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Рассмотрена возможность применения аппарата нейронных сетей для решения задачи классификации в области психодиагностики. В качестве исходных данных используются результаты тестирования заключенных по методике Лири. В статье приводится структурно-функциональная схема созданного программного комплекса, описываются этапы его функционирования, виды нейронных сетей, используемых на каждом из этапов работы комплекса., In the article the description of research papers on the applicability check of neural network technology to the problem of the personal characteristics is presented. The personal characteristics define the distinction in psychologic portraits of various categories of respondents (dominant personal characteristics). As initial data for carrying out the research, the results of psychodiagnostic testing of respondents by means of Leary's procedure were taken and the toolkit is comprised of the perceptron neural network and the network of counter propagation combining the Ko-honen network and the Grossberg layer. Research includes two stages. Stage 1. Classification. The problem of detection possibility of a set of personal traits which could act as a basis for classification is solved. The research was carried out with the use of a perceptron neural network. As combinations of personal characteristics which could be a basis of possible classification are unknown in advance, it is necessary to realise a perceptron cycle on sets of samples from primary tests, and the measurements of input vectors, as a rule, influence on the perceptron structure. Therefore, for automation of process at the given stage (preparation of input data sets, neural network generation and training, and classification results display) the specialised program complex is created. Stage 2. Clusterization. At the second stage (provided that the positive results of classification are obtained) by means of a counter propagation network the clusterization problem is solved, which results could confirm or deny the results of classification. The examples of research results allow considering the described approach to the solution of a certain class of problems of psycho-diagnostics as perspective enough and capable to interest practitioners of the corresponding directions of psychodiagnostics.

Обсуждаются вопросы междисциплинарного взаимодействия лингвистики и информатики в связи с решением задач авторской атрибуции текста в аспекте тендерной принадлежности. Выявляются проблемные зоны теоретических и прикладных аспектов такого взаимодействия (соотношение качественных и количественных методов, ограничения материала исследования и параметров анализа текстов в гендерной лингвистике и автороведческой экспертизе) и определяются направления их решения в рамках совместного междисциплинарного проекта лингвистов и информатиков., The paper discusses the interdisciplinary interaction of linguistics and computer science in connection with solving the tasks of author attribution of the text in the aspect of gender. The problem areas of theory and practice of authorship expertise are defined. Since the problem of attribution of the author of the text is now addressed and resolved mainly on the material of works of art, we should solve the question of how these techniques will work if to use them on text material of other styles and discourses. There is a need to develop the problem of combining qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis and definition of the type of language units, statistical analysis of which is sufficient to identify the text. The paper points out common problem areas of gender linguistics and authorship expert works that need solutions. The authors emphasize the importance of involving findings of authorship expertise experiences in the paradigm of gender research, especially on unreflected formal attributes of the speech itself, as these are great signs of the opposition of male and female speech behaviour. There is a need in quantitative verification of features of "typical male" and "typical female'' speeches selected by qualitative methods. Authorship expertise requires active use of latest gender researches in the analysis. The solution of the complex tasks stated in the paper on theoretical and practical problems will be carried out in an interdisciplinary project performed by a team of authors from the Department of Complex Information Security of Computer Systems of Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics and the Department of General, Slavic-Russian Linguistics and Classical Philology of Tomsk State University. A research program was designed aimed at identifying the impact on the effectiveness of the applied methods of author attribution settings of 1) areas of communication, 2) length of the fragments of communication, and 3) ratio of detected asemantic and semantic units of text structures. Solution of the problems of authorship expertise requires a special empirical basis of research. The objectives of the first phase of the project are: 1) creation of a corpus of text of various discourses and marking it in accordance with the tasks of authorship expertise (in the first phase to form a corpus of short electronic messages is planned and its linguistic marking), 2) expansion of the list of features used to identify gender and studies on determining their information capacity for the problem, which will lead to the expansion of the functionality of the software complex "Avtoroved", 3) study of meta-classifiers in order to improve the accuracy of identification of the author of the text, 4) justification of the results by mathematical and contemporary linguistic methods, 5) synthesis of the previously obtained models and techniques to identify the author of the text.

В Тобольском Прииртышье за последние годы было выявлено почти два десятка археологических памятников XII-XIV вв., на которых обнаружены многочисленные изделия из серебра. Целью работы является введение в оборот серебряных украшений, полученных в ходе исследований на грунтовом могильнике Ивановский 10. Анализ формы, приемов сборки, орнамента на перстнях показал, что они существенно отличаются от изделий мастеров Волжской Булгарии. Ряд артефактов не находит аналогий и среди украшений, распространенных на территории Предуралья. Выявленные отличия позволяют поставить вопрос о существовании вблизи устья Тобола в XIII-XIV вв. мастерских по изготовлению ювелирных изделий из серебра., The paper aims to introduce the silver jewelry found during archaeological investigations in the Ivanovsky 10 burial ground into the scientific discourse. The monument is located in the Tobolsk district of Tyumen Oblast, near the mouth of the Tobol River. It is not the only archaeological site containing silver jewelry in the Tobolsk Irtysh region; a characteristic feature of such jewelry is the use of manufacturing techniques such as filigree, granulation, blackening and gilding. The objectives of the study include analysis of the burial ground jewelry, its comparison with similar artifacts from other regions, identifying jewelry centers where they could be manufactured. The storage of the Ivanovsky 10 burial ground includes a wide range of products, among which are coin-like pendants, lamellar rings, beads and buttoned shaped pendants and a silver earring. Three copies of coin pendants were found. Replicas were discovered only for one of them among the materials from Western Siberia. One of the coin pendants with an engraved image and solar symbols (a circle and a crescent), in spite of the primitive drawing, was made by a jewelry worker using professional tools. The plot on the plaque includes the image of a rider (a falconer). The finding of the Ivanovsky 10 burial ground allows considering these medallions as amulets with the image of the Mir-Susne-Hum deity which served as ornaments. The fragments of the silver plate rings were found in the archeological excavation. Only three bezels contain drawings. They are represented by an oblique crux inscribed in a circle; an oblique crux with triangles containing plant shoots on the sides; two mutually intertwined arcs. Its comparison with the rings made by Russian craftsmen revealed their significant differences. The resemblance to the Volga Bulgaria rings is traced only in the ornament design of the side faces in the form of hatched triangles and "birds". The ornament on the bezels of the Ivanovsky 10 burial ground resembles the ornament of the rings characteristic of the Ural monuments. However, the ornament in the form of "birds" on the sides of the rings is not known in the Urals. Silver beads and pendants in the shape of buttons found in the burial ground were soldered of two hemispheres using the insert-ring and the beading wires (the filigree). Similar beads are found in the Urals and Siberia, and are unknown in the area of Volga Bulgaria. The silver earring in the form of a question mark, found at the monument, allows age-dating the burial ground within the 13th-14th centuries. So, silver jewelry shows that the Ivanovsky 10 burial ground can be attributed to the era of the developed Middle Ages and age-dated within the 13th-14th centuries. The analysis of silver jewelry from the Ivanovsky 10 burial ground revealed that these products were not imported from the Ancient Rus and Volga Bulgaria, the medieval states. Some items of jewelry are unique among the products of the Perm jewelry center, and the fact allows making a reasonable assumption on the existence of silver jewelry manufacturing workshops near the mouth of the Tobol River.

Рассматриваются основные особенности, связанные с проведением автороведческой экспертизы текстов протокола допроса. Исследуются юридические требования к составлению документов данного жанра и вызванные ими трудности определения границ авторского текста и разделения двух авторов. Рассматриваются стилевые и жанровые особенности протокола допроса и их роль в атрибуции протокола. На основе изучения обширного эмпирического материала разрабатывается методика анализа текстов данного жанра., The paper aims to clarify basic characteristics of interview memo authorship examination. The object of research is the memo of interview and its characteristics that determine the complexity of authorship examination. The paper attempts to develop a procedure for interview memo authorship examination. The paper has an introduction and 5 parts: "The Authorial Text Borders", "Genre and Authorial Traits Demarcation", "Binary Authorship", "Relevant Characteristics System", "Authorship Examination Algorithm". The paper is addressed to those working in the field of forensic linguistics and of problems of authorship examination. The introduction tells about the importance of knowing genre traits for reasoned authorship attribution. The first part familiarizes readers with legal requirements to the form and content of the memo of interview. The basis of the following research is a conclusion that only the descriptive part of the interview memo is authorship analyzable. In the part "Genre and Authorial Traits Demarcation" the most important characteristics of the interview memo genre are described. The third part is devoted to the problem of two authors coexistence in the text of the memo of interview. The first author is the interviewee, the second is the interviewer. Of particular interest is an attempt to distinguish text elements of the two authors. The part "Relevant Characteristics System" is devoted to the analysis of the traditional authorship examination method. It is established that lexical-phraseological, stylistic and syntactical linguistic levels are most appropriate for interview memo authorship examination. The last part of the paper, "Authorship Examination Algorithm", generalizes the results of the research and proposes a series of steps of interview memo authorship examination. In the conclusion the author again speaks about special aspects of interview memo authorship examination and notes a necessity to find a new basis for the analysis of texts of this genre. The paper is illustrated with two tables. The firs table illustrates the essay to distinguish text elements of the first and of the second authors. The second table expresses steps of interview memo authorship examination. The article contains a list of references.

Исследуются материалы о ходе второго Мараморош-Сиготского процесса 1913-1914 гг., которые печатались на страницах иркутской газеты «Сибирь». Периодическое издание достаточно объективно представляло сведения, обращало внимание на главные причины православного движения. Особенно подробно освещены слушания свидетелей и обвиняемых. Журналисты приходят к выводу, что большинство свидетелей делали признание под давлением полиции и жандармерии. Находим также урывки из выступления прокурора, судьи и адвокатов. Газета является важным источником по истории православной церкви в Закарпатье., The purpose of this paper is to overview the content and the context of notes on the history of the Second Maramorosh Sighet Trial (1913-1914) published in the Irkutsk newspaper Sibir' [Siberia]. In the study, the author analyzed newspaper articles published from late December 1913 to early March 1914. The author proves for the first time in the historiography that the newspaper objectively reported on the progress of the Trial, focusing on the causes of the Orthodox movement, methods of carrying out pre-trial investigation, violence by the police and gendarmerie. The author showed that most of the defendants and witnesses refused to testify, claiming their innocence. On the basis of the research, the author highlighted the main issues raised at the Trial. These include cooperation with Russia, anti-state and anti-Uniate propaganda and illegal distribution of literature. Particular attention is paid to the questioning and testimony of the main defendants: Kabaljuk, Vorobchuk, Petrovci, Palkaninets. It was found that most of the arrested farmers were poor, little versed in political matters and had no education. The main reasons for the Orthodox movement were the socio-economic and religious factors which are demonstrated on the set of examples in the paper. The position of witnesses who supported the prosecution is shown. The author comes to a conclusion that they were an interested party and the operational part of the population of different settlements. Contacts of the leader of the Orthodox movement A. Kabaljuk with Count V. Bobrinsky, Gerovski brothers, representatives of Russian and Athos monasteries is shown as well. The position of various Austrian and Hungarian newspapers on the issue of the Trial is shown in the paper and the author highlighted that it was not straightforward. A separate list of farmers sentenced to various prison sentences and fines is presented. The public opinion reaction of Austria-Hungary, Russia and other countries on the verdict is analyzed as well. The author concludes that this source plays an important role in the study of Transcarpathian Church History of the early twentieth century. It is noted that the repressions of the peasants did not stop the Orthodox movement. The subsequent history of Transcarpathia indicates the geographical expansion of the Orthodox movement.

Рассматриваются ключевые вопросы, связанные с выявлением в письменных и картографических источниках XVI-XVIII вв. информации относительно месторасположения и истории возникновения специфического вида поселений, именуемых городками. Особое внимание уделяется критике источников и возможности их использования в рамках данной проблематики. При сопоставлении данных автор приходит к некоторым выводам о характере этого вида поселений, кроме того, затрагивается проблема соотнесения их с современными данными археологии. Разработанная в ходе исследования типология городков, основанная на специфике освещения их в источниках, позволит в дальнейшем перейти к более детальному рассмотрению данной темы, в том числе и на методологическом уровне. В ходе исследования автор пришел к важному выводу о возможности использования выбранного комплекса источников, в котором данные одного документа возможно перепроверить и даже распространить информацией других. Точность письменных и картографических источников позволяет надеяться на положительные результаты археологических изысканий в рамках данной темы., The paper addresses key issues related to the identification of information about the location and the history of a particular kind of monuments (referred to as "small towns") on the territory of the North-Western Siberia in written and cartographic sources of the 16th-18th centuries. The main goal set by the author was the full collection, analysis and synthesis of a variety of sources and attempts to implement them for the study of settlement structures of the indigenous population of the northern Trans-Urals. The short historiographical essay is of interest in the chosen topic to specialists in different disciplines of the humanities. An important place is given to the criticism of the documents and their correlation problems. The source base of the research includes: the text of the first geographic description of Western Siberia from the Book of the Big Drawing (late 16th early 18th centuries), the drawings from the first Russian atlases by S.U. Remezov (late 17th early 18th centuries), travel notes by G.F. Miller (1730s-1740s), assembly documents and ethnographic data by pre-revolutionary and contemporary researchers. During the presentation of the material the emphasis is put on the possibility and the importance of studying toponymic material. In the course of the research, issues that are extremely important for the modern science of history have been identified. They include, in particular: identification of features of political entities of Ugric population during the period under review and definition of the concept of "small town". Working with the selected complex of the materials in the first stage of the research allowed revealing 38 "small towns" in the study area. They were further divided into 4 typological groups. The main criterion for the distribution of "small towns" by groups was their presence in various sources. On the basis of the dating of the sources it was possible to build the chronology of the sites and to identify previously unknown information which is highly relevant for further research. "Small towns", known from the archaeological data, have become a special group of identified sites. Their example shows the basic methods of identifying and comparing "small towns" from various sources. In the study, the author has come to an important conclusion about the possibility of using the selected set of sources, in which data from one document can be double-checked and possibly even extended by information from other documents. The accuracy of written and cartographic sources allows hoping for positive results of archaeological research in the framework of the topic.

