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Based on our master's degree state of the art, we have decided to go further into the subject of ergonomics in man/machine interface conception projects, as several questions arose. In 2019, digital transition can be found in any topic. Some companies passed major steps on reducing or even suppressing paper. Smartphones and apps profusion arises questions about the balance between personal and working lifes. This literature review points out the importance of considering the working organization in digital tools development, specially for smartphones' apps and presents different methods to do so. Discussion opens on the observation that, from a societal point of view, alarming signs appear about energy overconsumption from digital tools. As a systemic field, what should be the limit for ergonomics in analyzing the socioeconomic world, considering that any activity and consequently intervention comes within its scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical and methodological paper will serve as a problematic introduction to this symposium, which examines the concept of boundaries and its interest in thinking about the challenges of ergonomic interventions from a developmental perspective. We will argue that thinking about boundary issues is a real challenge for the expansion of the ergonomic analysis of work, which forces us to think about the developments of the discipline in relation to the evolution of work organizations. Through the papers of this symposium, we will seek to understand how the ambition of a developmental approach implies an expansion of the boundaries of the ergonomic discipline and its unit of analysis. In what way do methodological approaches imply going beyond the usual boundaries of well-circumscribed and delimited activity systems? Conversely, how can we, through the papers presented in this symposium, characterize and better define the boundaries and identity of developmental approaches?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous reflections and white papers were produced about "new" artificial intelligence (AI) systems but with little empirical data about their usefulness and consequences in the context of professional activities. Drawing on the perspective of stakeholders, the objective of this paper is to provide empirical data about the potential benefits and risks of AI in work situations and the transformations they can bring about. This exploratory study is based on a qualitative methodology combining 15 semi-directive interviews and open observations conducted during discussion lectures and workshops on AI. If the first results show that the majority of participants consider AI as a tool to help humans, they also highlight a gap between the AI functionality proposed or imagined by designers and the participants' real needs. They also express some fears that echo the problems of automation wellstudied in the field of ergonomics. These results invite us to reflect on how the ergonomic approach can investigate these questions about the place of AI in work situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show the interest of a collaboration between ergonomics and socio-economics to highlight an aspect of performance gains that is overlooked: hidden costs. The use of this type of costs allows us to approach performance from an infrequently evaluated angle, the quantification of different impacts on work such as human behaviours, work organization information system performance... In the paper we are particularly interested in hidden costs. An intervention in this field allows us to illustrate the subject and the links between these costs and their origin in the sphere of ergonomics. In the discussion we show that the approach to hidden costs through ergonomics leads to questions concerning the sustainable development of human resources and in particular through an initial access to externalities (Hubault, 2009). This issue highlights the need for an efficient intervention to improve the performance and health of the operator in a work situation, to push back the cognitive and operational boundaries of our discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the HFO specialists' point of view in the field of nuclear safety related to emergency operation and crisis management. It highlights the utility of simulation in two different contexts: the design of a future control room and organizational changes for crisis management. Paper concludes of how simulation paves the way for new forms of training for crisis management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose to address the question of possible conceptual ways of thinking about organizations in the making. We will begin by introducing the concept of borders, which seems heuristic to us, to define development as crossing borders. We will then propose to reverse the perspective by adopting a transitional prism, in a third step, we will describe a developmental intervention carried out in a transitional perspective, and finally we will discuss this experimentation in order to think about organizational genesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents recent researches in EDF relating to emergency management. These researches are divided in two parts. The first one aims to identify, through the analysis of simulation-based "extreme" situations, factors that enhance or weaken the organizational resilience. This first part underlines the stakes of transformation regarding the emergency management philosophy and training. The second part consists of a proposal of innovative training devices for emergency management. These devices are focused, in order to meet the trainee's needs according to their missions in the crisis organization. These devices also consider that the "unexpected" can happen in an "anticipated" organization, based on that principle, it is necessary to anticipate and test unexpected situations. This approach is illustrated with one of the prototypes developed in order to train one of the teams of the crisis management organization. This tool seems to enhance