Search

Рассматривается романная тетралогия Томаса Манна «Иосиф и его братья». Проводится сопоставление романов тетралогии с образцами жанра эмигрантского романа, созданными писателями, покинувшими Германию после событий 1933 г. (Э.М. Ремарк, Л. Фейхтвангер, К. Манн). Учитываются такие аспекты романной поэтики, как пространственная организация, сюжет, типология героев. Обосновывается принадлежность тетралогии Т. Манна к жанровой периферии немецкого эмигрантского романа., Data for study for the paper is Thomas Mann's tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers finished in the American exile in 1943. T. Mann's work is considered to belong to different genres, namely myth novel, historical novel, anti-totalitarian Bildungsroman. In the paper it is compared with the main examples of German exile novel created by exile writers E.M. Remarque, L. Feuchtwanger, K. Mann. The exile novel is a genre where space organization plays an extraordinary important role. Two main kinds of space worldview presented in Joseph novels are considered in the article. The bearers of the first one are Jacob and his relatives and the bearers of the second one are Egyptians. The sacred centre of Jacob's world is the Luz hill, and Canaan is considered to be a sacral territory. Secular territories are located around it. As for Egypt, it is outskirts having the same axiological meaning as the underworld. Egyptians' worldview is an axiological inverse of Jacob's one because they accept Egypt as a sacral territory and Canaan as a barbarian country. The authors of the German exile novel also simulate two worldviews which are axiologically opposite. The author refers to them as "Nazi space" and "exile space" because their bearers are Nazi characters and emigrant characters respectively. Yuri Lot-man offered such a criterion for constructing the typology of literary characters as their relation to space. Using this criterion in studying the German exile novel enables to define Nazi and emigrant characters as bearers of opposite worldviews and to analyze the situation of choice appearing in every emigrant's life. Emigrants can either accept the axiology of the exile space where the central zone is a "dark" world and outskirt is a sacral rational territory or suffer from being far from their motherland. Emigrant characters from the first group start a new life in one of the outskirt countries while characters from the second group mostly die. A similar self-determination act must be held by Th. Mann's Joseph who accepts Egypt as "his" country and sacral territory. Joseph's moving to outskirt is shown as a symbolic death and a new birth; the same can be found in E.M. Remarque's, L. Feuchtwanger's and K. Mann's exile novels. That is why Th. Mann's Joseph can be defined as an emigrant character and Joseph and His Brothers as belonging to the genre periphery of the German exile novel. The tetralogy novels are not thematically related to the events of the 1930s-1940s. But they were a reaction to these events, being created as a "humanistic project". Though Th. Mann used an Old Testament plot he documented the emigrant view in his work, a bearer of which he also was.

На материалах Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Государственного архива Хабаровского края впервые в отечественной историографии исследуется история разработки и последующей реализации проекта организации обороны низовьев и устья р. Амур в 1906-1914 гг. Изучены решения Особого Совещания при СГО и проблемы их практической реализации. Введены в научный оборот и проанализированы данные о визите в 1911 г. в Приамурский военный округ военного министра В.А. Сухомлинова, принятых им в Николаевске решениях об изменении планов строительства Николаевской крепости, характеристике Амурской речной флотилии., This paper continues to present the results of a study devoted to the elaboration and discussion the complex defence project of the Lower Amur and its mouth, prepared by the experts of the War and Navy Ministry, in the Special Consultation of the State Defence Council. It explains the reasons why most part of it was never implemented. Using sources from the NA RF and NAKR, this paper first examines the history of the elaboration and the following implementation of this defence project in 1906-1914. The decisions of the Special Consultation of the State Defence Council and problems of their practical implementation are analysed. Only one part of the project was implemented in 1911. It was the plan of creating the Amur River flotilla. However, it was greatly sequestered by the reason of financial problems. Not only the absence of money inhibited the creating of the ground defence, but also the gaps in regional geography and some debatable issues of fortifications construction. The War Minister of the Russian Empire V.A. Sukhom-linov saw all this during his visit to the Nikolayevsk Fortress in May 1911. He made a conference of all the leaders of the Priamur-skiy Military District, and the plan of the "immobile defence" was curtailed and reconsidered. The slow implementation of this plan continued until the outbreak of World War I and went along with the military-geographical and topographical investigation of the Lower Amur region. The results of it were very useful in the Soviet Union time, on the new level of the defence building in the Russian Far East. Therefore, despite the heavy blunders in the infrastructure organisation, the Amur River flotilla, which already existed by the time of V.A. Sukhomlinov's visit, became the foundation of the Amur defence. The idea of "mobile" defence was so prosperous, that the flotilla not only took an active part in World War II, in the time of the Manchu operation of 1945, but also continues its service today. The archival materials about the complex defence project of the Lower Amur and its mouth, the visit of V.A. Sukhom-linov and decisions that he made in Nikolayevsk about the changes in the building plans of the Nikolayevsk Fortress, the Amur River flotilla assessment and the descriptions of the absence the providing infrastructure are first published.

Рассматриваются основные особенности, связанные с проведением автороведческой экспертизы текстов протокола допроса. Исследуются юридические требования к составлению документов данного жанра и вызванные ими трудности определения границ авторского текста и разделения двух авторов. Рассматриваются стилевые и жанровые особенности протокола допроса и их роль в атрибуции протокола. На основе изучения обширного эмпирического материала разрабатывается методика анализа текстов данного жанра., The paper aims to clarify basic characteristics of interview memo authorship examination. The object of research is the memo of interview and its characteristics that determine the complexity of authorship examination. The paper attempts to develop a procedure for interview memo authorship examination. The paper has an introduction and 5 parts: "The Authorial Text Borders", "Genre and Authorial Traits Demarcation", "Binary Authorship", "Relevant Characteristics System", "Authorship Examination Algorithm". The paper is addressed to those working in the field of forensic linguistics and of problems of authorship examination. The introduction tells about the importance of knowing genre traits for reasoned authorship attribution. The first part familiarizes readers with legal requirements to the form and content of the memo of interview. The basis of the following research is a conclusion that only the descriptive part of the interview memo is authorship analyzable. In the part "Genre and Authorial Traits Demarcation" the most important characteristics of the interview memo genre are described. The third part is devoted to the problem of two authors coexistence in the text of the memo of interview. The first author is the interviewee, the second is the interviewer. Of particular interest is an attempt to distinguish text elements of the two authors. The part "Relevant Characteristics System" is devoted to the analysis of the traditional authorship examination method. It is established that lexical-phraseological, stylistic and syntactical linguistic levels are most appropriate for interview memo authorship examination. The last part of the paper, "Authorship Examination Algorithm", generalizes the results of the research and proposes a series of steps of interview memo authorship examination. In the conclusion the author again speaks about special aspects of interview memo authorship examination and notes a necessity to find a new basis for the analysis of texts of this genre. The paper is illustrated with two tables. The firs table illustrates the essay to distinguish text elements of the first and of the second authors. The second table expresses steps of interview memo authorship examination. The article contains a list of references.

Рассматривается вопрос о редакторской деятельности Ф. Сологуба в издательстве «Всемирная литература» (1918-1924). Подробно освещена работа над «Избранными сочинениями Ги де Мопассана», для которых Сологуб выступил не только как переводчик, но и как редактор, автор примечаний и вступительных статей. Проанализированы принципы, по которым работало издательство, пытаясь изменить саму форму работы переводчиков и редакторов по подготовке книг., The paper discusses the work of F. Sologub in the publishing house "Vsemirnaya literatura", organized in 1918. The aim of this paper is to review the editorial principles of the writer and their changes in the course by cooperation. Sologub's work as editor has not previously been a subject of research; the introductory articles by the writer have not been the subject of a separate study. Using the comparative method, the author traces the evolution of the editorial principles of the writer. In "Vsemirnaya Literatura", Sologub was the editor, compiler, author of commentaries and introductory articles for Izbrannye proizvedeniya G. de Mopassana [Selected Works of G. de Maupassant]. Archival studies showed that Sologub prepared six volumes; however, only two of them were published (Bel Ami, Strong as Death). They became the main research material, along with previously unknown documents (Maupassant's Lunnyi svet i drugie rasskazy [Moonlight and Other Short Stories] from Sologub's private library which preserved marginalia and allowed tracing the process of editing, and the unpublished "Preface" to the two volumes of Rasskazy Mopassana [Short Stories of Maupassant] stored in the archive of the writer). Until 1918 Sologub had written three introductory articles to the books of translations: his own translations of poems by P. Verlaine, the novel translated by An. Chebotarevskaya and a note for Polnoe sobranie sochineniyMopassana [Complete Works of G. de Maupassant]. These brief notes by Sologub about the authors or the works were an expression of the subjective attitude of the writer towards the object, they disclosed his own views on issues raised in the novel or on the work of the author. "Vsemirnaya Literatura" had specific requirements for introductory articles. Instructions sent to the editors are a detailed plan of what the preface should contain and how it should be structured. Sologub wrote his introductory article for Izbrannye proizvedeniya G. de Mopassana following this plan. However, the evolution of the principles of editorial work by Sologub did not satisfy the reviewer of the book, N.O. Lerner. He gave a negative review and pointed to the source in one of the articles -Complete Works of G. de Maupassant in French (ed. by L. Conard). The review of this publication and its comparison with the content of Sologub's introductory articles shows that the informative part of the preface is completely taken from this source. However, when writing articles, Sologub did not abandon his principles of writing. It is most evident in Sologub's article to his translation of the novel Strong as Death. Comparing the introductory articles of the two periods of the writer, i.e. before 1918 and during the existence of "Vsemirnaya Literatura", the author comes to a conclusion that Sologub, who, at first glance, completely changed an approach to work, managed to save his characteristic manner, i.e. expressed his vision of the works by Maupassant at a professional level.

Показана история Ярославского Демидовского юридического лицея в 1900-1914 гг. Дается характеристика учебного процесса и сословного состава учащихся, анализируются квалификация и материальное положение профессорско-преподавательского состава. Отмечены расцвет регионального высшего образования в 1900-1904 и 1908-1913 гг. и упадок 1905-1907 гг., связанный с революцией. Рассматривается студенческое движение в период первой российской революции. Описан вывод о влиянии общероссийских процессов на региональное образование. Подчеркнуто, что Ярославский Демидовский юридический лицей в исследуемое время играл важную роль в системе высшего образования Российской империи., The article is devoted to the study of the history of a higher education institution Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum at the beginning of the 20th century. The aim of the article is to analyze the trends in the development of regional higher education in this chronological framework by the example of the Demidov Lyceum. The study mainly used archival materials clerical work documentation and statistical sources. The paper describes the student movement, which was a response to the events of January 9, 1905. The students joined the demonstrations of the workers, and refused to study before the introduction of the country's representative form of government. Russian higher education institutions, including Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum, stopped working for about 9 months, until the first of September, 1906. After these events, in the 1906-1907 academic year, higher school students from Moscow, St. Petersburg and other universities expelled for participating in the revolutionary movement joined the numbers of the Yaroslavl Lyceum students. Student unrest stopped after 1907. At the beginning of the century, a significant democratization of education occurred. Analysis of the statistical data leads to a conclusion that there was classless education in the Demidov Lyceum in the prewar period, that more than 50% of its students paid for their education, that there was a scholarship program and a clear predominance of the dominant religion Orthodoxy. The paper also provides a detailed list of the Lyceum teaching staff and administration who worked at the beginning of the 20th century, reports information about their education, salary and title. Famous lawyers such as Professor S.M. Shpilevsky, a known Russian historian of law and archaeologist, Professor V.M. Gordon, an outstanding expert in civil law, Professor I.Ya. Gurlyand, Doctor of Police Law, in the future one of the closest staff of ministers P.A. Stolypin and B.V. Sturmer, E.N. Berendts, the largest expert in Finnish law in the country, the future senator of the Provisional Government and Minister of Justice in the government of the Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky in the Ukraine, Professor L.S. Tal, the initiator of the study of labor law as a since, and others worked in the lyceum. The author comes to a general conclusion that Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum played an important role in the system of domestic higher school, and was one of the centers of legal education. Despite the short-dated decline during the First Russian Revolution in 1905-1907, the regional higher education in the Russian Empire flourished at the beginning of the 20th century, at both the national and the regional levels.

Рассматривается история внедрения новой для Забайкальского региона административно-управленческой схемы провинции. Освещены основные сведения об учреждении, устройстве и компетенции канцелярии и воеводы Удинской провинции. Сделан вывод, что политика обустройства сибирских окраин Российской империи не только не носила инновационного характера с целью развития региона, но даже не адаптировалась к местным социально-экономическим, географическим, этническим, климатическим и прочим особенностям., The article discusses the history of the introduction of the province as an administration and management scheme new for the Transbaikal cross-border region. To manage the new territorial unit the Provincial Office was established, headed by the governor, subordinate to the governor of Irkutsk. The aim of the work is to highlight the basic information about the institution, the structure and the competence of the administrative body of Udinsk Province the Office and the magistrate. The author uses archive, previously unpublished material stored in the regional archive to examine the Office personnel, the main directions of its activities, the structure of divisions and their competence. The paper gives a brief historiography of the study of the topic which indicates its insufficient study. The paper describes the progress of the formation of the province and its administration system. The author identifies the main functions of the provincial authorities: administrative, fiscal, judicial, police and land management functions. According to the author, the few employees of the Provincial Office were not enough for the effective management of the region. All Transbaikal administration scheme is briefly discussed, from commissioners managing individual divisions to peasant self-government in the form of hut clerks. The archive materials indicate numerous abuses by the administrative officials of the province, but due to the small number of staff even convicted officials could again take part in managing the region. This situation often gave rise to open public protests and provoked riots. The establishment of the province in the Transbaikal region, therefore, is the first attempt to make administration of the distant cross-border region autonomous. Despite the fact that for the European Russian the provincial administration system was outdated and had been canceled, for the border regions of Russia bordering this scheme was new. The author concludes that the policy of resettling the Siberian outskirts of the Russian Empire neither was innovative for the development of the region, nor adapted to the local socio-economic, geographic, ethnic, climatic and other features. Besides, the implemented scheme did not undergo any significant changes and amendments based on the experience of its functioning. The province lasted for less than ten years and was abolished, according to the author, because of its complete inconsistency with the local conditions and the actual worthlessness of the scheme as a whole.