На материалах Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Государственного архива Хабаровского края впервые в отечественной историографии исследуется история разработки и последующей реализации проекта организации обороны низовьев и устья р. Амур в 1906-1914 гг. Изучены решения Особого Совещания при СГО и проблемы их практической реализации. Введены в научный оборот и проанализированы данные о визите в 1911 г. в Приамурский военный округ военного министра В.А. Сухомлинова, принятых им в Николаевске решениях об изменении планов строительства Николаевской крепости, характеристике Амурской речной флотилии., This paper continues to present the results of a study devoted to the elaboration and discussion the complex defence project of the Lower Amur and its mouth, prepared by the experts of the War and Navy Ministry, in the Special Consultation of the State Defence Council. It explains the reasons why most part of it was never implemented. Using sources from the NA RF and NAKR, this paper first examines the history of the elaboration and the following implementation of this defence project in 1906-1914. The decisions of the Special Consultation of the State Defence Council and problems of their practical implementation are analysed. Only one part of the project was implemented in 1911. It was the plan of creating the Amur River flotilla. However, it was greatly sequestered by the reason of financial problems. Not only the absence of money inhibited the creating of the ground defence, but also the gaps in regional geography and some debatable issues of fortifications construction. The War Minister of the Russian Empire V.A. Sukhom-linov saw all this during his visit to the Nikolayevsk Fortress in May 1911. He made a conference of all the leaders of the Priamur-skiy Military District, and the plan of the "immobile defence" was curtailed and reconsidered. The slow implementation of this plan continued until the outbreak of World War I and went along with the military-geographical and topographical investigation of the Lower Amur region. The results of it were very useful in the Soviet Union time, on the new level of the defence building in the Russian Far East. Therefore, despite the heavy blunders in the infrastructure organisation, the Amur River flotilla, which already existed by the time of V.A. Sukhomlinov's visit, became the foundation of the Amur defence. The idea of "mobile" defence was so prosperous, that the flotilla not only took an active part in World War II, in the time of the Manchu operation of 1945, but also continues its service today. The archival materials about the complex defence project of the Lower Amur and its mouth, the visit of V.A. Sukhom-linov and decisions that he made in Nikolayevsk about the changes in the building plans of the Nikolayevsk Fortress, the Amur River flotilla assessment and the descriptions of the absence the providing infrastructure are first published.

Рассматривается романная тетралогия Томаса Манна «Иосиф и его братья». Проводится сопоставление романов тетралогии с образцами жанра эмигрантского романа, созданными писателями, покинувшими Германию после событий 1933 г. (Э.М. Ремарк, Л. Фейхтвангер, К. Манн). Учитываются такие аспекты романной поэтики, как пространственная организация, сюжет, типология героев. Обосновывается принадлежность тетралогии Т. Манна к жанровой периферии немецкого эмигрантского романа., Data for study for the paper is Thomas Mann's tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers finished in the American exile in 1943. T. Mann's work is considered to belong to different genres, namely myth novel, historical novel, anti-totalitarian Bildungsroman. In the paper it is compared with the main examples of German exile novel created by exile writers E.M. Remarque, L. Feuchtwanger, K. Mann. The exile novel is a genre where space organization plays an extraordinary important role. Two main kinds of space worldview presented in Joseph novels are considered in the article. The bearers of the first one are Jacob and his relatives and the bearers of the second one are Egyptians. The sacred centre of Jacob's world is the Luz hill, and Canaan is considered to be a sacral territory. Secular territories are located around it. As for Egypt, it is outskirts having the same axiological meaning as the underworld. Egyptians' worldview is an axiological inverse of Jacob's one because they accept Egypt as a sacral territory and Canaan as a barbarian country. The authors of the German exile novel also simulate two worldviews which are axiologically opposite. The author refers to them as "Nazi space" and "exile space" because their bearers are Nazi characters and emigrant characters respectively. Yuri Lot-man offered such a criterion for constructing the typology of literary characters as their relation to space. Using this criterion in studying the German exile novel enables to define Nazi and emigrant characters as bearers of opposite worldviews and to analyze the situation of choice appearing in every emigrant's life. Emigrants can either accept the axiology of the exile space where the central zone is a "dark" world and outskirt is a sacral rational territory or suffer from being far from their motherland. Emigrant characters from the first group start a new life in one of the outskirt countries while characters from the second group mostly die. A similar self-determination act must be held by Th. Mann's Joseph who accepts Egypt as "his" country and sacral territory. Joseph's moving to outskirt is shown as a symbolic death and a new birth; the same can be found in E.M. Remarque's, L. Feuchtwanger's and K. Mann's exile novels. That is why Th. Mann's Joseph can be defined as an emigrant character and Joseph and His Brothers as belonging to the genre periphery of the German exile novel. The tetralogy novels are not thematically related to the events of the 1930s-1940s. But they were a reaction to these events, being created as a "humanistic project". Though Th. Mann used an Old Testament plot he documented the emigrant view in his work, a bearer of which he also was.

Анализируется предыстория создания Комитета регионов ЕС и эволюции его статуса со времени учреждения до вступления в силу ныне действующего Лиссабонского договора. Подчеркиваются существенные различия в составе и статусе Комитета регионов и Консультативного совета региональных и местных властей, его институционального предшественника. Отмечается, что, несмотря на постепенное усиление статуса и расширение функций Комитета регионов, специфика его формирования и структурные особенности существенно ограничивают реальную политическую роль этого института., The Committee of the Regions (CoR) is an institution that is unique for an international organization as it opens an opportunity for regions and municipalities, limited as it might be, to contribute to decision-making at inter-state and supranational levels. The article aims to analyze both the prerequisites for and the pre-history of the CoR's emergence and the evolution of its status from the establishment up to the Lisbon Treaty's entry into force. The paper relies on the sources such as the EU founding treaties, documents of the European Commission, Council and Parliament, CoR's rules of procedure. Focusing on the pre-history of CoR's establishment, the author analyzes the structure and functions of the Consultative Council of Regional and Local Authorities (CCRLA) established in 1988 at the European Commission's initiative. Its establishment was necessitated by the far-reaching reform of the EEC's regional policy carried out in the late 1980s. Members of the CCRLA were appointed by the European Commission, but the candidacies were suggested by the horizontally organized regional associations. Regional and municipal representatives worked in two different sections. When the Maastricht Treaty was negotiated, European regions, in particular the German Laender, launched a wide-scale campaign in support of organizing a fully fledged representation of regions within the system of EU institutions. This initiative was supported by the German government and was put into life through the establishment of a new consultative body, the Committee of the Regions. Also the status and symbolic importance of the CoR far exceeded those of the CCRLA, the appointment of its members became the prerogative of national governments, with the roles of regional organizations and associations lost. Moreover, the division into regional and municipal sections was not retained within the CoR's structure, which hampered the articulation of the interests of regions as such. The author argues that the subsequent treaties brought about the consolidation of the CoR's status and the expansion of the area of its activities, although the institution remained a consultative body. However, the Lisbon Treaty assigned the CoR the right to appeal, in certain cases, to the EU Court of Justice, a novelty which can be regarded as the expansion of CoR's role beyond a purely consultative one. At the same time the EU's enlargement resulted in the significant expansion of the representation of municipalities and "weak" regions within the CoR which in fact undermines the Committee's political weight and diminishes the "strong" regions' interest in the Committee as an instrument of the advancement of their political positions. The idea to divide the Committee into two chambers, those of the regions and of the municipalities, was not supported. Accordingly, the author makes a conclusion that the CoR's role remained secondary and the "strong" regions were compelled to shift the gravity center of their struggle for the consolidation of political influence to other arenas.

Рассматривается вопрос об оказании экономической и военной помощи правительству Чан Кайши со стороны США в разгаре антияпонской войны, его влиянии на различные аспекты американо-китайских отношений. Отмечается рост значимости данного вопроса по мере приближения разгрома Японии, обусловленный ролью сотрудничества двух стран в планах Ф. Рузвельта по поводу мирного переустройства на Дальнем Востоке. Выявлено наличие острых разногласий по проблеме оказания помощи между США и Китаем, а также внутри американского руководства, проанализированы способы их преодоления., This paper examines the impact of the problems associated with the provision of US military and economic aid to the Chiang Kai-shek Government on the condition of US-China relations during a turning point of World War II, when China's leadership made a stake on the conduct of hostilities mainly due to the US economic, military, and technical assistance. Throughout the period under review, the Chinese government tried to put pressure on the Roosevelt administration with the aim of increasing the supply of modern weapons, military equipment, and other goods. However, the Japanese occupation of almost all of Burma, which had been the last land bridge linking China to the outside world until 1942, created tremendous barriers to the delivery of US aid and actually meant blockade of the Chiang Kai-shek government-controlled provinces of China. The result was a steady decline in the US supply throughout 1942 causing some worsening of relations between the US and China. Nevertheless, Roosevelt and Chiang Kai-shek continued to actively discuss issues of US-Chinese cooperation in the economic field in the aftermath of the war in the Far East. Related issues were studied very carefully by the Chinese government which planned a large-scale modernization of the national economy in the postwar years and desperately needed to attract foreign, and in the first place American business. China's leadership counted on the interest of the US business community in the extraction of profits from the economic cooperation with China. It was America's paramount concern to establish control over the potentially far-reaching and highly promising Chinese market. It was also expected in Washington that the American support aimed at the post-war reconstruction of China was able to perform a decisive role in overcoming its backwardness and modernization of the Chinese political system. The relevance of the issue is determined by China's importance to the Allied strategy at the beginning of the war, the value of US-Chinese cooperation in the calculations of Franklin D. Roosevelt administration concerning post-war reconstruction of East Asia. The aim of this paper is a comprehensive examination of the problems of economic and military cooperation between China and the United States. Methodological foundations are the principles of historicism, objectivity, and causality. The novelty of the work is determined by using a considerable amount of historical evidence, not involved in the work of Soviet and Russian researchers previously, in a comprehensive study of the economic, political, and military ties between the US and China in the most difficult war years. The author comes to a conclusion that there were discrepancies between the two countries that made the existence of different, often conflicting positions on issues of interaction with the Chiang Kai-shek government in the economic field within the American establishment almost inevitable.

Рассматривается история внедрения новой для Забайкальского региона административно-управленческой схемы провинции. Освещены основные сведения об учреждении, устройстве и компетенции канцелярии и воеводы Удинской провинции. Сделан вывод, что политика обустройства сибирских окраин Российской империи не только не носила инновационного характера с целью развития региона, но даже не адаптировалась к местным социально-экономическим, географическим, этническим, климатическим и прочим особенностям., The article discusses the history of the introduction of the province as an administration and management scheme new for the Transbaikal cross-border region. To manage the new territorial unit the Provincial Office was established, headed by the governor, subordinate to the governor of Irkutsk. The aim of the work is to highlight the basic information about the institution, the structure and the competence of the administrative body of Udinsk Province the Office and the magistrate. The author uses archive, previously unpublished material stored in the regional archive to examine the Office personnel, the main directions of its activities, the structure of divisions and their competence. The paper gives a brief historiography of the study of the topic which indicates its insufficient study. The paper describes the progress of the formation of the province and its administration system. The author identifies the main functions of the provincial authorities: administrative, fiscal, judicial, police and land management functions. According to the author, the few employees of the Provincial Office were not enough for the effective management of the region. All Transbaikal administration scheme is briefly discussed, from commissioners managing individual divisions to peasant self-government in the form of hut clerks. The archive materials indicate numerous abuses by the administrative officials of the province, but due to the small number of staff even convicted officials could again take part in managing the region. This situation often gave rise to open public protests and provoked riots. The establishment of the province in the Transbaikal region, therefore, is the first attempt to make administration of the distant cross-border region autonomous. Despite the fact that for the European Russian the provincial administration system was outdated and had been canceled, for the border regions of Russia bordering this scheme was new. The author concludes that the policy of resettling the Siberian outskirts of the Russian Empire neither was innovative for the development of the region, nor adapted to the local socio-economic, geographic, ethnic, climatic and other features. Besides, the implemented scheme did not undergo any significant changes and amendments based on the experience of its functioning. The province lasted for less than ten years and was abolished, according to the author, because of its complete inconsistency with the local conditions and the actual worthlessness of the scheme as a whole.

Рассматриваются решения органов центральной власти Советской республики и действия сибирских властей, направленные на преодоление жилищного кризиса в Кузбассе в период 1920-1922 гг. Сформулированы причины жилищного кризиса. Анализируются процесс расквартирования на угольных копях горнорабочих и членов их семей, а также выселение с территории рудников нетрудового элемента. Определяются удельный вес жилого фонда промышленных районов в масштабах Кузбасса и характер строительства нового жилья в Южно-Кузнецком районе. Сделан вывод о том, что меры, предпринятые властями, позволили за счет ухудшения жилищно-бытовых условий местного населения разместить в крайне стесненных условиях жилищного фонда необходимое для угледобывающих предприятий количество рабсилы., This article examines the situation with providing housing for the population in the coal districts of the Kuznetsk Basin in 19201922. The author singles out three reasons of the housing crisis in Kuzbass: housing shortage, surplus population in the mines and the lack of large-scale construction of new housing. He also highlights the link between bread supplies from Siberia to the European part of Russia and concentration of the workforce from different parts of the country in the coil mining industry of Kuzbass because of the fuel crisis. The article is concerned with the decisions and actions of both central authorities of the Soviet Republic and Siberian ones aimed at overcoming the housing crisis in Kuzbass. The main purpose of the activities undertaken by the authorities was not improvement of the living conditions of the coal mines population, but placement of miners and members of their families, coming from different regions of Siberia and the famine-stricken provinces of the Volga and the Urals, in already existing residential and non-residential premises. An acute shortage of housing made the local authorities forcibly move inoperable population, including children and the disabled, from the territory of the coal mines. Newly arrived workforce was resettled in emptied living spaces. Based on the compilation of the archival material of Kemerovo, Novosibirsk and Tomsk Oblasts, as well as the Russian State Military Archive, the article analyzes the existence of housing, the ability to provide the population of the mine towns of the Kuznetsk Basin with government-owned apartments. During the study, the most acute period of the housing crisis in the Kolchugino mine, 19211922, has been established. The most miserable housing situation was in the mines of the South Group where the majority of miners lived in railway wagons and dugouts. For improving the living conditions of miners in the South-Kuznetsk area in 1922, new housing units were built at the Prokopyevsky mine. Due to the lack of construction workers and building materials, as well as time pressures, there were built half-earthen, clay straw, clay brushwood barracks there. New temporary shelters covered 4998.1 m2, which provided housing for 1100 people. In the paper, the proportion of the housing stock of each industrial area across the Kuznetsk Basin has been determined. There has been revealed a general tendency for the outflow of human resources from the industrial areas of Kuzbass in 1922. On the basis of the available information on housing, the number of population and parameters of minimum acceptable housing per person, it has been estimated that by 1 October 1922, 29,157 persons were provided with government-owned apartments, i.e. 78.2 % of the Kuzbass population. The author concludes that the measures taken by the authorities allowed accommodating the required number of the cheap workforce in the very cramped housing conditions due to the deterioration of the living conditions. The study results broaden the idea of the formation of Kuzbass as the industrial center of Siberia.

