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Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers and a major cause of cancer-linked deaths worldwide. As the morbidity and mortality of melanoma are increasing, it is necessary to elucidate the potential mechanism influencing melanoma progression. Tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues (5 cm away from tumors) from 22 melanoma patients at the I-II stage and 39 patients at the III-VI stage were acquired. The expression of LINC01063 in melanoma was estimated by quantitative PCR. Functional assays were employed to investigate the function of LINC01063 in melanoma. Mechanism assays were adopted to explore the mechanism of LINC01063. LINC01063 knockdown impeded melanoma cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition as well as melanoma tumor growth. Mechanistically, LINC01063 acted as an miR-5194 sponge to upregulate SOX12 expression. Finally, LINC01063 was tested to facilitate the malignant behaviors of melanoma cells via targeting miR-5194/SOX12. LINC01063 was significantly upregulated in melanoma. Specifically, LINC01063 displayed a higher level in patients at an advanced stage or with metastasis than those at an early stage or without metastasis. Our study revealed the oncogenic effects of LINC01063 on melanoma cell/tumor growth and its molecular mechanism involving miR-5194/SOX12, which might support LINC01063 to be the potential prognostic or therapeutic biomarker against melanoma.

Ye Zhao,1,* Lixiao Liu,1,* Jinduo Zhao,1 Xuedan Du,2 Qiongjie Yu,2 Jinting Wu,2 Bin Wang,2 Rongying Ou1 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Rongying OuDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 135662227918Fax +86 577-55578033Email ourongying@163.comIntroduction: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer worldwide and a serious threat to women. Hypoxia is thought to be associated with poor prognosis of patients with cancer. Long non-coding RNAs are differentially expressed during tumorigenesis and can serve as unambiguous molecular biomarkers for the prognosis of breast cancer.Methods: Here, we accessed the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas for model construction and performed Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses to identify biological functions. Four prognostic hypoxia-related lncRNAs identified by univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to develop a prognostic risk-related signature. Kaplan–Meier and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed, and independent prognostic factor analysis and correlation analysis with clinical characteristics were utilized to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of the signature. Survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses of the validation cohort were operated to corroborate the robustness of the model.Results: Our results demonstrate the development of a reliable prognostic gene signature comprising four long non-coding RNAs (AL031316.1, AC004585.1, LINC01235, and ACTA2-AS1). The signature displayed irreplaceable prognostic power for overall survival in patients with breast cancer in both the training and validation cohorts. Furthermore, immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells were significantly different between the high-risk and low-risk groups. The high-risk and low-risk groups could be precisely distinguished using the risk signature to predict patient outcomes.Discussion: In summary, our study proves that hypoxia-related long non-coding RNAs serve as accurate indicators of poor prognosis and short overall survival, and are likely to act as potential targets for future cancer therapy.Keywords: long noncoding RNA, lncRNA, breast cancer, hypoxia, TCGA, prognosis

Although circular RNAs (circRNAs) are known to play key roles in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, much about their targets and mechanisms remains unknown. We therefore investigated the actions and mechanisms of hsa_circ_0048179 in an in vitro model of NAFLD. HepG2 cells were exposed to oleate/palmitate (2:1 ratio) for 24 h to induce intracellular lipid accumulation. Using CCK-8 assays, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, western blotting, RT-qPCR, and Oil red O staining, we found that oleate/palmitate treatment reduced cell viability while increasing apoptosis and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Levels of the antioxidant enzyme GPX4 were decreased in oleate/palmitate-treated HepG2 cells, and there were corresponding increases in reactive oxygen species and damage to mitochondrial cristae. Levels of hsa_circ_0048179 expression were also suppressed by oleate/palmitate treatment, and GPX4 levels were markedly increased in HepG2 cells following transfection with hsa_circ_0048179. Analysis of its mechanism revealed that hsa_circ_0048179 upregulated GPX4 levels by acting as a competitive “sponge” of miR-188-3p and that hsa_circ_0048179 attenuated oleate/palmitate-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by sponging miR-188-3p. Collectively, our findings suggest that hsa_circ_0048179 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of steatosis and may thus be a useful target for drug development.

