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Today, there is a paradigm shift from traditional competitiveness to green competitiveness. This change forces organizations to change their strategies. Organizations that leave the traditional understanding start to develop green strategies. Businesses that establish environmental strategies which their competitors are unable to replicate can gain a sustainable competitive advantage and ultimately profit in the long term. Thus, organizations gain competitive advantage through green intellectual capital. The main purpose of this study is to conduct a content analysis of the green intellectual capital elements of the enterprises in the BIST Sustainability 25 Index. The companies included in this index are those with high overall sustainability scores and transparently disclose information on their social, environmental and managerial performance to the public. Another objective of the study is to create a conceptual framework for the concept of green intellectual capital and to systematically analyze the studies on the concept in the literature. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the enterprises in the index disclose their activities related to green structural capital and green relational capital, which are green intellectual capital dimensions, more than green human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to contribute to the literature by revealing whether the New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had a moderating effect on the effect of health and education expenditures on gross domestic product (GDP). In this context, in the analysis section of the study, a panel data set from 37 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period 2015-2020 was used. Two models were established in the study. In Model I, the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the effect of health expenditures on GDP was examined. In Model II, the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the effect of education expenditures on GDP was examined. It was determined that health and education expenditures had a significant positive effect on GDP in both models (p<0.05). In addition, in both models, there was a decrease in GDP in 2020, the year when the COVID-19 was effective, compared to the 2015-2019 period, however, this decrease was not found to be statistically significant (p>0.05). Finally, no moderating effect of the COVID-19 was found on the effect of education and health expenditures on GDP (p>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to reveal the relationships between intellectual capital components and firm performances of banks operating in the Borsa Istanbul financial sector. Within the scope of the research, the data of the banks whose shares were listed on the stock exchange between 2008 and 2021 and whose data were fully accessible as of the first quarter of 2023, when the research was conducted, were analyzed. The data set was prepared as panel data. Six models were developed and tested within the scope of the research. While investigating the interaction between variables, correlation and regression analyzes were applied. As a result of the analysis; While there was no relationship between structural capital (ROA), one of the components of intellectual capital ROE), and return on assets, it was found to have a negative and significant relationship with return on equity. Another important finding of the research is that physical capital, among the intellectual capital components, affects return on assets and return on equity the most. The other component of intellectual capital, human capital, also affects return on assets and return on equity significantly and positively. Revealing the effects of intellectual capital components on ROA and ROE from firm performances will be important for making future decisions for both bank managers and bank shareholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is obvious for countries that development is as much important as economic growth. One of the most important factors that affect both growth and development is the human capital potential of the country. Seize and quality of human capital has a repercussion that affects development process positively and accelerates the process. The most important factors that affect human capital are the properties of education and health sector of a country. It is accepted that quality and quantity of thehuman capital which is progressed via education and health services affects the development process positively. It may be possible both to gather information about human capital of the countries' using their own databases on the education and health sector and benefit from Human Development Index (HDI) which is accepted as the most basic international data. In this paper, the progress of human capital in Turkey is presented by using education and health indicators and HDI data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to test the effect of intellectual capital efficiency on firm profitability and firm value of firms operating in the information and communication technologies sector in Borsa Istanbul (BIST). The research sample consists of thirteen firms and covers the years between 2010 and 2020. The relationship between the effectiveness of intellectual capital components and firm performance is tested by constructing two different models and panel regression analysis. The dependent variables in the models are ROA (Return on Assets) and MTB (Market Value / Book Value) and the independent variables are the efficiency coefficients of the components in the VAICTM (Value Added Intellectual Capital Coefficient) model (HCE - human capital efficiency, SCE - structural capital efficiency, CEE - working capital efficiency). According to the research findings, the impact of intellectual capital components on firm performance is quite limited. Among the intellectual capital efficiency coefficients, only CEE has a positive effect on ROA. There is no relationship between intellectual capital efficiency components and MTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since human capital is the factor that creates and disseminates knowledge and develops and produces technology, it is considered as one of the most important factors affecting growth and development today. On the other hand, universities are one of the most important cornerstones of human capital, knowledge creation and diffusion. In the international and national literature, only citations are used to measure university-based knowledge spillovers and other factors are neglected. To fill this gap in the literature, this study proposes an analogy for the measurement of spillovers created by academic staff, taking into account the literature on knowledge and technology spillovers in the industrial sector. Knowledge spillovers are categorized into explicit and implicit knowledge spillovers under university-to-university and private sector spillovers. Explicit knowledge spillovers from the university to other universities include publications, citations, patents, co-authored works, while tacit knowledge spillovers include conferences, graduate and doctoral students, academic mobility and projects. A similar analogy is proposed for knowledge spillovers from universities to industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to determine the position of the studies carried out under the name of strategic human capital in the field of business among the sub-fields in this field. Subsequently, the intellectual structure of this area is analyzed based on articles published under the title of Strategic Human Capital in leading business journals. To conduct this study, a total of 472 articles were identified in the most prestigious business journals in the world, according to the Association of Business Schools' Academic Journal Guide (ABS/4*-4-3). These articles were analyzed using bibliometric methods such as citation and co-citation analysis. As a result of the citation and co-citation analyses, it was found that human capital emerged as a scientific research area independent of strategy and strategic human resource management after 2018. The study's findings indicate that Strategic Human Capital studies focus on discussing individuals' characteristics such as knowledge, skills, and experiences at which business level (individual, team, or firm) and how these characteristics can be transformed into sustainable competitive advantage. Finally, directions for further