Показана история Ярославского Демидовского юридического лицея в 1900-1914 гг. Дается характеристика учебного процесса и сословного состава учащихся, анализируются квалификация и материальное положение профессорско-преподавательского состава. Отмечены расцвет регионального высшего образования в 1900-1904 и 1908-1913 гг. и упадок 1905-1907 гг., связанный с революцией. Рассматривается студенческое движение в период первой российской революции. Описан вывод о влиянии общероссийских процессов на региональное образование. Подчеркнуто, что Ярославский Демидовский юридический лицей в исследуемое время играл важную роль в системе высшего образования Российской империи., The article is devoted to the study of the history of a higher education institution Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum at the beginning of the 20th century. The aim of the article is to analyze the trends in the development of regional higher education in this chronological framework by the example of the Demidov Lyceum. The study mainly used archival materials clerical work documentation and statistical sources. The paper describes the student movement, which was a response to the events of January 9, 1905. The students joined the demonstrations of the workers, and refused to study before the introduction of the country's representative form of government. Russian higher education institutions, including Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum, stopped working for about 9 months, until the first of September, 1906. After these events, in the 1906-1907 academic year, higher school students from Moscow, St. Petersburg and other universities expelled for participating in the revolutionary movement joined the numbers of the Yaroslavl Lyceum students. Student unrest stopped after 1907. At the beginning of the century, a significant democratization of education occurred. Analysis of the statistical data leads to a conclusion that there was classless education in the Demidov Lyceum in the prewar period, that more than 50% of its students paid for their education, that there was a scholarship program and a clear predominance of the dominant religion Orthodoxy. The paper also provides a detailed list of the Lyceum teaching staff and administration who worked at the beginning of the 20th century, reports information about their education, salary and title. Famous lawyers such as Professor S.M. Shpilevsky, a known Russian historian of law and archaeologist, Professor V.M. Gordon, an outstanding expert in civil law, Professor I.Ya. Gurlyand, Doctor of Police Law, in the future one of the closest staff of ministers P.A. Stolypin and B.V. Sturmer, E.N. Berendts, the largest expert in Finnish law in the country, the future senator of the Provisional Government and Minister of Justice in the government of the Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky in the Ukraine, Professor L.S. Tal, the initiator of the study of labor law as a since, and others worked in the lyceum. The author comes to a general conclusion that Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum played an important role in the system of domestic higher school, and was one of the centers of legal education. Despite the short-dated decline during the First Russian Revolution in 1905-1907, the regional higher education in the Russian Empire flourished at the beginning of the 20th century, at both the national and the regional levels.

Рассматривается книгоиздание в качестве социокультурного феномена, складывающегося под влиянием идеологии, функционирующей в конкретный исторический период, что обусловливает отражение в форме образов печатной продукции иерархической системы принципов, идеалов, убеждений человека (общества). Анализируются тенденции эволюции регионального книгоиздания в России на рубеже 1990-2000-х гг., рассматриваемые на примере книгоиздания в Тюмени как развитого компонента системы сибирского книгоиздания., Book culture is understood as one of the most effective forms of knowledge transmission. The main issue of this paper is the identification of genesis specifics in the domestic book publishing, considered on the example of book publishing development in Tyumen. The development tendencies of regional book publishing in Russia in the 1990s-2000s are analyzed. It is represented as a special form of reflection of general regularities in the context of the complicated economy transition to market conditions. The concept of this article is determined by the understanding of book publishing as a sociocultural phenomenon developing under the influence of an ideology functioning during a specific historical period, which causes the reflection of the hierarchical system of principles, ideals and society beliefs in the images of printed materials. It is affirmed that reading represents the basic component of human life promoting the formation of an intelligent world view. The methodology of the research is based on the application of a dialectic approach that allows considering book publishing as a unity existing in a variety of properties and relations. In the light of an axiological approach, book publishing is understood as activities directed to release and broadcast book products. The world of universal and individual, global and regional values is combined there. The application of a system approach allows revealing the features of the Tyumen book publishing in the 1990s-2000s as a developed component in the system of Siberian book publishing. It is shown that book publishing in Siberia represents a specific system being in dynamics, whose development is determined by sociopolitical and economic factors. In the presented article the necessity of book publishing for the person's activity implementation in the system of culture is recognized. It is shown that in modern society, the book as a way of transmission of knowledge exists alongside other media, and fulfils its specific cultural function. It is proved that the publishing of Tyumen in the 1990s-2000s is a certain part of book production in Siberia. The leading role among punlishing organizations of Tyumen belongs to publishing houses of the universities. In the context of the problem of determining the mechanisms of transmission of knowledge in the modern world, the revealed desire of publishers to satisfy the readers' needs at a high cultural level is essential.

Рассмотрены законодательные тексты, описаны их основные функциональные и структурно-содержательные жанрообра-зующие параметры. Обозначена проблема внутрижанровой типологии. Исследуется соотношение текстов базовых и трансформирующих законов, их интертекстуальных связей. Поставленные задачи решены путем анализа действующего российского законодательства и памятников российского права. Определяются перспективы дальнейших научных исследований в заданном направлении., The article aims to study legislation texts and its basic structural, content and functional genre-formative parameters. The study is based on the author's understanding of legal discourse. Discursive functions of legislative texts include: informational, regulatory, policy, design, impact. The legislative text is defined as a special form of presentation of legal information, and a special way to create a legal reality. The study material is the texts of Russian laws (the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, regional constitutions (charters) and laws) and monuments of Russian law (Russian Truth, Council Code 1649, Pskov Judicial Charter 1467, First Code of the Basic state laws 1832, Code of Fundamental Laws of Land 1906 and others). Works of philologists and lawyers are analyzed. The author describes some of the features of the emergence and development of the concept of law and legal texts. In particular: separation of legal traditions from juridical, ethical and religious customs; overall functionality and themes of various acts; procedures ritual; narrow and broad understanding of the law; written fixation and development of legal language. Yu.M. Lotman's conception of correlation between culture and text is analyzed in this paper. The Russian law system is viewed as a set of legislative texts and text classes. Russian laws (federal and regional) are of generic relations. The author identifies general and specific linguistic and extralinguistic parameters of the genre of the legislative text. The genre-formative parameters include: functional, content, formal. According to the author, the general linguistic features include: the combination of linguistic units of one register, generality, terminological consistency, speech patterns and structural patterns. Legislative texts differ from other legal texts: texts of decrees, regulations, orders. The author analyzes the problem of the internal typology of legislative texts and highlights the subgenres of basic and transforming laws. The concept of a legislative intertext is used in the study of the material. Particular attention is paid to the name and structure of transformative laws. The legislative text loses its text property (static) and acquires the properties of legal discourse: development in time, focus on enforcement, extralinguistic parameters of creation and perception of the text. The methodology of this work includes theoretical approaches, such as a system-structural method, an interdisciplinary method, a genre approach, comparative and source study methods. The novelty and the findings of the author's research are concluded in the opportunity to detect and classify an array of existing terms which are applicable to the issue of texts of laws. Results of the study are important for the development of the theory of genres, document-text legal linguistics. The conclusions of the author can be used to conduct further research on this issue.

Рассматривается вопрос о редакторской деятельности Ф. Сологуба в издательстве «Всемирная литература» (1918-1924). Подробно освещена работа над «Избранными сочинениями Ги де Мопассана», для которых Сологуб выступил не только как переводчик, но и как редактор, автор примечаний и вступительных статей. Проанализированы принципы, по которым работало издательство, пытаясь изменить саму форму работы переводчиков и редакторов по подготовке книг., The paper discusses the work of F. Sologub in the publishing house "Vsemirnaya literatura", organized in 1918. The aim of this paper is to review the editorial principles of the writer and their changes in the course by cooperation. Sologub's work as editor has not previously been a subject of research; the introductory articles by the writer have not been the subject of a separate study. Using the comparative method, the author traces the evolution of the editorial principles of the writer. In "Vsemirnaya Literatura", Sologub was the editor, compiler, author of commentaries and introductory articles for Izbrannye proizvedeniya G. de Mopassana [Selected Works of G. de Maupassant]. Archival studies showed that Sologub prepared six volumes; however, only two of them were published (Bel Ami, Strong as Death). They became the main research material, along with previously unknown documents (Maupassant's Lunnyi svet i drugie rasskazy [Moonlight and Other Short Stories] from Sologub's private library which preserved marginalia and allowed tracing the process of editing, and the unpublished "Preface" to the two volumes of Rasskazy Mopassana [Short Stories of Maupassant] stored in the archive of the writer). Until 1918 Sologub had written three introductory articles to the books of translations: his own translations of poems by P. Verlaine, the novel translated by An. Chebotarevskaya and a note for Polnoe sobranie sochineniyMopassana [Complete Works of G. de Maupassant]. These brief notes by Sologub about the authors or the works were an expression of the subjective attitude of the writer towards the object, they disclosed his own views on issues raised in the novel or on the work of the author. "Vsemirnaya Literatura" had specific requirements for introductory articles. Instructions sent to the editors are a detailed plan of what the preface should contain and how it should be structured. Sologub wrote his introductory article for Izbrannye proizvedeniya G. de Mopassana following this plan. However, the evolution of the principles of editorial work by Sologub did not satisfy the reviewer of the book, N.O. Lerner. He gave a negative review and pointed to the source in one of the articles -Complete Works of G. de Maupassant in French (ed. by L. Conard). The review of this publication and its comparison with the content of Sologub's introductory articles shows that the informative part of the preface is completely taken from this source. However, when writing articles, Sologub did not abandon his principles of writing. It is most evident in Sologub's article to his translation of the novel Strong as Death. Comparing the introductory articles of the two periods of the writer, i.e. before 1918 and during the existence of "Vsemirnaya Literatura", the author comes to a conclusion that Sologub, who, at first glance, completely changed an approach to work, managed to save his characteristic manner, i.e. expressed his vision of the works by Maupassant at a professional level.

Выявляются подходы англо-американских и немецких исследователей к изучению истории массовых крестьянских переселений в Азиатскую Россию в дореволюционный период. Установлено, что работам западных авторов, опубликованным в первой половине XX в., присущи объективизм, использование «универсальных теорий» (колонизации, модернизации), стремление рассмотреть историю крестьянских миграций в общеевропейском и глобальном контексте. Во второй половине XX начале XXI в. исследователи сосредоточились на изучении особенностей крестьянских миграций в условиях «сибирского фронти-ра». Наряду с разнообразием теоретико-методологических подходов для рассматриваемого исследовательского направления характерна широкая палитра оценок переселенческого движения, от преимущественно критических в начале XX в. до преимущественно положительных в современной историографии., The aim of the paper is to present a comprehensive historiographical analysis of the works of Anglo-American and German authors who studied the history of mass peasant migration to Siberia and Far East during the post-reform era. Since the late XIX century up to the present the Western researchers have shown a great interest in the progress and results of the mass peasant resettlements beyond the Ural. In their numerous publications they used new theoretical and methodological approaches, made some valuable observations and conclusions. However, the majority of their publications have been neglected by the Soviet and contemporary Russian scholars. The present paper is meant to fill this gap, so it has the following tasks: to determine the range of relevant issues addressed by Western researchers; to delineate the main periods in the history of studying the peasant migration to Siberia; to characterize main theoretical and methodological approaches used by Western scholars; to evaluate their contribution to this field of research. The author notes that Anglo-American and German researchers considered the mass peasant migrations along with the construction of Trans-Siberian railroad as significant factors ensuring a stronger Russia's presence in Asia. In their works the agrarian history of Russia and Siberia is analyzed in the global context, while the Russian peasantry's way of life is viewed as part of the global peasant culture. In the late XIX mid-XX centuries the Englishand German-language scholars used an objectivist approach and "universal theories" of colonization (K. Wiedenfeld, W. Klumberg, H.-Y. Seraphim) and modernization (D. Treadgold). They retrieved their data from a limited amount of available sources which was offset partially by the widespread use of the works of pre-revolutionary and Soviet specialists. As the international scientific cooperation increased, Western scholars increasingly used documentary materials from the central and local archives of the USSR and Russia. In the second half of the XX early XXI centuries one of the main distinguishing features of Siberian studies in the West was an extensive use of the "frontier" theory (D. Treadgold, D. Kazmer, A. Kappeler). A contemporary German researcher E.-M. Stolberg attempted at summarizing various theoretical approaches representing the cultural history of Siberia within the political and socioeconomic frameworks, thus contributing to the development of the "frontier" theory, trans-regional and trans-cultural history. The author comes to conclusion that over the last century Western researchers demonstrated a variety of opinions: from the mostly negative attitudes in the early XX century to the mostly positive ones in the contemporary historiography. While admitting failures in implementation of some governmental measures and specific situation in Southern and Eastern Siberia or in the Far East, contemporary authors tend to write about the migrations' positive impact on the social and economic development of Asian Russia. Focusing on the specifics of situation in Siberia they often underestimate the results of governmental policy aimed at unification of social groups and creation of a "big Russian nation" in Asia. However some historians (St. Marks, A. Wood and others) urge their colleagues not to exaggerate the success of "modernization" or specifics of the Siberian frontier. Such approach along with the use of a traditional theory of "colonization" resembles evaluations and forecasts made by the researchers at the beginning of the XX century.