the development of specials skills regarding its missions and its teamwork characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussion spaces on work have been developed over the last few years to improve company performance, accompany changes, improve risk management and prevent psychosocial risks. Participatory processes concerning the identification and prevention of risks in industries and in the medical field mainly use scenarios to discuss work. Two risk analysis methods, using the scenario as a framework for reflection, were analysed to enrich the factors that support or limit the discussions. These are, on the one hand, the Analysis of Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality (FMEA) and, on the other hand, the Spaces for Sharing and Exploring the Complexity of Work (EPECT in French). This paper proposes to study the link between the scenario and the quality of discursive dynamics in work analyses aimed at improving the safety of radiotherapy care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study of a polar traverse (logistical transport over the ice in Antarctica) during a crisis situation encountered. The aim of this research is to consider the understanding of the crisis situation through the Powley (2009) model of resilience activation. In February 2013, when the traverse returns from Concordia, the gasoil (used for heating and transportation) begins to freeze. Through a comprehensive approach, a reconstruction of the crisis situation was traced with the collaboration of the eight raid members involved in the situation. The results revealed a collective awareness that this was an unanticipated, unforeseen situation. Exotic solutions were provided by the most novices through the sharing of their diverse experiences. Questions of training, of contradictory debate, have fuelled the discussion around the frames of thought preventing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication proposes an analysis of the work of nuclear safety regulation in the case of the risk of flooding. The risk of flooding has been the subject of particular attention since the 1970s, the starting point for the construction of the nuclear power plant now in operation and has a strong "eventful" history (flooding of the French nuclear power plant at Blayais in 1999 and the Fukushima accident in 2011). Through the study of the flood risk, we will show that nuclear safety regulation is the product of "regulatory work": this corresponds to the way in which experts, the safety authority and operators interact to draw up and implement regulations, which we call a "regulatory instrument". In this paper, we will characterize and analyze this regulatory work during the design of two safety rules, in the 1970-80s and in the 2000-2010 period, in order to draw some conclusions on the evolution of the French regulatory system as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a new safety culture integrating the vision of ergonomics and human and organizational factors (HOF) is part of a long process requiring numerous actions in several areas of safety management. After a presentation of the concept of safety culture, this communication develops, based on the experience of SNCF, the work that has been carried out in terms of HOF training actions. These are the first step in a process of change that will span several years. They should allow the actors to understand the meaning of this new culture, to appropriate and share a different vision of safety. The design and realization of these trainings were the result of the collaboration of ergonomists and HOF experts with specialists in adult training and safety. The paper presents a discussion on the lessons learned from this experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will discuss how technical-regulatory systems manage the risks associated with the use of pesticides and how the results produced by ergonomic and ergotoxicological research will fuel heterogeneous confrontations between the underlying models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-technical systems produce risks whose spatial and temporal amplitude requires complex regulations that mobilize over time a plurality of actors with heterogeneous stakes and logics. Nuclear power is primarily concerned and we have attempted to explore these issues within the framework of the AGORAS project (2014-2019) launched after the Fukushima accident and whose objective was, in particular, to understand how natural risks have been assessed and taken into account in the French nuclear regulatory system. This work led us to look at several cases of extreme natural events that have occurred in France since the 1980s and especially since the early 2000s and that have threatened the very safety of various nuclear facilities. Over the years, the French nuclear industry has thus been led to carry out a certain number of social and technical apprenticeships and transformations, which have enabled it to improve the way in which so-called "natural" risks are regulated. By risk regulation we mean here the way in which certain potential threats and their effects are anticipated, prevented and, more generally, assessed. The purpose of this paper is therefore to analyze these learnings and in particular to understand how the stakeholders of the nuclear industry have managed to carry out this work despite its complexity, despite their differences, despite the particularly long temporality of this process and despite various discontinuities that can punctuated it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the implementation of a developmental method of Change Laboratory in the framework of a request formulated by a steering team of a university institute. We describe the theoretical framework of the cultural-historical theory of activity in which we operate and highlight the methodological and epistemological principle of double stimulation. The results of this ongoing study show 9 sources of systemic contradictions identified by the actors. The discussion will focus on the nature of the artefacts mobilized within the framework