Chronic inflammation is known to promote carcinogenesis; Dicer heterozygous mice are more likely to develop colitis-associated tumors. This study investigates whether Dicer is downregulated in inflamed colon tissues before malignancy occurs and whether increasing Dicer expression in inflamed colon tissues can alleviate colitis and prevent colitis-associated tumorigenesis. Methods: Gene expression in colon tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, immunoblots, and real-time RT-PCR. Hydrogen peroxide or N-acetyl-L-cysteine was used to induce or alleviate oxidative stress, respectively. Mice were given azoxymethane followed by dextran sulfate sodium to induce colitis and colon tumors. Berberine, anastrozole, or pranoprofen was used to rescue Dicer expression in inflammatory colon tissues. Results: Oxidative stress repressed Dicer expression in inflamed colon tissues by inducing miR-215 expression. Decreased Dicer expression increased DNA damage and cytosolic DNA and promoted interleukin-6 expression upon hydrogen peroxide treatment. Dicer overexpression in inflamed colon tissues alleviated inflammation and repressed colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we found that anastrozole, berberine, and pranoprofen could promote Dicer expression and protect cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage, thereby reducing cytosolic DNA and partially repressing interleukin-6 expression upon hydrogen peroxide treatment. Rescuing Dicer expression using anastrozole, berberine, or pranoprofen in inflamed colon tissues alleviated colitis and prevented colitis-associated tumorigenesis. Conclusions: Dicer was downregulated in inflamed colon tissues before malignancy occurred. Decreased Dicer expression further exaggerated inflammation, which may promote carcinogenesis. Anastrozole, berberine, and pranoprofen alleviated colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis by promoting Dicer expression. Our study provides insight into potential colitis treatment and colitis-associated colon cancer prevention strategies.

Statistics show that the prognosis of cervical cancer (CC) is poor, and the death rate of CC in advanced stage has been rising in recent years. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve as promising biomarkers in human cancers, including CC. The present study planned to find out the circRNA involved in CC and to explore its regulatory mechanism in CC. We discovered the new circRNA, circ-0033550, upregulated in CC. Its associated gene was AKT (also known as protein kinase B) serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), so we renamed circ-0033550 as circ-AKT1. We confirmed the high expression of circ-AKT1 in CC samples and cell lines, as well as the circle structure of circ-AKT1. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function experiments indicated that circ-AKT1 and AKT1 promoted CC cell proliferation and invasion. Moreover, circ-AKT1 and AKT1 were induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and facilitated EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) in CC. Mechanically, we illustrated that circ-AKT1 upregulated AKT1 by sponging miR-942-5p. Rescue assays confirmed the role of the circ-AKT1/miR-942-5p/AKT1 axis in CC progression. In vivo assays validated that circ-AKT1 promoted tumor growth in CC. Overall, circRNA-AKT1 sequestered miR-942-5p to upregulate AKT1 and promote CC progression, which may offer a new molecular target for the treatment improvement of CC.

HPV16 infections promote the development and progression of cervical cancer. We investigated Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor as new adjuvants to an HPV16 vaccine. C57BL/6 mice were immunized by intramuscular injections of HPV16 E6/E7 plasmids every two weeks, three times in all. An in vivo imaging system was used to observe tumor growth and metastasis. Pathological changes to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, brain and kidneys were recorded, and the survival rate of the mice was determined. The constructed HPV16 E6/E7 vaccine had no notable side effects in terms of physiological or biochemical indexes. Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor increased the inhibitory effects of the HPV16 E6/E7 vaccine on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The HPV16 E6/E7 vaccine enhanced the survival of mice and increased their serum-specific antibody and interferon-γ levels. Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor augmented these effects. In a cytotoxic lymphocyte killing test, Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor improved the ability of splenic lymphocytes from HPV16 E6/E7-vaccinated mice to kill B16 cells. As Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhanced the anti-tumor and immune effects of the HPV16 vaccine, these adjuvants should be considered for the treatment of cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is acknowledged as the most prevalent gynecological tumor and a severe public issue that threatens female health, resulting from its high incidence and fatality rate. Surging evidence have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play significant roles in the initiation and progression of various malignancies. Although circAMOTL1 has been testified to execute oncogenic properties in breast cancer and prostate cancer, literature on its function and regulatory mechanism in cervical cancer development is still scanty. Using a bioinformatics analysis, we found circ_0004214 was a circular form of AMOTL1. Through qRT-PCR analysis, circAMOTL1 and its host gene AMOTL1 were both upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and closely correlated with poor prognosis of cervical cancer. Gain- or loss-of-function assays and in vivo experiments demonstrated that AMOTL1 promoted cervical cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, circAMOTL1 served as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to prompt the expression of AMOTL1 through sponging miR-485-5p. Rescue assays revealed that miR-485-5p/AMOTL1 axis was involved in circ_AMOTL1-mediated cervical cancer progression. Our findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying circAMOTL1 in cervical cancer and indicated circAMOTL1/miR-485-5p/AMOTL1 as a promising novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this disease.