research in this area are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the information society in the 1990s, the source of technological development began to be knowledge and human capital. The aim of this study is to examine the role of knowledge-based intellectual capital, which creates an important value especially for businesses, in the development process with a macro approach. The study examined the 2001-2021 period for economies of ten developing countries (Turkey, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Poland, Romania, South Africa, India, and Indonesia) using the variables of R&D expenditures, bureaucratic quality index, and education index as intellectual capital components. According to the results of panel ARDL analysis used to determine the effect in question, there is a positive and significant relationship between intellectual capital components on the development level of countries in both short and long terms. In addition, a bidirectional causality relationship is determined between intellectual capital variables and economic development. It can be stated that investments that countries make in their intellectual capital are an important determinant of their level of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous studies examining the validity of Florida's creative class approach in the field of urban and regional development, no research on the entrepreneurial part of this theory has been conducted in Turkey. In this context, this study analyzes the entrepreneurial potential of the creative class working as R&D employees in technoparks and industrial park in Turkey. The study focuses on the creative class's demographic characteristics, human capital capabilities, and spatial featues as entrepreneurial tendencies. Using a mixed research method, a survey was conducted with 1352 R&D employees operating in 14 major provinces of Turkey and 255 R&D employees were interviewed simultaneously. The data obtained were analyzed using MAXQDA and SPSS software. The findings show that R&D employees define entrepreneurship primarily in terms of personal traits and effort; their perception of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial experience influence whether they regard themselves as capable of becoming entrepreneurs in the future. Participants who have prior entrepreneurial experience and receive government support have a more optimistic attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur in the future. Additionally, it is evident that the characteristics of the cities and business regions where the creative class lives and works have an impact on entrepreneurship and that these locations enhance the entrepreneurial potential of R&D professionals. Based on R&D employees' experience, opportunity, human capital, and personality traits, the final results reveal that there is a creative class with a very high potential to be entrepreneurs in the future. This conclusion indicates that R&D employee entrepreneurship, which has a high potential for the Turkish entrepreneurship ecosystem, should be promoted primarily through public policies and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to increasing the productivity of countries, technology is one of the components that will strengthen the competitiveness in international trade. Countries prefer one of two methods to access technology. Transferring technology developed abroad is one of these methods. The level of openness of the country is decisive in technology transfer. In the second method, the country will turn to investments that will develop new technology. Developing new technology depends on the human capital stock of the country on the one hand, and the size of the resources it can allocate for R&D on the other. In this study, the relationship between trade openness and R&D expenditures in G-20 countries was investigated. Annual data for the period 1996-2019 were used. The causality relationship between the variables was examined by Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) Panel Causality Test and a one-way causality relationship was found from R&D expenditures to trade openness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local governments are the points where citizens first come into contact with the state. For this reason, municipal governments that win local governments and display a successful administration can increase the public's belief in them so that the political parties can in turn be successful in the country's administration. One of the most important resources for local governments to be successful and provide better service to the public is their human capital. Better and more accurate management of human resources depends on the mayor authorized by the people and elected for 5 years, as well as the mayor's and the administration office's correct and proper decisions. In the present study, the reasons for the short tenure of the managers appointed in a metropolitan municipality between 2019 and 2022 were investigated and 12 attributes were determined as a result of extensive literature research. With the multiple attribute decision-making approach named DEMATEL, the influences between these 12 attributes were revealed and the significance of each attribute was calculated. According to the findings, several strategic leadership decision suggestions are made on the appointment of managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, active economic policies have been implemented continuously for the development of the manufacturing industry. Examining and developing this sector, which has a 20% share in GDP, is very important for policy recommendations. In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of imports and exports and human capital on the manufacturing industry, and in this context, the Cobb-Douglas production function was calculated. Within the scope of the analysis in which two different models were established, the Driscoll-Kraay Fixed Effects Model with Standard Errors was estimated. In both models, the share of labor and manufacturing goods imports in goods imports was found to be negative. Capital, human capital and the share of manufacturing goods exports in goods exports were determined as positive. In addition, while the constant term is insignificant in both models, the exchange rate is found insignificant in the second model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual or knowledge-based capital is an intangible asset that does not appear on the balance sheets. It consists of human, structural and customer capital components, is measurable, and has been providing a competitive advantage to businesses. In the study, the intellectual capital-financial performance relationship of 102 Borsa Istanbul Industrial Index companies with available data is analyzed on the basis of sub-sectors, by panel data analysis method, for the years 2008-2015. The results show that intellectual capital has a positive effect on financial performance, companies attach importance to human capital, but structural capital is not yet at a sufficient level in enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial literacy is one of the human capitals that contributes to influencing the financial attitudes and behaviors of individuals. In parallel with the development of Islamic financial products in the world, there is a need to determine and develop Islamic financial literacy levels to support people's financial decision making. Based on these mentioned, the purpose of this study is to detect the Islamic financial literacy levels of individuals living in the city center of Tokat, aged 18 and over and having different demographic characteristics. Accordingly, the research was conducted face-to-face and electronically using survey data obtained from 389 individuals living in Tokat city center. The hypotheses of the research were tested by applying independent sample t and ANOVA tests, factor analysis, Post-Hoc Tukey analysis and frequency analysis based on different factors. The findings obtained from the analyses revealed that the Islamic financial literacy levels of the participants showed significant differences according to gender, marital status, age, education and income levels. In the research, it was also found that although financial literacy levels of individuals are high, Islamic financial literacy levels are at a low level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth theories preceding the endogenous growth theories assume that firms do not have the resources