of double stimulation and on the role of the ergonomist in such a methodological framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to trigger a dialogue between two perspectives on activity, the clinic of activity (Clot, 1999) and the cultural-historical activity theory (Engeström, 1987), and that on both, practical and theoretical level. We identify shared assumptions and tensions between these two models and to highlight implications for workplace interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper questions how virtual reality tools can contribute to the construction of tools and methods for the ergonomist, particularly situational interviews. These virtual environments offer, under certain conditions, an immersion and a feeling of presence, which opens up possibilities concerning the construction of data on activity in unobservable situations. These possibilities are related to the affordances of these tools and through this study we examine in particular that of spherical photos (360°). This contribution reports on a method that was tested when a training facility was set up to encourage newly qualified young field operators to take a reflexive look at their professional practices. The results of the comprehensive analysis of their activity highlighted elements on the power of this situation to be put back into a dynamic situation. This method of re-situating from artificial traces, consists in proposing to the actor to tell a significant, meaningful episode that he has experienced, by navigating in a virtual environment representing the authentic environment in which he lived this episode. In conclusion, we discuss the contributions and limitations of this method as well as the possibilities for its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although strict design standards have been developed for robotics, using robots within industrial environments leads to accidents involving operators, sometimes resulting in fatalities. In order to address this situation, this paper proposes a new risk analysis method for robotics based on the Endsley's situation awareness model, and its demons impeding the situation awareness. Categorizing accidents with robots in industrial environments (INRS database) lead to identifying that 3 specific demons are involved in 90% of reported accidents (N=44): "out-of-the-loop", "errant mental model" and "attentional tunneling". A Bayesian network is used to determine risks probabilities. In addition, specific recommendations are made to improve situation awareness and reduce the risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a reflexive feedback on the benefits of an immersive virtual reality simulation tool at two stages of a design process: the joint design of workplace scenarios with expert operators and the design-validation steps with operational managerial staff. The reflection is based on two interventions aiming at designing ergonomic workplaces. During the joint design stage of workplaces scenarios, a double movement both individual and collective was found, contributing to a better dynamic projection in their future working environment by the operators. In the joint design-validation stage, the tool improve the mutual understanding and argumentation between the various stakeholders to more quickly results in robust trade-offs which may have been tested in real time. Methodological precautions to be taken are then discussed. We conclude on the opportunities to extend the application scope of the simulation tool in the service of designing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulators" are technicians in an air operation whose main activity is scheduling, i.e. the assignment of tasks to resources. The aim of this paper is to present this scheduling activity from the perspective of a multifaceted mediation between conflicting objects (health and production, multiple temporalities and top-down and bottom-up prescriptions). The results show the extent and diversity of health events that regulators combine with production imperatives and integrate into work organization, as well as the complexity of the mediations carried out and the inclusion of criteria in multiple temporalities (relating to agents, collectives and management). However, this primary health prevention is subject to conditions and is diminished in the context of dyschronicity between increasingly rapid flows of change, which then weakens the agents' careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2010's, The new communication networks, the computing power improvement, the Big data and machine learning have seen a sharp increase recently and have created the conditions favourable conducive to Artificial Intelligence. Among these AI-based devices, the rise of conversational agents has been growing since 2010. The massive deployment of chatbots in companies testifies to this craze and raises questions about the relationship between humans and this new type of machine that would be able to dialogue 'like a human'. In this paper, we stand on a study carried out in 2019, at the request of the Artificial Intelligence division of EDF R&D, aimed at characterizing the impact of chatbots on the group's (historical) professions. We will see how an approach in terms of mediations comes to replace human activity at the heart of the sociotechnical system and questions, in particular, the role of interpersonal mediations and the impact of not taking them into account on the learning and performance chatbots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a discussion on developmental intervention mobilized within the context of Sustainable Development. Based on the description of two research-interventions - one concerns the prevention of occupational risks within the sector of household waste sorting; the other one concerns the design of a sustainable neighborhood - we discuss the values embedded in the operators (or users) activity. We argue that such values drive both the development of people, groups and organizations and the Sustainable Development (economic, environmental, social). But taking values into account