Рассматривается вопрос об оказании экономической и военной помощи правительству Чан Кайши со стороны США в разгаре антияпонской войны, его влиянии на различные аспекты американо-китайских отношений. Отмечается рост значимости данного вопроса по мере приближения разгрома Японии, обусловленный ролью сотрудничества двух стран в планах Ф. Рузвельта по поводу мирного переустройства на Дальнем Востоке. Выявлено наличие острых разногласий по проблеме оказания помощи между США и Китаем, а также внутри американского руководства, проанализированы способы их преодоления., This paper examines the impact of the problems associated with the provision of US military and economic aid to the Chiang Kai-shek Government on the condition of US-China relations during a turning point of World War II, when China's leadership made a stake on the conduct of hostilities mainly due to the US economic, military, and technical assistance. Throughout the period under review, the Chinese government tried to put pressure on the Roosevelt administration with the aim of increasing the supply of modern weapons, military equipment, and other goods. However, the Japanese occupation of almost all of Burma, which had been the last land bridge linking China to the outside world until 1942, created tremendous barriers to the delivery of US aid and actually meant blockade of the Chiang Kai-shek government-controlled provinces of China. The result was a steady decline in the US supply throughout 1942 causing some worsening of relations between the US and China. Nevertheless, Roosevelt and Chiang Kai-shek continued to actively discuss issues of US-Chinese cooperation in the economic field in the aftermath of the war in the Far East. Related issues were studied very carefully by the Chinese government which planned a large-scale modernization of the national economy in the postwar years and desperately needed to attract foreign, and in the first place American business. China's leadership counted on the interest of the US business community in the extraction of profits from the economic cooperation with China. It was America's paramount concern to establish control over the potentially far-reaching and highly promising Chinese market. It was also expected in Washington that the American support aimed at the post-war reconstruction of China was able to perform a decisive role in overcoming its backwardness and modernization of the Chinese political system. The relevance of the issue is determined by China's importance to the Allied strategy at the beginning of the war, the value of US-Chinese cooperation in the calculations of Franklin D. Roosevelt administration concerning post-war reconstruction of East Asia. The aim of this paper is a comprehensive examination of the problems of economic and military cooperation between China and the United States. Methodological foundations are the principles of historicism, objectivity, and causality. The novelty of the work is determined by using a considerable amount of historical evidence, not involved in the work of Soviet and Russian researchers previously, in a comprehensive study of the economic, political, and military ties between the US and China in the most difficult war years. The author comes to a conclusion that there were discrepancies between the two countries that made the existence of different, often conflicting positions on issues of interaction with the Chiang Kai-shek government in the economic field within the American establishment almost inevitable.

Исследуются материалы о ходе второго Мараморош-Сиготского процесса 1913-1914 гг., которые печатались на страницах иркутской газеты «Сибирь». Периодическое издание достаточно объективно представляло сведения, обращало внимание на главные причины православного движения. Особенно подробно освещены слушания свидетелей и обвиняемых. Журналисты приходят к выводу, что большинство свидетелей делали признание под давлением полиции и жандармерии. Находим также урывки из выступления прокурора, судьи и адвокатов. Газета является важным источником по истории православной церкви в Закарпатье., The purpose of this paper is to overview the content and the context of notes on the history of the Second Maramorosh Sighet Trial (1913-1914) published in the Irkutsk newspaper Sibir' [Siberia]. In the study, the author analyzed newspaper articles published from late December 1913 to early March 1914. The author proves for the first time in the historiography that the newspaper objectively reported on the progress of the Trial, focusing on the causes of the Orthodox movement, methods of carrying out pre-trial investigation, violence by the police and gendarmerie. The author showed that most of the defendants and witnesses refused to testify, claiming their innocence. On the basis of the research, the author highlighted the main issues raised at the Trial. These include cooperation with Russia, anti-state and anti-Uniate propaganda and illegal distribution of literature. Particular attention is paid to the questioning and testimony of the main defendants: Kabaljuk, Vorobchuk, Petrovci, Palkaninets. It was found that most of the arrested farmers were poor, little versed in political matters and had no education. The main reasons for the Orthodox movement were the socio-economic and religious factors which are demonstrated on the set of examples in the paper. The position of witnesses who supported the prosecution is shown. The author comes to a conclusion that they were an interested party and the operational part of the population of different settlements. Contacts of the leader of the Orthodox movement A. Kabaljuk with Count V. Bobrinsky, Gerovski brothers, representatives of Russian and Athos monasteries is shown as well. The position of various Austrian and Hungarian newspapers on the issue of the Trial is shown in the paper and the author highlighted that it was not straightforward. A separate list of farmers sentenced to various prison sentences and fines is presented. The public opinion reaction of Austria-Hungary, Russia and other countries on the verdict is analyzed as well. The author concludes that this source plays an important role in the study of Transcarpathian Church History of the early twentieth century. It is noted that the repressions of the peasants did not stop the Orthodox movement. The subsequent history of Transcarpathia indicates the geographical expansion of the Orthodox movement.

Рассматриваются функциональные свойства английских отсубстантивных глаголов в бизнес-дискурсе. Для изучения от-субстантивных глаголов, функционирующих в корпусе текстов британской деловой газеты «The Financial Times», привлекался комплекс исследовательских методов: корпусный анализ, лексикографический анализ, дискурсивный анализ. Делается вывод об увеличении числа отсубстантивных глаголов, приводится их классификация по типу пропозиции, а также анализируются причины широкой распространенности в бизнес-дискурсе глаголов с метафорическим значением., The paper is devoted to the examination of functional properties of English denominal verbs in business discourse. Although de-nominal verbs formed via transmutation from nouns make up a significant class of English verbs, their functioning in business discourse remains understudied. This justifies the novelty and relevance of the work. The study is based on the data of the British business newspaper the Financial Times. The corpus of the Financial Times articles referring to 2014-2015 and comprising more than 621,000 words was collected. A number of research methods were employed. At the first stage a quantitative analysis was conducted to determine the number of denominal verbs functioning in the corpus and to compare the data gained with that of the LOB corpus. The comparison of the Financial Times corpus and the subcorpus of press of the LOB corpus, which refers to 1961, allowed the author to draw a conclusion that the quantity of denominal verbs in the British press increased over the 50-year period. In the FT corpus 163 denominal verbs were found and analysed with the lexicographical and contextual methods for further classification. In the paper the classification of denominal verbs based on the type of proposition is given. When analysing the type of proposition the attention is focused not on the predicate but on the actant which is determined by the parent noun. To have reasons to put a verb into a particular group, their definitions in an English-English dictionary, their translation given in an English-Russian dictionary, the context the verb is used in and, in some cases, the etymology of the verb were analysed. The classification includes six groups of verbs: verbs with incorporated subject (e.g. to witness, to doctor), verbs with incorporated object (e.g. to bill, to tag), verbs with incorporated locative (e.g. to shop, to house), verbs with incorporated instrument (e.g. to e-mail, to pen), verbs with incorporated resultative (e.g. to clone, to draft) and verbs with incorporated descriptive (e.g. to axe, to balloon). The final group of verbs, whose meaning is based on metaphor, turned out to be the most numerous in the corpus (29 % of all the denominal verbs). The author believes it can be explained by the presence of evaluation in this type of discourse and by the important role metaphor plays in the formation of concepts because of the complexity of processes and phenomena business discourse is characterised by.

Рассматриваются архивные документы, которые поступали в приходские церкви и составлялись в них в XVIII начале XX в. Проводится критический анализ различных систематизаций архивных документов, отложившихся в фондах церквей и учреждений по управлению Русской православной церковью. Выявлены схожие и отличительные черты мнений ученых. Представлена авторская классификация документальных источников приходских церквей Тобольской епархии XVIII -начала XX в., разработанная в результате анализа документов, хранящихся в ФКУ «Российский государственный исторический архив», ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске» и ГКУ «Государственный архив Курганской области»., In the research a critical analysis of various types of church documents systematization is carried out. Similar and distinctive features of scholars' opinions are given. Among experts in the history of church there is no consensus about the classification of church sources. The only thing scholars agree on is the classification of church books, confession lists, clerical lists, marriage searches and census records about sacred and clergymen, their families as a group of documents of the church account and mass sources. The author's classification of the documentary sources of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries is presented; it was developed as a result of the analysis of the documents stored in the Russian State Historical Archive, in the State Archive in Tobolsk and in the State Archive of Kurgan Oblast. Official documentation of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries has been conditionally divided into four categories by the functional criterion: assembly documents; registration documents; reporting documents; parish chronicles; correspondence; documents on economic activity. Documents of legal and standard character belong to the first group, assembly documents; they include three categories: 1) acts of the supreme authorities; 2) departmental acts of the Holy Ruling Synod; 3) regulations of local bodies of the church power. The second group of documents includes documents of the church accounting of the population which began at the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. The third group of sources is reporting documents. Parish chronicles are classified into a separate, the fourth, group. The fifth group of documents of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy is correspondence; the sixth is economic documents. Most often archives have account books (receipts and expenses books could be kept separately) and property registers of parish churches. This group can also contain notebooks of profit, expenses and surplus of prayers of absolution and paper bands; profit registers of church priests; books for records of donation money or butts; books of auxiliary salaries; justificatory monetary documents; registers of parishioners depositing funds for the maintenance of the temple; cases of church repairs; documents on the opening of parish guardianship and renovation of church iconostases; books on candle sales; paper band and prayer books.

Рассматриваются вопросы функционирования моделей инфинитивных предложений в творчестве Е. Летова. Цель работы заключается в том, чтобы выявить функции и оттенки значений инфинитивных предложений в рассматриваемом корпусе и найти ответ на вопрос о причинах частого использования автором этих моделей. Анализ материала показывает, что существует разновидность инфинитивных предложений, не обладающая очевидной модальной спецификой и подробно не описанная в литературе, модально неквалифицируемая., Though the variety and functioning of Russian infinitive clauses are described rather well, they are still worth studying, especially referring to their functioning in those spheres which have not been researched yet. This paper is based on Egor Letov's verse, and focuses on functions and semantic nuances of the infinitive clauses as well as on the reasons of their frequent use. A specific semantic subtype of infinitive clauses, which has not been in focus in previous works, is described. Some remarks on this topic may be seen, though, in a series of papers by A. Zholkovsky, who names this subtype the 'absolute infinitive construction' and treats it as a variety of the so-called 'infinitive writing'. Nevertheless, his analysis focuses on the poetic functions of the infinitive writing. The specific aim of this work is to give a linguistic description of the subtype. The majority of infinitive patterns have vivid modality; nevertheless, the subtype described does not possess any obvious modal specificity: strelyat', metat', teryat' druzei /posylat' na smert' batalyony soldat [To shoot, to throw, to lose friends / to send battalions of soldiers to their deaths]; Ekh, zashishat svoi Faterlyand [Oh, to defend the Fatherland]. Such cases differ in the interpretation of modal connotations of meaning. One cannot clearly estimate the desirability / undesirability, obligation, inevitability or failure the author keeps in mind. Some infinitives indicate actions that are perceived with obvious positive evaluation (pisat' stikhi o vesne [to write poems about spring]), which itself could be seen as an indirect sign of optative modality, but this evaluation is neutralized with neighboring infinitives having an opposite connotation. Most infinitives in the subtype investigated do not contain any modal connotation in lexical meaning: probirat'sya [wade], polzti [crawl], shagat' [stride], zashchishchat' [protect], zashit' [sew], katitsya [roll], zaglyadyvat' [look]. The frequent use of verbs of motion in the material attracts attention: Kolesompo raduge letat' /Solnechnye zaychiki glotat' [To fly like a wheel over the rainbow / To swallow sunbeams]. The data analysed illustrate the meditative nature of the modal meaning. It seems that the author considers the action per se. Such infinitive clauses cannot be modally qualified. Characteristic for this subtype are 1) absence of the dative subject; 2) absence of any verbal exponents of modal connotations, such as particles by, ne, zhe, li; 3) proximity of the infinitive to nomina actionis. It is important to underline that the absence of the dative subject does not mean that it is simply omitted and can be easily restored. In fact, its restoration is possible only under condition that particles are introduced into the construction, i.e. if the construction is essentially altered.

Статья посвящена германо-российскому противостоянию в Иранском Курдистане накануне Первой мировой войны. На основе анализа широкого круга источников и научной литературы предпринята попытка дать объективную оценку тем историческим событиям и процессам, которые происходили в этом регионе в начале ХХ в. В работе раскрываются предпосылки возникновения, формы и методы соперничества двух европейских держав за преобладание в курдских провинциях шахского Ирана, а также освещаются основные результаты этой борьбы., The article describes the complex research on the problems of the Russian-German conflict in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War (1907-1914). On the basis of a wide range of sources, which include archival materials, official publications of documents and analysis of the scientific literature on the subject, an attempt was made to give an objective assessment to the historical events that occurred in this region in the first third of the twentieth century. The development of the German-Russian rivalry in the Kurdish provinces of Iran in 1907-1914 is characterized. The place given to the Kurdish question in the system of foreign policy goals and objectives of the two great European powers in the Middle Eastern arena in the period under review is determined. Prerequisites of the Kaiser's Germany policy formation on Iranian Kurds in the context of the general doctrine of Drang nach Osten, as well as the policy of the Russian Empire aimed at preserving its economic and political dominance of the North-western Iran and at ensuring the safety of its Transcaucasia possessions, are disclosed. The paper reflects the means of penetration of Russia and Germany in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War. The German leadership, using the methods of economic penetration and political maneuvering, was meant to win a strong position among the Iranian Kurds in order to continue to use them in their expansion to the East and the Caucasus. This desire, of course, met serious opposition on the part of the tsarist government. The paper studies the forms and methods of the Russian-German conflict in Iranian Kurdistan on the eve of the First World War and the main results of this struggle. Attention is also paid to the discussion that ensued among the Russian diplomats on the issue regarding the use of the Kurdish factor in Russia's interests in the Middle and the Near East. The ability to act and blunders of the German and Russian governments in their policies towards the Kurds are analyzed. It is concluded that, overall, the German policy in Iranian Kurdistan in 1907-1914 was much more successful than the Russian. The ruling circles of the Kaiser's Germany with the help of its agents were able to establish strong ties with the Iranian Kurds, have a significant impact on them and undermine the position of their rival. It was later successfully used by the German commanders during combat operations in the initial phase of hostilities at the Turkish-Asian arena of the First World War.

Статья посвящена роли иностранных военнопленных в металлургическом производстве и в строительстве на территории Удмуртии в 1945-1948 гг. На основе архивных документов, которые впервые вводятся в научный оборот, автор обращает внимание на характер труда спецконтингента, анализирует уровень его эффективности и рентабельности. В статье представлены численность пленных, трудившихся на заводе № 71, а также размер их заработной платы. Приведенные данные позволяют утверждать, что, несмотря на существовавшие проблемы, в выполнении производственной программы некоторых предприятий труд спецконтингента занимал значительное место., The article is devoted to the role of foreign prisoners of war (PoWs) in the metallurgical production and construction on the territory of Udmurtia in 1945-1948. The author describes the character of PoW labour on the basis of archival documents that were first introduced in the scientific use. The author states that the use of PoWs in the production and construction occurred because of the lack of workers at enterprises of Izhevsk and Udmurtia. The paper contains the analysis of the labour effect and the profit from PoW activities, represents the quantitative indexes of the special contingent and the level of PoW wages in the metallurgical production in Izhevsk. Enterprises that used PoW labour are listed. The author fixes some problems in the organization of PoW labour. The causes of low PoW productivity and labour results are identified. The kinds of PoW work are also presented, as well as the number of PoWs at the city enterprises and their wages. The data reveal forgotten and unknown facts about the activities of the special contingent in the reconstruction of the Votkinsk Dam. The data show the importance of PoW labour for certain enterprises in the solution of different problems. Sometimes enterprises lacked workers because the number of PoWs involved in production and construction decreased. Foreign prisoners of war were the main resource of workers at some enterprises of Izhevsk during the post-war time. The author states that PoW labour played a certain role in the reconstruction and improvement of the economic indexes of Izhevsk and Udmurtia after the Great Patriotic War. Foreign prisoners of war were mainly auxiliary workers at enterprises because they had no professional qualification. The author states that the labour of PoWs often did not pay their support costs. This tendency was a cause of the quick repatriation of PoWs from the Soviet Union. The paper describes the nationalities of foreign PoWs who worked in Izhevsk and Udmurtia after World War II. The contingent of PoWs in Izhevsk consist of Germans, Romanians, Hungarians and foreigners of others countries of Western and Central Europe. The author also analyzes the facts about the Izhevsk camp for the special contingent. The issue of foreign PoWs in the USSR during 1941-1956 is a blind spot of the Soviet history. The paper assists in the study of the little known episodes of the Soviet and regional history and helps to reconstruct the integral image of PoW life in the USSR.

