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This collection of 10 papers provides a comparative analysis of the role of academic-industry relations in innovative educational systems in Eastern Europe, Ibero-America (Latin America, Spain, and Portugal), Russia, and Scotland, as well as in the United States. It arose from a series of conferences, beginning with a 1991 NATO workshop on university-industry relations which took place in Acquafredda, Italy. The first two chapters are based upon the "theme paper" for the Acquafredda conference; the other chapters originated as conference talks. Following an introduction by the editors, the papers are: (1) "Entrepreneurial Science: The Second Academic Revolution" (Henry Etzkowitz and Andrew Webster); (2) "Toward a Theoretical Analysis of Academic-Industry Collaboration" (Andrew Webster and Henry Etzkowitz); (3) "The Changing Context of Science and University-Industry Relations" (Karen Seashore Louis and Melissa S. Anderson); (4) "Strategic Research Alliances; Testing the Collaborative Limits?" (Andrew Webster); (5) "Science and Technology Knowledge Flows Between Industrial and Academic Research: A Comparative Study" (Jacqueline Senker, Wendy Faulkner, and Lea Velho); (6) "Science Parks and Innovation Centers" (Rikard Stankiewicz); (7) "Academy-Industry Relations in Middle-Income Countries: Eastern Europe and Ibero-America" (Katalin Balazs and Guilherme Ary Plonski); (8) "Academic-Industry Relations in Russia: The Road to the Market" (Mike Berry and Lioudmila Pipiia); (9) "Universities in Scotland and Organizational Innovation in the Commercialization of Knowledge" (Margaret Sheen); (10) "Inching Toward Industrial Policy: The University's Role in Government Initiatives To Assist Small, Innovative Companies in the United States" (Henry Etzkowitz and Ashley J. Stevens). (Contains approximately 350 references.) (DB)

The conference papers examine higher education reforms in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe from several research perspectives: political, economic, pedagogical, and sociological. Papers are organized in three sections: Higher Education Policies and Institutional Change; Central European Higher Education in Transition; and Higher Education Reforms in Eastern Europe. Titles are: (1) "Social Changes, Politics and Higher Education" (Claudius Gellert); (2) "Knowledge about Higher Education for Its different Stakeholders" (Maurice Kogan); (3) "Researchers and Policy Makers in Higher Education in East Central Europe" (Don Westerheijden); (4) "Institutional Innovations in Higher Education in East and Central Europe--a Progress Report" (Peter Darvas); (5) "Adaption Processes at Universities: Organizational Implications of a Complex Environment" (Barbara Sporn); (6) "Typical Features of Education and Education Reforms in Central Europe" (Jana Hendrichova); (7) "The Power of the Professoriate-Politics and Higher Education Reform in Austria" (Erich Leitner); (8) "Autonomy of Higher Education Institutions and Reforms--the Polish Case" (Ireneusz Bialecki); (9) "Academic Staff Facing a Changing University" (Elzbieta Wnuk-Lipinska); (10) "Changes in the Market of Educational Services in Poland" (Ewa Szemborska); (11) "New Challenges of Tertiary Education in East-Central Europe" (Tamas Kozma); (12) "Policy-Development and Educational Research: The Hungarian Experience" (Janos Setenyi); (13) "Renewal of Higher Education in Slovenia with Special Attention to Quality" (Sonja Kump); (14) "The Progress of Education and Higher Education Reform in Slovakia" (Maria Hrabinska); (15) "Intellectual Elite and Population of Russia about Problems of Education and Personnel Training" (Natalia Kovaleva); (16) "Development of Higher Education Reform in the Ukraine" (Igor Folvarochny); (17) "Higher Education in Romania: The Imperatives of Reform New Paradigms, New Options, New Strategies" (Ioan Neacsu); (18) "Higher Education Reform in Bulgaria" (Nickolay Popov). (Individual papers contain references.) (CH)

