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The article discusses the potential of human-machine teams in weather forecasting, using the example of the 1997 Central Texas Tornado Outbreak. The outbreak resulted in the destruction of the Double Creek Estates subdivision and raised questions about the improvement of forecasting technology. The article explains the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in weather forecasting, highlighting their potential for discovering relationships and maximizing supercomputing efficiency. It also discusses the emerging field of human-machine teaming, which combines the strengths of humans and machines to optimize forecasting efficacy. The article concludes by suggesting that human-machine models could be used to recreate past conditions and gauge predictive accuracy. [Extracted from the article]

Supercomputers have revolutionized meteorology by simulating the atmosphere and enabling more accurate weather forecasts. The use of supercomputers in weather prediction can be traced back to the work of meteorologist Cleveland Abbe in the 1860s. Today, supercomputers like NCAR's Derecho continue to push the boundaries of computational speed and efficiency, with architectures optimized for parallel processing and the use of multi-core CPUs and GPUs. The accuracy of these models has improved over time, and advancements in technology, such as quantum computing and machine learning, will continue to enhance their capabilities. The future of computational meteorology looks promising with increasing computational power, refined models, and more accurate data. [Extracted from the article]

In clear air, a nuclear weapon's prompt thermal energy pulse can instantly incinerate anything in its path up to more than fifteen miles from the hypocenter, depending on the yield of the weapon. When a nuclear weapon detonates, whether a fission or a thermonuclear (fission-fusion) device, the explosion first emits ionizing radiation, accounting for 5-10% of a weapon's energy. Sometimes called a Hydrogen bomb, an H-bomb, or a fusion bomb, a thermonuclear weapon's yield is generated by both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. This heat blast accounts for roughly 30-35% of a nuclear weapon's destructive potential, although in some weapon con-figurations, delivery profiles, and target types, this can be as high as 45%. [Extracted from the article]

Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in southern California is known for its rugged desert features, including knife-edge ridges, deep valleys, and broad plains of rock. The park experiences less than 6 inches of rain per year, making timing crucial for the emergence of wildflowers. The best blooms typically occur after above-average rainfall in December and January, followed by sunny and warm February weather. This can result in an explosion of color known as a "super bloom." The park is also home to diverse wildlife, including desert bighorn sheep. [Extracted from the article]

McMurdo Station, located in Antarctica, experiences extreme weather conditions due to its proximity to the Southern Ocean and the surrounding features such as the Ross Sea, the Ross Ice Shelf, and the Transantarctic Mountains. The station is known for its cold temperatures and powerful katabatic winds, which are gravity-driven winds that accelerate dense, cold air downslope. These winds, along with the complex topography, create localized weather patterns and storms, including intense snowstorms called "Herbies." The area also includes the McMurdo Dry Valleys, which are the largest ice-free land area in Antarctica and some of the driest places in the world. McMurdo Station serves as a hub for scientific research and is administered by the United States National Science Foundation. [Extracted from the article]

El Valle de la Luna is renowned for its extremely low humidity, including its near lack of precipitation. Northern Chile's El Valle de la Luna, the Valley of the Moon, is a landscape defined by wild geomorphic creations that include badlands, pinnacles, sand dunes, and dry lakebeds. It is sufficient, however, to cause just enough weathering and erosion to create the captivating forms that make El Valle de la Luna so distinctive and memorable. [Extracted from the article]

B I Part I of "U.S. Naval Oceanography: Pathfinders of the American Military" was published in the January/February 2023 issue of i Weatherwise Magazine. b Weather's Impact on Military Campaigns Historically, weather events have played key roles in outcomes of battles and entire campaigns. Naval Oceanography personnel provide highly-detailed environmental situational awareness information to members of all branches of the U.S. military, both conventional and special operations forces, including specific details of weather and ground conditions for specific areas of operations for both daytime and nighttime missions. A sister command to FNMOC, the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) provides the U.S. military with detailed information vital to maritime operations throughout the globe, including underwater dynamics - oceanographic "weather." Crucially, their careful integration of a wide array of weather monitoring systems allowed them to forecast a lull in inclement weather, a break that German forecasters, utilizing a less sophisticated weather monitoring and processing system than that of the Allies, failed to predict. [Extracted from the article]

Called the Department of Defense Master Clock, the USNO system that coordinates this process is an ensemble of more than 100 specialized atomic clocks. While not directly involved in meteorological and oceanographic observation and prediction, the USNO provides precise time and location data, which is used not only by other components of METOC and the Navy, but by the entire Department of Defense - and the entire world. Ranking among the most important of products Naval Oceanography delivers to the Navy and the Department of Defense are myriad environmental forecasts, and notably, weather forecasts. Department of Defense GPS satellites transmit frequencies usable by any GPS-enabled device on earth, and furthermore, USNO adjustments are disseminated globally. [Extracted from the article]