Рассмотрена успешность когнитивно-дискурсивной деятельности русских студентов при восприятии англоязычного аутентичного устно-речевого дискурса. Особый акцент делается на инференции смысла высказывания, содержащего социокультурно маркированные лексические единицы. Выявляются группы факторов, оказывающих воздействие на процесс коммуникации и успешность восприятия иноязычного аутентичного дискурса. Приводятся методология и результаты экспериментального исследования когнитивных процессов интерпретации значений языковых средств английского языка русскими студентами, изучающими английский язык как иностранный. Делается вывод о роли контекстуальных факторов и социокультурной информации для успешности понимания аутентичного иноязычного дискурса и причинах коммуникативных неудач в условиях коммунифкации между представителями разных культур., This paper explores the process of comprehension within intercultural communication; the factors that affect the success of the authentic discourse interpretation by Russian learners of English; and the causes of communicative failures in interaction between representatives of different cultures. The discursive-cognitive approach focuses on a foreign language as an object of study and comprehension, as well as on the study of cognitive processes responsible for communication activity. The paper presents an experimental study of the cognitive processes of English lexical expressions and discourse fragments interpretation by Russian students. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that if the verbal expression has a socio-cultural load, the inference becomes an even more complex cognitive challenge in the situation of intercultural communication. The experimental study was carried out on lexical units and cognitive-discursive fragments of the contemporary American English language. The research aimed at studying the substantive aspects of foreign language authentic spoken discourse acquisition; identifying the impact of context on the students' understanding of lexical units; identifying the factors that determine the interpretation process and its success. Empirical data have shown the important role of contextual factors and socio-cultural information for the success of an authentic foreign language discourse comprehension. Situation-bound utterances given in the situational context contributed to the optimization of the perception process that promotes the analysis and synthesis of all the characteristics of a word as a means of language and its environment (the actual situational context). The study proved that the causes of communication failure in a situation of intercultural foreign language communication are the following: 1) inadequate perception of linguistic and extralinguistic factors of communication; 2) imperfect mechanism of perception, interpretation and comprehension of the foreign language discourse; 3) insufficient volume of culture-loaded receptive and productive vocabulary of students; 4) lack of perceptual experience; 5) lack of discursive-cognitive experience that promotes awareness of the difference of cultures and languages as well as different / varied ways of speech activity to infer an adequate meaning of a foreign language utterance. These data confirm the hypothesis and reveal interesting features of the cognitive-discursive activity within intercultural communication; however, due to the complexity of the phenomenon the study requires further development.

Исследуется проблема возникновения и существования антиамериканизма в Южной Корее. Рассматриваются особенности южнокорейского антиамериканизма. Анализируется развитие антиамериканских настроений в южнокорейском обществе. Особое место уделяется выявлению причин южнокорейского антиамериканизма, исходя из изучения прошлого Кореи. В качестве наиболее известного примера антиамериканизма приводится инцидент 2002 г., когда в результате военных учений США погибли две корейские школьницы., The present paper is devoted to such a complex phenomenon as "anti-Americanism" in a case study of the nearest American ally South Korea. The authors considered the term "anti-Americanism" as a hostile attitude toward American lifestyle, policy, government, culture and American nation. In the authors' opinion, the strong economic, political and cultural ties with the US are among basic reasons of such a strong anti-Americanism. Nowadays anti-Americanism is getting more and more attention from western and South Korean mass media as well as from different academic communities. To the authors' mind, due to its geopolitical position, Korea has been influenced by its powerful neighbors since the ancient times, which has had an effect on Koreans and their mentality. That is why any encroachment on Korea's independence and domestic policy from the outside world is perceived by Koreans very painfully. Consequently, the main source of anti-American sentiment is considered to be the Status of Force Agreement (SOFA). It is an international agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in that country defining the rights and privileges of the military personnel. According to the SOFA, only the US courts have jurisdiction over crimes committed by military personnel in Korea. The paper considers in detail some facts about the crimes of American military on the territory of South Korea and the reaction of Koreans. The authors also state that the intensity of anti-Americanism depends on the left-wing movement activities. Nowadays, because of the increasing nuclear threat from the North and the aggressive Chinese policy, the intensity of anti-Americanism in South Korea has been declining. Taking into account such external conditions, it is disadvantageous for Koreans to oppose the US, their main supporter and ally. In the conclusion the authors note that despite the declining of anti-Americanism in South Korea, should any crime be committed by American military personnel, Koreans will go again to the streets with anti-American slogans because the problem of some unfair provisions of the SOFA has not been solved yet. That is why until amendments are made to the SOFA that will satisfy the Korean nation, anti-American sentiment will continue existing in South Korea.

В исследовании проводится критический анализ различных систематизаций церковных документов. Выявлены схожие и различные мнения ученых. Представлена авторская классификация документальных источников приходских церквей Тобольской епархии XVIII начала XX в., разработанная в результате анализа документов, хранящихся в ФКУ «Российский государственный исторический архив», ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске» и ГКУ «Государственный архив Курганской области»., In the research a critical analysis of various types of church documents systematization is carried out. Similar and distinctive features of scholars' opinions are given. Among experts in the history of church there is no consensus about the classification of church sources. The only thing scholars agree on is the classification of church books, confession lists, clerical lists, marriage searches and census records about sacred and clergymen, their families as a group of documents of the church account and mass sources. The author's classification of the documentary sources of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries is presented; it was developed as a result of the analysis of the documents stored in the Russian State Historical Archive, in the State Archive in Tobolsk and in the State Archive of Kurgan Oblast. Official documentation of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries has been conditionally divided into four categories by the functional criterion: assembly documents; registration documents; reporting documents; parish chronicles; correspondence; documents on economic activity. Documents of legal and standard character belong to the first group, assembly documents; they include three categories: 1) acts of the supreme authorities; 2) departmental acts of the Holy Ruling Synod; 3) regulations of local bodies of the church power. The second group of documents includes documents of the church accounting of the population which began at the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. The third group of sources is reporting documents. Parish chronicles are classified into a separate, the fourth, group. The fifth group of documents of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy is correspondence; the sixth is economic documents. Most often archives have account books (receipts and expenses books could be kept separately) and property registers of parish churches. This group can also contain notebooks of profit, expenses and surplus of prayers of absolution and paper bands; profit registers of church priests; books for records of donation money or butts; books of auxiliary salaries; justificatory monetary documents; registers of parishioners depositing funds for the maintenance of the temple; cases of church repairs; documents on the opening of parish guardianship and renovation of church iconostases; books on candle sales; paper band and prayer books.

Исследуются законодательные документы по управлению Сибирью и Туркестаном. Внимание уделяется вопросам, связанным с административными, военными и дипломатическими полномочиями местных генерал-губернаторов. Исследование базируется в том числе и на архивных документах, помогающих выявить роль сибирского опыта в управлении среднеазиатскими окраинами и полномочия генерал-губернаторов, которые не были регламентированы в законодательстве., The article studies the legislative acts issued to administrate Siberia and Turkestan in the 1820s-1860s. The author made a comparison of the legislative documents that regulated various aspects of administration in the outskirts of the country. These were the Statute on Administration of the Siberian Provinces and the Project of the Statute on Administration of Semirechenskaya and Syr-Darinskaya Oblasts written by M.M. Speransky in 1822 and in 1867 respectively. Based on the comparative analysis, conclusions demonstrate the similarities and differences in administration of the territories. The administrative, military and diplomatic competences of the local administrations in the person of a governor-general are in the focus of the paper. The outskirts of the Russian Empire had always been under a special control of the Russian authorities. It was determined by the exceptional position of these regions that comes from their remoteness from the central part of the country; their location in the border territory; the Russian citizens were a minority both in Siberia and in Turkestan; the system of the civil service there had its specificity too and, as the contemporaries said, public officials went there to earn ranks and privileges. There were differences determined by the ethnic and confessional composition of the population, relatively developed economy and international trade, by the fact that there were such formations as the Khanate of Khiva, the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Kokand in Turkestan. The created Governor-Generalship model of governing resembled the administration of the British India. But Russian legislation in this field had its own peculiarities and remained in force (with some changes) up until the fall of the Empire in 1917. The analysis of sources shows that the Siberian administration model was applied in Turkestan. This model was used by the Government in the Caucasus as well. The paper is based on the legislative acts, research works of Russian prominent historians, archival sources from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author studies the administrative, military and diplomatic competences of governors-general of those regions. It is worth mentioning that some of the directions of their activities were not provided with clear instructions. When the rules were infringed by these officials or they were accused of corruption, governors-general only had to prove their rightness and adduce reasons and evidence of their innocence. The research helps to determine the role of the Siberian experience in administration of the Central Asian outskirts and the competences of governors-general that were weakly regulated by law, so governors-general had almost unlimited rights.

Статья посвящена разработке модели описания экскурсионного дискурса. Данное исследование обусловлено отсутствием целостного описания экскурсионной деятельности как особой коммуникативной ситуации. В данной статье экскурсионный дискурс рассматривается в качестве коммуникативного фильтра, вбирающего в себя другие дискурсы и служащего в качестве инструмента передачи информации, формирования и актуализации ценностей., Excursion discourse shall be regarded as a communicative filter, which co-opts other discourses and acts as an instrument of transmitting information, of changing and supplementing the world image and creating and updating the system of values. The paper is devoted to the development of a description model of excursion discourse. The study is conditioned by the absence of a full description of excursion activity as a specific communicative situation. The purpose of this work is to develop the description model of excursion discourse. Discourse is considered by the author as a type of subject's speech behavior in the sphere of excursion activity aimed at an informative purpose (giving information about a specific object or event to one or several participants and forming a participant's opinion about this object in the way the subject needs), combining aspects of informative and evaluative vectors of natural language (in spoken and written language) and a body of semiotic means (graphic, mimic, sign etc.). The focus of the study is on the speech behavior of the guide acting as the one who informs the participant and creates the participant's values, the one who modulates the cognizing of the world by the participant. The multiple-factor model chosen by the author includes the characteristics of cognitive, communicative, sociocultural and lingual peculiarities. This paper is focused on the communicative peculiarities of excursion discourse. Excursion communication creates a specific discourse since it has at least two communicators, bound tight with status-role relations; has its own rules and norms of typical communication; special language; has a system of basic values, aims and strategies of communication and a set of stable genres inside the discourse. The basic genres are the excursion genre, the videoand audio-excursion and the guidebook. The genre variety is constrained on account of the addresser being marked as a key participant of communication and a modulator of the addressee's world perception.

Рассматриваются вопросы перевода академических терминов, используемых в высшей школе. Авторы останавливаются на проблемах, связанных с трудностями интерпретации академических терминов, которые возникают в процессе перевода. Основным препятствием в правильной интерпретации русских и английских академических терминов следует считать расхождение двух систем образования., In the age of globalization and internationalization of the higher education system, university lecturers and academics are faced with the necessity of translating various materials from information and advertising texts to research papers from Russian into English and vice versa. It would seem to be a simple task for a professional, but the problem is that some incorrect translations and inaccurate beliefs about English language realia have become so ingrained in the Russian academic community that even highly-qualified specialists sometimes make mistakes when translating certain academic terms. The paper examines issues of translating academic terms used in academia. The authors focus on problems connected with difficulties of interpreting academic terms, which occur during the translation process. The main obstacle to the correct interpretation of Russian and English academic terms is the dissimilarity between the two systems of education. The authors analyze a range of academic terms used in higher education institutions and come to the conclusion that academic terms have multiple meanings. Many terms have duplicate meanings. These factors lead to confusion in selecting the appropriate term when translating. Moreover, as the analysis shows, a more detailed study of each academic term individually is necessary in order to correct convey its meaning in the target language. The dissimilarities identified during a comparison of a range of academic terms used in academia are mostly connected to extra-linguistic information. The systems of higher education in Russia, Great Britain, and America have many differences. Correspondingly, the names for different academic realia are different. This is shown in the whole specter of academic terms: in the morphological and syntax structure, in the lexical component, in the lexical and grammatical structure of terms in English and Russian. Extra-linguistic information is necessary for the correct interpretation of English and Russian academic terms. Without taking into account the influence of extra-linguistic factors on the appearance and functioning of a lexical item, it is impossible to correctly convey its meaning in the target language. The paper examines in detail terms connected with designations of academic staff, levels of education and academic titles in higher education institutions, stipends, and research fellow positions.

Рассмотрены методологические подходы к трансформации социально-экономических систем регионального и национального уровней. Раскрыто влияние внешних и внутренних факторов на трансформационные преобразования социально-экономических систем. Обосновано доминирование внешних факторов над внутренними в логике трансформационных преобразований региональных социально-экономических систем (приграничных). Предложена концептуальная модель трансформации региональной социально-экономической системы в контексте эволюционной теории., The paper presents methodological approaches to the study of the transformation of the socio-economic system of regional and national levels. The views of researchers converge in the understanding of transformation as a quantitative and qualitative changes in the system which lead to a qualitatively new system, or to its disintegration, recognizing the irreversibility of the processes: a return to the original state is impossible because of the changes that have already happened in the system. However, researchers define that the content, steps and process of transformational changes have a number of significant differences, emphasizing a different genesis and nature of the changes which take place in the regional or national systems. The paper demonstrates the influence of external and internal factors on the transformation of socio-economic systems. The dominant influence of external factors on the internal logic of transformational changes of cross-border regional socio-economic systems is justified, specifics of which are largely determined by the functions of the state border. The system tries to stabilize the functional state under the influence of various factors in the external and internal environment, to streamline the self-organizing forces of the socio-economic system to overcome them, which leads to the transformation of the system. At the same time, the continuous nature of the perturbation should be emphasized when at any given time the system is bombarded by external and internal forces, not waiting for the end of the degeneration of the system to start a new action. Thus, the system is always in a state of continuous transformation under the influence of external and internal factors. The paper provides a conceptual model of the transformation of the socio-economic system at the regional level in the context of the evolutionary theory. The proposed phases of "structural transformation" and "spatial transformation" involve two stages. Switching to a different level of the socio-economic system which changes the quality of the space is influenced by external factors as changes in the environment require changes in the functions of the system, which entails a restructuring of the economic system (including the technological and social aspects). Due to changes in the subsystems there appear new features, the character of interaction between the system elements (institutions, residents, non-residents, etc.), which leads to the formation of a new socio-economic system. Transition from structural transformation to space transformation takes place using infrastructure development, including the implementation of infrastructure projects, network and innovation projects.