This collection of reports gives a picture of educational systems from a human rights perspective, monitoring academic freedom in the context of freedom of thought and freedom of opinion and expression. The World University Service's Lima Declaration on Academic Freedom and Autonomy of Institutions of Higher Education of 1988 is used as the guiding principle for activities that promote and monitor academic freedom. The collection of reports begins with "Monitoring the Right to Education: Reporting to UN Treaty Bodies" by Audrey R. Chapman. Following this introductory paper are four papers on Africa, including "Historical Notes on Academic Freedom in Africa" (Mahmood Mamdani) followed by area studies of Malawi (Richard Carver), South Africa (Teboho Moja and Nico Cloete), and Sudan (Abdelhadi Al-Zubeir Hamad). Part 2, "Asia and the Middle East," includes papers on China (Fang Lizhi), Burma (Myanmar) (Martin Smith), Sri Lanka (Swarna Jayaweera), Tibet (John Billington), Iran (Shahrzad Mojab), and Palestine (Penny Johnson and Emma Naughton). The third part, on Europe and North America, offers: "Access to Education for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Countries of Western Europe" and includes studies of Kosova (Peter Gstettner) and the United States (James North). In part 4, "Latin America and the Caribbean," papers on Haiti (Roody Edme) and Peru (Sinesio Lopez Jimenez) are presented. Two appendixes provide the text of the Lima Declaration on Academic Freedom and Institutions of Higher Education and the Kampala Declaration on Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsibility. (Each paper contains references.) (JDD)

This book contains 10 papers on critical issues facing colleges and universities seeking to "internationalize" the curriculum and design good programs and services for foreign students in the United States and for American students abroad. An overview by Richard D. Lyman introduces the following papers: (1) "Foreign Student Flows and the Internationalization of Higher Education" (Richard D. Lambert); (2) "Trends in Higher Education and Its Finance in Western Europe" (Gareth Williams) (3) "Globalization of Knowledge" (Steven Muller); (4) "Technological Change and the University: Impacts and Opportunities from Global Change" (Lewis Branscomb); (5) "Technology and the Role of the Universities in a Global Information Economy" (Gerhard Friedrich); (6) "Planning for Internationalization: Experience at the University of Pennsylvania" (Michael Aiken); (7) "'Internationalizing' the Liberal Arts College" (Stephen R. Lewis, Jr.); (8) "Responding to International Challenges at MIT" (Charles Vest); (9) "Next Steps to Meeting the Challenge" (Colin Campbell); and (10) "International Opportunities and Challenges for American Higher Education in Africa, Asia, and Latin America" (Fred M. Hayward). Includes an index. Most papers contain references. (JB)

This journal issue describes in detail the work of a Trans-European Mobility Schemes for University Studies (TEMPUS) project, directed by John Sayer and based in the Department of Educational Studies of the University of Oxford. The project's activities, concerned principally with the development of democratic processes in the elementary, secondary, and higher education systems of the Czech Republic and Poland, are illustrated through 20 papers. Part 1 offers John Sayer's background and description of the Developing Schools for Democracy in Europe (DSDE) project, a TEMPUS initiative and includes a multi-university final report on teacher preparation and continuing development. In part 2 the professional development of teachers and the role of the university in the Czech Republic are examined by program participants, Jan Beran, Jitka Kazelleova, Jana Kohnova, John Sayer, and Jaroslava Tomancova. Part 3 presents the following Polish teachers, tutors, and researchers: Grzegorz Chomicki, Roman Dorczak, Dawid Friedmann, Aleksandra Kwiecinska, Andrzej Mirski, Malgorzata Niemczynska, and Andrzej Szyjewski, viewpoints on educational reform, democracy education teacher training, and the school setting in Krakow, Poland. In part 4 home (family) and school relationships, one of the eight areas of the DSDE project, are examined by Tatyana Bourmina and Milada Rabusicova. In part 5 David Martin, Hugh Starkey, and Eva Foldes Travers focus on aspects of citizenship and values as they relate to democracy education in the "New Europe." Taken together, these papers provide an extensive case study of a democratic collaboration of four European universities from very different social, economic, political and cultural settings, working with local schools and authorities across disciplines in an attempt to develop schools for democracy in Europe. (CB)