to devote to technology development because of full competitive conditions. While there is a consensus in the these theorems that technological development is the engine of growth; Lucas (1988)'s "Endogenous Growth Model Based on Human Capital", explains technological progress and economic growth with human capital. In a significant part of the empirical studies, it has been concluded that the effect of human capital on economic growth is positive. However, there are results that the increase in human capital has no effect on economic growth. Economic growth instability, which began after the "2008 global crisis", still continue. Based on this situation, it has become very important to determine the long-term impact of human capital on economic growth in Fragile Five countries. In this study, the effect of human capital on economic growth between 1987-2019 in terms of Fragile Five economies was estimated using the panel data method. The findings obtained reveal that human capital plays an important role in order for these countries to increase their economic growth. In this context, human capital has an important role in raising the economic growth of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalizing competitive environment has caused the human capital of organizations to become a determining factor in their competitiveness. Various social relations within the organization can affect this human capital positively or negatively. Employees are ignored and made to feel worthless by others in the organization they are in. It can cause them not to enjoy their work and not to express useful and innovative ideas and opinions for the organization they are working. From this point of view, the study is about to organizational exclusion which has effects on employee voice and workflow experience. At the time of the literature review, the effect of organizational exclusion on employee voice is investigated in foreign literature, but no study can be found in domestic literature. A study on the effect of organizational exclusion on the workflow experience cannot been found in both domestic and foreign literature. In this respect, it is thought that the work has an exploratory and precursor feature. As the universe of research, 200 blue-collar employees of a company who are operating in the glass industry are selected. The results of the research reveal that organizational exclusion negatively effects on employee voice and workflow experience. At the same time, it is determined that organizational exclusion negatively affects the workflow experience and job enjoyment. On the other hand, no significant relationship is found between organizational exclusion and workflow experience, dedication to work and creating intrinsic motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to specify the labor force in agricultural enterprises and to determine their distribution with respect to capital components. Being acquainted with the distribution of capital is important for agricultural operators to plan for production. Similarly, it is necessary to determine the distribution of capital according to the factors in order to carry out the planning for the agricultural sector on a macroeconomic scale and to propound policy recommendations. Due to the fact that the economic activities of the agricultural enterprises operating in Turkey are not recorded, the face-to-face survey method was applied to obtain the data used in the study. The primary data obtained from the survey belong to the 2019 production year in the Beypazarı district of Ankara. According to the findings of the study, it has been determined that the effective use of land and toolmachine capital varies depending on the planning and management of the workforce. In direct proportion to the land capital of agricultural enterprises, technology investments for the effective use of resources in enterprises have increased. Therefore, an increase was observed in the tool-machine capital according to the scale of the enterprise. The efficient use of land and tool-machine capital in agricultural enterprises has increased the efficiency of money capital. It was determined that in small-scale enterprises within which money capital was examined, there was a capital provision of 1.500.0 TL per in-house workforce and 306.1 TL per seasonal workforce. In medium-sized enterprises, 8.214,3 TL is allocated to the in-house workforce and 1.163,1 TL to the seasonal workforce, whereas in large-scale enterprises 29.868,1 TL of money capital is allocated for the in-house workforce and 3.407,6 TL for the seasonal workforce. According to these obtained values, it has been determined that the inhouse workforce is more advantageous in terms of employment generation and sustainability in rural areas. Creating new investment areas by making use of money capital in rural areas is not an adequate solution for development. In addition to the actions taken for the sake of capital planning, it is also necessary to classify the workforce in terms of occupational manner and increase the level of human capital, reduce informal employment, improve agricultural exports, direct foreign capital investments to the agricultural sector, and increase social welfare in rural areas. According to the findings, policy recommendations were made on the topics of improving working conditions, creating new employment areas, and organizing the workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feelings and expectations of people change in accordance with the conditions of the time. It has been observed that individuals who have experienced similar situations at the same time have similar attitudes and behaviors. Based on this, the notion of "generation" has emerged, and the generations have been classified according to the year of birth. Considering that one of the basic elements of enterprises is human capital, it has become extremely important to understand the generations and to demonstrate management by considering intergenerational differences. Gen Z, the younger generation in this classification, is beginning to enter the business and is waiting to be understood by the organization. The aim of the study is to reveal the possible relationships between the career expectations of Gen Z and their life satisfaction. For this purpose, data were collected by questionnaire method from a total of 413 participants in the Gen Z age classification, living in the Manisa province. According to the results of the research, it has been observed that the Gen Z individuals who believe that their career expectations will be met in the future will be more satisfied with their lives than those who believe that their career expectations will not be met. Professional experience has been observed to have a moderating effect on the relationship between future career expectations and life satisfaction. It was found that family income status, school and place of residence do not have a moderator effect on the relationship between future career expectations and life satisfaction of Gen Z individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial sector has a crucial position in the economic growth process. However, industrial production falls before reaching the desired level, and countries abandon the objective of industrialization at an early stage. The transformation of agricultural economies into industrial economies over time is the first step in the development of the three-sector theory. It is argued that economic growth will occur as a result of the formation of a country's physical capital accumulation. In this framework, the Kaldor hypothesis was investigated by many researchers. In this study, it has been investigated how and in what way the industrial value-added will be affected by physical and human capital accumulation. For this purpose, as a result of the "Driscoll-Kraay Standard Error Estimator" obtained from the annual data of 34 OECD countries for 1996 and 2018, it was found that the improvements in physical capital increase the industrial value-added. On the other hand, it was concluded that the increase in human capital expenditures decrease the share of the industrial sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to Turkey adopted neo- liberal policies in the early 1980s, her firms have begun to integrate with the global value chain before most competitors. However, they lagged behind many competitors in terms of added value and efficiency, as they could not rise in global value chains and create global brands. So much so