Рассматривается развитие голландского миротворчества как исторический процесс в международных отношениях в трудах зарубежных и отечественных авторов. В статье преимущественно анализируются работы голландских ученых, политиков, дипломатов. Особое внимание обращается на исследования, опубликованные научно-исследовательскими институтами Нидерландов. Российские ученые изучают вопрос голландского миротворчества только в контексте внешней политики и истории Королевства Нидерландов., The definition of "Dutch peacekeeping" or "Dutch peacekeepers" occurs very rarely in the Russian literature. It is first of all associated with the events in Bosnia-Herzegovina in July, 1995, when the Dutchbat could not prevent the tragedy and mass people killings, which will later be called the fall of Srebrenica. In the given article the author tries to follow the development of Dutch peacekeeping as a historical process in international relations based on the foreign and Russian scholars'' works. The analysis of the Dutch foreign policy plays a significant role in considering the issue. The papers of Dutch researchers represent the major part in foreign historiography. The Dutch policy think tanks asserted a main influence to study the above-mentioned question. Among them are the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, the Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, as well as the Advisory Council on International Affairs (AIV) created in 1979. The latter consults the Dutch Government and Parliament on the issues of foreign policy, human rights, peace and security, cooperation in the field of development and European integration. One of the most significant works is a research which the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies prepared in 1996-2002 at the request of the Dutch government after many countries, e.g., France and Canada, refused to take part in investigating the causes of the Srebrenica tragedy in 1995. In 2002, the scholars of the Institute published a report "Srebrenica A ''safe'' area. Reconstruction, background, consequences and analyses of the fall of a Safe Area". In Russian historiography the Dutch peacekeeping can be examined as an object only as part of the Dutch foreign policy works and conduct of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the international arena as a small country. At present, the study of Dutch peacekeeping is an exclusive prerogative for foreign researchers and think tanks, in the first place, it concerns the Dutch ones. If until mid-1990s peacekeeping was examined as a historical process in international relations, since 1995 and in the 2000s the authors implemented new methods: gender studies, anthropology, psychological analysis; they also used the results of medical investigations. Dutch public opinion, relations between the executive and the legislative powers, influence of internal political factors on the decision-making process of how and when to deploy military forces in peacekeeping operations are considered. To sum up, research of Dutch peacekeeping by foreign authors covers many aspects, while there are only a few Russian papers: Soviet and, later, Russian scholars consider the issue of the Dutch participation in peacekeeping operations barely in the context of studying the history and foreign policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Изложены результаты пересмотра классификации отряда Ammodiscida Fursenko, 1958. Рассмотрена история развития представлений об объеме отряда и его систематическом положении. Приведены результаты изменения классификации. В составе отряда объединены 2 надсемейства: Tolypamminoidea Cushman, 1928 и Ammodiscoidea Reuss, 1862. Дано переописание отряда Ammodiscida и надсемейства Tolypamminoidea (приводится описание нового и переописание ранее установленных семейств). Уточнено таксономическое положение родов и стратиграфически важных для Западной Сибири юрских видов надсемейства., This study presents results of our revision of foraminifera from the order Ammodiscida Fursenko, 1958. The history of developing the conception on the order volume and its systematic position has been considered. The results of changes in its classification have been presented. The order Ammodiscida is proposed to be divided into two superfamilies, reasoning from the pronounced distinctive characteristics, namely: the existence or absence of attachment traces on tests, the arrangement of the second chamber and a test as a whole (coiling type, form). The first superfamily Tolypamminoidea Cushman, 1928 (nom. transl. Polkovnikova, hic ex Tolypammininae Cushman, 1928) integrates foraminifera with attached tests. The second superfamily Ammodiscoidea Reuss, 1862 combines foraminifera with free tests. Four types of spiral coiling in tests have been determined, which are responsible for distinguishing families within superfamilies: 1) curved or coiling, coiled with an incomplete spiral, or with one whorl; 2) irregularly coiled; 3) planispiral; 4) conically coiled. The test organization type, depending on the main type of coiling of the second pseudo-tubular and (or) tubular chambers, is the principal morphological criterion for establishing families, and its varieties will allow (if possible) their division into subfamilies. In the superfamily Tolypamminoidea composition, there are three families: Serpenulinidae Polkovnikova, hic, fam. nov.; Tolypamminidae Cushman, 1928, emend. Polkovnikova, hic; Ammodiscellidae Saidova, 1981 (nom. transl. Polkovnikova, hic ex Ammodiscellinae Saidova, 1981. The second superfamily Ammodiscoidea unites foraminifera from four families, namely Ammovolumminidae Chernykh, 1967, emend. Polkovnikova, hic; Ammovertellinidae Saidova, 1981, emend. Pol-kovnikova, hic; Ammodiscidae Reuss, 1862; Turritellellidae Saidova, 1981, emend. Polkovnikova, hic. In the paper, the re-description of the order Ammodiscida is represented; the synonyms are listed; the scheme of the stratigraphic distribution of some genera is developed, using the papers by many other scientists (Rauzer-Chernousova, 1993; Culver, 1991; Sepkoski, 2002; Kaminski, Setoyama, Cetean, 2008) and the data of the present author. The description of the superfamily Tolypamminoidea is represented, the synonyms are listed; the description of a new family and re-description are included. Refined is the taxonomic position of genera and of stratigraphically important species of Tolypamminoidea occurring in the Jurassic deposits of Western Siberia; their stratigraphic distribution is described with due regard to literary sources and own data. The images of the studied genera and species of the super-family Tolypamminoidea are represented as photos within the Table.

Представлены результаты исследования современного состояния развития региональных инфраструктур. Представлены методические подходы к оценке инфраструктурного каркаса северных приграничных регионов России. Выявлены особенности развития инфраструктурного каркаса северных приграничных регионов России. Результаты могут быть применены при исследовании вопросов развития региональной инфраструктуры, а также принятии управленческих решений., In this paper, for the presentation of infrastructure in the regions it is suggested to use the infrastructure framework that allows to evaluate the main characteristics of the state of the regional infra-structure, priorities and perspectives of its development. The infrastructure framework in the region means the totality of the optimal number of different types of infrastructures that form a spatially organizational subsystem of the regional socio-economic system, which is sufficient to ensure a reliable, exchange of the results of activities in social production and normal life of the population. This space-organizational sub-system is an integral part of the regional economic system to ensure effective functioning of the regional economic space. Taking into account that this framework is based on the infrastructure system of regional markets functioning, including reproduction, consumption, exchange and distribution, the value of this space-organizational system is more and more increasing every year. In this paper, the proposed model of infrastruc-tural framework is presented based on a study of 14 north (extreme environmental conditions) border regions of Russia. The study found that in order to perform the functions of a northern border region, it is enough for a region to have 11 kinds of infrastructure in their totality forming the infrastructural framework in the region. According to the results of the calculations, the integral index of the level of infrastructure development for the northern (extreme) border regions of the Russian Federation (0.858, 2012) shows the gap of 14% of the average Russian level. At the same time, there is a significant indicator of differentiation across regions. Of the 14 northern border regions, only two regions have the level of infrastructure development at the level of the national average (Sakhalin Oblast and Primorsky Krai). The level of the development of infrastructure framework in Kamchatka Krai and Altai Republic is close to the average value, accounting for more than 0.8. The lowest level of infrastructural framework (less than 0.6) was observed in five of the northern border regions (Tuva Republic, Tyumen, Murmansk and Magadan Oblasts, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug). In summary, it should be stressed that the findings highlight the need for attention from the federal government to the issues and problems of infrastructural framework of the border regions. It should be emphasized that the findings may be used by regional governments to identify strategic priorities for the development and targeting of infra-structural investments and by federal authorities for monitoring. In recent years, the implementation of infrastructure projects is creating a new infrastructure framework of regions that, on the one hand, provides the foundation for innovation and investment links with new qualities, and, on the other, improves the socioeconomic space of the territory, providing new opportunities for the development of local communities.

Показана ключевая роль прессы и радио в сплочении и мобилизации жителей Тувинской Народной Республики на помощь СССР в 1941-1945 гг. СМИ обеспечили быструю перестройку работы предприятий на военный лад, участие населения в соцсоревнованиях и кампаниях по оказанию помощи. Несмотря на перебои с электричеством, недостаток финансовых средств, бумаги и другие трудности, они регулярно освещали события с фронта, подвиги участников войны, вызывая тем самым рост патриотических настроений. Весомая материальная помощь Красной армии и освобожденным от фашистов районам, моральная поддержка солдатам явились в немалой степени результатом их агитационно-пропагандистской деятельности. Упрочение чувства советского патриотизма и интернационального долга среди тувинцев сделало неотвратимой интеграцию двух государств., On June 22, 1941, the Tuvan People''s Republic expressed solidarity with the USSR in struggle of the Soviet people against Germany. Adoption of allied commitments demanded reorganization of work of all social institutes, including the press and radio, for the conditions of war. Following the example of the Soviet Union, the main emphasis was made on the development of oral propaganda and radio. Radio, being more responsive to the challenges of wartime, was available to illiterate people as the most operational mass media. On July 8, 1941, the Radio Committee at the Council of Ministers of TPR was created. Improvement of hardware, development of the radio network in districts, recruiting of correspondents, organization of the Tuvan Telegraph Agency allowed establishing a constant broadcasting network, increasing its volume and diversifying its content. The introduced regime of economy of paper limited the possibilities of periodicals development. On August 25, 1941, the format of newspapers Shyn, Areve Shyny, Hostug Arat was reduced according to the resolution of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People''s Revolutionary Party. Magazines Revoly-ustun Khereli, Ertem oruu merged. Release of several periodicals was suspended and then terminated. Despite the difficulties of wartime (interruptions in electricity, lack of finance and necessary materials, including paper, etc.), the development of the periodical press did not stop. During the war, the first regional newspaper in the Tuvan language was issued. This made the press more accessible to villagers. For the rapid development of methods of teaching new writing a journal was issued for Tuvan teachers. The significant financial and moral support by the small people of Tuva to the Soviet people in the years of war were largely the result of agitation and organizing activities of the press and radio. On June 28, 1941, newspapers had a heading "From the Soviet Information Bureau" for covering events from the front. Rulings, resolutions of the party and the Government of TPR, materials about life and work of the people were regularly printed. Letters, songs, slogans, dedications and messages in verse by young Tuvan writers (S. Pyurbyu, S. Saryg-ool, O. Sagan-ool, L. Chadamba, S. Tamba, S. Samba-Lyundup, K. Idam-Syuryun and others) were published. In literary works courage, heroism and valor of the Soviet soldier were praised. In the years of war there was a genre of political satire founded by B.D. Hovenmey. Centralization of management and toughening of control, introduction of plans in the work of editorials created a basis for the strengthening of the ideological orientation of the press and radio. They provided fast reorganization of the national economy in military conditions, the rise of patriotic sentiments among Tuvans, successful conducting of socialist competitions and campaigns for fund raising. It became a factor of further strengthening of the Soviet-Tuvan relations and unification of the two states.

Даны историко-философский анализ понятия гармония «Хэ» как общественного идеала в конфуцианстве, даосизме, буддизме, а также ее интерпретации в современной социально-философской мысли Китая. В качестве существенного вопроса социальной гармонии рассматривается проблема социальной справедливости. Рассмотрены институциональные особенности современного периода развития китайского общества, препятствующие достижению социальной справедливости., This paper is devoted to the problem of social harmony. Although we believe that from this study comparative conclusions can be easily made. The focus of the study is China, one of the most rapidly developing countries today. Fast economic development of East Asian countries, the appearance of the East Asian model of modernization on its own basis revealed some advantages of eastern culture which is based on the teachings of Confucius. In the 13th century Western thinkers were delighted by the organically holistic worldview of eastern teachings. This paper presents a historical-philosophical analysis of the "harmony" concept as a social ideal in Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and its interpretation in the modern Chinese philosophy. In Buddhism, the question of social harmony is not distinguished as an abstracted system, but implicitly contains original ways to resolve social contradictions through awareness of not-existence of the single "I" and of correlation of all phenomena. According to the tenets of Taoism, harmony is a mechanism by which all things through struggle come to the correlation and unity. From the view of Confucianism, harmony is the highest value and the most important law of life. Harmony appears in concord of all the inhomogeneous, in achieving through this of a new harmonious unity, in the birth of something new in the process of interaction of the opposites. In modern Chinese science, the notions of social harmony, harmonious society are studied, first, in the context of the concept of building a harmonious society proposed in the early 20th century by former President of China Hu Jintao; second, from the view of the so-called Chinesized Marxism. On this basis, the author defines social harmony as a form of resolving social conflicts, achievement of the unity or coherence between the parties to conflict. An essential issue of social harmony is the issue of social equity. The legal aspects of social equity in China are also examined. The institutional features of the modern period in the development of Chinese society hindering the achievement of social justice are considered. The author also makes an attempt to analyze social justice in the political and economic dimension. In conclusion, the important role of the state in the ideological and moral education of the people in order to harmonize social relations is emphasized.

Статья посвящена военному прошлому математика Алексея Андреевича Ляпунова (1911-1973) ученого-энциклопедиста. Основной источник переписка Ляпунова 1941-1945 гг. После войны преподавал в Артиллерийской академии им. Ф. Дзержинского, защитил докторскую диссертацию. Активный сторонник кибернетики, А. А. Ляпунов не только объединил ее сторонников, но и открыл в МГУ междисциплинарный семинар по вопросам, смежным кибернетике и физиологии. В 1962 г. он переехал в Новосибирск, где возглавил отдел кибернетики в Институте математики СО АН СССР. А. А. Ляпунов много сил отдал Физико-математической школе НГУ, научным руководителем которой стал. В 1964 г. был избран членом-корреспондентом АН СССР. В 1996 г. награжден медалью Computer Pioneer., The article dwells on the wartime life of Aleksey Andreevich Lyapunov (1911-1973), a mathematician and a person of encyclopedic knowledge. The main source of the paper is Lyapunov''s correspondence during 1941-1945. Lyapunov enriched science not only in the fields of the set theory, cybernetics and programming. His interests covered a wide range of problems in biology, geophysics, linguistics, philosophy, and pedagogic. Aleksey Andreevitch, a son of mathematician A.N. Lyapunov and a student of Academician N.N. Luzin, defended a PhD thesis and worked in the field of applications of the probability theory to the natural science and engineering. A nobleman by birth and a patriot, he rejected the opportunity to stay in reserve. He became a student of a military college, then a soldier and a platoon leader. After the end of the Second World War, he was a professor of the F. Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy. He defended his doctoral thesis in 1950. As an active advocate of cybernetics, Lyapunov consolidated his followers and opened an interdisciplinary seminar on the problems of cybernetics and physiology at Moscow State University. In 1961, he moved from Moscow to Novosibirsk and became the head of the Cybernetics Department in the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A.A. Lyapunov was a founder and a scientific supervisor of the Physics and Mathematics School of Novosibirsk State University. In 1964, he was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR as a corresponding member. In 1996, he was awarded a Computer Pioneer Medal. A.A. Lyapunov was drafted into the Army on March 17, 1942. He became a student of the Military Infantry School in the city of Vladimir. There was little demand for his mathematical skills but he took every opportunity to work in his field. His life in the military school was not easy as he was not fit for regular physical exercise. Lyapunov wished to go to artillery, because he realized that he would be more useful there as a mathematician. When appointed a leader of the topography and calculation artillery platoon, Lyapunov approved himself as an expert in the battle for Crimea. He discovered the influence of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly on the gun-laying tools and performed the necessary calculations that had been previously ignored. Having solved the problem in the field of the technical cybernetics, Lyapunov took his first step toward his post-war future. Getting familiarized with the papers of American scientists in cybernetics brought Lyapunov and his colleagues to the research in this field of science. Scientists A.N. Kolmogorov, A.I. Berg, I.A. Poletayev and A.I. Kitov, among others who had gained theoretical and practical skills in the management of automatic control mechanisms during the war, led Soviet cybernetics and influenced the development of other important areas in science and engineering.