This book contains nine papers presented during a year-long series of seminars and a conference that analyzed the relationship between economic restructuring and industrial relations involving the joint academics, union leaders, government officials, business executives, and graduate fellows. These analyses include case studies from Western Europe, as well as detailed examination of U.S. examples, particularly state-level efforts from Michigan, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. The analyses emphasize the role of industrial relations in these processes. An "Introduction" (Stephen Sleigh) summarizes the case studies and analyses and provides an executive summary of the key conclusions that follow from the papers. The nine papers are as follows: "Economic Development and Industrial Relations in a Small-Firm Economy: The Experience of Metalworkers in Emilia-Romagna, Italy" (Bruce Herman); "Managing Local Development: Lessons from Spain" (Michael Barzelay); "Worker Democracy in Socialist France" (Bernard Brown); "International Competition and the Organization of Production: The Study Action Team Process at Trico Products" (Peter Lazes); "Collaborative Restructuring Efforts: Textile and Apparel Labor-Management Innovation Network, Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania" (Robert Coy et al.); "Labor and Industrial Relations Strategies in the State of Michigan" (Michael Schippani); "Applying Skills-Based Automation through Participatory Management: The Center for Applied Technology" (Frank Emspak); "Can the End of the Social Democratic Trade Unions Be the Beginning of a New Kind of Social Democratic Politics?" (Charles Sabel); and "Training and the New Industrial Relations: A Strategic Role for Unions" (Wolfgang Streeck). Appendixes include lists of the Seminar Advisory Board and seminar presenters, a 360-item bibliography, and an index. (YLB)

This report focuses on technology training programs for disabled persons, the contributions of access technology to the employment of disabled persons, the ability of traditional rehabilitation centers to train disabled persons for advanced technology occupations, and the placement and employment of disabled persons trained in new technologies. Following an introduction, the second chapter explores the impacts of new technology on the employment of disabled persons and describes the project, conducted by Rehabilitation International and sponsored by the International Labour Office, that resulted in this collection of papers. Subsequent chapters present the papers, as follows: "New Technology Training Programs for Disabled Persons in Great Britain" (Paul Cornes and others); "The Effect of New Technology on the Employment of Blind and Visually Impaired Persons in Four Western European Countries" (Lawrence A. Scadden); "Factors Associated with the Traditional Rehabilitation Centre's Ability To Train Disabled Persons for Advanced Technology Occupations" (Michael J. Leahy and Robert Leneway); "Computer-Based Technology for Disabled Persons in Working Life: A Holistic Approach" (Jan Breding and Ulf Keijer); "The Contributions of New Access Technology to the Employment of Disabled Persons in Japan" (Shinichi Okada and Takeshi Yatougo); "New Technologies and the Employment of Disabled Persons in Israel" (Emanuel) Chigier); "New Technologies and the Employment of Disabled Persons in Four Developed Countries" (Jacques Dawans); and "New Technology in Rehabilitation: A Hungarian Perspective" (Gyorgy Konczei). A final chapter draws conclusions and makes recommendations. (JDD)

Lists publications of the European Group of Public Administration in Europe. Books; Occasional papers.

The article provides information on the European Union (EU). The commemoration of the beginning of EU is discussed in this paper. Information on twenty-five countries included in EU is also presented. In addition, characteristics of EU countries are enumerated. Changes and recent developments brought by EU in Europe are also highlighted in this article.

The article discusses the wide range of cave use from our earliest ancestor to the recent past and explores the archaeology of North American caves. Topics include caves in Africa provide information on our earliest non-human, or hominid, ancestors, the australopithecines and that caves in Europe are further bringing to light some of earliest migrants out of Africa.

Introduces a series of articles on religious minorities in some European countries.

A literary analysis of the book "A Tour on the Prairies" by American author Washington Irving is presented. It examines Irving's return to the U.S. after a 17 year exile in Europe, suggesting his book reflects his attempts to confront his home country and reinvent his career as a an author of western adventure fiction.

A literary analysis is presented for several novels by American author Henry James including "The Portrait of a Lady," "Wings of a Dove," and "The Bostonians." It examines how his self-imposed exile to Europe translates into his work, suggesting that James should be considered an international and multicultural writer influenced by both American and European culture and national identity.

Divided into seven sections, the presentations contained in these proceedings give an international perspective on the growth of democracy in the world, and the many obstacles that might inhibit it. The first section, on Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union contains papers from four East Block scholars who discuss the rise of democracy in communist Europe. The section on Africa includes papers by four African panelists who discuss the development of democracy in light of the continent's historical, geographical, cultural, social, and political background. The "Luncheon Session" section has four presentations on democracy and human rights, focusing on Central American and Caribbean countries. The section on Latin America and the Caribbean includes papers by four panelists who discuss democracy against the backdrop of the region's economics, politics, social change, and serious problems such as drug trafficking, which influence and are influenced by democractic reform. The section on Asia contains four papers that discuss democratic development in China, India, the Philippines, and Turkey. A section headed "Senatorial Remarks" contains brief addresses by U.S. Senators John McCain and Lloyd Bentsen, in which they comment on the conference and democratic changes in the world. The final section contains four addresses presented at the "Idea of Democracy" panel. Final sections report on the conference's State Department reception, the award luncheon, and the president's meeting with awardees. A list of conference participants other than those whose names approved as speakers is given at the conclusion of the book. (AS)