that Turkey is is located in the last rows of the OECD countries in terms of the high share of low-qualified employees in the total workforce, specialization in low-technology and value-added fields in value chains, and global brand creation performance. The foreign trade deficit caused by the specialization in low value-added products leads to the current account deficit in Turkey, and thus a variety of chronic macroeconomic problems such as inflation, unemployment, low national income. In the study the impact of the policies followed by governments and institutions on the emergence of this picture, and what needs to be done is discussed in comparison with similar countries. The material of the study consists of the data obtained from the General Directorate of Foreign Capital (YASED) and supranational institutions. In the analysis made using the data of the aforementioned instutions in the article, it is showed that the insufficiencies in the areas of the quality of the education system, corruption, regulatory quality, rule of law, democracy and logistic service capacity related to state and institutional policies negatively affect the production of high value-added products in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developments in the field of technology, especially in communication, have important impacts on social habits and ways of Developments in the field of technology, especially in communication, have important impacts on social habits and ways of doing business. These impacts require businesses to have resilience against uncertainties as well as adaptation to change and new conditions to maintain their sustainability. Organizational resilience, which is discussed in the context of these characteristics of businesses, is the subject of the research. The research model is taken from perspective of human and social capital theory. Our research was conducted with the data obtained from the owners of 435 different-scaled enterprises operating in Turkey by quota sampling. As a result of the research, it has been seen that human capital, social capital, and financial capital have a positive effect on organizational resilience. In addition, it has been determined that financial capital has a partial mediation effect in the relationship between human and social capital and organizational resilience. In the research, obtained results are parallel with the literature, and the importance of organizational resilience was tried to be revealed for businesses to avoid the negative effects of changes in the external environment. Based on these results, foresight can be created regarding the business processes, of which the enterprises should focus on in changing market conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital is considered as one of the most important factors in explaining development differences between countries, and as a unique source of long-run permanent economic growth. Therefore, increasing the accumulation of human capital has become an extremely important mission for economies. Theoretical and empirical literature emphasizes that public expenditures can play an important role in increasing human capital accumulation. Therefore, in this study, the effect of public expenditures on human capital accumulation for the case of Turkey was analyzed. Besides per capita income, unemployment and population variables were also included in the estimated model since they are considered as important determinants of human capital accumulation in the literature. Annual data for the period 1960-2019 were used in the analysis. The long-run cointegration relationship between the variables was determined and the long-run cointegration coefficients were obtained by applying FMOLS, DOLS and CCR estimators. Results show that public expenditures negatively affect human capital accumulation. Similarly, the increase in unemployment negatively affects human capital. However, per capita income and population are helpful to promote human capital. Probable causes of empirical outputs for the case of Turkey are further discussed in the study and policy strategies are recommended accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital is a rare and unique strategic resource for businesses to gain sustainable competitive advantage. Thus, it is significant to improve and develop the psychological capacities of employees in showing their performance towards the goals of the businesses. In this sense, the concepts of psychological capital and work engagement, which allow the measurement of the psychological capacities of employees, stand out. The relationship between these two variables has been mostly examined in the relevant literature; however, it has been drawn attention to determine the deficiency of the mediator variable that affects the degree of the relationship. Moreover, it has been observed in the literature that these two variables are predicted by positive voice behavior. From this point of view, 375 participants were reached using the snowball sampling technique and the statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out. As a result of the analysis, it has been seen that psychological capital has a positive and significant effect on positive voice behavior and work engagement. Additionally, it has been determined that positive voice behavior has a positive and significant effect on work engagement. Finally, it has been concluded that positive voice behavior plays a partial mediating role in the effect of psychological capital on work engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is critical to a country's human capital and economic development. By working more hours, earning more discretionary money, and investing more in human development, a healthy individual contributes more to his own and the country's economies. Health expenditures are those that are spent on the protection and promotion of one's health. Obesity is bad for people's health, health-care costs, and the economy. The high expense of chronic illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease put a pressure on health budgets as the number of people with a high BMI rises. Obese persons utilize health services more frequently, have more procedures, and fill more prescriptions than those of normal weight. Because of rising health issues such as obesity and metabolic illnesses, rising consumer expectations from life, and rising consumer knowledge of good nutrition, there has been a growth in the production and consumption of functional foods in recent years. As a result, customers have learned to anticipate that meals would provide them with more than just nutritional value. The purpose of this study was to look at the impact of fermented food intake and knowledge on health expenses as well as the economic impact of these expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, disclosures on intellectual capital elements contained in the integrated reports and sustainability reports published by four private-owned commercial banks (Akbank, Garanti Bank, İş Bank, Yapı Kredi Bank) included in the BIST Sustainability Index between 2016-2019 are analyzed using content analysis method. Intellectual capital disclosures of banks are evaluated into three sub-headings: relational (social) capital, organizational capital, and human capital. According to the analysis results, the intellectual capital disclosures of these banks are concentrated in the relational capital component. In the relational capital component; customers, contribution to society and the brand value of the company are prominent issues. In the organizational capital component; corporate culture and management philosophy, process management, information technology (IT) and network systems are frequently mentioned issues. Focused on issues within the scope of the human capital component are employee training, employee satisfaction, employee skills and characteristics. Furthermore, it is determined that the disclosures regarding the intellectual capital components are more in the integrated reports compared to the sustainability reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring economic development is the main goal of developing countries. Today, the human capital factor has become very important factors in the development of countries. In this context education, which is an important element of human capital, and its effects on development are among the most investigated topics among economists. Thus, it has been proven with the many theoretical and empirical