Статья посвящена изучению роли «китайских» рынков в процессах постсоветских городских трансформаций. На примере Иркутска ставится вопрос о том, каким образом рынки взаимодействуют с городом и какие последствия имеют такие взаимодействия. Анализ строится в рамках концепции естественного развития городской среды, подчеркивающей роль рынка в организации пространства города. На основе изучения «китайских» рынков Иркутска обосновывается тезис о том, что, несмотря на изменения формата и внутренней организации таких объектов, они по-прежнему остаются неотъемлемым элементом городской среды и одной из доминант ее развития., The paper is devoted to research of the function of "Chinese" markets in the processes of Post-Soviet urban transformation. The example of Irkutsk shows how the markets interact with the city and consequences of these interactions. "Chinese" markets transformed into integral part of the city infrastructure and consequently became an important factor of development of urban space. The important result of market integration lay in the fact that the market interrelation with the urban space is not in the research field. Hence, the aim of the study is determination and analysis of "Chinese" market's role in the processes of urban space organization in Irkutsk. The empirical basis of study is the results of observation of the largest Irkutsk "Chinese" markets "Shankhai" ("Shanghai") and "Kitai-gorod" ("China-town"). Transformations of "Shankhai" reveal interrelation between reshaping of "Chinese" market and city's spatial changes. This market changed many forms from the open market (like a grass-root place of bargain) to the container market and later to the contemporary shopping mall. Nevertheless, despite the form modifications the essence of "market" relations remains unchanged. "Shankhai" plays formative role for the central part of the city as the area of bargain and its infrastructure. The second case of "Kitai-gorod" appeared as a result of attempts to control the future development processes of "Shankhai". In this case, the formative role of market is enhanced and demonstrates another way to "Chinese" market's influence on organization of urban space. The market is located in the city's peripheral so it strengthens the spatial connections between the city areas and ensures the integration of outskirts in urban social space. At the same time, it contributed to the separation of the new "Chinese" market from "Shankhai". The changes of Irkutsk "Chinese" markets demonstrate their role in city development processes. "Chinese" markets have economic function, which is closely related with their social importance. The markets are the basis of new urban localities, which define development of spatial and social development of the city. Markets provide people-to-people and human-space interactions. They determine the multifunctionality of urban space and the system of the intercity connections. In this way, the "Chinese" markets have a special meaning: despite their new forms, these markets set the context for further spatial development of Irkutsk. On the one hand, transformation of "Chinese" markets is the answer to changes in social life of the city, but on the other hand, this is evolution of urban development mechanism.

Анализируется использование тропа относительности Секстом Эмпириком. Поднимается проблема возможного агностицизма главного представителя пирронизма и предлагаются аргументы и основания, которые показывают способ отведения данного возражения. Основой интерпретации является так называемая диалектическая стратегия, с помощью которой Секст мог описать свое непропозициональное использование норм и аргументов, которые были им заимствованы у догматических философов и использованы против них самих., The goal of Sextus Empiricus' philosophy implies achieving the tranquility of soul (ataraxia), which is reached through investigation of scientific and philosophical beliefs. Sceptic comes to conclusion, Sextus says, that conflicting beliefs have equal persuasiveness, which allows him to suspend judgement about truth and falsity of any issues under investigation. At the same time Sextus uses powerful arguments of negative dogmatic nature, what provides reasons to some scholars to contend Sextus' insincerity and inconsistency. Indeed, we come to strange results, undertaking analysis of the Relativity Mode. If we reconstruct arguments, contained in the Mode, we can see that the main premise of the Mode is an assumption that relative knowledge of the things is not the proper one, for it cannot reveal their real nature. For the being of things in themselves is assumed as absolute and not relative one. Every relative predicate then does not reveal the real properties of the things in themselves. Assuming this, one should certain conclude that things are incomprehensible, which means in its turn taking agnosticism. However this takes no place in Sextus' case -at the end of every Mode he declares necessity of suspending judgement. This issue raises the main problem of this paper. I argue that Sextus has sufficient means to refute those hasty charges sketched above. So it is proposed an apologetic interpretation based on so called «dialectical strategy», which can be traced to Socrates and which was inherited by Sextus through Arcesilaus. It consists in hypothetical assuming premises and deduction rules of opponents (dogmati-cists), and revealing internal contradictions of their accounts. As example of such strategy could be taken a special way of skeptical speaking, which is described by «phainestai rule» (K. Vogt). According to this rule the pyrrhonian sceptic makes no statements, but just utters about his perceptions and mental states. It means that the sceptic have a special skeptical propositional attitude, according to which he makes no truth claims but he is just reasoning from the dogmatist's point of view. Thus we reach a point that the sceptic doesn't argue truth of premises and deduction rules, and thereby is not committed to their conclusions. This shows why the sceptic isn't entitled to claim agnosticism as consequence of his reasoning. However this interpretation calls an account of isosthenia in question, which I'll undertake in the following paper.

Описываются методологические основания выбора психокоррекционных и психотерапевтических методик для работы с пациентами кардиологического профиля до и после коронарного шунтирования. Исследованы и описаны особенности когнитивно-эмоциональной сферы пациентов с нарушениями по типу «лобного» синдрома. С учетом нейропсихологической симптоматики и специфики эмоционально-волевой сферы данной категории пациентов предложен комплекс методик, базирующийся на техниках и приемах когнитивно-бихевиорального подхода психотерапии и методах программированного обучения больных с «лобным» синдромом Л.С. Цветковой и восстановления планирования речевого высказывания М.К. Шохор-Троцкой. В предлагаемом комплексе выделено три блока по формированию и закреплению определенных психологических навыков: рационально-поведенческий, прогностический, когнитивно-коммуникативный., This article describes the methodological bases of the choice of psychocorrectional and psycho-therapeutic techniques in working with cardiological patients before and after coronary bypass surgery. The features of the cognitive-emotional sphere of patients with frontal lobe syndrome are presented. A clinical psychologist action algorithm for the diagnosis and prevention of behavioral and psycho-emotional disorders in patients preparing for surgery was worked out. The article highlights the "targets" of psychocorrectional exposure with the aim to overcome patients' "frontal" dysfunctions and to restore cognitive functions after coronary bypass surgery. In the paper we present a list of existing and most commonly used therapeutic approaches when working with patients suffering from somatic diseases. The paper describes a number of physiological mechanisms which patients with anxiety or depressive disorders may encounter. To prevent the influence of a negative stress response on the cardiovascular system we suggested to use the problem-oriented approach, in particular, the method of the rational-emotive therapy by A. Ellis. The techniques of this approach, unlike other types of psychotherapy, prevent the patient from coming back to the traumatic situation. The advantages of the rational-behavioral therapy were presented, where the main aim is to change the irrational patient's settings and to produce the optimal behavior during the preparation for the surgery. Taking into account neuropsychological symptoms and the specificity of emotional and volitional aspects of this category of patients, the complex of methods based on techniques and methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches was chosen including the methods of programmed training for patients with frontal lobe syndrome by L.S. Tsvetkova, and the recovery method of verbal planning by M.K. Shokhor-Trotsky. The scheme of psychological support of patients before and after coronary bypass surgery was developed. In the proposed complex we identified 3 blocks allocated for the formation and consolidation of certain psychological skills: rational-behavioral, predictive, and cognitive-communicative. Positive changes in the psychological sphere by using this methodical complex are expected, such as: reducing attention deficiency; enhancing voice and task oriented behavioral activity; reducing anxiety; actualization of time perspective. The complex of psychotherapeutic methods is oriented to improve the quality of life and to form the patient's personal responsibility for the treatment, which could become the basis for the psychological preparation for the surgery and for the rehabilitation in the postoperative period.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of professional foreign language competence as part of entrepreneurs' cultural background in today's Russia. The article focuses on improving the education of Russian businesspeople through the integration of a professional foreign language course and the disciplines of their university major. The authors examine their own experience in searching for the most effective teaching tools, self-study evaluation tools including. The outcomes gained indicate that the modular interdisciplinary design of suggested training courses may have a positive impact on entrepreneurs' job performance.

This paper explores the main tenets of gender studies of language developed in Western linguistics. The article contains a comparative critical analysis of deficiency framework, dominance framework, difference framework and dynamic framework and exhibits the implications of different approaches to manifestation of gender and sex in language.

This paper presents a case study research based on the experience of Moscow State University of using cross-cultural telecommunication projects as a "testing ground" for developing students' cross-cultural communicative competence. This competence was assessed in terms of success / failure of cross-cultural interaction. The transcripts of forums and chats have been analyzed as well as the results of the survey of students-participants, aimed at getting their opinion about the project ("student satisfaction" factor).

This paper considers basic definitions of “discourse” proposed by various scholars and describes institutional economic discourse. On the exam-ple of the economic text in Chinese the authors analyze in detail the four groups of signs of institutional discourse (constitutive, institutional; specifici-ty; neutral), and describes the differences in lexical composition, stylistic and syntactic structures used by the speaker, depending on the intentions of a cer-tain economic sector communication. The authors distinguish features of translating texts with an economic discourse from Chinese into Russian, clas-sifies the difficulties in translating the texts and outlines key conditions re-quired for the translation of economic texts. One of the key conditions for successful translation is analysis of the source text as the most difficult stage in translation from Chinese into Russian. Keywords: Chinese language; discourse; institutional signs of economic dis-course; translation; economic translation.

Рассматривается традиционная идентичность старообрядцев-беспоповцев Южной Вятки в контексте теории коллективной (исторической) памяти. Дается обзор основных подходов к концептуализации понятия коллективной памяти, в том числе с целью изучения старообрядческих сообществ. Анализируются основные детерминанты коллективной памяти локального старообрядческого социума, паттерны, которые определяют характер и стратегии коммеморации, а также тенденции изменений в идентичности старообрядческих сообществ, обусловленные переменами в структуре коллективной памяти., The concept of collective (social) memory is being used in social sciences to expose the link between the past of the group and its identity. It was developped in 1950 in the works of the French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs and further investigated by P. Conner-ton, J. Assmann, A. Assmann, P. Nora and others. The Canadian anthropologist D. Sheffel has demonstrated the potential of this methodological approach in examining the frameworks of identity of the Old Believer community. He emphasised the distribution of commemorative functions between the written and oral tradition that allows the Old Believer community to be flexible to the changes without jeopardizing the basic elements of the tradition. The current paper aims to integrate the various techniques of memory studies to question the state of identity of the bezpopovtsi (without-priest) Old Believers in the South Viatka region. First, the author approaches the structure of the old believers' collective memory, organized around the Shizm (Raskol) as the triggering event of the process of delimitation of the Old Believers and the major "figure of memory" (the term developed by J. Assmann). Following the Russian anthropologist R. Karagezov, the author adopts the notion of pattern as a dynamic form of collective memory which inscribes the figures of memory in the actual cognitive frame of individuals, establishing the link between the past and the present of the community, the "cultural" (distant) memory and the "communicative" (recent) memory. The main patterns of the Old Believer collective memory represented in the sacred texts or in the polemical writings referring to the former are those of the "last times" (predicted in the Bible), the "profanation of priesthood", the "non-interaction with infidels", the "persecutions", the "eternal sinful-ness and penitence". The patterns are thus ruling the adaptation strategies of the community, providing its members with the instruments of treating the social reality. The absence of stable structures charged to transmit the figures of cultural memory (the clergy) is instrumental in the active forgetting of tradition. The recent past shapes the process of remembering, rearranging the self-concept of the community. The local tradition becomes justified by the authority of the forefathers, even if it they altered the rites bound to be kept intact.

Исследуется проблема возникновения и существования антиамериканизма в Южной Корее. Рассматриваются особенности южнокорейского антиамериканизма. Анализируется развитие антиамериканских настроений в южнокорейском обществе. Особое место уделяется выявлению причин южнокорейского антиамериканизма, исходя из изучения прошлого Кореи. В качестве наиболее известного примера антиамериканизма приводится инцидент 2002 г., когда в результате военных учений США погибли две корейские школьницы., The present paper is devoted to such a complex phenomenon as "anti-Americanism" in a case study of the nearest American ally South Korea. The authors considered the term "anti-Americanism" as a hostile attitude toward American lifestyle, policy, government, culture and American nation. In the authors' opinion, the strong economic, political and cultural ties with the US are among basic reasons of such a strong anti-Americanism. Nowadays anti-Americanism is getting more and more attention from western and South Korean mass media as well as from different academic communities. To the authors' mind, due to its geopolitical position, Korea has been influenced by its powerful neighbors since the ancient times, which has had an effect on Koreans and their mentality. That is why any encroachment on Korea's independence and domestic policy from the outside world is perceived by Koreans very painfully. Consequently, the main source of anti-American sentiment is considered to be the Status of Force Agreement (SOFA). It is an international agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in that country defining the rights and privileges of the military personnel. According to the SOFA, only the US courts have jurisdiction over crimes committed by military personnel in Korea. The paper considers in detail some facts about the crimes of American military on the territory of South Korea and the reaction of Koreans. The authors also state that the intensity of anti-Americanism depends on the left-wing movement activities. Nowadays, because of the increasing nuclear threat from the North and the aggressive Chinese policy, the intensity of anti-Americanism in South Korea has been declining. Taking into account such external conditions, it is disadvantageous for Koreans to oppose the US, their main supporter and ally. In the conclusion the authors note that despite the declining of anti-Americanism in South Korea, should any crime be committed by American military personnel, Koreans will go again to the streets with anti-American slogans because the problem of some unfair provisions of the SOFA has not been solved yet. That is why until amendments are made to the SOFA that will satisfy the Korean nation, anti-American sentiment will continue existing in South Korea.

Рассмотрена успешность когнитивно-дискурсивной деятельности русских студентов при восприятии англоязычного аутентичного устно-речевого дискурса. Особый акцент делается на инференции смысла высказывания, содержащего социокультурно маркированные лексические единицы. Выявляются группы факторов, оказывающих воздействие на процесс коммуникации и успешность восприятия иноязычного аутентичного дискурса. Приводятся методология и результаты экспериментального исследования когнитивных процессов интерпретации значений языковых средств английского языка русскими студентами, изучающими английский язык как иностранный. Делается вывод о роли контекстуальных факторов и социокультурной информации для успешности понимания аутентичного иноязычного дискурса и причинах коммуникативных неудач в условиях коммунифкации между представителями разных культур., This paper explores the process of comprehension within intercultural communication; the factors that affect the success of the authentic discourse interpretation by Russian learners of English; and the causes of communicative failures in interaction between representatives of different cultures. The discursive-cognitive approach focuses on a foreign language as an object of study and comprehension, as well as on the study of cognitive processes responsible for communication activity. The paper presents an experimental study of the cognitive processes of English lexical expressions and discourse fragments interpretation by Russian students. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that if the verbal expression has a socio-cultural load, the inference becomes an even more complex cognitive challenge in the situation of intercultural communication. The experimental study was carried out on lexical units and cognitive-discursive fragments of the contemporary American English language. The research aimed at studying the substantive aspects of foreign language authentic spoken discourse acquisition; identifying the impact of context on the students' understanding of lexical units; identifying the factors that determine the interpretation process and its success. Empirical data have shown the important role of contextual factors and socio-cultural information for the success of an authentic foreign language discourse comprehension. Situation-bound utterances given in the situational context contributed to the optimization of the perception process that promotes the analysis and synthesis of all the characteristics of a word as a means of language and its environment (the actual situational context). The study proved that the causes of communication failure in a situation of intercultural foreign language communication are the following: 1) inadequate perception of linguistic and extralinguistic factors of communication; 2) imperfect mechanism of perception, interpretation and comprehension of the foreign language discourse; 3) insufficient volume of culture-loaded receptive and productive vocabulary of students; 4) lack of perceptual experience; 5) lack of discursive-cognitive experience that promotes awareness of the difference of cultures and languages as well as different / varied ways of speech activity to infer an adequate meaning of a foreign language utterance. These data confirm the hypothesis and reveal interesting features of the cognitive-discursive activity within intercultural communication; however, due to the complexity of the phenomenon the study requires further development.