involves collective debates and questions the scale of action to transform situations. We finally discuss what values-based debates imply in comparison with debates on other dimensions of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fire represents a major disaster whose human, material and environmental cost can be extremely high. Ensuring the people and assets safety face to of this threat and reducing its impact, is a societal key issue. New technologies are therefore used to contribute to fire safety and effective fire fighting. However, one can legitimately ask how these technologies have been conceived and developed from the point of view of the user's activity. Our paper deals with the impact of the virtual training environment introduction (equipped with a virtual reality helmet setted on) on the activity of trainers in the context of fire intervention training. The results of the trainers' activity analysis present the limitations of the tool. Moreover, the work of the trainers is hindered by this new device. This lead us to evaluate the design process which is guided by the technologies and not by the users' needs. Finally, we will discuss how much leeway there is in the design process to set a usable and acceptable virtual training environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobility, telework, digital nomadism are changing work organizations resulting in flexibility of space and time. Based on ongoing research in the social sector, this paper proposes to understand the implications of nomadic work and the package day arrangement on the work organization of specialized educators. We will start by laying the epistemological based on which our analysis is based and then we will try to show how these time-space modalities are artifacts of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research, applies crossed methods of design and ergonomics. Following recommendations of climate experts and recent changes in the French legislative framework about energy transition, we suggest a design approach to accompany user-involvement in the energy transition. As an activitycentered design perspective, we have executed a participative simulation workshop for collective projection in a given environment, where neighbors could share renewable energy locally produced. This paper present the methodology implemented, the results obtained from the study, and some leads in a perspective of designing services and solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this proposed paper is to make visible for ergonomics practitioners and actors in charge of project construction, the different challenges, methods and results of a three-year intervention co-piloted by many actors from different backgrounds. This ergonomics intervention is part of the development of a master plan for a French railway company. We focus here more precisely on the process design to be implemented in a building under construction. The different methodologies practiced, specifically the strong mobilization of activity simulation methods, the roles and positioning of each will be discussed. We made a point on the impacts of the practice of ergonomics from the point of view of the union actors and decision-makers of this project. Centered on the issue of centralizing the interventions, we will see how and what some objectives have been achieved with this problematic of co-intervention, notably on social construction in this company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an ongoing research on the ergonomic approach to the collective dimensions of the advising professionals activity in the inter-company occupational health services (SIST). For these actors with varied skills who are required to work together by regulation, multi-disciplinary behaviour is particularly important in light of the complexity and multifactorial etiology of occupational health issues raised in the Companies. This multidisciplinary injunction must therefore lead them to confront their specialized points of view and integrate those of others while remaining competent professionals in their discipline. However, working together is not spontaneous, there are more or less favorable conditions for professionals to collaborate. This communication therefore offers perspectives for analyzing multidisciplinary teamwork in order to reflect on forms of work organization that support the collective activity and the interprofessional collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper questions the concept and ideal of high-fidelity, on which crisis simulations are often based, and aims to show how so-called "low-fidelity" simulations can offer learning and development opportunities, particularly for professionals not familiar with crisis management. Conducted within the framework of the course-of-action (Theureau, 2010), our study consisted in analysing the lived experience of municipal officials in prototypical "low-fidelity" simulations (e.g., test of the municipal emergency plan). We identified four conditions favourable to learning and development that contribute to the emergence of a "space of immersed reflexivity" in simulation. Finally, we are contributing to a technological research program in training (Durand, 2008) by defining an original way of thinking about simulations: the "good enough" simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work discussion forums are imposed as means of action in professional circles, in particular to combat psychosocial risks. Very often, it is the local managers who are responsible for leading the system within the company. But what about discussing the work of these managers? This paper reports on an intervention carried out within a local authority in which we presented local managers with an analysis of their own activity. We present the methodology deployed as well as a first evaluation of the results. In conclusion, we raise the paradox of certain mechanisms that make the local manager responsible for planning the work schedule without providing for discussion of their own work. Finally, we talk about the setting up of a discussion