studies that education has positive effects on development. In this study were examined the role and effects of education on the development of the TRA2 region, which includes Turkey's Ağrı, Kars, İğdır and Ardahan provinces. As a result of the analysis covering the 2008-2018 period, it was determined that the correlation between increasing education level and per capita income levels to increase. These results strongly prove the importance of education for the development of both the region and the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the ever-changing world requires increasing the information equipment, the demands for sustainable performance, institutions; It forces them to examine and reevaluate their ability to use new technologies, adapt their organizational structures, redesign their business management, relocate their workforce and improve business processes. The importance of human resources is gaining more value as the external environment of the future becomes much more fragile, unstable and less predictable. Organizations can function effectively by developing an uninterrupted and continuous human capital program by developing business processes and methods in harmony with leaders at all levels. With the program created, organizations will both work effectively and have a human resource that is self-confident and exhibits the patience, determination and endurance expected of him. In this direction, the Human Capital Development Program roadmap was created for Defense Planners, which aims to have human resources in the unpredictable conditions of the future, taking into account the US Defense Department's Personnel and Preparedness Strategy for the Year 2030, which draws attention to the uncertainty and competitive environment of the future. With the Human Capital Development Program established; It is aimed to ensure that welleducated, dynamic and constantly learning personnel with a technology foresight are ready to fight at the right place, at the right time and at any time with a high sense of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the innovation performance of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC) group countries, which have a very important geopolitical and geostrategic position in the world, were measured by CRITIC -based Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) over the component values determined in the Global Innovation Index (GII) for 2020. According to the findings, it was first determined that the most important innovation component within the scope of CRITIC method is human capital and research. Secondly, it has been determined that the countries whose innovation performance exceeds the average according to the CRITIC -based GRA method are Bulgaria, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Romania and Greece. On the other hand, countries with innovation performance below average are Serbia, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Albania. Accordingly, it was concluded that in order to be compatible with other BSEC countries in innovation, these countries should increase their innovation performance by giving importance to other components, primarily human capital and research. Apart from these, it has been evaluated that GII and GIA are compatible with ARAS, BTA, COPRAS, EDAS, MAUT, ROV, TOPSIS and WASPAS methods and can be explained by these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies that percieve human capital as a vital stratejik resource reflect this strategic view to their human resource applications and ultimately reach a more competitive structure. In order to reach competitive advantage, through sound human resource applications, companies aim to increase employees' level of job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior; which in turn expected to stimulate employees to exhibit extra rol behaviors besides implementing their rutin job-related responsibilities successfully. In reaching this aim, the concept Machiavellianism, which implies the tendencies of employees that everything is permissible in order to reach their goals, and employees' machiavellianist behaviors appear to be a problem for companies to deal with. In this context, the two aims of this study are: Firstly, examining the relationship between employees' machiavellianist tendencies and organizational citizenship behavior and secondly, whether organizational culture in the organization has any moderating impact on the relationship between machiavellianist tendencies and organizational citizenship behavior of employees. In order to examine above mentioned relationship, by employing a questionannaire, we collected data from a big private telecommunication company's employees, who worked in various positions. By using collected data; we employed validity and reliability analyses for our scales, descriptive statistics for demographic variables of employees, explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses and, t-tests and ANOVA tests in order to reveal differences in demographic variables of employees. In addition, we used Pearson correlation analyses in order to reveal the relationship between employees' age and Machiavellian tendencies and organizational citizenship behavior. To test main hypotheses that we proposed in the context of our research model, we employed structual equation modeling. Analyses results revealed that, consistent with our proposed hypotheses, organizational culture has a moderating impact on the relationship between employees' Machiavellian tendencies and organizational citizenship behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial capital which has accelerated because of increasing functionality of financial channels has been helpful in development of investments. This new situation occurred in 1980s, provided high level of productions by acceleration of production as a result of increasing investments. High production levels have headed to new foreign market researches considering domestic market limitations. Competition issue has become one of the most elaborated issue by producers with opening to foreign markets. Competition concept and competitiveness which is one of the most discussed issues nowadays have improved to an eligible position not only in foreign markets but also among different regions within a country as well. Index calculations which have become highly popular and may be asserted as mathematics of averages are accomplished. Importance of those calculations are increasing day after day in terms of analyzing indicators of competition in general and regional competition in particular; comparing those indicators and observing progress compared to previous years. A trend is constituted via applying a sample of index studies which draws attention for region TR52 including 2007-2018 years; Konya, Karaman and TR52 region. According to the results of calculated index considering human capital, branding ability, trade ability and accessibility; it is concluded that Konya province has high index values in most criterias as expected. However; Karaman has higher index values in some sub-indexes such as trading ability and human capital. The trend including 2007-2018 and constituted in respect of years will certainly provide contribution to various plans accomplished for the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, which focuses on the concepts of human and social capital that emerged as a result of the transformation of the relationship that a person establishes with himself and with his environment, aims to critically analyze these concepts, based on the understanding of the ontology and epistemology of Islamic economics. From the perspective of Islamic economics, the form of relationship that a person should establish with herself, family, relatives, neighbors and friends and the requirements of this relationship are normatively determined according to Islamic moral principles. In societies that are shaped by contemporary capitalist market system, defining these relations as human and social capital and attributing meaning to their nature that can be transformed into an economic capital signifies that the capitalist perspective shapes the nature of the relationship among the people. It is emphasized that these relations, which have been shaped by the capitalist market system, should be defined in terms of servitude to Allah, the purpose of human creation, and the necessity of these relations not to become a commodity from the ontological framework of Islamic economics. After the analysis of the concepts of human and social capital, the study focuses on a critical analysis of the school institution, which is the main instrument of internalizing these relations at the societal level, through the titles of (i) the purpose of education, (ii) the way of delivery of education, and (iii) the content of the education curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the moderating effect of the demographic features on the relationship between human capital and organizational commitment has been investigated. An online questionnaire containing questions related to demographic variables, human capital and organizational commitment scales was opened to 530 field workers working in the telecommunications sector. 