Статья посвящена роли иностранных военнопленных в металлургическом производстве и в строительстве на территории Удмуртии в 1945-1948 гг. На основе архивных документов, которые впервые вводятся в научный оборот, автор обращает внимание на характер труда спецконтингента, анализирует уровень его эффективности и рентабельности. В статье представлены численность пленных, трудившихся на заводе № 71, а также размер их заработной платы. Приведенные данные позволяют утверждать, что, несмотря на существовавшие проблемы, в выполнении производственной программы некоторых предприятий труд спецконтингента занимал значительное место., The article is devoted to the role of foreign prisoners of war (PoWs) in the metallurgical production and construction on the territory of Udmurtia in 1945-1948. The author describes the character of PoW labour on the basis of archival documents that were first introduced in the scientific use. The author states that the use of PoWs in the production and construction occurred because of the lack of workers at enterprises of Izhevsk and Udmurtia. The paper contains the analysis of the labour effect and the profit from PoW activities, represents the quantitative indexes of the special contingent and the level of PoW wages in the metallurgical production in Izhevsk. Enterprises that used PoW labour are listed. The author fixes some problems in the organization of PoW labour. The causes of low PoW productivity and labour results are identified. The kinds of PoW work are also presented, as well as the number of PoWs at the city enterprises and their wages. The data reveal forgotten and unknown facts about the activities of the special contingent in the reconstruction of the Votkinsk Dam. The data show the importance of PoW labour for certain enterprises in the solution of different problems. Sometimes enterprises lacked workers because the number of PoWs involved in production and construction decreased. Foreign prisoners of war were the main resource of workers at some enterprises of Izhevsk during the post-war time. The author states that PoW labour played a certain role in the reconstruction and improvement of the economic indexes of Izhevsk and Udmurtia after the Great Patriotic War. Foreign prisoners of war were mainly auxiliary workers at enterprises because they had no professional qualification. The author states that the labour of PoWs often did not pay their support costs. This tendency was a cause of the quick repatriation of PoWs from the Soviet Union. The paper describes the nationalities of foreign PoWs who worked in Izhevsk and Udmurtia after World War II. The contingent of PoWs in Izhevsk consist of Germans, Romanians, Hungarians and foreigners of others countries of Western and Central Europe. The author also analyzes the facts about the Izhevsk camp for the special contingent. The issue of foreign PoWs in the USSR during 1941-1956 is a blind spot of the Soviet history. The paper assists in the study of the little known episodes of the Soviet and regional history and helps to reconstruct the integral image of PoW life in the USSR.

Рассматривается деятельность гражданских инженеров в проектировании и строительстве церковных зданий и сооружений Томской епархии. Выявляется роль инженеров в должности епархиальных архитекторов. Приводится перечень наиболее значимых храмов, в проектировании и строительстве которых участвовали гражданские инженеры., This papers considers the role of civil engineers in the process of church building of Tomsk Diocese. The importance of the participation of civil engineers in the church building of Tomsk Diocese is proved by the fact that six of seven diocesan architects had the rank "Civil Engineer", namely: K.N. Eremeev, A.A. Ashemur, K.A. Gonyaev, I.Yu. Schreyer, S.V. Khomich, N.V. Baumgarten. Only one architect, V.V. Khabarov, who held the post of diocesan architect for five years, was a graduate of the Academy of Arts. Being in the position of the diocesan architect, civil engineers carried out projects, conducted technical supervision of construction of new church buildings in the cities and other settlements of Tomsk Diocese. As a rule, having the position of the diocesan architect, civil engineers held other positions at the same time, such as the city architect, the provincial engineer and others. This article provides information on the construction of the most important church buildings of Tomsk Diocese, the Trinity Cathedral in Tomsk, the Alexander Nevsky Church in Biysk, the Intercession Church, the Synagogue in Mariinsk and others. In addition, it reviews the activities of civil engineers outside of Tomsk Diocese. The study also notes the participation of other civil engineers in the construction of church buildings of Tomsk Diocese. At the end of the 19th century the construction of churches was intense. As a result, a decree was signed that church authorities that were responsible for the construction of temples could apply not only to the diocesan architects, but also to all the architects who were entitled to do such work. Such civil engineers as F.F. Gut, K.A. Zaranek and A.D. Kryachkov engineered and built temples. The study found that civil engineers were actively involved in the church building of Tomsk Diocese. Many of them arrived in Tomsk having a wealth of experience in the construction of churches in the Russian cities which was successfully used in the construction of Tomsk Diocese. This was the civil engineer F.F. Gut. Others came to Tomsk immediately after graduation and gained experience in the construction of temples of Tomsk Diocese. These civil engineers were A.D. Kryachkov, S.V. Khomich. The study notes that civil engineers often were also the main builders by putting their projects into practice. The education they received at the Institute of Civil Engineers allowed them to work as designers, estimators, builders, which was especially important in the province that always lacked qualified architects.

Рассматривается применение методики многомерного факторного анализа при изучении внутреннего строя крестьянских хозяйств переходной от лесостепи к тайге природной экономической зоны Западной Сибири на основе подворной сельскохозяйственной переписи 1901 г. по Томской губернии. Экономический строй хозяйств данного региона был рыночно-мелкотоварным, рыночно-капиталистическая система в нем еще не сформировалась., The paper used factor analysis to sample typical farms of farming and livestock specialization of v. Baltinskaya, v. Novo-Porosskaya, Oyashinskaya volost of Tomsk uezd, in Tomsk Province by the materials of the Tomsk Provincial Agricultural Census 1901. Such farms were gradually included in the commodity-money relations on the basis of small-scale market. At the turn of the 20th century, Western Siberia entered the process of agricultural modernization. Siberian peasants, based on traditional family values, actively joined the all-Russian capitalist market. Gradually the material and technical base of farms, the level of marketability changed, new economic and industrial links were formed. Traditional economic relations gradually gave way to the commodity-market relations. The internal economic structure of farms gradually developed and acquired new socio-cultural traits. System analysis allows identifying the level and extent of involvement of farms in agrarian relations, exploring their economic nature. Mathematical methods play a significant role in the structure of system analysis. A study of the internal structure of farms in the West Siberian region can be based on mathematical methods such as correlation, regression and factor analysis. Correlation analysis gives the degree of connection of various components of peasant farms; regression reflects the shape and form of dependence of major economic components. Factor analysis reveals the inner structure of farms in more detail. In this article, factor analysis is applied to study the above-mentioned selected farms. Factor analysis was made on a random sample of data array of 183 farming and cattle-breeding farms. Factor analysis is based on the pair regression-correlation analysis. Pairs with the largest possible correlation coefficient were grouped into parameters. Depending on how the parameters grouped, each factor received a certain name. Thus, the internal structure of farms in the West Siberian region of the late 19th early 20th centuries reflected their involvement in the economic relations of two economic subsystems. The traditional, family-consumer system formed the basis, the core of economic relations. However, the impact of commodity-capitalist relations stimulated the formation of an adaptive subsystem of farms and their gradual entry into the commodity market, through small-scale farming.

Статья посвящена германо-российскому противостоянию в Иранском Курдистане накануне Первой мировой войны. На основе анализа широкого круга источников и научной литературы предпринята попытка дать объективную оценку тем историческим событиям и процессам, которые происходили в этом регионе в начале ХХ в. В работе раскрываются предпосылки возникновения, формы и методы соперничества двух европейских держав за преобладание в курдских провинциях шахского Ирана, а также освещаются основные результаты этой борьбы., The article describes the complex research on the problems of the Russian-German conflict in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War (1907-1914). On the basis of a wide range of sources, which include archival materials, official publications of documents and analysis of the scientific literature on the subject, an attempt was made to give an objective assessment to the historical events that occurred in this region in the first third of the twentieth century. The development of the German-Russian rivalry in the Kurdish provinces of Iran in 1907-1914 is characterized. The place given to the Kurdish question in the system of foreign policy goals and objectives of the two great European powers in the Middle Eastern arena in the period under review is determined. Prerequisites of the Kaiser's Germany policy formation on Iranian Kurds in the context of the general doctrine of Drang nach Osten, as well as the policy of the Russian Empire aimed at preserving its economic and political dominance of the North-western Iran and at ensuring the safety of its Transcaucasia possessions, are disclosed. The paper reflects the means of penetration of Russia and Germany in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War. The German leadership, using the methods of economic penetration and political maneuvering, was meant to win a strong position among the Iranian Kurds in order to continue to use them in their expansion to the East and the Caucasus. This desire, of course, met serious opposition on the part of the tsarist government. The paper studies the forms and methods of the Russian-German conflict in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War and the main results of this struggle. Attention is also paid to the discussion that ensued among the Russian diplomats on the issue regarding the use of the Kurdish factor in Russia's interests in the Middle and the Near East. The ability to act and blunders of the German and Russian governments in their policies towards the Kurds are analyzed. It is concluded that, overall, the German policy in Iranian Kurdistan in 1907-1914 was much more successful than the Russian. The ruling circles of the Kaiser's Germany with the help of its agents were able to establish strong ties with the Iranian Kurds, have a significant impact on them and undermine the position of their rival. It was later successfully used by the German commanders during combat operations in the initial phase of hostilities at the Turkish-Asian arena of the First World War.

Выявляется вклад И.П. Кузнецова-Красноярского в изучение Сибири. Показано, как по примеру отца, красноярского золотопромышленника П.И. Кузнецова, он коллекционировал предметы археологии, этнографии, сибирской повседневности, старинные документы и безвозмездно передавал их в фонды Археологического музея Императорского Томского университета. Освещен богатый опыт музеографических и археографических работ И.П. Кузнецова, представлена его концепция истории Сибири как неотъемлемой части России., This article deals with the activities of I.P. Kuznetsov-Krasnoyarskiy, a prominent researcher and collector of the late 19th early 20th centuries, who made a great contribution to the replenishment of funds of Siberian museums, to the study of history, archaeography and museum science in Siberia. In order to understand the origin of Kuznetsov's interest in the study of Siberia, it is necessary to refer to his own testimony in his works. Now we know that Innokentiy Kuznetsov was born in 1851 in a rich merchant family. His father was an owner of a goldmine; he donated to churches and culture. Besides, he formed collections, and was a member of the East Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Innokentiy Kuznetsov had no special education. Nevertheless, he was engaged in self-education. Following the example of his father, he began to form collections. He conducted archaeological excavaions, acquired archaeology and ethnography items while traveling across America and Europe. He collected old documents as well. Kuznetsov donated all his collections to the Minusinsk Museum, the Imperial Historical Museum in Moscow. Kuznetsov gave the bulk of his collections to the Archaeological Museum in the Imperial Tomsk University. Yu.I. Ozheredov, a modern author calculated that Kuznetsov had given about 700 real sources, as well as photographs and documents. After his death in 1916, his widow gave 1722 subject to the University's Archaeological Museum. It is important to say that Kuznetsov did not only form collections. He described and attributed all items. When describing the subjects of archaeology he found in the Minusinsk District, Kuznetsov used the museography approach. He showed the informative and attractive features of items. Through the prism of his collections, Kuznetsov presented the history of southern Siberia, and could talk about the impact of Chinese culture on the local population of the Bronze and Iron epochs. Besides, he noted that Minusinsk aborigines used archaic flintlock shotguns at the end of the 19th century, and he wrote that their funeral rites were preserved since old times as well. The article contains new information that in addition to museography Kuznetsov was engaged in archaeography. Using his collection of ancient papers, he published eight books of historical documents about Siberia in the 17th-18th centuries. Thus he saved a mass of historical information from destroying. Being a collector and archaeographer, the investigator particularly emphasized the importance of historical sources in the studies. He considered that an important task of history studies was people's life, not the conquest of Siberia. It is necessary to note that the materials of his documentary books allow us to look at the Siberian past from the view of its witnesses. There is a lot of information about the abuse of power in the Siberian towns and cities in the 18th century in his publications. He revealed the plight of women in his works. Among first in Siberia, I.P. Kuznetsov told about people's holidays, matchmaking, etc. A critical use of historical sources allowed him to have his doubt about the Royal origin of the Tomsk elder (starets) Fyodor Kuzmich. Reading Kuznetsov's works helps us to make a complete account of his contribution to the comprehensive study of Siberian territories; it renews and enriches the vision of the historical past of Siberia.

Рассматриваются вопросы функционирования моделей инфинитивных предложений в творчестве Е. Летова. Цель работы заключается в том, чтобы выявить функции и оттенки значений инфинитивных предложений в рассматриваемом корпусе и найти ответ на вопрос о причинах частого использования автором этих моделей. Анализ материала показывает, что существует разновидность инфинитивных предложений, не обладающая очевидной модальной спецификой и подробно не описанная в литературе, модально неквалифицируемая., Though the variety and functioning of Russian infinitive clauses are described rather well, they are still worth studying, especially referring to their functioning in those spheres which have not been researched yet. This paper is based on Egor Letov's verse, and focuses on functions and semantic nuances of the infinitive clauses as well as on the reasons of their frequent use. A specific semantic subtype of infinitive clauses, which has not been in focus in previous works, is described. Some remarks on this topic may be seen, though, in a series of papers by A. Zholkovsky, who names this subtype the 'absolute infinitive construction' and treats it as a variety of the so-called 'infinitive writing'. Nevertheless, his analysis focuses on the poetic functions of the infinitive writing. The specific aim of this work is to give a linguistic description of the subtype. The majority of infinitive patterns have vivid modality; nevertheless, the subtype described does not possess any obvious modal specificity: strelyat', metat', teryat' druzei /posylat' na smert' batalyony soldat [To shoot, to throw, to lose friends / to send battalions of soldiers to their deaths]; Ekh, zashishat svoi Faterlyand [Oh, to defend the Fatherland]. Such cases differ in the interpretation of modal connotations of meaning. One cannot clearly estimate the desirability / undesirability, obligation, inevitability or failure the author keeps in mind. Some infinitives indicate actions that are perceived with obvious positive evaluation (pisat' stikhi o vesne [to write poems about spring]), which itself could be seen as an indirect sign of optative modality, but this evaluation is neutralized with neighboring infinitives having an opposite connotation. Most infinitives in the subtype investigated do not contain any modal connotation in lexical meaning: probirat'sya [wade], polzti [crawl], shagat' [stride], zashchishchat' [protect], zashit' [sew], katitsya [roll], zaglyadyvat' [look]. The frequent use of verbs of motion in the material attracts attention: Kolesompo raduge letat' /Solnechnye zaychiki glotat' [To fly like a wheel over the rainbow / To swallow sunbeams]. The data analysed illustrate the meditative nature of the modal meaning. It seems that the author considers the action per se. Such infinitive clauses cannot be modally qualified. Characteristic for this subtype are 1) absence of the dative subject; 2) absence of any verbal exponents of modal connotations, such as particles by, ne, zhe, li; 3) proximity of the infinitive to nomina actionis. It is important to underline that the absence of the dative subject does not mean that it is simply omitted and can be easily restored. In fact, its restoration is possible only under condition that particles are introduced into the construction, i.e. if the construction is essentially altered.