Акцентируется внимание на актуальности и значимости организации самостоятельной работы студентов (СРС) в ходе курсового проектирования, на изменении характера познавательной деятельности студентов в процессе их профессиональной подготовки в контексте реализации компетентностного подхода. Подчеркивается, что суть компетентностного подхода в образовании ориентация на его результат, в качестве которого рассматривается готовность и способность человека действовать в различных профессиональных и нестандартных ситуациях. Определены этапы, условия повышения эффективности СРС, а также задачи преподавателей по планированию и контролю этого вида деятельности. В статье представлена модель проекта «Организация и руководство курсовым проектированием: цели, сопровождение СРС, порядок защиты проекта»., An important final link in the whole educational process, the result of independence, the degree of mastery of knowledge and skills to use them in solving specific production problems is course designing. Course designing is a type of self-educational activity of students which is a creative solution to real educational or professional goals. This kind of learning activities provides training sessions in the form of independent work of students, counseling and the defense of the work performed. Course designing is a mandatory element of the training process. The system of course projects (papers) prepares students to perform a final qualification work. The topics of papers base on the factual material of businesses that students collect during practical training. The starting materials for the implementation of the course work usually contain sufficient data for setting tasks for designing and wording a problem situation: economic, environmental aspects, safety issues in relation to the designed object. However, one of the main requirements to the topic of the course work is its comprehensiveness, that is, considering the modernization of existing automation systems, students should address the issues of restoration or replacement of process equipment, reduction of labor-intensive operations in many stages of the production process. Guidelines for the organization of students'' independent work which allow them to prepare for classes and organize their self-study to perform individual tasks are important for the improvement of the planning and organization of this type of educational activities. The subjects of course designing in the discipline Economics of Organizations is directly related to the subjects of course designing for the discipline Automation of Technological Processes and Production, which allows students to system-ically study designing issues and, therefore, to develop the format of logical thinking which will contribute to the proper formation of specific competencies in a future profession. As a rule, students take the initiative in the choice of topics. A professor traditionally supervises students in their study designing. Students have an opportunity to be more independent. An important tool in designing is a feasibility study. An engineer in any field should have a good understanding of the issues of cost, pricing, working capital investments, profits and other economic categories. A course project is a universal indicator of the competence of students, it is an indicator of their knowledge and skills. Supervising students'' self-study during course designing includes: guidelines for the implementation of course papers; normative and reference books; schedule of works; coordination of students'' work; consulting; schedule of course paper defense; organization of project defense; preliminary assessment of the work by the project supervisor; assessment of the course paper defense; making of a protocol of work defenses. The implementation of the competency-based approach involves the search for answers to quite complex issues related to the reorientation of educational outcomes to the list of competencies that are in demand by employers and are formed under responsibility of an educational institution. Thus, a competency is a combination of characteristics (referring to knowledge and its application, to positions, skills and responsibilities) that describe the level or degree to which a person is able to implement it.

Сделана попытка оценить эффект влияния топографии места на ориентировку городской застройки на примере пяти крупнейших городов Центрального Черноземья. Описана разработанная методика такой оценки. Полученные результаты отражают неоднозначность влияния рельефа на планировку. При некоторых условиях топографический фактор уступает по значимости прочим, в основном косности градостроительного замысла. Показана экологическая роль ориентирования застройки сообразно рельефу либо же, напротив, ее дезориентации., The article describes the current practice of building on the slopes. The steeper the slope, the harder it restricts the orientation of buildings. V.G. Davidovich classified Four levels of slope steepness, depending on their effect on the planning. In the paper, we use a hypothesis that real planning examples will show the reverse dependence of construction disorientation and slope steepness. The paper researched the buildings of five main cities in the Chernozemye region: Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk and Tambov. A special procedure to verify this hypothesis was created. The data of the OpenStreetMap and SRTM were used for computations. We presumed that the result construction orientation is reflected by the aggregate orientations of all vertical edges. Nearly 80 thousand buildings in five cities on the total area of 1380 km 2 were analyzed. For each wall we computed its parameters: length, position of start-points and end-points, direction of the wall and also aspects and steepness of the slopes of the base surface. Then we calculated the delta-value of normal directions of walls and aspects. All walls were subdivided into nine groups by delta-values of directions and by values of steepness of the Earth surface. Samples were analyzed in WinExcel. Urban sites are indifferent to topography on flat and subflat surfaces. The buildings reflect the topographical order on slopes with mean steepness. The clarity of this reflection changes from city to city and depends on some reasons. Only the cumulative effect leads to observable results. The article gives major reasons to it. The first reason is the impossibility of erecting a long building on a steep slope. The second reason is the need to effectively correlate the location of new buildings in the streets and districts with the plan of the entire city. The third reason is the need to create a geometrically precise inside-plan of streets or districst. Their combined effect leads to a fact that, for example, the flattened territory of Tambov severely limits the planning. To be more exact, a plan (if it corresponds to the relief) does not conflict with urban development ideas. The rugged terrain of Kursk is tolerant to construction. This city cannot have an effective plan, without neglecting the steep slopes bordering the historic center. The topography effect on city planning can influence the features of urban environment. Geomorphologically subordinate construction demarcates greater the flows of matters (runoff, winds) and physical fields (insolation, noise, etc.).

Рассмотрен опыт применения ресурсного подхода для оценки деятельности сельских библиотек Томской области в сфере информационной поддержки школьного образования. Приведены особенности формирования и использования информационно-образовательных ресурсов сельских библиотек. Показаны формы работы по освоению материалов основной школьной программы, содействию образованию школьников в таких аспектах, как краеведческое и правовое образование, приобщение населения к чтению. Сделаны выводы о необходимости и востребованности информационно-образовательной деятельности сельских библиотек., Modern school education is to solve a lot of problems. The most important is forming students'' readiness to engage in life-long learning as well as forming various competencies: research, informational and project. Modern libraries actively help in solving these problems; their activities are aimed at both collection, storage, interpretation and reproduction of socially relevant knowledge, and timely provision of data in response to training, educational, professional, educational and recreational needs of readers. Resource-based approach that involves strategic analysis of the organization, its specific learning resources in the context of improving the competitiveness and social relevance allows rating the diverse activities of a modern library designed to promote the goals of schooling. Researchers of various aspects of educational activities pay a lot of attention to the formation and use of information resources in the secondary school. These resources are a set of electronic documents or other information on readable media, numerous collections and arrays of traditional paper documents stored in information systems and resource centers. A modern rural library is an effective resource that promotes education in such areas as local studies, legal education, introduction to reading, formation of information culture, aesthetic and patriotic education. Rural libraries realize their resource potential in the following way: assisting in the selection of books for preparation to classes; searching remote network information for writing reports, papers, self-education; organization of thematic exhibitions and educational shows of popular and art books; having media classes on topics studied at school; compiling bibliographic literature reviews, appropriate work programs; conducting quizzes and contests covering certain aspects of school material; holding library lessons to effectively process and interpret information, to successfully learn the material. The subject of the research in this article is municipal rural libraries of Tomsk Oblast viewed as an information resource that facilitates the process of learning in secondary schools. The use of the resource approach to the analysis of libraries is geographically limited to Verhneketsky, Teguldetsky and Chainsky districts of Tomsk Oblast. The source basis of the study is the materials of analytical reports on the activities of the municipal rural libraries in 2013-2014 that characterize the current state and actual trends of the library activities. The study found that modern rural libraries are current and future educational resources used effectively in the learning process of students.

Быстрорастущие компании, и в первую очередь компании-«газели», являются точками роста экономики и агентами качественных изменений. Основной целью исследования является выявление инструментов стратегического управления, позволяющих компании сохранить рост в течение длительного времени в IT-секторе российской экономики. Для достижения цели использовались качественные (экспертные интервью, контент-анализ) и количественные (оценка финансовых показателей деятельности компании) методы исследования., This paper is written in the form of a case study research. The object of research is strategic tools of the company "SKB Kontur" as a "gazelle" (or high-growing company), which works in the IT-sector. The paper includes information about indicators used to define the class of "gazelles". High-growing companies are the points of economic growth and qualitative change agents. Their efficiency and effectiveness are shown in all spheres of activity. Companies of this type are distinguished by the exponential growth of the revenue. However, this does not guarantee them the attention and support from the government at the regional level. In the crisis of the Russian economy, high-growing companies base on their previous experience and use a variety of strategic tools, depending on the market features that allow them not only to compete, but also to maintain the growth rate in the long run. The work mainly focuses on the identification of a strategic management tool allowing to maintain a high growth rate in the specific IT-sector of the Russian economy. To achieve the goal, the authors used qualitative (expert interviews, content analysis) and quantitative (measurement of financial performance of the company) methods. This allowed identifying the characteristics of the IT-sector, strategic solutions used by "SKB Kontur" to compete with foreign and Russian companies on rising and falling markets. The IT-sector in the Russian economy has a number of features: the possibility of industry leadership does not depend on the location of the company headquarters, suppliers, consumers, and the size of the start-up capital. The most important condition for success is the availability of quality human resources and access to administrative resources. Implementation of outsourcing projects in other sectors of the economy is also an important trend for the growth of the company. The challenge for the development can be considered as the entry of new players into the market and redistribution of existing markets. Major industry barriers to competition are the specifics of the Russian legislation, the monopolization of access to the client and close contacts with the authorities of state regulation.

Сделана попытка провести анализ российского и зарубежного опыта эффективной организации спортивно-оздоровительной работы в высших учебных заведениях с целью выработки новых подходов к данному направлению деятельности на современном этапе модернизации образовательной системы., The problems of organization of physical culture and sports and recreational activities in the universities of our country acquires a new format in terms of introduction of modern educational standards and changes of requirements that students as consumers of educational services impose. As a social component, university's granting of the opportunity to maintain a healthy lifestyle, to exercise often acts as a competitive advantage when an applicant chooses this or that educational institution. In this paper, we attempt to analyze the most effective domestic and foreign experience in organizing sports and recreational activities in institutions of higher education in order to develop new approaches to the very concept of the activity in the university at the present stage of modernization of the educational system. The course of physical education in higher education involves the following tasks: first is the development of future specialists' high volitional, moral and physical qualities, which should contribute to increased productivity. An equally important task is to strengthen and maintain the health of young people, increase their efficiency in education. With the introduction of FSES 3+ educational standards there is an additional need for the implementation of the theoretical component of the discipline "physical culture" for the non-core areas. In order to identify the positive experience of effective sport and recreation activities we have considered the system of physical education organization in German universities. During the study of the forms of sports and recreation activity organization in German universities, we came to a conclusion that an important element that makes the system efficient is a variety of opportunities to meet the needs of students in physical activity. In this paper we have also analyzed the organization of sports and recreation activities in Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russia). Currently, the main form of students' physical activities is the process of physical education. At present, the university has sections and clubs of 30 sports in which more than 1,000 students and staff of TSU are engaged in high-level sports. In order to assess the quality of the organization of sports and recreation activities in the university and its efficiency, a survey was conducted among students. The article highlights the main factors influencing the motivational aspects of sports and recreational activities, which will be taken into account in the design of an innovative concept of university students' physical activity implementation.

На материале тематической группы наименований грибов русского и итальянского языков исследуются вопросы лексической лакунарности и связанные с ней проблемы перевода метафорической лексики. Сопоставительный анализ данных наименований в двух языках позволил выявить лексические лакуны в итальянском языке, причины их существования и способы их заполнения при переводе текстов разных жанров. Исследование выполнено в рамках лингвокультурологии, сопоставительной лексикологии и теории перевода., This article considers the issues related to the lexical lacunarity and to the difficulties in adequate translation of Russian phytonyms. This research revolves around the concept "lacuna" of G.V. Bykova, N.I. Konrad, Yu.A. Sorokin, I.Yu. Markovina, etc., which is based on the connection between language and culture. The subject of this study are metaphors formed by the denominations of mushrooms in the Russian and Italian languages. Particularly, this paper focuses on the phytonyms smorcok (morel), mukhomor (fly agaric), poganka (toadstool) and staryy grib (old mushroom) which develop figurative meanings with negative semantics. The particular interest of the work lies in the choice of the thematic group which has rarely been an object of study itself. The aim of this paper is to investigate the trends in the process of metaphorization of this thematic group, to detect lexical lacunae concerning phytometaphors in the dictionaries, to analyze the types of lacunae and to clarify why such lacunae exist and how to eliminate them. For the research different types of Russian and Italian dictionaries, as well as texts from the Russian National Corpus (RNC) and the results of psycholinguistic experiments, were used. Investigating the given thematic group, we have found out a big difference between the two languages: in Russian mushroom denominations develop metaphorical meanings, while in Italian they do not even bring up figurative association. We have analyzed the variation of the metaphorical semantics of these denominations as registered in dictionaries and realized in texts (RNC) in order to understand how to convey the meaning of the Russian metaphor as fully as possible when there is no Italian equivalent. As a result, we have brought to light that commonly the figurative meaning of the analyzed words has a negative connotation (unpleasant, bad, detestable etc.) and the semantic feature old age is often a "camouflage" in phytometaphors, hiding the speaker''s intentions to interpret negatively any other unpleasant traits of a given person. In the work the possible means to eliminate the lexical lacuna in question are examined. The search for equivalents is realized on the basis of lexicographic sources and original and translated texts. In conclusion, an interlingual lexical lacuna was identified: in the process of metaphorization the theme "mushrooms", relevant as it is in the Russian language, is clearly absent in Italian. This lexical lacuna is more or less successfully covered in Italian thanks to other means, lexical (using descriptive periphrases or synonyms) or morphological (word-formal derivatives with emotional-evaluation formants).