The 2002 R. Freeman Butts Institute on Civic Learning in Teacher Education, which met in Indianapolis, Indiana, from May 17-21, 2002, was the source for this book. The central theme of the meeting was education for democratic citizenship in the college/university-based preparation of prospective teachers. Following an Introduction, twelve papers are included as the book's chapters: (1) "Defining, Delivering, and Defending a Common Education for Citizenship in a Democracy" (John J. Patrick); (2) "Teaching for the Meaningful Practice of Democratic Citizenship: Learning from the IEA Civic Education Study in 28 Countries" (Judith Torney-Purta; Wendy Klandl Richardson); (3) "Using Research about Civic Education to Improve Courses in the Methods of Teaching Social Studies" (Patricia G. Avery); (4) "Civic and Economic Education: The Nexus" (Margaret Stimmann Branson); (5) "Using United States Supreme Court Cases to Promote Civic Learning in Social Studies Teacher Education" (Thomas S. Vontz; Robert S. Leming); (6) "The Deliberative Approach to Education for Democracy: Problems and Possibilities" (Walter C. Parker); (7) "Methods of Teaching Democracy to Teachers and Curriculum Developers: Examples from Post-Communist Europe" (Gregory E. Hamot); (8) "Civic Learning in Teacher Education through an American-Ukrainian Partnership" (Alden Craddock); (9) "Civic Learning in Teacher Education: An Example of Collaboration by Russians and Americans" (Charles S. White); (10) "Teacher Theorizing in Civic Education: Analysis of Exemplary Teacher Thinking in the United States and Hungary" (Jeffrey W. Cornett; Janos Setenyi); (11) "Civic Learning in Teacher Education through an American-Indonesian Partnership" (Margaret Sutton; Isnarmi Moeis; Wendy Gaylord); and "Conclusion: Recommendations for Enhanced Civic Learning in Teacher Education" (Gregory E. Hamot). An appendix lists the meeting's participants. (BT)

The article focuses on Muslim Albanian ruler Ali Pasha of Ioannina. It offers a historiography of Ali Pasha, along with historical context, sources, and a brief biography. It looks at his life between two social worlds of tribal, as bandit Albania and in formal Ottoman politics, as well as its representation of the convergence of the lands of Christian Europe and Muslim East.

The article profiles author Heather Docalavich and series consultant Ambassador John Bruton. This article emphasizes the interest of Docalavich in history and cultures of Eastern Europe. A personal background on Docalavich is provided in this paper. On the other hand, a background on Bruton's political career is highlighted. His service to the European Commission in the U.S. is also discussed.

Chapter 4 of the book "Women Write Back: Strategies of Response and the Dynamics of European Literary Culture, 1790-1805," is presented. It discusses how the biographical interest on Julie de Krüdener's connections to important people influenced the reception of her literary work. It cites how her novel "Valérie ou Lettres de Gustave de Linarà Ernest de G," was successful since readers focused more on expected celebrity revelations.

An essay is presented on the boundaries, nation and otherness in European films of voyage. It offers a history of the European film of voyage which reportedly includes any fiction film in which the journey, thematically and as a narrative structuring device, shapes a tale of social knowledge and self-discovery in contact with otherness set across European contexts. The author mentions the European films of voyage including "The Suspended Step of the Stork," and "Five Days, Five Nights.

An essay is presented on media and cultural diversity in Europe. It offers a history of broadcasting in Europe including BBC and focuses on Turkish migrants in Europe and their relation to media cultures. The author discusses how powerful the national imagination or the paradigm of imagined community is when it comes to thinking about audio-visual spaces.

An essay is presented on self-inflicted imperialism and the Americanizations of television in Europe. It offers a history of American and British models of broadcasting and advertising which includes the advent of the anchorman and the deregulation of the Eighties which reportedly gave a chance for American exporters to add Europe to their list of territories. The author discusses the different notions of Americanization such as popularization, commercialization, professionalization and policy.

An essay is presented on an exile as a tourist in his previous home. It examines the identities that have actualized and come into conflict upon returning to visit a once familiar place. The author focuses on how the returning exiles' experiences and identities are represented in photographs and films made and kept by their family members to explore how these are used in identity construction and to gain insight into the complexity of cultural identities being created in contemporary Europe.