The West Maui Mountains in Hawaii are known for their diverse and changeable weather conditions. The area, spanning approximately 160 square miles, can experience a wide range of weather at any given moment. This variability is influenced by two types of winds: trade winds and Kona winds. Trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast and bring moisture-laden air that cools and produces rainfall when forced over the steep terrain. Kona winds, originating from the south and southwest, contribute to the area's meteorological character and often bring rain and a phenomenon called vog. The West Maui Mountains receive some of the highest rainfall totals in the world, with average volumes increasing with altitude. Temperatures in the area range from the low 80s to low 90s during the day and from the low 60s to low 70s at night. The West Maui Mountains are connected to the main island of Maui by a low isthmus and are home to Hawaii's largest nature preserve, Puʻu Kukui Watershed Preserve. [Extracted from the article]

The Matanuska-Susitna Valley in south-central Alaska is a region characterized by its natural beauty and interconnectedness between the sky, landscape, and atmosphere. Bounded by the Alaska Range and the Talkeetna Mountains, the valley is home to the Susitna River and the Matanuska River, both of which are fed by glacial meltwater and flow into the Cook Inlet. The region experiences a subarctic climate with short summers and long, frigid winters, and receives significant precipitation and snowfall. The Matanuska Valley is known for its vibrant agriculture, with nutrient-rich soil and ample water and daylight during the growing season. The valley has a rich history of farming, dating back to the early 1900s. [Extracted from the article]

Inside Knowledge The southwest coast of Morocco has only one large city, Agadir, which lies at the northern end of the coastline. The southwest coast of Morocco is a geographic corridor defined by stark natural forms, year-round serene weather, and isolation. Weatherscapes: Morocco's Southwest Coast - Desert Skies Tamed by the Sea. [Extracted from the article]

PHOTO (COLOR) On July 30, 2020, the roar of an Atlas V rocket blasting off from Florida's Cape Canaveral Air Force Station sounded the opening of a monumental quest, the Mars 2020 mission. Analysis of dust by I Perseverance i 's MEDA is handled by the RDS, or the Radiation and Dust Sensor. [Extracted from the article]

The northeast monsoon affects the South China Sea during the winter, from November through March, and the southwest monsoon occurs between May and September. Annual weather variations, including temperature fluctuations, are dictated by the region's two Asian monsoons: the northeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon. The South China Sea is a region of many moods. [Extracted from the article]

Audrey was the first hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945 and remains the most powerful June hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin, by pressure. Hurricane Rita completely destroyed Holly Beach, Peveto Beach, Cameron, and other locales along the shoreline with 120-mph winds and an 18-foot storm surge, the highest ever recorded in the state. Lapped by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, the shoreline of Southwest Louisiana has some of the most beautiful stretches of beach in the world. [Extracted from the article]

The energy required to boost a satellite, particularly a large photoreconnaissance or other ISR satellite, through the atmosphere into space is immense, requiring large rockets loaded with hundreds of thousands of pounds of high energy, potentially explosive fuel. For the United States, much the science of boosting satellites into orbit began with Operation Paperclip, where agents of the United States secreted leaders of Nazi Germany's ballistic missile program into America. The satellite orbited the earth 17 times, including eight passes over the Soviet Union, allowing coverage of 1.5 million square miles of the country, far more than all coverage of the U-2's overflights of the U.S.S.R. combined. The Soviets unknowingly provided a continuous feed of weather information that the NRO used in real time to turn on reconnaissance satellite cameras over cloud free targets and then turn them off over cloud-covered areas, saving precious film. [Extracted from the article]

Located in the heart of Asia, landlocked Afghanistan comprises steep, rugged mountains, swift rivers, and expansive swaths of sun-scorched desert. INSIDE KNOWLEDGE Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan and the country's most populous city, with 4.4 million inhabitants. Kabul is also a province, of which Kabul, the city, is the capital. [Extracted from the article]

One of the great treasures of the natural world lies nestled in the high desert of eastern California, the Eureka Valley dune field. It rises 680 feet above the base of the valley, making it the highest dune field in California, and the second highest in North America behind Colorado's Great Sand Dunes. Located in Eureka Valley's southern extremity, nestled against the western margin of the steep Last Chance Range of mountains, the dune field is renowned among naturalists and photographers as one of the planet's most beautiful features. [Extracted from the article]

Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino, the renowned Jesuit explorer of northern Mexico, sighted the mountains from across the Gulf of California in Sonora using a telescope and named them "Sierra Nevada" on his maps. Also called Cerro de la Encantada ("Enchanted Hill"), this steep-walled mountain rises to 10,154 feet above sea level and is the highest mountain in all of the Baja California Peninsula. Mexico's Baja California Peninsula is a region defined throughout most of its 760-mile length by desert and coastal forms. [Extracted from the article]