491 of these workers were evaluated because of the data clean-up processes. The data obtained after the questionnaire were analyzed separately in SPSS 22 and AMOS programs, and the results were compared using Hierarchical Multiple Regression, Hayes and AMOS chi-square test methods. According to the study's findings, a high level of positive relationship has been found between human capital and organizational commitment factors. On the other hand, different results have emerged in the relationship between human capital and organizational commitment regarding demographic variables. While a difference was observed in the variables of gender, age, education level and working period on the relationship between human capital and organizational commitment, there was no difference in the marital status variable. Within the framework of the findings of the research, suggestions were made to managers and future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance in the period of 2010-2020 using the data of 2.619 listed manufacturing firms from Brasil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and Turkey. The first contribution of the study to the literature is the use of data from "fragile five" countries, which are the most delicate economies among developing countries, rather than the data from developed countries. Secondly, instead of sectors such as banking, technology, and services, which can be understood intuitively as being intellectual capital intensive, the manufacturing sector firms, which are known as physical and financial capital intensive, are examined. Finally, the most appropriate econometric method for the characteristics of the data is determined and applied. The findings of the study show that the capital employed efficiency has a positive effect on firm performance in all countries. The results regarding human capital efficiency, which is an important component of intellectual capital, point out that human capital is still underestimated in developing countries, and its effect on firm performance cannot be observed due to the lack of necessary investment in human capital. It is observed that the structural capital component of intellectual capital is an element that has been recognized and invested in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was a change in perception from one year to the happiness of people in Turkey have been observed and investigate whether the observed. Variability of the dynamics of happiness in the years 2013-2018 in Turkey is examined. Factor and logit analyzes were applied in the study. Within the framework of the findings, it was concluded that the happiness of the person in a certain year changes according to the attitudes of the people living in the political election periods of the country. While those who are satisfied with health services among those who feel very happy are happy in 2013, 2014, and 2015; they were unhappy in 2017. Likewise, among those who feel happy, those who graduated at the postgraduate level were unhappy in 2013-2016. It was seen that they described as happy in 2015 and 2017. The change in the consumption habits of the people with the effect of showing off causes their happiness to change. Science, culture, personal development will affect factors such as the music was not sufficient to affect the happiness of people in Turkey. People who express their happiness for the personal development dimension will not be able to invest in the highest level, namely human capital, without completing their physiological needs in a way that confirms Maslow's basic needs pyramid. People's desire to increase their leisure time, social life and personal care increase their happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study it is aimed to determine how human resources managers define strategic human resources management and to determine the characteristics of human resources management in order to be a strategic human resource management. It is also aimed to determine the advantages of strategic human resources management to the company according to human resources managers and to learn about why some companies do/can not advance human resources management functions to strategic dimension. In this qualitative research study, general screening model and focus group interview method was used. The universe of the research are the human resources managers of PERYÖN-related companies in the private sector. Focus Group Interviews were held with a total of 12 participants in 3 sessions. The data in the study was obtained through the Information Form and Focus Group Interview. The data were gathered under predetermined themes using Microsoft Excel program and analyzed with Descriptive Analysis method. As a result of the research, it can be said that the opinions of the HRM managers about SHRM are very similar to the statements in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to describe the situation of Syrians benefiting from temporary protection status in Adıyaman, particularly with regard to their access to the labor market. In addition, this study aims to collect data on the creation of labor profiles of Syrians under temporary protection residing in the province of Adıyaman and to analyze in the light of the data obtained the difficulties they may encounter in access to the labor market. For these purposes, the special case method, a qualitative research method, was used. The results of the analysis show that the procedure for applying for a work permit and the jurisdiction in force are the main problems in terms of access to the labor market and economic integration. As a result, the findings reveal that Syrian migrants are exposed to economic exclusion. In this sense, it is proposed to create a database to determine the qualifications of Syrian migrants enjoying temporary protection status and their human capital in order to use resources efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship of human capital with economic growth is a research topic that has been frequently studied in recent years. Human capital contains a basic need indicator such as health. The high level of health of individuals who make up a society increases the economic development potential of that society. Health expenditures to raise healthy individuals and maintain their health levels are among the factors that increase the quality of human capital. The positive contributions of health expenditures to human capital constitute a serious resource for economic growth. This study examines the relationship between healthcare spending and economic growth for selected 17 OECD countries. In the empirical analysis conducted, per capita health expenditures and GDP per capita data were used for the mentioned countries in the period covering 1976-2017. Data for the health expenditure series has been compiled from the OECD official database. Economic growth data were obtained from the World Bank official database. The hidden cointegration relationship between the series was tested with the test proposed by Hatemi-J (2018). While the series did not have a long term relationship among themselves, a long term relationship was found between positive and negative shocks. In addition, the asymmetric causality relationship of the series was tested and a bidirectional causality relationship was detected between the negative shocks of the series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of modern management, businesses can convert human resources into capital occur in new management styles. As a result of the literature review, this study aimed to determine the effect of managers' leadership behaviors on positive psychological capital levels of employees. The workers in the 2nd organized industrial zone in the province of Gaziantep constitute the universe