space to help bring about a transformation of work situations moving towards the quality and development of the health of professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an MSD (musculoskeletal disorders) prevention approach, a company undertook to automate an activity in which the equipment was deemed harmful for the upper limbs. The company asked for some ergonomists to consult on the ongoing project. The analysis of activity performed by the ergonomists revealed that many parameters have not been taken into account in the initial plan. Also they would have had some impact on joint and muscle loads, as well as on manufacturing processes and work organization. We suggested, as the company needs to rethink the project, to assist them in drawing up operational specifications to the new machine. A participatory approach was set up and allowed to define the needs related to the future machine. The analysis of activity was a powerful tool for thinking through the project again. The aim of this paper is to present how the ergonomists' analysis of activity led the executive board to redefine the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper focuses on interdisciplinarity in collective research activity within the VirtuAlz project (ANR). This project aims to develop a digital simulation tool for the training in verbal and non-verbal communication of health professionals working with patients with Alzheimer's disease and dementia (ADAD). Based on a definition of the term "interdisciplinary research", we present two approaches of interdisciplinarity and the associated methodological tools. The first one refers to the network actor theory, and the second one considers the collaborative project as a unit of collective activity within which conflicts and norms are qualitative analysers that guarantee interdisciplinarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of this communication is to better understand the design process that a farmer engages in when developing more agroecological practices on his/her farm. To do so, we rely on the notion of narrative, and propose to speak of "design narrative". This paper focuses on a case study: a cattle farmer, in transition to a grassland system, low-input and self-sufficient. The narration of design narratives by farmer is allowed by the implementation of the Chronicle of Change method (Chizallet, 2019). These narratives allow him to make his experience explicit and are indicative of his major concerns, which are varied in nature and interdependent. In addition, design narratives highlight design processes that focused on these concerns and allow the farmer to move through the time of the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A qualitative analysis of 77 interviews, carried out by SELF Ergonomic History Board, was performed in order to identify various relationships between their personal features and occupational career. This paper focuses on existing typicals ergonomists groups in relation to the main ergonomic's themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on the activity of the driving instructor suggests the presence of an effective dual task, including a management of the driving environment and a training activity (Vidal-Gomel & Rogalski, 2009). The study presented in this paper aims to understand how the complexity of the road environments would impact the activity carried out in the training task. So, we compared two types of environments (i.e., «complex environment» and «non-complex environment») in relation to three components of the Instructor's training activity (i.e., execution activities, relational activities and correction activities). The main results show that the driving instructor prefers to implement a specific component of the teaching activity, depending on the type of environment encountered in the driving lesson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aircraft ground deicing is necessary to ensure a safe takeoff during freezing conditions in Canada. When the airport is equipped with proper facilities, it is possible to de-ice multiple planes at the same time. The Coordinator of Traffic and Movement (CTM) has to coordinate a massive coactivity between numerous de-icing teams on ground, pilots and other actors involved in the de-icing process. In this context miscommunication can lead to accidents. In this paper, it will be shown that eye-tracking technology is a relevant way to study human factors during communication problems in the aircraft ground de-icing context. The paper is shaped as a literature review focused on eye-tracking application field, which has been conducted to extract the applicable knowledge in eye-tracking technology by searching articles on scientific databases. It is shown in the scientific literature that eye tracking is a relevant means to identify areas of interest, visual attention and mental workload. Results can also be crossed with other questionnaires, as NASA-TLX to evaluate workload perception. Eye tracking then should allow identifying for communication errors between CTM and worker involved in de-icing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some characteristics of the structure and functioning of the CEA HOF network as dialogical couples. The objective of the designing of these characteristics as dialogical couples was to foster the integration of HOF in the management of industrial nuclear risks. The three dialogical couples are: specialists - relays and correspondents, centralized - distributed HOF resources and microscopic - macroscopic HOF analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific studies on deburring activity have underlined high prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). In the context of MSDs prevention, the company, in which this study is being conducted, explored a collaborative robots (cobot) solution to reduce biomechanical strain during deburring activity. Cobot designers argue their utilization by reducing biomechanical strain and by preserving the operator's expertise. In this context, a study on MSDs prevention was initiated to analyze the