Представлены особенности усвоения русской беллетристикой 1850-х гг. сюжета романа Ж. Санд «Жак», популярного в России в 1850-е гг. Сюжет романа рассматривается в качестве продуктивной модели, ставшей не только основой для подражания, но и источником создания различных сюжетных модификаций, способных отразить запрос русской общественной и литературной жизни середины века. В центре внимания различные принципы работы беллетристики с заимствованным сюжетом: актуализация «вероятностного» потенциала сюжета пре-текста, изменение «валентных» связей сюжетных ситуаций, приводящее к вариативности сюжетной структуры, сюжетный эффект «подражания подражанию» и др. Процесс ассимиляции сюжета, как показано в исследовании, сопровождался активным сближением западноевропейского «чужого» сюжета с сюжетами русской литературы пушкинско-тургеневского направления. В основе анализа повести Е. Тур, С.В. Энгельгардт, Е.А. Лодыженской, Е. Озерского, Н. Николаенко, М.В. Авдеева и др., The paper presents the features of assimilation of the plot of the novel Jacques by G. Sand by the Russian fiction of the 1850s. The plot of the novel is described as a productive model which is not only the basis for imitation, but also the origin for creation of various plot modifications. The latter can mirror demands of the Russian social and literary life of the middle of the 19th century. The theme of marriage developed in the plot line of the characters of G. Sand's Jacques is topical in the Russian j ournalism and fiction of the 1850s. The novel is productive because its ideological program contains gaps which allow filling them up. The influence of G. Sand's Jacques on the ideas about marriage in the Russian journalism and fiction of the 1850s is mediated by a multitude of literary and critical sources. During this period, magazines publish materials that develop topics connected with women's emancipation. The topic of the author's interest is a particular and peripheral element in this ideological complex. A precedent text, the Russian version of the Western novel, a narrative story Polenka Saks by A.V. Druzhinin influences the reception of the ideas of G. Sand's novel in the 1850s. Fiction writers use ideas that are presented not only in Jacques, but also in Polenka Saks; they borrow the changes the ideological complex underwent in the text-imitation. In this connection, the narrative stories of the 1850s based on the novel by G. Sand are classified as "imitations to an imitation". Fiction writers reproduce the plot "outline" where ideas open in the pre-text. The paper contains a detailed analysis of various principles of the fiction "work" with the Western plot: actualization of the "probabilistic" potential of the plot of the pre-text, modification of the "valency" connections of the plot situations which result in the variability of the plot structure. The role of the novel by G. Sand is not limited by its influence on the topic of marriage in the historical and literary process of the 1850s. It is an impulse to the development of the love theme which is new for the Russian literature. This theme is formed as a result of the transfer of the characterological opposition a weak man a strong woman represented in the novel Jacques. The process of assimilation is accompanied by the affinity of the Western plot with the plots of Russian literature of the Pushkin and Turgenev direction.

Исследование вопроса об основаниях права на компенсацию за нарушение права на судопроизводство в разумный срок или права на исполнение судебного акта в разумный срок невозможно без понятий «разумный срок судопроизводства», «разумный срок исполнения судебного акта», «нарушение разумного срока судопроизводства», «нарушение разумного срока исполнения судебного акта». На основе анализа действующего законодательства и судебной практики автор дает определения указанным понятиям., In order to study the grounds for the right to compensation for violation of the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time or the right to execute a judicial act within a reasonable time, the author at first considers such concepts as the reasonable time of a trial, the reasonable time for execution of a judicial act, the failure to meet the reasonable time of a trial, and the failure to meet the reasonable time for execution of a judicial act. Based on the review of the current legislation, the author identifies three grounds for compensation: 1) violation of the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time; 2) violation of the right to execute a judicial act which provides for the recovery of funds from the budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation within a reasonable time; 3) failure to meet the reasonable time of pre-trial criminal proceedings. The review of Part 3, Article 6.1 of the Civil Procedural Code of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, as well as Part 3, 3.1, Article 6.1 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, shows that these articles contain the criteria for determining the reasonable time of a trial, including pre-trial proceedings, which also apply to the reasonable time for execution of judicial acts (Part 5, Article 6.1 of the Civil Procedural Code of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation). Therefore, the current procedural legislation contains ambiguous (vague) definitions of the concepts of the reasonable time of a trial and the reasonable time for execution of a judicial act. This paper provides the concepts of the reasonable time of a trial and the reasonable time for execution of a judicial act as defined by different authors in the legal literature. A number of authors think that the time limit of a civil trial is to be three years. The author of this paper challenges this opinion for the following reasons. The judicial practice suggests that in some cases civil trials of shorter than three years may entail a violation of the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time, while civil trials of longer than three years may not. As follows from the practice of the Moscow Regional Court, the reasonable period of a trial is not always limited to three years. In this context, the opinion of some authors that the concept of the reasonable time of a trial is of judgmental nature is recognized as justified, since each civil case is individual and may be prolonged due to unforeseeable circumstances. Based on the foregoing, the author defines the concepts of the reasonable time of a trial and the reasonable time for execution of a judicial act. Relying on the proposed concepts of the reasonable time of a trial and the reasonable time for execution of a judicial act, in connection with provisions of Part 1, Article 1 of the Federal Law No. 68-FZ dated April 30, 2010, Part 3, 5 of Article 6.1, Parts 2, 3, Article 244.1 of the Civil Procedural Code of the Russian Federation and Parts 3, 5, Article 6.1; Parts 2, 3, Article 222.1 of the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, the author defines the concepts of the failure to meet the reasonable time of a trial and the failure to meet the reasonable time for execution of a judicial act.

Анализируются закрепления в отечественном уголовном законодательстве дореволюционного и советского периодов положений об обстоятельствах, подлежащих учету при назначении уголовного наказания несовершеннолетним. Также анализируется процесс развития указанных положений начиная с абстрактных формулировок об установлении судом при назначении уголовного наказания несовершеннолетним «разумения», содержавшихся в дореволюционном уголовном законе до закрепления в уголовном законодательстве предписаний о необходимости учета личности несовершеннолетних, совершивших преступления, условий их жизни и воспитания. Данные положения имели место как в дореволюционном отечественном законодательстве, так и в законодательстве советского периода., Nowadays, juvenile delinquency is a significant problem for the government and the society. Although some statistics shows a certain reduction of juvenile delinquency, the share of serious violent crimes as well as drug-related crimes in the total number of juvenile delinquency cases is growing. The number of crimes committed by juvenile offenders who have already been subject to criminal proceedings remains persistently high. The purpose of this paper is to identify the legal provisions aimed at taking into consideration the personality of juvenile offenders, their living and educational conditions for sentencing in the Russian criminal law of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet period as well as to analyze the evolution of such provisions. The study is based on the dialectical method of cognition. The content of the legal provisions was studied on the basis of the formal logical methods. The historical method was used for studying the historical development of the laws concerning the circumstances to be taken into consideration for sentencing juvenile offenders. As shown in the paper, the criminal legal science of the pre-revolutionary period differentiated the concepts "responsibility" and "intelligence". With the adoption of the Law dated June 02, 1897 ''On the Changes in Forms and Rules of Legal Proceedings for Criminal Acts of Minors and Juveniles, as well as Legal Provisions Regarding their Punishability" a special legal mechanism was introduced into the law and practice for investigating and taking into account circumstances that encourage juvenile delinquency, level of mental and moral development, and other personal qualities of juvenile offenders. The legal provisions of the Russian pre-revolutionary criminal law concerning the personality, living and educational conditions of juvenile offenders to be taken into consideration for sentencing are found to be reflected in the Soviet regulations in the first years of the Soviet Union. However, in the course of the further development of the criminal legislation, these provisions were neglected. Since the early 1970s, the Supreme Court of the USSR / RSFSR began to pay attention to this problem. Nevertheless, the legal provisions concerning the personality, living and educational conditions of juvenile offenders to be taken into consideration for sentencing have not been adopted.

Впервые на основе исторических источников разного характера излагаются и осмысляются факты, повлиявшие в определённой степени на архитектурно-градостроительный облик и культурный потенциал города Томска вследствие активной деятельности в нём купца-просветителя П.И. Макушина (вторая половина XIX начало XX в.). Возведённым по его инициативе или при участии зданиям и учреждениям в них дана профессиональная оценка. Прослеживается связь событийности его деяний с исторической логикой просветительского дела., The paper bases on various historical sources and for the first time ever sets and interprets facts that influenced on the architectural urban planning aspect and cultural potential of Tomsk city owing to the vigorous activity of a merchant educator P.I. Makushin (second half of the 19th early 20th centuries). Professional evaluation is given to buildings and institutions erected on his own initiative or with his participation. A correlation of his actions with the historical logic of educational activities is described. The multi-faceted real activity of P.I. Makushin in Tomsk and in Siberia has been extensively studied previously and has been particularly active in recent years. However, in the author''s opinion, his contribution as an initiator and the ordering customer of objects significant not only for cultural but also for architectural and urban planning development of Tomsk has not been the subject of a special study. This paper presents a reconstruction of the ideological origin and implementation technology of projects for the construction of several buildings in Tomsk and, above all, the crown of this aspect of his activity the House of Science. P.I. Makushin''s House of Science is one of the essential objects of the urban environment that has historical, memorial, architecture and urban planning, ideological and artistic value. The construction of the House of Science is an example of an ideological conception and its modern (at the time) implementation. Thus, it is most important to consider this unique act. This view is part of an interesting and fruitful study of Siberian scientists who undertook the study of the historical role of merchants and entrepreneurs in the social, domestic, professional and mental life of Siberian cities and their architecture. Sources of research were the known publications about P.I. Makushin, periodicals, several archive files, including plan sketches, full-scale measurements and expert observations. The influence of P.I. Ma-kushin on the cultural potential of Tomsk, its architectural and urban planning component is represented in the following forms: 1) he was the initiator of the construction of a number of buildings in the city, his authority helped to promote it; 2) he was a sophisticated organizer of collecting donations for a number of objects, his being a member of the City Duma for 40 years helped in it; 3) his family and he were donors themselves as patrons; 4) as a newspaper editor he provided information support of his and other initiatives. The most important influence of Makushin was from his gift as an entrepreneur: he was able to see trends in the sociocultural life and market relations, to take risks, to be creative and insatiable in his desire to innovate, and, of course, he had enough will power to achieve the noble goal which he formulated as the motto of his life: "Not a single illiterate person". Together with other merchants P.I. Makushin managed to make a considerable beneficial contribution to the creation of small architectural cultural zones in the city. As a competent public figure, being well treated by the intellectual elite of the city, he used his influence and capital as well as much of his life to implement his ideas on the cultural potential of the city, mobilizing well-known city architects, professionals, entrepreneurs and general public for this. His descendants should be grateful to him for his educational activities, for the buildings and small urban areas around them that he built.

Рассматриваются вопросы определения момента окончания хищения, предметом которого являются различные виды имущества. Анализируется момент окончания хищения безналичных денег, ценных бумаг, недвижимого имущества. Обобщены и проанализированы мнения ученых по избранной тематике, выработаны предложения по определению момента окончания хищения. Изложенные положения имеют как научную, так и практическую значимость., This article deals with the issues of the definition of the moment of theft termination the object of which is various types of property. Variety of property types that are the object of theft leads to peculiarities of property seizure, its treatment in favor of the perpetrator and therefore to the differences in the definition of the moment of theft termination. Most often the object of theft is personal estate (things) that can be moved in space. Seizure of such property is characterized by its physical withdrawal from the possession of the owner or another holder. Any special conditions for the treatment of this property do not exist, i.e. the offender can sell, transfer it without any difficulties to the third party or consume otherwise. So, the moment of this crime termination is the moment when the property is seized and the offender has a real opportunity to use or dispose it at his/her own discretion. If the object is non-cash money on the current account that other people transferred with forged payment orders, the final point of fraud is determined by the moment of money transfer to the bank account of the perpetrator (or another account the perpetrator can control), because from this moment the offender gets a real opportunity to dispose the received funds at his/her own discretion. Bearer securities which actually replace the money and represent independent property (bills, bonds, etc.) can unconditionally be the object of finished theft. Their seizure causes property damage of the owner or the lawful holder because at any moment these securities can be freely presented for payment or sold, etc. As for documentary bearer securities the moment of crime termination is reasonably associated not with the moment of acquisition of property with use of these papers, but with the moment of taking possession of the papers themselves. Acquisition of real property by fraud or abuse of trust is considered ended at the time of registration of the property ownership because at that point the perpetrator has a legal opportunity to take possession or dispose another's property as his/her own. Consequently, the actions of the guilty directly aimed to register ownership of a particular object but not leading to such a registration should only be considered as an attempted crime.

Представлены данные о личностных особенностях предпринимателей малых и крупных городов. Приведены результаты сравнительного исследования ценностей, жизнестойкости и толерантности к неопределенности, свойственные предпринимателям пгт. Шира Республики Хакасия (малый город) и предпринимателям г. Томска (крупный город). Выдвинуто предположение о разрушении традиционной системы ценностей как условия развития предпринимательских качеств личности., The paper considers the problem of entrepreneurship as a subject of research of scientists philosophers, economists, sociologists and psychologists. It is noted that most researches focus on studying the personality characteristics of entrepreneurs because they are the psychological conditions of entrepreneurship development. It is shown that the parameters of the entrepreneur''s personality potential are the subject of research of modern researchers. Hardiness and ambiguity tolerance are the essential characteristics of the personality potential. The personality potential is mediated by values, so it is necessary to learn the value orientations of entrepreneurs which are an important element of the personality structure. The paper presents the results of an empirical study of values, hardiness and ambiguity tolerance which are inherent to entrepreneurs of small towns and big cities. The sample consisted of 60 entrepreneurs of an urban-type community which has the status of a small town, and 60 entrepreneurs of a big city. The Hardiness Survey by S. Maddi (in the adaptation by D.A. Leontiev), the Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale-I by D. McLain (in the adaptation by E.G. Lukovitskaya) and The Value Survey by S. Schwartz (in the adaptation by V.N. Karandashev) were used in the study. The statistical analysis was realized by means of the factor analysis. It is shown that entrepreneurs of small towns have an adequate in-trapersonal hierarchy. Values and such parameters of the personality potential as hardiness and ambiguity tolerance are not dependent on each other. Values, but not the parameters of the personality potential, are the important structural components which determine the personality of entrepreneurs of small towns. A different factor structure was found in the group of entrepreneurs of big cities. Entrepreneurs of big cities do not have a positive psychological potential of entrepreneurship development because the basis of their personality is not values, but personality parameters which provide the ability to adapt to difficult living conditions. Entrepreneurs of big cities are characterized by transformation of the personality in the direction of compliance of their psychological characteristics with the requirements of their activities. The hypothesis about the destruction of the traditional value system as a condition for development of entrepreneurial personality qualities is made.