of research. A questionnaire form was sent to the employees via the Organized Industrial Zone Directorate by e-mail. The collected data from 161 questionnaires were evaluated. Data were collected using the survey method, Leadership Behaviors and Positive Psychological Capital scales. It was determined that leadership behaviors and psychological capital scales were valid as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis and the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the scales was above 0.90. Leadership behaviors of managers are the result of employees' influence on psychological capital levels. The psychological capital levels of the employees are high and the managers show more production-oriented leadership behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the effects of energy consumption and human capital on economic growth in EU-15 and Turkey through the AMG estimator under the cross-sectional dependency. It is important to note that well educated and skilled society is a crucial requirement, in order to use in an efficient way of existing resources and to increase the share of renewable energy. Therefore, human capital level and efficient usage of energy are crucially important requirements especially for countries dependent to foreign energy resources. The result of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test shows that there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption. Accordingly, it can be stated that feedback hypothesis is valid for EU-15 and Turkey. Based on the finding of the causal relationship between human capital and economic growth, the study emphasizes the necessity of qualified human capital accumulation, in order to promote feedback hypothesis and to implement innovative policies to enhance energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine relationships between human capital accumulation and economic development in Turkey for the time period of 1991-2016 by implementing the time series analysis methods. According to the results; (a) all variables exhibit unit root process, (b) long-run relationships exist among variables, (c) according to the long-run parameter estimations, education expenditures positively affect economic development, while there is no statistically significant relationship between health expenditures and economic development, (d) unemployment has a negative and statistically significant effect on economic development, whereas inflation has a negative and statistically insignificant effect on economic development. In this regard, education-oriented human capital-led development policies can positively affect economic development in Turkey. Besides, policies towards reducing unemployment rates can increase the capability of individuals by creating new job opportunities, which in turn promotes economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical Turkish poetry, that existed from the late 13th to the second half of the 19th century, is very rich in sources that it was fed as a result of this long process. Religion, history, parables, miracles, legends and Legends, social and cultural life, tales, legends, fantastic and mythological elements, miracles, religious sciences, the Koran, etc. various sources contribute to the enrichment of Classical Turkish poetry. The entity that has been active in the formation of all these resources is human. Therefore, one of the most important sources of Classical Turkish poetry is human appearances. In classical Turkish poetry, human appearances are divided into types and personalities. In order to understand a text correctly in classical literature, it is necessary to identify the types and personalities involved in the text. Types are fictionalized symbols with idealized aspects of people that exist in real life. Personalities, on the other hand, are people who have existed in real life and lived in a certain geography at a certain date. The types are divided into two main groups: the dreamy and the symbolic types. Personalities are also divided into groups as religious, historical/mythical, literary, artistic, sufi and scholar personalities. In our study, we will try to evaluate according to the types groups in the divan of Sünbülzade Vehbi. If the method of the study is to be looked at, general information about the types of couplets, which may be the best example of the types identified, will be given, then it will be tried to clarify which meanings and how they are dealt with in the couplets. In addition, if any, which other types are mentioned together with the aim of determining the issues. As a result, it is aimed to contribute a little bit to the mention of types and personalities in Classical Turkish poetry through the example of Sünbülzade Vehbi Divan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity and level of health services of a country, together with education shape human capital and workforce quality. Health expenditures contribute to the enhencement of growth performance through access to health care. In this study, the causality relationship between health expenditures and economic growth is examined for 17 OECD countries in the period of 2000-2017. The data on the variables is analyzed using Konya (2006) causality test. With the results obtained for Denmark, Germany and Sweden, one-way causality relationship was determined from economic growth to health expenditures, wheras, for Belgium, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal, one-way causality relationship from health expenditures to growth was observed. For Austria, Switzerland, Ireland and Turkey, a bidirectional causality relationship detecteed between the variables. Across the panel, it was found that there is a two-way causality relationship between health expenditures and economic growth. Resources devoted to health expenditures support growth potential by improving growth performance, human quality of life and human capital. Thus, it provides the opportunity to allocate more resources for health, thanks to increasing national income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there has been an increasing attention to enterprise resource planning (ERP) software implementation projects due to the rapid improvements in information technologies. In this context, project managers may face with several uncertainties during the project planning and scheduling phases. In this paper, scheduling of a multi-objective ERP implementation project is targeted under human resource constraints and uncertainty. Through the proposed interval programming based solution approach, uncertainties of the project parameters/inputs as well as the project schedules/outputs which represent the starting or completion times of the activities can be easily handled. Therefore, several alternative project schedules can be generated by making use of the proposed approach according to the risk appetite of the project managers. Additionally, efficiency and reliability factors of the human resources are also taken into account. Finally, computational results of a real-life application have shown that more applicable and reliable compromise solutions can be generated by the proposed approach considering both project makespan and effective utilization of the human resource capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of R&D spending upon the exports of the high tech products have attracted attention of the economic circles in the recent decade. This study analyzes the effects of the R&D activities upon the exportation of the high tech products with reference to ten EU countries in transition (Bulgaria, Checzia, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) as well as Turkey for the period of 2007-2017 by relying on panel data econometrics. The study finds that any increase in the variables of GDP, investment liberty, R&D spending level of education and human capital employed in the research sector positively affects the exportation of high technology products. The findings show that improvement in the structural reforms have the potential of contributing to the high tech manufacturing in these countries and to the economic development of these nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study; human capital, innovation and economic growth for Turkey's economy were investigated by time series analysis methods using the 1995-2018 period annual data. Real GDP per capita representing economic growth was taken as a dependent variable, domestic patent registration numbers representing innovation from