Показана эволюция подходов правительства У. Черчилля в отношении подписанного в 1952 г. Договора о Европейской армии. Автор анализирует британские инициативы для содействия ратификации этого договора, акцентируя внимание на развернувшихся внутри кабинета дискуссиях между премьер-министром У. Черчиллем и главой Форин-офис А. Иденом. Сделаны выводы о том, что при всем сложном отношении Лондона к наднациональной модели интеграции в целом и ее военно-политическому аспекту, британское правительство все же было заинтересовано в ратификации договора Европейского оборонительного сообщества., After the Second World War in the circumstances of arising confrontation between the two superpowers and the beginning of the Cold War, European countries took a course on military-political integration. One of the leaders of this process in Europe was France which, following the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), proposed to create the European Army or European Defence Community (EDC). In 1952, six countries France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg signed the treaty establishing EDC. United Kingdom, as in the case of the ECSC, did not sign the treaty, but did not reject the possibility of partial participation in the new community. Problems with the ratification of the treaty led to debate within the UK and in other countries especially in France on the prospects of the British participation in the European Army. The article shows the evolution of the approaches of the British government of Winston Churchill to the European Defence Community, or European Army established in 1952. Britain was not a signatory of the treaty, but monitored closely the ongoing processes in the continent. The process of ratification of the treaty was difficult. France was concerned about US plans to integrate West Germany into NATO. This situation gave Britain, on the one hand, the opportunity to mediate and bring closer the positions of Paris and Washington on the German question, on the other hand, forced to take on additional military commitments. The author of the article analyzes the British initiatives to promote the ratification of the EDC treaty and focuses on intergovernmental discussions that accompanied the elaboration of such initiatives. The debates within the cabinet showed that the country's leadership did not discard the idea of British involvement in the European Army, even though the position of Prime Minister W. Churchill and Head of the Foreign Office A. Eden on this issue differed. Cabinet Papers allowed the author to make a conclusion that despite a comprehensive position of London on the supranational model of integration in general and its military-political aspect in particular, the British government was still interested in the ratification of the EDC treaty. Therefore, British diplomacy sought various forms of strengthening European defence and the solution of the German problem, including putting forward the idea of combining EDC and NATO and extra military guarantees on their part. In the future, these initiatives, despite the failure of the ratification of the EDC treaty in Paris, will be the basis for new projects to strengthen the role of Great Britain in European affairs and international detente.

Рассматриваются архивные документы, которые поступали в приходские церкви и составлялись в них в XVIII начале XX в. Проводится критический анализ различных систематизаций архивных документов, отложившихся в фондах церквей и учреждений по управлению Русской православной церковью. Выявлены схожие и отличительные черты мнений ученых. Представлена авторская классификация документальных источников приходских церквей Тобольской епархии XVIII -начала XX в., разработанная в результате анализа документов, хранящихся в ФКУ «Российский государственный исторический архив», ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске» и ГКУ «Государственный архив Курганской области»., In the research a critical analysis of various types of church documents systematization is carried out. Similar and distinctive features of scholars' opinions are given. Among experts in the history of church there is no consensus about the classification of church sources. The only thing scholars agree on is the classification of church books, confession lists, clerical lists, marriage searches and census records about sacred and clergymen, their families as a group of documents of the church account and mass sources. The author's classification of the documentary sources of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries is presented; it was developed as a result of the analysis of the documents stored in the Russian State Historical Archive, in the State Archive in Tobolsk and in the State Archive of Kurgan Oblast. Official documentation of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries has been conditionally divided into four categories by the functional criterion: assembly documents; registration documents; reporting documents; parish chronicles; correspondence; documents on economic activity. Documents of legal and standard character belong to the first group, assembly documents; they include three categories: 1) acts of the supreme authorities; 2) departmental acts of the Holy Ruling Synod; 3) regulations of local bodies of the church power. The second group of documents includes documents of the church accounting of the population which began at the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. The third group of sources is reporting documents. Parish chronicles are classified into a separate, the fourth, group. The fifth group of documents of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy is correspondence; the sixth is economic documents. Most often archives have account books (receipts and expenses books could be kept separately) and property registers of parish churches. This group can also contain notebooks of profit, expenses and surplus of prayers of absolution and paper bands; profit registers of church priests; books for records of donation money or butts; books of auxiliary salaries; justificatory monetary documents; registers of parishioners depositing funds for the maintenance of the temple; cases of church repairs; documents on the opening of parish guardianship and renovation of church iconostases; books on candle sales; paper band and prayer books.

Исследуется процесс восстановления работы высшего земского органа в Алтайской губернии. В основе исследования лежит анализ архивных документов о деятельности алтайского земства в указанный период. Изучается весь комплекс мер, проводившихся в губернии для восстановления разрушенной системы управления, оценивается общий уровень эффективности проводимых мероприятий, раскрывается структура аппарата Алтайской губернской земской управы, рассматривается финансовое положение, в котором оказалось алтайское земство после восстановления своей деятельности., In this article the author shows how the restoration of activities of the supreme Zemstvo body in Altai Province occurred. The study is based on the analysis of the archival documents on the activities of the Altai District Council in the period. The paper describes the whole complex of measures carried out in the province to restore the ruined system of management, evaluates the general level of their effectiveness, describes the structure of the Altai Provincial Zemstvo Council and the financial situation of the Altai District Council after the restoration of the activity. After the restoration of its activities in the summer of 1918, the Altai District Council faced a number of problems, the organization of the Zemstvo was destroyed. All departments serving the life and economy of Altai Province were transferred to central uniform provincial departments, and the Department of Agriculture was only a secretariat with an immature Agronomy Department with a single instructor as an appendix. To resolve the situation, committees were created: financial, of public education, insurance, medical-veterinary, agronomic, road and staff. The restored structure of the Provincial Council included the following departments: secretariat; accounting; financial-accountant; instructor; public education; agronomy; insurance; charity; medical care; veterinary; land; statistical; road construction; library; economic. In addition to the organizational crisis, the local government also faced the financial crisis. The Treasury was empty. There were either no funds, or access to them was difficult. However, the Altai Zemstvo was able to determine the main directions of work on the restoration of the local economy in a short time. The organizational issue was solved quickly, and almost immediately the Zemstvo moved on to solving economic problems. Representatives of the economically active population who wanted to establish a peaceful life came to power in the province again. In June-July 1918, the Altai Zemstvo members were able to recover the structure of the provincial administration in the province. Thus, in the first stage of the Siberian counter-revolution, the Altai Provincial Zemstvo was able to partially restore the system of local self-government the Bolsheviks destroyed and proceed to the arrangement of a peaceful life. The experience of creating a workable administrative unit of the provincial level and the active approach to solving the pressing problems of the region in the conditions of the total shortage of cash can be popular nowadays.

Рассмотрены основные тенденции развития системы высшего образования в Республике Казахстан. Представлен обзор оценки казахстанских университетов национальными и международными рейтингами университетов. Подчеркнуты различия в методологии оценки различных рейтинговых агентств. Проведен сравнительный анализ динамики развития казахстанских университетов между собой, относительно российских и зарубежных университетов., The paper focuses on the major trends of higher education system development in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It gives an overview of the evaluation of Kazakh universities by national and global university rankings. Most of the experts are of the opinion that reforming the national higher education system requires paying special attention to the experience of the leading Western and some Asian universities which are at the top positions in world rankings. However, the trends of higher education development in the countries that, like Russia, inherited the Soviet education system and try to build their national models are of interest as well. One of these countries is the Republic of Kazakhstan, one of the few former Soviet republics to have managed a successful adaptation to market economy. Nowadays Kazakhstan is a signatory of major international documents in the area of education (the Lisbon Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region, the Bologna Declaration etc.) On the whole, Kazakhstan's higher education system undergoes transformations. In line with the challenges of our time, the major vector of Kazakh universities' development is internationalization. At present, world rankings are used as the main instrument of measuring the effectiveness of universities. Even though this instrument is questionable as to how adequately the existing rankings evaluate the universities, it is widely used in the modern world. Thus, we have to follow it as well. The purpose of entering the world rankings by Kazakh universities was set by President N.A. Nazarbayev in his message to the people of Kazakhstan in 2010. The most popular nowadays are two global rankings: QS and THE. Global and national rankings are widely used in Kazakhstan for the universities' positioning and promotion, with the government paying much attention to it. Trying to enter the top of world rankings, Kazakh universities are actively studying international experience, working out and implementing their development strategies. However, as the trends of the recent years show, this task is feasible only for two metropolitan universities, the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The Kazakh model of higher education is increasingly commercialized. It is evident both in the dynamics of the number of state-funded student positions and in the tuition fees. Internationalization is marked with a bias in favor of Western partners, a tendency underlined by the fact that some universities teach in English and employ mostly foreigners. At the same time it is evident that the Republic of Kazakhstan has its own way of moving to a modernized higher education system.

Имперские практики освоения степных областей Западной Сибири в течение длительного временного отрезка вызывали устойчивый интерес у профессионального сообщества историков. Оценки «степного» сегмента колонизационного опыта империи оказались запечатлены в историографической традиции, специфика которой обусловлена оформленной национальной составляющей. В данной связи предпринимается попытка выявления факторов и условий, при которых происходило становление историографии вопроса в России и Республике Казахстан, определения сходства и оппозиций в интерпретации имперских мероприятий в степных областях., In this paper, the author attempts to disclose the factors and circumstances of formation, development and evolution of the histo-riographical tradition in the light of Imperial experience of the colonization of the steppe regions of Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th early 20th centuries. The choice of the chronological parameters of the study fully corresponds to the historical context formed the basic research practices of the Russian and Kazakh national historiography aimed at understanding the logic and results of the incorporation of the steppe regions of Western Siberia into the Governor-Generalship of the Steppes. It was during this period when the new challenges of colonization of peripheral areas of the Siberian region appeared, so the process of agrarian colonization, and scientific examination of territories in the sphere of geopolitical and economic interests of the Russian Empire were initiated. The characteristic feature of the historiographical tradition is supposed to be a regular extension of the range of actors included in the discussion of Imperial policy regarding areas of the Steppe, content of interaction patterns, and relationships of local communities in the studied area. Involving the officials, leaders of the Western Siberia branch of the Russian Geographical Society, representatives of resettlement agencies contributed to the "route" of the colonization theme of the steppe regions beyond journalistic polemics research work and gave the reasoning about the Imperial aspect of the development of the region, the character of research reflection. Participation of representatives of national intelligence in discussions of colonization of the Steppe outlined the broad perspectives and opportunities for scientific debates, thereby increasing the degree of representativeness of research practices. Thus, in spite of the strong influence of positivist (descriptive-narrative) schemes, there was a lot of flexibility, receptivity to new approaches and research practices in the study of substantive aspects of Imperial colonization of the Governor-Generalship of the Steppes. The appeal of Russian historians to the theoretical developments of the followers of "the new history of the Empire", the recognition of the complexities of the colonizing process, taking into account the mosaic structure of populations and complex patterns of interrelations between the Central and regional authorities, imply combining structural formulas of communications of historiographical schools of Russia and Kazakhstan, which creates preconditions for taking the research problem to a fundamentally different level of quality.

Рассматриваются функциональные свойства английских отсубстантивных глаголов в бизнес-дискурсе. Для изучения от-субстантивных глаголов, функционирующих в корпусе текстов британской деловой газеты «The Financial Times», привлекался комплекс исследовательских методов: корпусный анализ, лексикографический анализ, дискурсивный анализ. Делается вывод об увеличении числа отсубстантивных глаголов, приводится их классификация по типу пропозиции, а также анализируются причины широкой распространенности в бизнес-дискурсе глаголов с метафорическим значением., The paper is devoted to the examination of functional properties of English denominal verbs in business discourse. Although de-nominal verbs formed via transmutation from nouns make up a significant class of English verbs, their functioning in business discourse remains understudied. This justifies the novelty and relevance of the work. The study is based on the data of the British business newspaper the Financial Times. The corpus of the Financial Times articles referring to 2014-2015 and comprising more than 621,000 words was collected. A number of research methods were employed. At the first stage a quantitative analysis was conducted to determine the number of denominal verbs functioning in the corpus and to compare the data gained with that of the LOB corpus. The comparison of the Financial Times corpus and the subcorpus of press of the LOB corpus, which refers to 1961, allowed the author to draw a conclusion that the quantity of denominal verbs in the British press increased over the 50-year period. In the FT corpus 163 denominal verbs were found and analysed with the lexicographical and contextual methods for further classification. In the paper the classification of denominal verbs based on the type of proposition is given. When analysing the type of proposition the attention is focused not on the predicate but on the actant which is determined by the parent noun. To have reasons to put a verb into a particular group, their definitions in an English-English dictionary, their translation given in an English-Russian dictionary, the context the verb is used in and, in some cases, the etymology of the verb were analysed. The classification includes six groups of verbs: verbs with incorporated subject (e.g. to witness, to doctor), verbs with incorporated object (e.g. to bill, to tag), verbs with incorporated locative (e.g. to shop, to house), verbs with incorporated instrument (e.g. to e-mail, to pen), verbs with incorporated resultative (e.g. to clone, to draft) and verbs with incorporated descriptive (e.g. to axe, to balloon). The final group of verbs, whose meaning is based on metaphor, turned out to be the most numerous in the corpus (29 % of all the denominal verbs). The author believes it can be explained by the presence of evaluation in this type of discourse and by the important role metaphor plays in the formation of concepts because of the complexity of processes and phenomena business discourse is characterised by.