Рассматриваются буколические традиции в русской литературе XVIII в. и творчестве М.Н. Муравьева в частности. Сравниваются переводы начальных стихов (1-17) эклоги первой «Буколики» Вергилия, выполненные М.Н. Муравьевым и В.Г. Рубаном. Переводы сопоставляются в их лексико-семантической, синтаксической и эмоциональной близости к первоисточнику. Отмечаются традиции классицизма и новые веяния сентиментализма в переводе М.Н. Муравьева., M.N. Muravyev is one of the most distinctive figures in the Russian Enlightenment, and his time (late 18th early 19th centuries) is marked as a crucial period when classicism and sentimentalism united and both turned to ancient literature. This paper studies the reception of Vergil''s bucolic traditions in original Muravyev''s works and purports to reveal the distinctions of the poetic translation of Vergil''s poem "The Bucolics" made by M.N. Muravyev and by V.G. Ruban. In this paper it is important to identify classical bucolic traditions in the Russian Literature of the 18th century and in the works by M.N. Muravyev in particular. The author compares the artistic features of the initial verses (1-17) of the eclogue in the two translations. The "Bucolic" by Vergil is analyzed and new trends forming sentimentalism in M.N. Muravyev''s translation are discussed. V.K. Trediakovsky was a pioneer of bucolic poetry in the Russian Literature of the 18th century. A.P. Sumarokov also wrote eclogues and idylls showing the images of shepherds and shepherdesses as a dream of ideal human relations. In 1771, at the age of 14, Muravyev wrote his "Eclogue" which clearly echoed the bucolic plot, characters and atmosphere when two swains were competing in singing in the morning. His poems "Vozvrashchenie vesny" ("The Return of Spring") and "Prekrasnoy vskhod zari" ("The Rising of a Beautiful Dawn") written in 1775 also reflect the bucolic theme. In the spring of 1778 Muravyev translated the opening verses (1-17 lines) of the eclogues of the first "Bucolic" showing his careful attitude to Vergil''s text, his characters and the general atmosphere. The size of the original text and the translation itself helped to create all this. M.N. Muravyev translated the verses using the iambic dactylic hexameter reflecting their ancient style. Moreover, in his translation M.N. Muravyev successfully combined classical traditions and new trends of sentimentalism, lyricism and psychologism. The advantages of Muravyev''s translation are clearly observed when we compare his work with the translation of the same verses made by V.G. Ruban (1742-1795) in 1777. Comparing the two translations of Vergil''s "Bucolic" we can notice that Muravyev''s predecessor sought to convey the lexical and rhythmic construction of the text using the Russian hexameter which is referred to as the stylistic figurative means of the ancient author. The syntactic organization of the text of Muravyev''s translation is simpler and closer to the original text than that of V.G. Ruban. In Muravyev''s translation the classical language is pushed aside by the language of feelings. Combining ancient and classical traditions M.N. Muravyev rendered the emotional atmosphere of the poem more successfully. M.N. Muravyev is claimed to be taught by Vergil''s special vision of the world, when simple and gentle human emotions and moral purity are manifested through soft artistic images, through the ability to describe subtleties and details.

По данным судовых наблюдений ICOADS за 1975-2011 гг. рассчитывалась временная изменчивость температуры поверхности океана и потоков явного и скрытого тепла на акватории Северной Атлантики и в отдельных доменах, отвечающих субтропическому и субполярному круговоротам и течению Гольфстрим. Установлено, что в рассмотренном временном интервале наблюдается существенная междекадная изменчивость исследуемых характеристик, причём для большинства из них в 2000-2011 гг. отмечена стадия стабилизации на уровне, достигнутом к 2000 г. В субтропическом круговороте, Гольфстриме и в целом на акватории Северной Атлантики в изменчивости потоков скрытого тепла проявляется преобладающее влияние обусловленной адвективными течениями температуры поверхности океана. В субполярном круговороте, напротив, температура поверхности океана управляется формируемыми атмосферой потоками скрытого и явного тепла., The interaction of the ocean and atmosphere plays an important role in the climate change. In the review of this paper we demonstrated the main relationships of the ocean-atmosphere system. For example, the atmosphere influences the characteristics of the surface ocean level, mainly, through the impact of wind, which changes the dynamic of the upper ocean level, and through the change of the cloud cover. The ocean influences the atmosphere through the turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture. The change of the sea surface temperature leads to the change of the latent and sensible heat fluxes, thereby, leads to the impact on the circulation and cloudiness. The circulation changes may occur not only in the advective and convective components of the air masses transport, but also in the changes of the cyclone characteristics which are formed over the ocean waters and continental areas. The purpose of this paper was studying the seasonal and interannual variability of the sea surface temperature, heat fluxes and their relationships over the North Atlantic for the period of the global warming from 1975 to 2011. The investigation of the hydro-meteorological variables over the North Atlantic, such as the sea surface temperature, latent and sensible heat fluxes based on the ship observation data ICOADS (International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) with the spatial resolution 1° x 1° and monthly temporal resolution from 1960 2011. Calculation error of the investigated variables was determined through the standard deviation. The significance of the standard deviation was evaluated by verifying of the hypothesis with the significance level a = 0.05. To study the temporal variability we calculated the relationships between the investigated variables based on the methods of the correlation analyses. Linear trend coefficients were determined by the regression equation with the significance level a = 0.1. Based on the ship observation data ICOADS from 1975 to 2011 we calculated the temporal variability of the sea surface temperature and the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the North Atlantic and the separate domains such as the subtropical and subpolar gyres, and the Gulf Stream current. It was established that for the period of 1975 2011 a significant interdecadal variability of the investigate variables is observed. For the period 2000 2011 the stabilization stage of this data is observed. In the subtropical gyre, the Gulf Stream and over the entire North Atlantic the sea surface temperature influences the variability of the latent heat flux. In the subpolar gyre, in contrast, the sensible and latent heat fluxes impact the change of the sea surface temperature.

Статья посвящена описанию модусных смыслов авторизации и воспоминания в диалектном высказывании. Проанализирована реализция в диалектной речи модусов авторизации и воспоминания. Осуществляется попытка проследить их взаимосвязь. Описываются средства выражения модусных смыслов авторизации и воспоминания. Прослеживается взаимосвязь указанных модусных смыслов с модусной категорией персуазивности. Названный аспект анализа рассматривается на материале русских говоров Среднего Приобья. Источниками материала послужили аудиозаписи речи диалектоносителей, старожилов сёл Парабельского района Томской области., The paper deals with the analysis of the modus meanings of authorization and recollection in the dialectal sentence. The paper makes an attempt to analyze the interaction of the modus qualifying category of authorization and the modus of recollection in dialectal speech. Sources of the material for this article are audio recordings of speech of Siberian old residents made by the author in July 2014 as a result of the dialectal expedition of thePhilological Faculty of Tomsk State University in the villages of Parabelsky District of Tomsk Oblast. The category of authorization is presented as a modus qualifying category which indicates the author or the source of information or the way of this information receiving. The most frequent indicators of the category of authorization in the dialectal sentence are verbs of speaking to say, to tell, to grumble, expressions in my opinion, it seems, verbs with the semantics of visual and auditory perception to see, to look, to hear, the mental predicate to think. As a result of the research, the connection between the category of authorization and the modus of recollection in the dialectal sentence is established. Recollection is “one of the most important components of dialectal speech communication” [Demeshkina 2000]. Recollection is “a means of preservation and transmission of the most significant cognitive, cultural, aesthetic and social information” [Demeshkina 2000]. “Stepping back in time” [Paducheva 1996] is provided by the modus of recollection. Perfilieva N. P. makes an attempt to define the modus of recollection [Perfilieva 2013]. The author examines the modus of recollection as an optional modus category. The content of this category is that the speaker refers to the events that they witnessed in the past, and focuses the addressee’s attention on the degree of error in the accuracy of information reproduction [Perfilieva 2013]. The modus of recollection is expressed by words with the seme “memory”, constructions with the word “memory”: remember, recollect and others. The memory of the speaker is represented by authorizing predicates to look, to see that mark information obtained by direct observation. The component “memory” synthesizes the complex of subjective meanings, primarily, authorization and persuasion [Demeshkina 2000]. Signals of doubts about the accuracy of the information are the indicators it seems, probably and others. Thus, we note that most relevant and frequent categories in the semantics of the dialectal sentence are the moduses of authorization and recollection. They actively interact with each other and with other modus categories.

Обосновывается актуальность создания электронных словарей различных типов; конкретизируются понятия «электронный словарь» и «электронный вариант словаря»; проводится сравнение информативных и навигационных возможностей традиционных бумажных и электронных лексикографических продуктов. Дается краткая характеристика существующих компьютерных словарей; рассматривается понятие «лингвокультурография»; намечаются перспективы создания словаря лингвокульту-рологического типа в электронном формате. Авторы выстраивают общую концепцию словаря, раскрывают содержание основных этапов работы над ним, презентуют базовый принцип организации материала в рамках создаваемого лексикографического продукта., Lexicographic practice is an essential and organic part of linguistics. Presently such a branch as computational lexicography has taken on special topicality and importance: development and implementation of electronic dictionaries, corpuses and databases are its most productive areas today. Undoubtedly, the need for converting the existing number of dictionaries of different kinds from paper to an electronic form appeared long ago: it is impossible to get some material prepared for work without any preliminary technical work -converting information to an electronic format is the first step of any activity with computer corpora. In particular cases data conversion may be accompanied by additional and sometimes quite laborious activities. Converting dialect speech records into an electronic format can be used for illustrative purposes: there is not only the digitization of the material itself (card indexes, notebooks, etc) but aslo huge preparation work realized with the development of a complex meta markup system and its adaptation in texts that form the basis of a computer dialect corpus. A dictionary existing in an electronic format is not just an electronic (scanned, digitized) version of a paper dictionary, it is a completely independent product, and its form of existence logically continues and supplements its content. At the present time, the greatest number of electronic lexicographic products is created in the area of translation industry. However, the need for creating Russian-language dictionaries of not only translational or explanatory types but also other types is obvious: linguoculturological and ethnolinguistic dictionaries are no exception. The authors of this paper aim at the development of an electronic dictionary of an indeed linguoculturological type: it was decided to develop and implement an electronic dictionary of national signs as an example which should unite the corpus of national signs and the linguoculturological commentary of the collected material in the electronic format. The realization of the project proposes the elaboration of the general concept of the dictionary, the structure (model) of a dictionary entry, and the principles of organisation of the material presented in the dictionary, and also it proposes the development of software to be conveniently and effectively used by dictionary compilers and readers. The originality of the project of the dictionary consists in, first of all, its physical implementation. The creation of an electronic dictionary of such a type allows elaborating and testing a series of universal principles for lexicorgaphic work with the material of linguoculturological value, including the representation of such a material in the computer dictionary format. On the other hand, the topicality and scientific value of the research consist in the physical part of the dictionary as well. It, in its turn, concerns with the fact that the content of the announced lexicographic product is based on the unique material the corpus of national signs fixed in the process of work with different sources, it has certain culturological value and was created during several years and it is still supplemented.

Изложены новые подходы к работе с историческими источниками, основанные на методе исторической фактографии. Показаны результаты работы над проектом «Электронный фотоархив СО РАН» (http://www.soran1957.ru), которые получены в ходе его выполнения в 2005-2010 гг. Обоснована необходимость создания электронных архивов с открытым доступом. Рассмотрены возможности использования фотодокументов как источников по истории науки в Сибири., The paper dwells on working with specific historical sources using new approaches based on the method of historical factography. The results of the project Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Electronic photo archive http://www.soran1957.ru are presented. The SB RAS photo archive was collected for 50 years. The mastermind of this project was Academician Mikhail A. Lavrentiev, the then Chairman of the Siberian Branch, and the executor of this idea was photo-correspondent Rashid Akhmerov. Each SB RAS research institute has preserved its own collection. The purpose of the project was integration of those sources. This task was carried out by the personnel of the Institute of Informatics Systems. The special-purpose information system soran1957 was developed under the leadership of Prof. Alexander Marchuk. Other SB RAS organizations were co-executors of this project: they provided their own collections together with descriptions. Photographic documents as historical sources have a great potential. The challenge though is that they require additional verification because the photos themselves cannot speak. If at least one of the profiles of a photo is known the person(s), event, date or place we can try to recover the others. To achieve this, additional research has to be made involving other historical sources. The context having been restored, we obtain a trustworthy historical source that cannot be falsified through interpretation. In this case, ''artistic processing'' of photographs (staged photography) is ruled out since photographs can have negative images or copies, and falsification will be revealed. From our experience, we have had no evidence of obvious falsification in the history of the Siberian academic science. The potential of photography as a means of fixing and describing the reality is apparent. Let us consider a situation reflecting the process of designing reality. What is meant here is not art, but a documentary design. The design of reality is not analogous to falsification, either. The characters displayed in the photographs can be artificially placed in the historical context, for example, ''a scientist speaking to schoolchildren''. Some portraits refer to this type of staged photography, as well as photographs intended for documents. The paper provides arguments supporting the creation of open-access electronic archives of historical documents. Using photographic documents as historical sources on the history of academic science in Siberia has been considered. The potential of photography as a means of fixing, describing and designing reality has been revealed. Approaches to verification of photographs by placing them within historical contexts have been presented.

Исследуется образ сибирского купца, сложившийся в творчестве русского писателя Ивана Афанасьевича Кущевского (1847-1876), на основе следующих произведений: роман о «новых людях» «Николай Негорев, или Благополучный россиянин», «Маленькие рассказы», путевые записки «Не столь отдаленные места Сибири». Значимость рассматриваемой темы заключается, во-первых, в том, что купеческий образ создается И.А. Кущевским непосредственно на сибирском материале; во-вторых, в его творчестве проводятся параллели между российским и сибирским купечеством; в-третьих, можно выявить степень писательской объективности, учитывая биографические предпосылки становления И.А. Кущевского как писателя, его приверженность демократическим идеалам., The paper is devoted to the study of the character of Siberian merchants described by the Russian writer Ivan Afanasyevich Kushchevsky (1847-1876). The following works by Kushchevsky are considered in this paper: the novel "Nikolai Negorev or a Successful Russian", "Stories", travel notes "Siberian up the river". The significance of the problem considered is that, firstly, I.A. Kuschevsky creates the character of the merchant directly in Siberia; secondly, I.A. Kushchevsky draws a parallel between Russian and Siberian merchants; thirdly, it is possible to identify the degree of I.A. Kushchevsky''s objectivity taking into account the biographical background of his formation as a writer (of democratic fraction) and his creative task to create a novel about "new people." I.A. Kush-chevsky was born in Barnaul, where he graduated from the metallurgical school, and then studied at Tomsk school. In Tomsk, he had an opportunity to observe the life of different social groups. These observations subsequently formed the basis for creating many literary characters. The literary life of I.A. Kushchevsky began in St. Petersburg, where in 1864 he found a job in the office of Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (Saint Petersburg News). The character of the Siberian merchant in works by I.A. Kushchevsky is traditional, but at the same time, versatile. For example, it is a rich farmer, certainly a fraud; a dealer who made fortune by buying the stolen gold; a victimizer gold miner who made a fortune via the labor of gold workers. Those stories published in such papers as Sibirskaya Gazeta (Siberian Newspaper) were not uncommon at that time, and direct observations of the Siberian reality did give plenty of material for such conclusions. The Siberian merchant in the view of the writer is not necessarily a native Siberian, but rather anyone who reached Siberia by one or another way. He is an entrepreneur, an industrious person, smart and clever. Moreover, by I.A. Kushchevsky, the merchant is certainly solid, thrifty, and prudent. He knows how to get the advantage of any situation. He has a beautiful house, but generally keeps the folk origins. By biographical conditionality, the sympathy of the writer belongs mainly to ordinary Siberians to whom their homeland provides more opportunities for the development of their entrepreneurship than Russia as a whole. At the same time, the Siberians do not mind to "benefit" from some financial and other affairs. Thus, the ironic or negative attitude to the merchant class is in close contact with some idealization of the Siberians, which is certainly defined by Kushchevsky''s life, his commitment to the revolutionary and democratic fraction of Russian writers.