An ice-locked river grants troops a shortcut to victory; a mantle of fog foils an aggressor's advance; an undetected dust storm pummels a covert helicopter raid, leading to a fi ery, tragic end deep in enemy territory. The atmosphere's hand has on occasion proven more infl uential on history's battlefi elds than any human-hewn weapon or tactic of warfare. Sometimes a welcomed ally, sometimes a deadly enemy, and sometimes neutral, the sky participates in war on its own detached terms. Uninfl uenced by human intent, travail, and vicissitude, the atmosphere's actions seem uncontrollable. Seem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the information on the Allied forces were surging northward with the goal of political reunification of the peninsula by year's end. The article mentions about the United Nations forces just completed one of the most formidable advances of the war, pushing far into North Korea's territory in unusually halcyon fall weather; and Roiling storms dumped feet of snow.

Islamabad's site was determined in the late 1950s and construction started, and Pakistan's center of power was transferred there in 1966 after an interim period in Rawalpindi, which lies dir-ectly to the south of Islamabad. Islamabad, Pakistan's capital, is one of South Asia's most important and vibrant cities. July and August experience the most rainfall, owing to the South Asian Monsoon. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the High-Altitude Army National Guard Aviation Training Site (HAATS) of the Colorado National Guard, situated in tiny Gypsum, Colorado. Topics include the pilots at HAATS stated to perform a number of domestic missions in addition to military training, and HAATS instructors and support personnel stated to work out of a state-of-the-art facility and fly a wide assortment of modern U.S. Army helicopters.

The article reveals the mysteries of Great Basin bristlecone pine trees in the Patriarch Grove of California's White Mountains. They have been identified as the oldest living trees on Earth. Scientists have been studying the trees in order to understand how the climate has behaved through millennia. The difference between the Great Basin bristlecone pine tree and the Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine is discussed.

Snow can fall and temperatures can plummet below freezing on the higher peaks of the Wind River Range year round. High and isolated, the Wind River Range of Wyoming is one of the most austere and beautiful regions in the United States. The mountain is far less renowned than Wyoming's second highest peak, the world-famous Grand Teton, which lies 70 miles to the northwest of Gannett in the Teton Range, and stands 29 feet lower, at 13,775 feet. [Extracted from the article]

The city of Mount Shasta, which lies at the southwestern base of Mount Shasta at an elevation of 3,586 feet above sea level, provides a good representation of the meteorological conditions experienced on the lower reaches of Shasta. The Whitney Glacier, located on the upper northwest flank of Shasta, is the longest glacier in California at two miles. Mount Shasta is located in northern California, 40 miles south of the Oregon border and 100 miles east of the Pacific Ocean coastline. [Extracted from the article]

Even the 1660 eruption, however, was relatively minor compared to the cataclysmic release of energy a volcano such as Pichincha - or Cayambe, Antisana, or Cotopaxi - could produce. Pichincha (15,728 feet above sea level) looms over Quito; the city is built directly on its eastern flank. Quito is located along the spine of the Andes mountain range in north-central Ecuador, just a few miles south of the equator at an elevation of 9,350 feet above sea level. [Extracted from the article]

Formed due to the movement of tectonic plates along the San Andreas Fault, the Salton Trough dictates the path of the lower portion of the Colorado River to, and including, the delta. At El Golfo de Santa Clara, a village where the Colorado River Delta meets the Sea of Cortez, the daily high temperature in June and July, the hottest months of the year, averages 91.4°F. Beginning at the small La Poudre Pass Lake at 10,174 feet in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado, the Colorado River winds 1,450 miles to the extreme northern end of the Sea of Cortez, with the delta of the river marking the juncture. [Extracted from the article]

PHOTO (COLOR): The Watchman, a prominent 6,545-foot mountain in Zion National Park, looms above the opening of Zion Canyon and the North Fork of the Virgin River. These swaths of vegetation, and the wide variety of animal life they support were created by the physical structure of the canyon itself - steep, high walls that allow just enough sunlight onto the base of the canyon to nurture and sustain life. [Extracted from the article]

Despite King's wrath, the storm's effects on Miami paled in comparison to those of the 1926 Miami Hurricane, also known as the Great Miami Hurricane. Globally renowned for its warm weather, international flair, white sand beaches, and vibrant business activity, Miami is also notable for where it lies atmospherically. Another historically important hurricane that affected Miami, Katrina, came ashore at Hallandale Beach, 15 miles north of downtown Miami, on August 25, 2005, but as a relatively weak Category 1 storm. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on British Columbia's Coast Mountains which is described as a wilderness of sky and ice. Topics discussed include a description of the meteorological surroundings of the Coast Mountains, the ice sheets that cap the highest of the range's mountains and the inaccessibility of the mountains.