Тема девиации приходского духовенства интересует все большее число исследователей истории повседневности. Тем не менее в сибирской историографии причины формирования поведенческих стратегий священнослужителей, не отвечающих общепринятым нормам, не выделялись в специальную тему. В настоящей статье предпринята попытка восполнить пробел с помощью материалов по истории сибирских переселенческих приходов и выяснить, влияла ли специфика служения в условиях переселения на неканоническое поведение священнослужителей., Many researchers of the history of everyday life are interested in the topic of deviation of the parochial clergy. However, in the Siberian historiography, reasons for the formation of conduct strategies of the clergy that do not meet generally accepted standards did not become a separate theme. In the framework of general research, scholars focus their attention on the study of the reconstruction of the socio-cultural image of the Siberian priest, on the description of the Tomsk diocese and the Church's participation in the organization of the parochial life of the resettlers. It is worth noting that at present the issues of the specificity of clergy service in the Siberian region, the impact of the resettlement process and the general socio-cultural changes in society reflected in the activities of the clergy and their social position are well documented, but the connection of these complex questions with the causes of deviant behavior is still not adequately studied. This paper attempts to fill this gap with the help of materials on the history of Siberian parochial migrants and will attempt to study whether the specificity of service influenced the noncanonical behavior of priests in the context of migrants' resettlement. The question of deviation among the rural clergy is quite complicated, controversial and requires an examination of the whole complex of causes and events, the accuracy of which on the basis of available sources of information is often difficult to establish. At the same time, there are undeniable objective factors that influence the behavior of clergymen at the beginning of service. In this sense, when considering the causes of deviant behavior among the rural clergy of the Tomsk diocese and resettled villages in particular, some features can be allocated: a) the specificity of the profession with a bilateral control: total by the diocese authorities and social from the congregation; b) the change in the status of the clergy in the eyes of believers who began to perceive the priest not as the priest of the parish, but as a necessary attribute to meet their spiritual needs; c) the degradation of educational qualifications among the clergy and the low-quality training; d) the lack of financial resources for adequate material support of the rural clergy. Tomsk diocesan authorities had high hopes for the parochial clergy as a mediator in influencing the Orthodox and non-Orthodox resettled population. In addition, the temporal power hoped to solve some problems and manage the newly established settlements with the help of the priest. In this situation, one can speak of the "versatility" and "multifunctionality" of rural priests in migrants' parishes, which increased their physical and psychological burden and their need in special support from the state and the supreme ecclesiastical authority that was very negligible in reality.

Затрагивается междисциплинарная проблема на стыке юридической, организационной, гендерной психологии, психологии личности и психологии труда. С целью выявления особенностей эмоционально-коммуникативной сферы руководящего состава службы исполнения наказаний в зависимости от пола сотрудников были исследованы 93 сотрудника ФСИН (г. Томск) в возрасте от 27 до 52 лет. Факторизация структуры эмоциональной и коммуникативной сферы сотрудников мужчин и сотрудников женщин позволила проследить взаимосвязи и выделить факторы личностных особенностей, которые условно разделены на 3 группы согласно их смысловой нагрузке и влиянию на профессиональную деятельность: положительные (благоприятные / желательные), отрицательные (неблагоприятные / нежелательные) и нейтральные., The paper concerns the interdisciplinary problem at the junction of legal, organizational, gender, personality psychology, and psychology of labour. It includes several aspects which are themselves separate subjects of research, for example, effects of professional activities on mental and psychological health of the Federal Penitentiary Service staff, psychological characteristics of a person in a managerial position, gender-based characteristics of professional development, etc. In order to identify the gender characteristics in the field of emotional communication skills of the Penitentiary Service management staff, the study was undertaken using the following methods: Rapid Evaluation of Management Potential (N.P. Fetiskin, V.V. Kozlov, G.M. Manuylov); Evaluation of Communication and Organizational Aptitudes (authors V.V. Sinyavsky and B.A. Fedorishin); Orientation Styles of Professional Communication (N.P. Fetiskin, V.V. Kozlov, G.M. Manuylov); Burnout Assessment adapted by A.A. Rukavishnikov; Personal Aggressiveness and Proneness to Conflict (E.P. Ilyin and P.A. Kovalev); Behavior Self-Regulation Style (V.I. Morosanova, E.M. Konoz). The study involved 93 employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service (Tomsk), including 72 (77 %) men and 21 (23 %) women aged 27 to 52. The comparative analysis of mean values for the female and male samples was carried out using Student's t-test. It revealed that men have higher values on the "planning", "pertinacity", "positive aggressiveness" and "negative aggressiveness" scales, while women have higher values on the "ability to compromise" scale. The factor analysis shows that positive factors prevail in the male sample (41 % of the dispersion) as compared to the female sample (12 % of the dispersion). This suggests that it is necessary to develop a differentiated psychological support model for the staff and to enhance activities aimed at preventing and correcting psychological problems of female employees.

Обобщаются материалы детских погребений могильника булан-кобинской культуры гунно-сарматского времени Степуш-ка-2 (Центральный Алтай), полностью исследованного в 2010 г. Раскопанные погребения датированы в пределах второй половины III первой половины IV в. н.э. Специфика детского погребального обряда вывялена благодаря детальному изучению особенностей объектов и состава инвентаря погребений. По мнению авторов, для населения, возведшего данное кладбище, детский погребальный обряд имел не только похоронный смысл и некоторые ритуалы, проводимые при погребении умерших детей, были направлены на благополучное воспроизводство нового потомства., In this paper we made a generalization of materials from children's graves at the Stepushka-2 cemetery (Altai). The cemetery of Stepushka-2 belongs to the Bulan-Koba culture of the Hun-Sarmatian time. In 2010, this monument was fully explored. The burials date within the second half of the third first half of the fourth centuries AD. A detailed study of the features of the objects and the grave goods allowed discovering the features of the children's burial rite. Most of the children's graves were single burials. They were located in the central part of the cemetery, and they were surrounded by the graves of adults. The above-ground constructions were stone mounds, or ring-fences along the perimeter. The burials were in shallow pits, some in stone boxes, in others structures inside graves were probably made from wood, therefore were not preserved. Some burial had quite a lot of grave goods (pendants, a toilet brush, beads, earrings, etc.), while others had none. Among the materials from the children's burials were things not typical of the rest of the graves: an armor plate and fragments of hand mill millstones. According to the authors, these two categories of things demonstrate the special attitude of the Altai population in the Hun-Sarmatian time to the child mortality. From ancient times, the image of a woman and a child was associated with the continuation of life. For successful reproduction of population special actions were necessary during the burial rite, which contributed to the placement of these two categories of things in children's tombs of the necropolis. This is confirmed by the findings of jewelry which performed protective functions. The authors also believe that for people who built this cemetery, the children's funeral ceremony did not have the meaning of the funeral only. Most likely, some rituals conducted at children's burials were aimed to the safe reproduction of the new posterity. The small proportion of children buried in the necropolis does not reflect the real level of child mortality of the period. This can be explained by the existence of specific infant and children's funeral rites which are not determined by archaeological methods (as presently constituted, the cemetery did not have a single burial of an infant). Currently, the imbalance of male and female burials is impossible to explain reasonably and convincingly; therefore, it is necessary to continue research in this area with the assistance of other materials from the fully investigated cemeteries of Altai of the Hun-Sarmatian time.

«Путешествие критики» С.К. Ферельцта памятник русской литературы, занимающий пограничное место между сатирой екатерининского времени и сентиментальным травелогом. Написанное в 1810 г. «Путешествие» обнаруживает явное тяготение к сюжетике конца XVIII в., часто воспроизводя отдельные сцены и типы, характерные для новиковской и страховской публицистики или обличительной словесности в духе А.Н. Радищева. В этом ракурсе очевидно эпигонское, несамостоятельное воспроизведение существующего образца. Тяготение иного рода обусловлено рецепцией Л. Стерна. Как текст «Путешествие» демонстрирует множество неслиянных нарративных стратегий, среди которых на внешнем уровне выделяются критика и оппозиционность власти. Однако в отличие от философов и утопистов своей эпохи писатель представляет свои проекты в ироническом модусе. Ирония становится образующей, она затрагивает и фабулу произведения с ее характерными типами, и сюжет с его центростремительным действием. Наконец, иронии подвергается и ключевая в метатек-стуальном смысле стратегия письма как текстопорождения., The article analyzes the narrative schemes, motifs and stylistic organization of The Journey of СтШЫят in the aspect of metatext and reflection. The text was written in 1810, but it was published in 1818 only. The book needed censorship permission. It had no reader's interest at that time. The text was republished in 1951, and then it came into the sphere of research interest. This matter is investigated on the material of research papers, articles and monographs of Aleksandr Kokarev, Gennady Ovchinnikov, Georgy Ma-kogonenko and others. Moreover, features of epistolary narration as a complex cycle form were investigated following the conceptions of Aleksandr Yanushkevich and Vitaly Kiselev. The Journey of Criticism as a metatext accumulates themes, plots and fables of the literature of the second half of the 18th beginning of the 19th centuries. The author of the book bases on a type of a polyphonic narrative and polysemantic words, building ambiguous contexts and, at the same time, redoing his identity, hiding it behind its conventional "criticism" (Kostelyanets). Equally important, narrative here exists between Alexander Radishchev's and Laurence Sterne's strategies. The first tradition is connected with exposing satiric narration that represents reality as results of social processes and crimes (as Alexander Radishchev's Journey From St. Petersburg to Moscow, Nikolay Novikov's and Nikolay Strakhov's journalism). The other tradition is connected with different forms of sentimentalism (including narration as game, characteristic for Laurence Sterne and Henry Fielding). In general, the so-called "provincial plot" of the The Journey of Criticism creates dissonance between the actual names and subjects whose discourse is the primary social dimension. At the same time, the plot in The Journey of Criticism seems to be associated with L. Sterne's fiction, or texts of the intermediary closest to it, and the object of satirical derision could be first highly imperfect translations of novels by L. Sterne. In this perspective, The Journey of Criticism can be considered as a way of reading A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a type of a commentary to the original text and its interpretation through the optics of L. Sterne. Obviously, The Journey of Criticism is a similar process of reinterpretation, sometimes recreating reality through parody and grotesque mechanisms, a place for literary reflection in its discursive space. In this perspective, The Journey of Criticism becomes a semantic mediator, giving the previous cultural tradition a fundamentally different sense. Results and observations which are presented in the article could be used in teaching the history of Russian literature of the 19th century. Perspective of the research is determined by the analysis of archival materials of the Russian State Historical Archive.

Рассматривается опыт Континентальной хоккейной лиги в области внедрения принципов североамериканской модели управления профессиональным спортом. Акцент сделан на правовых тонкостях, связанных с регулированием трудовой деятельности молодых спортсменов и переходами игроков, в частности раскрыто понятие статуса «свободный агент». Подробно иллюстрируются структурная модель российского профессионального спорта и ее отличия от практики США и Канады. Отмечается роль профсоюзов игроков в североамериканской модели. В заключении авторы дают собственные рекомендации относительно дальнейшего вектора развития КХЛ, а также анализируют целесообразность и возможность внедрения североамериканского опыта в систему регулирования трудовых отношений отечественного спорта., The introduction of the article provides a brief overview of how professional hockey competitions in Russia evolved from the Soviet model to the one now employed by the Continental Hockey League (CHL). Since the CHL used the North-American model as the corner stone of its governance system, it was vital to highlight the main management attributes of USand Canada-based professional sports leagues. A particular focus is drawn to labor regulation procedures as well as human resource management. The result uncertainty that consequently benefits the competitive balance of the North-American sports leagues is the key component that drives their commercial success. The authors also analyzed the competitive structure of North-American sports leagues that use the "closed" tournament system (with the same participating teams). This approach was also employed by the CHL, however, due to financial difficulties some teams were forced to withdraw from the league. Unlike the common European model, where a division system is used with team promotions and relegations, the North-American model uses a farm system. Each team has one or several farm-clubs to whom they may delegate players that are not yet up to team standards or need additional playing time to regain their form. The CHL also has a farm league the Higher Hockey League. The player contract system is thoroughly analyzed. The North-American draft system has also been attempted by the CHL, but to this date the effectiveness of this mechanism in Russia remains highly debatable. Subsequently, the implementation of mechanisms such as rookie contracts and salary caps is also discussed in the paper. The article considers the primary role of player unions in North American sports and the current status of the CHL player union. The CHL has yet to have experienced the full power of its player union, however the NHL has already been subject to lockouts and other displays of player discontent that have pressured the league to introduce new collective bargaining agreements. These practices have had a significant effect on the competitive balance of the NHL, though the positive impact from player union intervention is proven to be short-lived. In summary, the authors draw a conclusion that North-American sports management practices should be further incorporated in the Russian sports governance system. The CHL still has issues with adapting the NHL model, mainly due to the commercial diversity of consumer markets in which the teams play as well as the lack of salary constraints (i.e. the rule that allows the CHL Board of Directors to exclude any player from the salary cap due to his possible "tremendous" contribution). The experience of the CHL can be surely regarded as a positive trend for Russian professional sports leagues, which will only facilitate future success.

