazine sectors in Denmark and Germany. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of contemporary anti-immigrant rhetoric highlighting past immigrants as model groups assimilating quickly and earnestly into American culture, this study analyzes a case of identity politics from the past showing the shifting, unstable nature of national/racial/ethnic identities in contrast to the myth of culturally unified past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how U.S. media differently choose dissent voices against U.S. war policy with varying degree of official and public supports to government policy to maintain its professional norm of balance. It also analyzes whether criticism of certain individual, groups or countries are favored against others' and how dissent voices are framed in news stories.

The article presents a case study which investigates the gatekeeping process and the gatekeepers' roles at a Korean American newspaper. Content analysis of the decision-making process of gatekeepers at a Korean-language newsroom has been employed followed by an in-depth interview with the local section editor called Mr. KoAm Gates. Study results show that if a news item does not involve any Korean/Korean American, it is three or four times more likely to be rejected by the gatekeeper than a news item that involves a Korean/Korean American. Gatekeepers at a Korean-language newspaper are more likely to concentrate on a distributive function than a feedback function. The ethnic newspaper's favorite topics are: crime, immigration/illegal aliens, and events/conferences. Each journalist's beat and the U.S. news media are the main channels of newsgathering. Gates sees his functions as a journalist at an ethnic minority newspaper to be assimilative and pluralistic.

Environmental issues can vary widely across the different regions of the United States. Do the newspaper and TV reporters who serve as the link between environmental scientists and the public on such issues also vary, by region, in the way they cover environment stories? This study, building on an initial examination of New England environment reporters (Science Communication, 23:4), used a census approach to examine environment reporters in the Mountain West, Pacific Northwest and South, in addition to New England. Across all four regions, these reporters were more experienced, on average, but spend much of their time also covering non-environment stories. They relied more often on local sources than on national sources and used a variety of story frames and angles to construct their reporting. In discussing barriers to reporting, they were more likely to cite such issues as time constraints or the size of the news hole, rather than interference by editors or advertisers. Most felt the need to remain objective, rejecting calls for advocacy or a civic journalism approach. The study found more similarities across the regions than differences, suggesting there is a national norm for covering the environment. That may be due to the type of people attracted to field, the uniform training they have received, or newsroom routines. A special case can be made for the Pacific Northwest, where reporters differed from their counterparts in all other regions on some issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the influence of communication technology on agenda setting by comparing the media agenda of newspapers, television, and online media. The media agenda data were identified by the issue salience in these media. The results of the study indicate a significant difference of issue hierarchy among these media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the role of several cultural myths in news coverage of daily newspaper competition in Seattle, Washington. These myths are derived from the news coverage of the potential breakdown of a joint operating agreement between the two dailies. The myths are explored and expanded upon through interviews with local journalism professionals, and assessed for frequency of mention in a content analysis of texts from three Seattle newspapers. Based on the study findings, mythical themes can be applied to the personalities and powers involved in creating and covering the news. The utility of myth for informing and inspiring journalistic dialogue about news coverage, newspaper competition is also illustrated.

The article reviews recent research that uses a normative model of public deliberation in the comparative empirical analysis of mass media content. A twofold relationship exists between normative claims and empirical knowledge. Normative claims serves as a heuristic for more comprehensive empirical studies. While, empirical knowledge serves to better understand the nature of obstacles to the realization of the norm. A proposal is developed for measuring deliberativeness of media content.

This study identifies discourses about Islam and Muslims in the 1798 Worcester Spy and the 1882 New York Times. Specifically, research was guided by the following questions: What are discourses about Islam and Muslims in the Worcester Spy's coverage of Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt in 1798? What are discourses about Islam and Muslims in New York Times coverage of the 1882 British invasion of Egypt? The study aims to see how Islam and Muslims were talked about in these two newspapers in coverage of the two events.

For the past five decades (and more) the state of Jammu and Kashmir has been a territory of contention between India and Pakistan. The history of the conflict dates back to the period of British rule in the sub-continent and the consequent creation of India and Pakistan as separate national entities. News media in India and Pakistan frame the conflict as a territorial dispute, and in terms of differential religious and political ideologies in India and Pakistan; media in both countries tend to reflect the hegemonic ideals of their ruling classes. The focus of the conflict has changed over the years in each of the above dimensions: the religious angle in particular is interesting given that both countries now have right wing governments whose ideologies are sometimes classified as fundamentalist. This paper examines the conflict in Kashmir from a religious perspective. Given the growing popularity of a Hindutva ideology and increasing communal tensions within the country, the study asks how Muslims in Kashmir, Pakistan, and India are framed with regard to the conflict. Content analysis has been used to identify news framing patterns of Muslims. Results indicate that Indian newspapers do indeed focus more on Muslims than Hindus and that news frames of Muslims tend to be a lot more negative than positive. Implications of such framing patterns are discussed with regard to the nature of communal relations (between Hindus and Muslims) in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between the Black news press and Black protest politics from 1956-1969. The study analyzes a popular etiquette cartoon entitled "Do’s and Don’ts." "Do’s and Don’ts" was featured in several African American newspapers during this period and beyond. The paper specifically explores how the prescriptions offered for black behavior changes over the course of the civil rights movement with particular regard to whether the mainstream black press changes as large segments of the movement radicalize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On August 23rd 2001, the Chinese government broke its reticence on the subject of AIDS, admitting that 30,000-50,000 Chinese people could have been infected with HIV through illegal blood collections and sales. Although considerable amount of media coverage of this issue has been released, there is no doubt that Chinese government has thrown great efforts to seal this HIV blood scandal up. In this study, I analyze 62 news stories from three major newspapers of China in order to display: (1) how the Chinese news media construct and represent the HIV blood scandal; and (2) how the media discourse about the HIV scandal interacts with social and political context of contemporary Chinese society. By using discourse analysis, I find that: (1) the coverage of the HIV scandal reflects various social problems during the process of modernization, such as the ineffectiveness of Chinese public health policies; (2) an ideological constrain imposed by the Chinese Communism Party decide that it is hard for the Chinese news media to play the role as efficient communication channels to convey health information. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvements in Newspapers Quality and Circulation Patterns in 37 Newspapers That "Did It Right"This paper examines 37 U.S. newspapers identified by Editor and Publisher as making important changes to improve their overall newspaper quality. The kinds of changes the newspapers made were categorized into improvement and expansion of local news, redesign, increase in in-depth reporting, and increases in staff. We then linked both newspaper size and the types of change made with percent changes in circulation in the five, three, and one year before the Editor and Publisher award was made. These percent changes were compared with the mean change for each newspaper's circulation size group. Results show the majority of these papers were beating the comparators. Staff increases and increase in size of the local news hole had the most consistent positive effect on circulation, although only daily, not on Sunday. Results are discussed in terms of media economics theory. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]