One of the notable few is Canada's Mount Logan, the country's highest mountain at 19,551 feet above sea level. Canada's high, icy, and very remote Mount Logan has proven a stage for some of humanity's riskiest exploratory feats, notably in the fields of glaciology, meteorology, and research of high-altitude and high-latitude environments. Summiting each of these mountains is a treasured and elusive goal for many alpinists, as the mountains, notably Logan, have proven to be treacherous and exceedingly difficult to climb. [Extracted from the article]

Main Article Isolated deep in one of the planet's most austere deserts, immersed in the most expansive dune field in North America, the Sierra El Rosario of northwestern Sonora, Mexico, remains virtually unknown, having seen few human visitors in recent centuries. During a hunting expedition to the mountains of the region in 1914, American conservationist Charles Alexander Sheldon noticed the mysterious Sierra El Rosario from a neighboring range and decided to explore it, believing its deep canyons and steep, roughhewn peaks and ridges might be hiding an endemic species of desert bighorn sheep that evolved there in isolation. Location The Sierra El Rosario is a tiny mountain range located completely within the expansive sand dunes of the Gran Desierto de Altar in extreme northwestern Sonora, Mexico. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on moving rocks found in Racetrack Playa, Death Valley National Park, California. It mentions that moving rocks refer to a geological phenomenon where rocks move and inscribe long tracks along a smooth valley floor without human or animal intervention. It notes that prospector Joseph Crook from Fallon, Nevada was the first person to document the account of moving rocks phenomenon in 1915.

The article offers information on the concept of high dynamic range imaging (HDR) imaging that improves the spectrum of exposure range in a single image. It mentions that the HDR photography use the technique for static subjects including architecture or landscapes due to the to the shooting amount. It mentions that the HDR visualize the final processed image, realizing the silhouettes in the image.

The article discusses the dynamic process of lightning photography where a photographer should possess an amalgam of aesthetic perception and balance, comprehension of the physics and meteorology of lightning genesis. It suggests the need for a photographer to consider pre-visualization when attempting to photograph lightning by imagining an image one wishes to create. It also outlines one of the most important aspects of lightning photography which involves lightning strike interval (LSI).

The article looks at several types of strange and spectacular weather phenomena in the U.S. It states the tertiary and quaternary rainbows caused by the sun's rays undergoing three or four internal reflections in raindrops. It notes the Saint Elmo's Fire, a weather phenomenon associated with electrical potential. It mentions the earthquake lights (EQL) which occur before and during earthquakes in lowest levels of the atmosphere.

Between the Chocolate and the White Cliffs, Dutton explained, are the Vermillion Cliffs. Beneath the Pink Cliffs lay the Grey Cliffs, and beneath them the White Cliffs. Vermilion Cliffs National Monument is located in northern Arizona, just south of the state line with Utah. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the strangest and most extraordinary atmospheric phenomena. Among the atmospheric phenomena discussed include aurora borealis and aurora australis, middle/upper atmospheric transient luminous events (TLEs), and supercell thunderstorms. Other phenomena discussed include crepuscular rays, mammatus cloud formations, and bipolar lightning.

The author describes several places with the most ideal weather conditions. The destinations include Western Cape, South Africa, Adelaide South Australia and the coastal region in San Diego, California. The criteria in the selection of the best weather places are highlighted which include atmospheric temperature, humidity and cloudiness.

The article offers information on the top worst weather places in the world including the Vostok Station in Antarctica, K2 Region in Karakoram Himalaya, and Summit Camp in Greenland. It says that the coldest known temperature was recorded at Vostok on July 21, 1983, measuring of about -128°F. It states that the K2 Region suffers fierce winter storms due of being the highest region in the world. It adds that the Summit Camp suffers harshest polar conditions due being in high altitude.

The article focuses on the use of modern facilities and multimillion-dollar telescopes by researchers in the field of climatology. It highlights information about observatories as well as the concept of a visible wavelength telescope. An overview about the Hubble Space Telescope and terrestrial-based astronomy is presented.

Heavily vegetated and incised by numerous river systems, the Ozarks comprise a number of notable subregions: the Salem Plateau (also called the Central Plateau), the Springfield Plateau, the Boston Moun-tains, and the St. Francois Mountains. The largest of the subregions of the Ozarks, the Salem Plateau, lies mostly in Missouri, but has its southern extension in Arkansas. An up-close inspection of the Ozarks reveals that while from a distance the mountains appear gentle, the landscape is very rugged, a key reason why much of the Ozarks has experienced little development. [Extracted from the article]