Приводится характеристика ландшафтного разнообразия предгорий Среднего Приамурья. Дан краткий анализ представлений места предгорных геосистем в классификации ландшафтов. В ней представлены типологическая классификация и физико-географическое районирование предгорий в контактной зоне хребта Малый Хинган и Среднеамурской низменности. На исследуемой территории было выделено четыре вида предгорных ландшафтов и девять природных районов. Дается оценка интегральной антропогенной нагрузки и нарушенности изучаемых геосистем. Определено, что большая часть предгорной полосы Малого Хингана и Среднеамурской низменности характеризуется слабой антропогенной нагрузкой, но значительной антропогенной нарушенностью. Причиной этого является негативное антропогенное воздействие со стороны объектов, расположенных на равнине., A special place in the landscape structure of the region is occupied by piedmont geosystems. They have an ecotone effect, a combination of the features of mountain and lowland systems. Most researchers classify piedmonts as belonging to the subclass of mountain landscapes or as an independent unit. The purpose of the paper is morphological characteristics of piedmont geosystems in the Central Amur Region and assessment of their current state due to the anthropogenic influence. The paper presents the characteristics of landscape diversity in piedmonts of the Central Amur Region. The analysis of presentations of place for piedmont geosystems in landscape classification is given in the work. A typological classification and physical-geographical regionalization of the piedmonts in the contact zone of the Little Khingan Mountains and the Central Amur lowland are given in the paper. Piedmont geosystems are examined in the mountain class of landscapes in the work. The piedmonts are allocated as an independent unit on the subclass level. In the study area four types of piedmont landscapes are distinguished. The heterogeneity of the study area can be traced on the scheme of natural regionalization of the Little Khingan Mountains. Piedmont landscapes in the contact zone of the Little Khingan Mountains and the Central Amur lowland belong to two natural provinces, five districts and they are identified as nine natural areas. The results of the total anthropogenic load estimation and anthropogenic landscape changes research of piedmont geosystems are shown. As a result of estimation of the integral anthropogenic load the studied geosystems were divided into five categories with the different value of index: from minimum to maximum. The sources of the destructive anthropogenic impact affecting piedmont landscapes are situated in the Central Amur lowland (settlements, roads, agricultural land) and they influence the state of biotic components. It was determined that most of the contact zone of the Little Khingan Mountains and the Central Amur lowland is characterized by weak anthropogenic load but significant anthropogenic changes. Negative anthropogenic influence from the objects located on the plain is the reason of this fact.

Исследован процесс термолиза усредненного мазута марки М-40 западно-сибирской нефти при различных температурах и давлениях. Проведен анализ фракционного состава исходного мазута. Получен материальный баланс процесса термолитиче-ского разложения мазута при различных условиях. Показано, что в зависимости от продолжительности проведения процесса, температуры и давления возможно получение высоковязкого жидкого остатка, пека или нефтяного кокса; увеличение давления термолиза приводит к увеличению выхода газообразных продуктов и тяжелого остатка (пека или кокса). Исследовано влияние температуры и давления термолиза на фракционный состав дистиллятных фракций; основные характеристики получаемого нефтяного пека, такие как температура размягчения, коксуемость и содержание серы. Определено общее содержание серы в продуктах термолиза., At present in Russia oil refining essentially lags in its development behind industrialized countries. According to various estimations the depth of oil refining in the United States and Canada reaches 95%, in Europe about 90%, in Russia about 72% by 2010 data, which corresponds to the share of mazut production of about 28%. According to the Energy Strategy of Russia until 2030, the depth of oil refining should grow up to 83% by 2015, and by 2030 it should reach 89-90%. In this connection, there is an acute question of development of new processes of deep refining of residual heavy products of oil fractionation. The most developed and cheapest among the known processes of oil residues refining are thermal destructive processes such as thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking, etc. The main purpose of thermal destructive processes is the primary preparation of raw material (preparation of thermo gas oil for soot production, of vacuum gas oils for catalytic cracking and hydrocracking) and production of commercial residual products (dark boiler fuel, petroleum coke, pitch, etc.). The purpose of this paper is to estimate the thermolysis of mazut in traditional and harder modes. In this paper we investigated the process of thermolysis of the averaged mazut of M-40 brand of the West Siberian oil produced by Angersk oil-processing plant of Kemerovo Oblast at different temperatures and pressures. The analysis of the fractional composition of the initial mazut was performed. The process of liquid phase thermolysis was conducted in the heated steel sealed reactor by bubbling of the inert gas in the periodic mode. The material balance of thermolytic decomposition process of mazut under various conditions was obtained. It is shown that depending on the duration of the process, temperature and pressure it is possible to obtain a highly viscous liquid residue, pitch or petroleum coke. It is shown that increase in pressure of the thermolysis leads to increase in the yield of gaseous products and of the heavy residue (pitch or coke). The characteristics of petroleum pitch (the softening temperature, coking capacity, sulfur content) are defined. The effect of temperature and pressure of thermolysis on the fractional composition of distillate fractions was studied. It is found that increase in pressure of thermolysis leads to an increase in the yield of gasoline and light gas oil fractions by reducing the yield of heavy gas oil fractions. The total sulfur content of the products of thermolysis was determined. It is shown that the concentration of sulfur compounds occurs predominantly in the gaseous fraction and the high carbon residue.

Рассмотрены проблемы библейской эсхатологии в контексте ее влияния на современное понимание исторического времени. Цель данной статьи продемонстрировать фундаментальную взаимосвязь современного понимания времени с теми концепциями, которые существовали в рамках библейской религиозной традиции. Для автора было важно обратить внимание историков на традиции создания и толкования апокалипсических текстов как на стратегии, предшествующие совокупности приёмов современного исторического описания и осмысления истории., The paper sheds light on the problems of Biblical eschatology in the context of its influence on the contemporary understanding of historical time. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate a fundamental connection of the contemporary understanding of time with the conceptions, which existed within the scope of the Biblical religious tradition. It was important for the author to draw attention to the history of translation and interpretation of apocalyptic texts as strategies preceding a number of techniques of contemporary description and comprehension of history. With this purpose there are given examples of means ancient exegetes used in their aspiring to actualise the value of eschatological legacy despite the loss of keys to prophetic symbology of these texts. Moreover, the characteristic traits of religious perception of time which can be traced in secular consciousness, including contemporary historical science, are considered in the paper. On the basis of a number of historical examples of the interaction of history and eschatology and the demonstration of exegetic experience of identification of apocalyptic prophecies with the historical reality the necessity is sustained in the paper of research of the eschatological problematic by historians for the exposition of the principles of contemporary understanding of historical time. Besides there are discussed some aspects of Biblical eschatology in the light of their interpretation in different historical periods. The paper rises the problem of the canonical status of the Revelation of John the Evangelist in the light of its historical interpretation, and also some eschatological fragments of other Biblical books in their functional role in different political situations around the Christian church. In the paper, the connection is grounded of the Christian eschatological conception and the social-historical factors. Therefore, some arguments to the alternative reason of not using the Revelation of St. John in Orthodox liturgy are given. The eschatological thinking and religious conceptions are considered in the paper as a source of the contemporary understanding of time. There are demonstrated the possibilities of the use of historical-anthropological aspects of religious studies of this problem, which consist in a complex system of interpolations of uncanonical, canonical, exegetical and analytical spheres of literature. In the paper, there are not raised the sacral senses of Biblical Apolcalyptics, but an attempt is made to single out systems of logical moves in the eschatological literature with the purpose of their comparison with the dominant historical approaches.

Описано влияние занятий аквагимнастикой у беременных женщин на состояние системы кровообращения, которая оценивалась методами кардиоинтервалографии и реовазографии. Показано, что сочетанное применение дыхательных упражнений и аквагимнастики способствует нормализации функционального состояния системы кровообращения, что проявляется в снижении ЧСС, индекса напряжения, а также тонуса периферических артерий. Дозированная физическая активность является значимым фактором нормализации функции системы кровообращения у беременных женщин., The paper describes the effect of aqua-gymnastics on the state of the circulatory system of pregnant women studied by methods of cardiointervalography and rheovasography. The study was conducted twice before and after the aqua complex. The state of the circulatory system was evaluated by rheovasography and cardiointervalography using Valens diagnostic system. According to the results of the cardiointervalography study we found that after the aqua-gemnastics there was a decrease in heart rate. This may be due to the normalisation of the regulatory action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The mode amplitude and tension index declined, indicating a decrease in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and stronger parasympathetic effects on the heart. After aqua-gemnastics pregnant women show an increase in the power of fast and slow waves in the spectrum of the cardiogram rate. The power of the slow waves (vasomotor waves) describes the state of the system of regulation of the vascular tone. The power of the fast (respiratory) waves characterizes the activity of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (efferent activity of the vagus nerve). Respiratory waves are a marker of vagus nerve modulation. The stronger spectrum of both the slow and the fast waves indicates that the regulatory effect of both divisions of the autonomic nervous system influenced by aqua-gymnastics is balanced. At the same time the regulation becomes more stable and efficient. In the second part of the paper, the influence of aqua-gymnastics on hemodynamics of pregnant women was studied by rheovasography method. There is a decrease in the value of the rheographic index. In combination with the decrease in venous return it indicates that hemodynamic supply becomes more economical. The response to the reduction of blood flow is the narrowing of the arteries of small and medium caliber as shown by the increased dicrotic index. This indicates an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. At the same time, the increase of the time of pulse wave suggests a lower tone of the large peripheral arteries and their greater flexibility. Such changes can undoubtedly be regarded as positive. This is also evidenced by the reduction in the time of the maximum systolic blood supply to the peripheral blood vessels and increase of the elasticity modulus of the arteries walls. The results lead to the following conclusions: 1. Use of aqua-gymnastics during pregnancy contributes to the normalisation of the functional state of the circulatory system, which is manifested in the reduction of the heart rate and stress index, as well as the tone of peripheral arteries. 2. Dosed physical activity is a significant factor in the normalisation of the functions of the circulatory system of pregnant women. Aqua-gymnastics is one of the most promising forms of physical activity during pregnancy

Ноосферное учение В.И. Вернадского возникло и развивалось в интеллектуальной среде, имя которой русский космизм. В статье показано, что ноосферный подход В.И. Вернадского это описание процессов самоорганизации, объединенных единой глобальной динамикой. Природа натуралистов, понимаемая как динамическое равновесие, ноосфера как естественный процесс, осуществляемый с участием сознания, «слияние» философских и научных вопросов, познание как проявление духовной личности человека во всем этом отчетливо выражены характерные черты современной эволюционно-синергетической парадигмы естествознания., In 2013 the world commemorated the 150th anniversary of the outstanding thinker, Vladimir I. Vernadsky. The paper reflects the materials of the author's contribution to the conference dedicated to this event. The noospheric theory of V.I. Vernadsky appeared and developed in the intellectual environment called Russian cosmism. The development of noosphere is interpreted by the Russian cosmists as a natural and historical process, but at the same time cultural, connected with the manifestation of the personal principle on the level of the individual and the society as a whole. The biosphere transforms itself using the human consciousness, however, the person creates noosphere not only as a sphere of thoughts and ideas, but also as a part of human culture. In the contemporary history and philosophy of science addressing to cosmism is connected with the challenges of the global civilization crisis. The traditional scientificity based on ''pure reason'' does not include either values, or moral or ethical component into the inner content of science, leaving these issues for applied research. For Russian cosmists, including V.I. Vernadsky, the other approach appears more attractive the human dimension of the reality. In the Russian philosophy the necessity for searching of points of growth for the new scientificity is emphasised. Moreover, it is highlighted that the way out of the cultural and civilization crisis is in the existential wise mind, not in the technological logos. This formulation of question makes the ideas of Vladimir I. Vernadsky even more vital. Today, on the new stage of civilization development, characterised by the convergence of science and technology, two separate approaches for the noosphere concept were formed. On the one hand, it is stated that the survival of humankind (overcoming of the civilization systemic crisis) is possible only with the formation of a new noosphere, in which technosphere shall become an integral part of nature (biosphere). On the other hand, a position exists that affirms the utopic character of the noosphere ideas and exclusively historic value of this approach. The paper shows that Vernadsky's approach represents a description of self-organisation processes integrated with a single global dynamics. The nature is interpreted as a dynamic balance; the noosphere is a natural process involving consciousness, "convergence" of philosophy and science; cognition as a manifestation of inner personality. The whole approach distinctly reflects the characteristic features of the modern evolutionary-synergetic paradigm of the natural science.

В статье рассматриваются дискурсивные маркеры как инструмент структурирования научного письменного дискурса. Материалом исследования выступают русскоязычные и немецкоязычные статьи по геологии. Особое внимание уделено специфике употребления определенных функциональных групп дискурсивных маркеров в научных статьях: дискурсивных маркеров, обеспечивающих связанность текста, передающих отношения автора к сказанному и отражающих процесс взаимодействия автора и читателя. Выявляются этнолингвистические особенности функционирования дискурсивных маркеров в научных русскоязычных и немецкоязычных статьях., A scientific paper is intended to transfer, store and distribute the advances in scientific knowledge. It presents the results of research activity within the framework of scientific discourse. As a rule, scientific papers written in various languages are significantly different in terms of discourse element organization revealing national peculiarities. Therefore, it is not always possible to apply the same organization and interpretation tools towards scientific papers written in different languages. Discourse markers are linguistic elements that organize textual information and build the discourse structure. The study involves the analysis of Russian and German scientific papers in geology. Ethnolinguistic features of discourse markers and structural peculiarities of Russian and German scientific written discourse are revealed. A discourse unit can be termed in different ways within various theoretical approaches. From our point of view, it is the term "discourse marker" that best suits for defining signals which mark the structure of scientific writing. This means that discourse marker is an element that secures the cohesion of the text and represents not only the way the author interacts with the reader, but also reveals peculiar author's intent. This definition involves the basic functions of scientific discourse markers and classifies them into three groups. The present study examines the function peculiarities of these discourse marker groups in scientific papers: discourse markers that secure text cohesion, show the author's attitude towards what (s)he wrote and reveal the author/reader interaction pattern. The analysis of Russian and German papers showed that in both of them the largest and most common group is discourse markers providing text cohesion. It is these discourse markers that are involved in the formation of the main features of the scientific style: cohesion and consistency of the statement marking the order of the author's thoughts. The next most frequently used group is markers indicating the author's evaluation which can be seen both as a way of expression of the author and as a way of maintaining his/her professional status. The least frequent markers are discourse markers reflecting the process of interaction between the author and the reader. The study confirmed the existence of organizational peculiarities of German and Russian geological scientific discourse.