independent variables, and students graduating from higher education representing the human capital variable. Besides, variables of labor and capital investments, which are considered as indicators of growth, are also included in the model. Extended Dickey-Fuller and Phillips- Perron unit root tests in determining the stability of variables, Johansen cointegration analysis in determining long term relationship, the existence of a cointegration relationship between variables, were used. Granger causality analysis was used to determine the causality relationship. As a result of the analyzes applied to the model, it was determined that there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. It has been observed that human capital and innovation have no effect on economic growth in the short term, but they have a positive effect in the long term, and capital investments and workforce affect economic growth both in the short and long term. As a result of the Granger causality analysis, bidirectional causality relationships between capital investments and economic growth, from the workforce to economic growth, from the workforce to capital investments, from human capital to innovation, were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the preconditions necessary for the successful operation of the open innovation platform and applications in Turkey. In open innovation, firstly the applications in the world are explored and then the methods developed are introduced. Open innovation platforms differentiate according to the participants' freedom of providing ideas and the conditions of selection. Open innovation is designed to mobilize external resources that institutions do not own. In design, why stakeholders need to present ideas, and a way to compare the ideas have to be addressed. The open innovation practices do not see enough attention in Turkey. The first initiative is closed in Turkey. A few big firms exploit the internal open innovation platform. As in South Korea, small and mediumsized companies need open innovation support by public or chamber associations. Developing human capital can be done by giving attention to the ideas of the employees and realizing their suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to determine the factors that have contributed to the migration of Afghans will be reviewed what conditions do Afghans have to migrate to other countries? In this paper, both descriptive and analytical methods used data collected from scientific books and international papers use and the immigration department Afghanistan has been collected. One of the most important factors in migration is war. More than three decades of war, insecurity, violence, and immigration have continued in Afghanistan. When immigration movement in the recent case examined Afghanistan, have with highest numbers of immigrants resulting in the melting of human resources. The spirit of tragedy young force it to leave the country. Due to security issues are characteristic of Afghan migration have been political, security, social continuation of the war has caused, the foundation of economic, political, and cultural has made it difficult ethnic differences. Continue targeted killings the lack of political stability in the country distrust for bright future, intensifying the war it can be said to affect migration, the most problems of people's threat and increasing numbers of Taliban. ISIS and al-Qaeda with internal and external networks it was supported anti-human activity on the other proxy war between the countries in the region interests. They are held in common in Afghanistan, because of the complexity of the situation it has become security and politics in the country decrease government sovereignty, security threats massacre of people, the air result attacks, suicide blast, kidnapping this has been going on for several years. That made people's optimism for a stable future unlikely. These are all factors that affect the migration of Afghanistan is the second largest immigrant country after Syria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even over the years, the radio is a mass media tool that protects the nostalgic side and continues its influence on the listener. University radios have an important mission to train human resources which are important for radios. University radios the number of which are getting increased along with opening of communication faculties, are examined in this study. The main aim of the study is to examine how management functions are applied in university radios in Turkey and determine their managerial process. Interview questions were asked to administrative staff of the radios in the sample and the answers were analyzed descriptively. As a result, it was found that there were target group and goal commons unity in the administration of university radios. Consequently; similarities were identified in many dimensions ranging from broadcast planning, to authority responsibility structures, from financial operation to human resource development processes. In addition, due to the nature of the job and employee profile which consist of students, it was revealed that administrative functions were far from formal and bureaucratic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation sector is directly related to socio-economic developments. Mobility of goods and passengers are ensured by the transportation sector. The development of transportation systems is the basis of both social and economic development. In the past, development policies and strategies have tended to focus on physical capital, while in recent years it has become more complex, including human capital issues. Regardless of the relative importance of physical and human capital, infrastructure cannot remain effective without proper activities and maintenance. While economic activities cannot take place without an infrastructure foundation, infrastructure cannot develop without interacting with other production systems. Many transportain activities have a complex relationship between their high transaction and serviceoriented functions and their physical and human capital needs. Therefore, states transfer resources to both investment and maintenance services in the transportation sector for the development of economies. In this study, Turkey's economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP) are examined the relationship between the resources allocated to investment and maintenance services in the transport sector are compared with selected countries. While maintenance expenses were 874 million USD in 2012, they decreased to 230 million USD in 2016. The share of maintenance expenses in the transportation sector in GDP increased from 0.01% in 1995, 0.05% in 2001, 0.04% in 2008, to 0.08% in 2011, and declined to 0.02% in 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is expressed as an affecting factor of economic growth, which is one of the human capital factors. The improvement in health level with the increase in population, education, labor productivity, lifetime and life quality, may have a decisive effect on economic stability and growth by preventing future diseases. Although there is mostly a two-way relationship between health and economic growth in the findings of researches, some studies find no relationship. Different findings may be due to the neglect of health policy differences between countries in studies. Unlike previous studies in the literature, this study explores the impact of health on economic growth in all provinces of a country where the same health policy is applied with the panel data analysis method. For this purpose, covering the 2007-2017 period, the model including the variables that the gross domestic product, public investment, exports, imports, the infant mortality rate, the number of hospital beds, the number of people graduated from high school and the number of people has a bachelor's degree for all provinces in Turkey was estimated by the system GMM analysis. According to the findings, Turkey's health variables; 1% reduction in infant mortality rate causes an increase of 0.03% on GDP, 1% increase in the number of hospital beds causes an increase of 0,16% on GDP. The education variables, however, contribute to economic growth more than health variables, it is an undeniable fact that health is a prerequisite for education and economic growth. In this context, policy makers should pursue policies to improve individual and community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]