A chapter from the book "We Europeans? Media, Representations, Identities" is presented. It explores the media and identity's relationship, particularly European identity. It highlights the various essays found within the book including Rob Kroes' essay on the current map of collective identifications and Roger Odin's essay on the processes by which the various cities attempted to build their identities inside the new context created by the construction of Europe.

Information about media governance as a valuable instrument of risk discourse for media ownership concentration from a chapter of the book "Convergence and Fragmentation" is presented. It identifies a number of economic advantages deriving from the increasing interpenetration within the media sector and the growing concentration. Some facts and figures concerning leading media companies in Europe are presented.

Information about the relationship between computer games and cultural policy in Europe from a chapter of the book "Convergence and Fragmentation" is presented. It looks at historical and aesthetic reasons for why computer games are now being considered of cultural and political importance. It discusses the widespread tendency among cultural experts as well as decision-makers to value games mainly as narrative. An overview and a brief evaluation of some overlooked values offered by different computer games and practices are presented.

Information about how the general tendency toward globalization has created considerable convergence in the domain of European information society, from a section of the book "Convergence and Fragmentation." It explores the overall tendencies of convergence in the spread of new information and communication technologies. The problems covered by the term divergence are discussed, including the deepening digital divide, and public fragmentation. It examines the main modifications in the different domains of social life in an information society.

Chapter Eleven of the book "The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond," by Barry Eichengreen is presented. It explores the decade of the 1980s which started the emergence of Europe from deep recession triggered by intense inflationary pressures and harsh measures to contain them. It emphasizes the need for deeper economic integration which resulted to the creation of the Economic Commission, the Court of Justice, the Parliament, and the Single Market Program of 1986.

Chapter Nine of the book "The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond," by Barry Eichengreen is presented. It details the decline in European economic growth in 1970s which was pushed further by the collapse of the Smithsonian Agreement and backlash against international trade due to fluctuations in exchange rate. It narrates the slowdown in productivity growth that affected the entire industrial world between the periods 1962-1973 and 1973-1982.

Chapter Four of the book "The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond," by Barry Eichengreen is presented. It details the various efficiencies among European countries in driving their capital investments, new technology, and government programs. It reveals that trade and investments were the engines of the economic growth in Europe in the 1950s.

Chapter Two of the book "The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond," by Barry Eichengreen is presented. It explores the facts surrounding the economic growth in Europe from 1820 to 2000 with focus on the aggregate gross domestic product (GDP). It explains the exceptional nature of the golden age that reflect the broad patterns of the poor countries in Peripheral Europe including Greece, Ireland, and Portugal.

The centrality of well-trained innovating doctorates to the future of the world's cultural and economical well-being cannot be underestimated. To meet with the challenge, Europe has much invested in providing unifying guidelines of common graduate studies' goals and practices. Nonetheless, a significant heterogeneity in their implementation, largely due to the difficulties in adapting and changing of existing frameworks, are evident. In addition, the interdisciplinary character of future research dictates cooperation of players hitherto isolated within current research and educational structures. As actors, we take a concrete approach of identifying the essential components of an ideal interdisciplinary graduate school, built upon ingredients of successful international examples, to set a pilot interdisciplinary graduate program. The basis of our recommended Graduate Center is the creation of common language between students and researchers from different backgrounds. It encompasses the following key ingredients: a quality-assuring international governing scientific council; a physical centre including seminar rooms and well-equipped working space for students and visiting professors; individualised flexible curriculum, motivating students, reinforced in their primary discipline, to interchange their knowledge; an international network of high-level researchers splitting workshops between their established curriculum and students' choice of seminars and an active thesis tutoring committee encompassing hosting-lab-independent specialists in related disciplines. In order to reach the critical mass of expertise needed to meet these ends, a concerted action is necessary between establishments within a coherent geographical setting (city (e.g.,), region (e.g.,) or country (e.g., Finland)). In order to assure proper financial support, we suggest that Graduate Centres will be autonomous bodies capable of attracting funding not only through their 'mother' establishments but also independently from EC, research foundations and the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the successful branding strategy of Fresh, a business that has grown from a small soap shop into a popular cosmetics brand favored by celebrities. Particular focus is given to the packaging design of its products. Co-founder Alina Roytberg says their line was created to functionally fit into the life of the consumer with consideration for value, quality and reason. There is a plan by Fresh to expand to Europe and the U.S. West Coast.