Для освещения картины демографических изменений необходим анализ большого количества научных трудов по истории и исторической демографии Западной Сибири, теоретических работ по демографии и статистике. Существует лишь незначительное количество научных публикаций, посвященных именно данной проблеме и данному региону. Анализ литературы по изучению динамики народонаселения Западной Сибири показал, что период 1914-1923 гг. в историографии практически не исследован, поэтому стоит задача полноценного анализа динамики народонаселения Западной Сибири., This article is devoted to the analysis of modern scientific literature on the demography of Western Siberia in 1914-1923. Among the books and articles devoted to the population dynamics, works on Western Siberia have been analysed. The specific features of the modern period of demography historiography in Western Siberia, new methods and methodology of research are revealed. The works of historians A.A. Burmatov and N.M. Dmitrienko devoted to Kainsk and Tomsk, written from the position of local history for the study of large and small cities of Western Siberia, are analysed. Some articles are devoted to different aspects of natural population reproduction in Western Siberia: marriage, birth rate, mortality, territorial distribution of people, specific ethnic-demographical processes, social-class structure. The article presents the analysis of literature on the study of different nationalities and indigenous peoples of Western Siberia. In order to present the dynamics of the demographic processes in Western Siberia it is necessary to investigate the demographic development of indigenous peoples and national minorities, to underline the problem of rising and falling numbers of native and alien population. It is noted in the article that research papers on the study of large and small cities of Western Siberia are important for the study of the issues of population dynamics are. The actual material of these works makes it possible to trace the development of the cities, the growth and decrease of the urban population, the differences between the gender and age structure of urban and rural residents, and to show their specifics. Great attention is paid to the works of historians V.A. Zverev, V.A. Isupov, N.M. Dmitrienko, Yu.M. Goncharov, V.I. Pronin, L.M. Goryushkin who studied the demographic processes in Western Siberia during the First World War and the Civil War. Drawing on the wide range of sources, a number of authors explore the migration flows of refugees and prisoners of war, reveal their number and influence on the demographic processes of the population reproduction in Western Siberia. On the basis of these materials the dynamics of the total number of the region's population is studied and observed. Thus, during the post-Soviet period problems of dynamics of the population in the period of imperialism are studied; the overall dynamics of urban-rural population are considered with an account of demographic transitions. The period of the First World War and the Civil War is studied less. Crisis processes in the demographic sphere, the pace of the population growth and its dynamics, the natural and mechanical movement of the population are studied including Eastern Siberia. Some works considered the composition of the indigenous population, the main characteristics of demographic processes, the national composition of the population of Western Siberia. Researchers paid main attention to the problem of national minorities, as well as of the population of towns and cities. The dynamics data and the correlation of the urban and rural population of the region are well known, general conclusions about the main characteristics of the demographic processes in the region during the wars and revolutions are made. However, there are no works on the dynamics of the indigenous peoples and national minorities, urban and rural population, refugees of the First World War, refugees from starvation in 1920-1921, migrants, prisoners of war in this period on the region. Also, it is noted that the picture of the demographic development of Western Siberia in 1914-1923 as a complex has not been considered by Russian scholars. Individual aspects of the problem have been studied with various degrees of depth; there is only a small number of publications devoted to the particular issue and the region. Thus, the study of the population dynamics of Western Siberia in 19141923 as a holistic and integrated phenomenon is relevant and is of interest t

Освещается период применения спектрального анализа бронз тагарской культуры 1960-1980-х гг. Рассматриваются факторы слабой преемственности исследований 2000-х гг. и эпохи спектральных методов. Дробность современных научных задач (изучение самостоятельных периодов металлургии и ареалов распространения памятников) следует расценивать как условие формирования корпуса аналитических источников по истории тагарского металла в объемах, сопоставимых с накопленными в музеях бронзами., The paper focuses on the history of the studies of the chemical composition of bronze and copper products of the Tagar archaeological culture in the period from the 1960s to the 2000s. The main results of Yu.S. Grishin's, I.V. Bogdanova-Beresovskaya's, D.V. Naumov's, Ya.I. Sunchugashev's, S.S. Minyaev's, N.F. Sergeeva's and S.V. Khavrin's research have been summarized and analyzed. Their achievements (equally of archaeologists and chemists) let form the idea about bronze metallurgy of the Tagar archaeological culture mainly at the Minusinsk basin. On the basis of the results of the elemental analysis of the Tagar bronzes conducted in the second half of the 20th century the typical geochemical admixtures of the Tagar metal and the main types of bronze alloys (arsenic, arsenic-tin and tin bronzes) became clear, the artificial or natural arsenic additions were discussed, and the special role of tin and lead metal additions was declared. During the 1960s, the first mass data were received about the composition of bronzes from the Yagunya and Kondrashka sites that were situated in the Mariinsk forest-steppe and belonged to the northern area of the Tagar culture. At the same time the first comparison of forest-steppe and Minusinsk basin bronze geochemical characteristics took place. An idea was formed about the copper-based alloys peculiarities from different chronological complexes dating by the Early Tagar period, when arsenic and low tin alloys predominated, the Saragash stage, with the prevalence of tin bronzes and extension of lead addition, and the Tesin stage, when arsenic and arsenic-tin bronzes predominated again. From the 1960s to the 2000s, all elemental analysis based on two methods spectral-emission and X-ray fluorescence. The solution of many Tagar bronze metallurgy questions and other successes of archaeometallurgy were impossible without achievements of Russian natural sciences and instrumental industry in the 1960s-1980s. The correlation of all scientific branches was confirmed during the crisis of the 1990s. In the 2000s, there were convenient conditions for ancient materials and the Tagar bronze research, they were conditioned by the large number of archaeological sources about the Tagar metallurgy in museum funds, by the relative technical accessibility of the elemental analysis, and, at last, by the invariable scientific attention to the historical processes in the Southern Siberia at the Early Iron age.

Статья посвящена особенностям языковой категоризации, рассматриваемым на динамическом участке родовой системы русского языка новых несклоняемых неодушевленных существительных. Кроме базовых, общепризнанных критериев распределения таких существительных по роду, востребованными оказываются частные принципы, проявляющиеся на периферии грамматической категории рода. Одним из инструментов выявления этих частных критериев может служить анализ высказываний рядовых носителей языка (посетителей интернет-ресурсов) о родовой принадлежности неодушевленных существительных. На основе анализа метакомментариев рассматриваются принципы определения рода несклоняемых существительных с неустоявшейся родовой принадлежностью., The article describes the features of linguistic categorization, considered on a dynamic part of the gender system of the Russian language new indeclinable inanimate nouns (IIN). Analysis of the peripheral part of the grammatical system of the Russian language, where categorization processes are still vivid, can show the motivational mechanisms that determine the choice of one or another gender of IIN, namely borrowed nouns, which undergo a complex and lengthy process of adaptation in the foreign language system. In addition to basic, universally accepted criteria for the classification of nouns into genders, reference to which can be found in modern grammars and dictionaries, there are popular specific principles, manifested in the periphery of the grammatical category of gender and only partially addressed in the research literature. In this paper, the author attempts to explore these specific criteria in the metalinguistic comments of native speakers, visitors of various Internet forums, on the gender of IIN characterized by gender variability. 133 contexts with anchor words IIN of different thematic groups ("alcoholic beverages", "car brands", "spices", "fruits", etc.) have been analyzed, and a statistical calculation has been made. The identified types were divided into two macro-groups: predominantly linguistic and extra linguistic criteria of the choice. Linguistic criteria are those whose motivating mechanism operates based on the linguistic intuition or linguistic knowledge of speakers: the criterion of the general rule, when speakers categorize INN as belonging to the neuter gender, according to the general gender rule for inanimate nouns; the criterion of semantic analogy, when speakers find a synonym or a hyperonym with clear indicators of gender; peripheral criteria of the original source of a name, when speakers determine the IIN gender by its gender in the source language; the derivational criterion, when speakers motivate the IIN gender by the gender of its derivatives. Extra-linguistic criteria for choosing the IIN gender are not directly connected with language rules, although are partly based on them. The criteria of this macro-group correspond to two trends: the determination of gender based on emotional attitude towards the denotation (its embodiment); reference to various authorities (for example, dictionaries or experts in the subject area), based on which the conclusion about the IIN gender is made. Having analyzed the material, the author came to a conclusion that besides the well-known IIN gender criteria, fixed in dictionaries and grammars, extra-linguistic criteria are also important for the processes of categorization, which suggests the trends of the influence of semantics (linguistic or non-linguistic) in determining the gender of IIN. There are some specific principles for IIN gender determination popular among native speakers, such as an unconscious focus on the hypo-hyperonymic relations of IIN with other words, linguistic mechanisms of metonymy, personification and euphony. Thus, the IIN classification into genders is connected not only with the structure of this grammatical category, but also with the general principles of linguistic categorization as a whole.

Рассматривается историко-правовой аспект процесса трансформации Версальской системы в Версальско-Локарнскую. Та-лассократический капитал, используя в качестве рычага «план Дауэса», навязал европейским странам так называемый гарантийный пакт. Коллективная гарантия стран во главе с Англией охватывала только западные границы Германии, делая их неприкосновенными. Восточные же подлежали урегулированию посредством арбитражных договоров на основе ст. 19 Устава Лиги Наций, открывая путь на Восток., The aim of this paper is to study the process of forming and revealing the essence of the legal mechanism for "pushing" Germany on to the East, which was established in 1925 as a result of the decisions of the Locarno Conference. The source is the historiography of the Soviet period, in which the terms "legal mechanism" and "Versailles-Locarno system" have not been previously used. The final documents of the Paris Peace Conference formed the so-called Versailles international legal system, which by definition was spearheaded against the Soviet Russia. Among other things, that system obliged Germany to pay large monetary reparations for winner countries and defined new borders of the states, but Article 19 of the Charter of the League of Nations provided for the change of state borders peacefully. At the same time it was assumed that with time the Versailles system would be supplemented by a system of guarantees. Initially, the possible scenario was dictated by the desire of Britain and France to divide Soviet Russia into spheres of their influence; however, after the collapse of these intentions, the initiative was captured by British diplomacy. Its secret memorandum contained a veiled program of action for the near future in the European international scene. Winners and losers were to conspire against Moscow, sacrificing the interests of small countries Poland and Czechoslovakia. Britain was to direct the process. A favorable moment for the beginning of the program implementation came in 1923, when France was facing the threat of isolation in connection with the occupation of Ruhr after Germany delayed its payment of reparations. London came to help Berlin, the so-called "Committee of Experts" was established, which soon began to literally impose its will on European governments, including Paris. This became possible because the "Committee" was thalassocratic at its core and in its composition, i.e. it was represented by financiers from England and the United States, to whom France had debts after the First World War. This fact favored the implementation of the planned scenario an international conspiracy against the Soviet Union. Its essence was to supplement the Versailles system with a system of warranties that would include a legal mechanism for pushing Germany to the East. Director of the Bank of England M. Norman and director of the Federal Reserve System of the US B. Strong played an important role. The legal registration of the conspiracy against the Soviet Union took place at the Locarno Conference in October 1925, when a number of international legal documents were initialed. A subject for unconditional execution was the so-called Rhine Pact, i.e. the guarantee agreement between Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy. It made the western border of Germany immutable. Poland and Czechoslovakia were not included in the Rhine Pact; therefore, they did not fall under the collective guarantee of countries led by London. Instead, they signed arbitration contracts, which obliged Warsaw and Prague to regulate the border with Germany, thus opening its way to the East. Thus, the Versailles system was supplemented by a guarantee system, and became the Versailles-Locarno one, which also included a legal mechanism for pushing Germany to the East. The role of an arbitrator was reserved by the United Kingdom.

Рассматривается разъездная торговля, практикуемая русскими купцами на крайнем северо-востоке России в середине XIX начале XX в., как социокультурный феномен, способствовавший сближению различных по своим экономическим ориентирам сообществ. Используется этноисторический подход, предполагающий восприятие исторического текста как этнографического источника. В связи с этим основной акцент в статье сделан на описании повседневной жизни, мировоззрения и культуры разъездных торговцев и их покупателей., The mobile trade practiced by Russian merchants in the extreme Northeast of Russia between the middle of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries with the aim of obtaining furs from the natives is viewed as a socio-cultural phenomenon. This phenomenon enabled two communities which differed in their economic points to approach each other. The ethnohistorical approach that was used in the paper has influenced the organisation and analysis of historical materials. The descriptive materials of the contemporaries between the middle of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries were viewed as an ethnographic resource, which was obtained using the methods of participant or direct observations. In the function of parallel-fields ethnographic material that was gathered from merchants carrying out their trade in the extreme Northeast in the end of the 20th century was used. The structure of the article includes the characteristics of the mobile trade participants and the description of the mobile trader's routes. The aim of presenting those routes is demonstration of the spacial aspect of the trading process and conditions of trader's everyday life. Also the structure of the article includes the detailed analysis of bargaining and its psychological context, as well as observing the mobile trader's behaviour and culture in terms of the theory of liminality: the existing of the mobile trader within the conditions of a spacial, economic and cultural "changeover". The key stage of mobile trade is bargaining. A bargain is presented as a successive set of ceremonial actions. Actions in their turn are a result of cultural diffusion. These actions were not only fulfilled with the aim of getting economic profit by the participants, but also with the aim of maintaining friendly connections and symbolic strengthening of prosperity. The detailed reviewing of mobile trade has allowed to make a conclusion that it was not the example of a situation when one economic culture being more developed in the context of the market subjugates the other culture. The cyclical nature of mobile trade, the severe conditions of mobile trader's work, traders and purchasers' determination to keep settled social connections and also the perception not only of importance of the result but also of the trade process have brought together different perceptions of benefits, material assets and profit.

Выявляется специфика реализации коммуникативной стратегии «Привлечение и удержание внимания» в медиадискурсе. Цель исследования заключается в описании особенностей репрезентации данной стратегии в научно-популярном сериале. Внимание сосредоточено на анализе языковой репрезентации коммуникативных тактик данной стратегии, среди которых «Риторические вопросы», «Вопросно-ответная тактика», «Восклицание», на выявлении их специфики, обусловленной дискурсивными задачами., The article examines the strategy "attracting and retaining attention" of media discourse in the genre of popular science series. The aim is to describe the features of representation of the communicative strategy "attracting and retaining attention" in scientific and popular TV series. The material of the study is based on the texts of the BBC TV series in the volume of 73 pages of printed text, or 734 minutes. The rhetorical strategy "attracting and retaining attention" in media discourse is a key supporting strategy to facilitate the efficient organization of dialog interaction. It is implemented using the following tactics: rhetorical questions, question-answer, exclamation. The paper describes the tactics "rhetorical questions", "question-answer", "exclamation" in detail. Features of the language implementation of these tactics due to discursive tasks were identified in the analysis of the textual material. The tactics of rhetorical questions allows drawing the audience's attention to an issue, a problem. The aim at the beginning of a text is to attract the attention of the recipient, to interest them. A series of rhetorical questions sets the reflection vector the addresser needs; the problem is raised through a number of questions. The attention focuses using interrogative words "how", "why", "which". The tactics of rhetorical questions attracts attention in stages: 1) formulation of the problem in the addresser's question; 2) discussion of the problem together with the addressee. This model meets the needs of the genre of popular science series and forms viewers' ideas achieved in the course of joint discussions of the broadcaster and the viewer. The question-answer strategy is implemented in media discourse in a dialogue between a presenter and an expert in the field that is being discussed. This tactic is widely used in series, because it corresponds to the tasks of media discourse, implying a comfortable perception of information by the addressee like in live communication. It simulates the dialog interaction between a non-expert in question and an ordinary person in response. Another tactic specific to media discourse and actively used in the genre of popular science series is exclamation. It allows drawing attention to an important fact, to emphasize that what the viewer is watching right now is really worth their attention, is something unusual, something to focus on. Thus, the linguistic features of representing these tactics in the strategy "attracting and retaining attention" are described in the article.