evolution of professional gestures of deburrers while they use the cobot. The first step of this study, which is the subject of this paper, focused on the analysis of their professional gestures during the activity of "manual deburring" (without cobot). The aim was to analyze how the different dimensions of professional gesture (biomechanical, cognitive, psychic and social) are involved in strategies developed by deburrers during their work activity without cobot. Using activity observations and interviews, the presented results reinforce the articulation of the biomechanical and the cognitive dimensions of professional gesture and deepen understanding of each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper aims to question the limits of scientific knowledge and its use in the protection of employees exposed to chemical risks. In doing so, it will also question safety management in the light of real work situations studied during a CHSCT assessment on an oil terminal. It aims to show from these two points how a debated and managed security makes it possible to transform work situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suicide of an employee is always a situation of significant emotion for company. For ergonomics, this type of situation raises the question of the prevention of occupational risks. Suicidal acts always involve a mystery, nevertheless the analysis of the work reveals the exposure factors to which the employee has been exposed in the context of his professional activity. The purpose of this paper is to examine what a suicide can teach us about the activity of manager and the consequences of changes in organisation in terms of prevention of occupational risks. We will présent a case of an intervention in a context of « CHSCT expertise » conducted following the suicide of an executive commercial. A discussion is proposed around the issues related to: the way companies conduct change, and the questions of disconnection and workload assessment. In the end, we will reflect on the adaptation of prevention devices to the profession of manager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ergonomic activity analysis lends itself well to the synchronic study of work and of its diversity, "here and now". If a holistic understanding of working conditions is to be developed and their temporal changes taken into account, the joint use of other disciplines (sociology, epidemiology, work and organisational psychology, etc.) and other methods (e. g. questionnaire survey) is useful. The communication examines the contribution of ergonomists to the enrichment of a traditional tool in human resources management - the employee satisfaction survey. Based on a study within a large Swiss public administration, it illustrates possible complementarities between activity ergonomics and a statistical approach to occupational health. The paper presents the main changes in working conditions - as perceived by staff - over the last decade. It also discusses the use that can be made of the satisfaction survey as an instrument for prevention and organisational development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undertaking a transformation project by bringing employees into the design process means taking responsibility for the initiation of a strategic debate on both the conditions under which the activity is to take place and the conditions for performance. There is no guarantee of a satisfactory outcome. In order to understand how such a process is put into practice, this paper presents a participative approach to the prefiguration of a new type of organisation, with the integration of a simulation phase. It analyses the procedures put in place to ensure the success of each stage in the process. It highlights the determining nature of the integration of the activity, using simulation to support the processes of conception and decision-making. In conclusion, this experiment demonstrates the utility of applying the principle of subsidiarity to strategic objects that are traditionally reserved for management teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French mountain guides, with just over 1,700 professionals, are at the origin of a worrying accidentology, both from a human point of view and for the future of the profession. For more than 15 years, the two main institutions have tried to explore the bases of the profession to better imagine future transformations. In this paper, we will present the first results of a research aiming to better understand the real activity of mountain guides and their initial training. Mainly, we will see why and how this analysis of their activity allows us to query professional didactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text follows on from a previous paper presented at the 2017 SELF conference. In relation to the ergonomic approach, whilst underlining the importance of the so-called "5-square diagram", it also pointed out its limits when it comes to analysing contemporary work situations. To get round this problem while still maintaining the strength of the mechanisms in the initial model, we proposed a "10-square diagram", where the beneficiary of the service interacts with the worker and coproduces the service with him/her. This nevertheless lacked the retroaction and learning loops that constitute the central and structuring nature of activity in situation. Taking the results of an intervention carried out in a local community, this text aims to develop an interpretation that allows them to be represented in the proposed diagram. It allows us to confirm the utility of linking the work sphere to the societal sphere in the ergonomic approach to contemporary work. Keywords: Insert keywords max at four from Ergonomics Abstracts' index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of a participative approach on the work of the managers, based on an example of an ergonomic intervention carried out as part of an architectural project to build a new nursing home. Positioned as assistance to the project manager with a presence over 4 years, the complete duration of the project, it allows