Chapter 9 of the book "Media Between Culture and Commerce" is presented. It deals with the key actors influencing the media governance in Europe. Intergovernmental bodies and organisations approach media issues from different perspectives and the European Union (EU) is known for its economic and technological approach. EU is the key organisation in terms of media policy. EU policies influence the development of regulatory framework for television and electronic communications and the development of mechanisms promoting the audiovisual industry.

The section discusses various topics published within the issue including an analysis of the preparation of public broadcasting for digital applications, the study of media regulation and policy within the framework of governance and the diverse actors involved in media governance in Europe.

References for the articles published in the book "Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought & Historical Difference" are presented.

Chapter 1 of the book "Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought & Historical Difference," edited by Sherry B. Ortner, Nicholas B. Dirks and Geoff Eley is presented. It explores on the idea of Indians who represent themseleves in the history and putting aside the problems of identity that underlie in a transnational enterprise. It highlights the discussions of history concerning Europe that remained independent and became a theoretical topic of all histories.

An essay is presented on the relations between the U.S. and Western Europe. It indicates that the international relations experts believe that the change in the relations between the two countries starts in the end of the Cold war, in which the American security policies are no longer focused on Europe. It claims that the U.S. strategies for the Iraqi war is considered by the Europeans as alien, destabilizing, and potentially hurtful for their country.

A chapter from the book "Myths of Europe" is presented. It provides information on several theatrical plays written in Great Britain after 1989, which focused on the myths and narratives that have come to surround the notion of a new Europe. An analysis of the three representative plays written by Peter Whelan, David Greig, and Sarah Kane is also provided. A tentative interpretation is explained about the structural homology between ancient myth-making and present-day myth-blasting.

A chapter from the book "Myths of Europe" is presented. It discusses the reinvention of Saint Nicholas, popularly known as Santa Claus, as an attempt to subvert the commercial globalization. It explains how the reinvention move can affect the understandings about a regional legend that passed, or returned, into pan-European mythology. It details the effort of some organized groups in promoting interest in Saint Nicholas.

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses various reports published within the issue including one which deals with myths in Europe, another which describes observations on the nature and scope of myth in the region, and essays which determine the ways in which myths arise and transform.

Chapter 3 of the book "Everyday Life: World War I" is presented. It mentions many of the leaders in Europe at the time of World War I. This chapter also looks at the personalities and peculiarities of these leaders. It describes the lack of leadership of Nicholas II in ruling Russia. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany was the direct opposite of Nicholas II. Whereas Nicholas was shy and gentle, Wilhelm was a bully and a braggart.

Chapter 2 of the book "Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines" is presented. It discusses the role and significance of water and memory in European culture. It talks about varied cultural presences of the watery features of geography such as the ancient rivers of Rome, Italy and the rivers that unite Budapest, Hungary. The way sea coasts become instrumental in creating a meeting place of cultures is also explored.

The article focuses on stories of various individuals who had undergone a sanguinary proceeding against witchcraft in Europe including Jerome Savonarola, John Trithemius, and Henry Cornelius Agrippa. Also included are various witchcraft tales from different European countries as well as the prosecutions received by persons who are charged guilty of performing necromancy.

Chapter 6 of the book "Irish Race in the Past and the Present," by Augustus J. Thebaud is presented. It explores the feudal system that conquered Europe wherein the manners of the people had been left unchanged with the convulsions of the modern history. It likewise highlights the struggle of the Irish people against the feudal system implemented by the Scandinavians.

Chapter 2 of the book "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783," by Alfred Thayer Mahan is presented. It explores the political and economic conditions of the European States in 1660. It also examines the naval policy in the states and the policy implemented by the King of France, Louis XIV and discusses the Anglo-Dutch war in 1665-1667.

This article explains that the key to answering the question of how the developments in political communication in Europe cane be considered as part of a process of professionalisation rests in analyses of the changing nature of political parties. It observes that over the 20th century political parties have been transformed from parties with mass members to parties with small and declining memberships. Advances in communication technologies also played a role in the professionalisation process.

Chapter 5 of the book "Cultures Merging: A Historical and Economic Critique of Culture," by Eric L. Jones is presented. It explores the cryptical potential of a number of early institutions in Europe and on how they were able to outgrow their origins and reveal an expansible utility. It discusses the overlaps of culture and institutions by identifying the significant methods for such. The difficulty in changing culture in its formal guise and the effects of value and institution are also noted.