to carry out a reflexive analysis on the organization of the participation. From individual interviews conducted with managers and agents, but also from working groups, it appears that participation impacts the work of the managers. The managers use then this participation to manage. We support here the point of view that setting up a participative approach is an act of management. It is also an opportunity beyond a help to make decisions, to talk about the work of the managers and to change the managerial practices. In this sense, the ergonomists had an educational role towards the managers through participatory approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In post-taylorism organizations, the prescribed work tends to be lightened in exchange for greater empowerment of front-line actors and greater reliance on cooperation with different stakeholders. At the same time, one may notice that these stakeholders are carrying another form of informal and implicit prescription: the expected work. The purpose of this paper is to discuss this observation and analyze the links between expected work and actual work. On this basis, a work regulation model that takes into account the expected work is proposed and some of its implications for the practice of ergonomics are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to understand how the design and the implementation of a new risked activity in the polar environment were built: an activity on the ice pack imagined and led by a single designer. Elicitation and self-confrontation interviews were conducted with the designer based on traces of the activity and were analysed. The results show the role played by a variety of experiences and traces of activities in the design of the creative activity, as well as the development of a new experience, that of driving in thrust, thanks to the conception of this new activity. The place of the experiments, the construction of traces of the activity and the incorporation of the security in the design and the implementation are discussed, to finally open on the question of development and formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper proposes to question the concept of risk from the analysis of the activity. It will be a question of valorizing the theoretical contributions resulting from ergotoxicology. Risk is a concept whose domain of extension and use are constantly expanded. It is a controversial concept, both political and pragmatic. The disciplines or approaches whose methodological principle is the analysis of work situations do not merely make use of it or define the criteria in which the risks (for the workers) can be thought to be acceptable. We will propose an ergonomic understanding of risk based on the lessons learned from two very recent CHSCT expertises, related to the risks of exposure to chemicals, carried out at two petrochemical sites classified SEVESO. We will propose a contribution to the construction of a model of risk apprehension and we will participate in the development of a methodology in a work transformation goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous and connected vehicles (CAVs) hold out the hope of a safer, more fluid and responsible mobile world. Today, some pilots are taking place in different countries. Beyond the technological challenges, it is now necessary to focus on the human dimension of CAVs. What are the acceptance factors for future users? What new modes of human-VAC interaction are to be imagined? What driving training should be developed to prepare drivers of these vehicles without a driver? The purpose of this paper is to list some challenges for ergonomics, in order to feed the debates in which some researchers are already involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the linked evolution of tools and work organization from the first stone tools to digital technologies. Work organization moved from craftsmen-type work linked to local resources and producing a finished (master)work, to industrial manufacture and now a global network. In the move, organization first controlled the time of work, to allow coordinated activities in the factory, then controlled work gestures through the Taylorian principles and finally digitally controls the information available to the worker and produced by its activity. Information technologies change both the way the worker acts on matter or information, and the cognitive landscape in which the activity develops. We analyze software and networks as work tools impacting control and heteronomy, as well as professional relations and the recognition of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to discuss how, through the analysis of work activity, a glance can be placed on the question of exposure to risk at work, within a strong subjective context. By highlighting the forces driving the work activity, and particularly what makes sense and value for the operators, levers are identified to think differently the work of documentalists engaged in the processing of images and sounds. The approach initiated, through the fine understanding of the work activity, calls into question the criteria underlying the work organization. It opens another way to consider the issue of organizational performance in an organization valuing data remote from what is valuable in the work for the documentalists responsible for the processing of images and sounds, some of which may be perceived as traumatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study whose initial request was the development of multi-skill in the fitter teams of a petrochemical industry. Faced with the low performance of the maintenance teams, especially the fitter sector, we conducted a study to understand the factors related to productivity and propose improvements. The diagnosis was made through systematic field observations and self-confrontations with supervisors and boilermakers. It has created the basis for a "Systemic Productivity Model" for maintenance workers, which re-examines the safety practice and culture of high-risk industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]