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment, in which durable immune responses were generated in patients with malignant tumors. In the past decade, biomaterials have played vital roles as smart drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy to achieve both enhanced therapeutic benefits and reduced side effects. Hydrogels as one of the most biocompatible and versatile biomaterials have been widely applied in localized drug delivery systems due to their unique properties, such as loadable, implantable, injectable, degradable and stimulus responsible. Herein, we have briefly summarized the recent advances on hydrogel-by-design delivery systems including the design of hydrogels and their applications for delivering of immunomodulatory molecules (e.g., cytokine, adjuvant, checkpoint inhibitor, antigen), immune cells and environmental regulatory substances in cancer immunotherapy. We have also discussed the challenges and future perspectives of hydrogels in the development of cancer immunotherapy for precision medicine at the end.

Tryptophan 2,3‑dioxygenase (TDO2) is a key rate‑limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway and promotes tumor growth and escape from immune surveillance in different types of cancer. The present study aimed to investigate whether TDO2 serves a role in the development of ovarian cancer. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of TDO2 in different cell lines. The effects of TDO2 overexpression, TDO2 knockdown and TDO2 inhibitor on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined by MTS, colony formation and Transwell assays. The expression of TDO2 in ovarian cancer tissues, normal ovarian tissues and fallopian tube tissues were analyzed using the gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype‑Tissue Expression project. Immune cell infiltration in cancer tissues was evaluated using the single sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithm. The present study found that RasV12‑mediated oncogenic transformation was accompanied by the upregulation of TDO2. In addition, it was demonstrated that TDO2 was upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues. TDO2 overexpression promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, whereas TDO2 knockdown repressed these phenotypes. Treatment with LM10, a TDO2 inhibitor, also repressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. The present study indicated that TDO2 can be used as a new target for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Background Cervical cancer is the second most common malignant cancer in women worldwide. Evidence indicated that miR-664 was significantly downregulated in cervical cancer. However, the mechanisms by which miR-664 regulates the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of miR-664 in cervical cancer. Methods Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the level of miR-664 in tumor tissues and cell line. The dual luciferase reporter system assay and Western blotting were used to explore the interaction of miR-664 and c-Kit in cervical cancer. Results The expression of miR-664 in patients with cervical cancer was dramatically decreased compared with that in adjacent tissues. MiR-664 mimics significantly inhibited proliferation in SiHa cells via inducing apoptosis. In addition, miR-664 mimics induced apoptosis in SiHa cells via increasing the expressions of Bax and active caspase 3 and decreasing the level of Bcl-2. Moreover, dual-luciferase assay showed that c-Kit was the directly binding target of miR-664 in SiHa cells; overexpression of miR-664 downregulated the expression of c-Kit. Meanwhile, upregulation of miR-664 significantly decreased the levels of c-Myc and Cyclin D in cells. Furthermore, miR-664 markedly inhibited tumor growth of cervical cancer in xenograft. Conclusion Our data indicated that miR-664 exerted antitumor effects on SiHa cells by directly targeting c-Kit in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, miR-664 might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with cervical cancer.

Trim-Away is a recent technique to rapidly deplete a protein from any cell type. Guided by antibodies, TRIM21 selects proteins for destruction. However, the applicability of this method in model organisms has not been investigated. Here, we show that Trim-Away can degrade proteins in zebrafish embryos. Trim-Away depletes proteins faster than morpholinos, which enables analysis of protein function during early embryogenesis. Furthermore, Trim-Away can be applied to evaluate the role of maternally contributed proteins in zebrafish embryos. Our findings indicate that Trim-Away is a powerful tool to perform functional analysis of proteins during zebrafish development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13059-019-1624-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

MicroRNA-34a (miR-34a) behaves as a tumor suppressor by decreasing the expression of oncogenes involved in multiple carcinogenic pathways. Intravenous delivery of miR-34a mimics has been investigated in clinical trials as a potential treatment for advanced cancers; however, the effect of miR-34a on cancer immune surveillance is controversial. In the current study, we found that miR-34a plays a dual role in the regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I-related sequence B (MICB) protein, a ligand of the NKG2D receptor. MiR-34a could both induce and reduce MICB expression by upregulating ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinase and downregulating the transcription factor E2F1, respectively. The net effect of miR-34a on MICB expression depended on endogenous E2F1 levels. Overexpression of miR-34a promoted MICB expression in hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells that have low E2F1 levels but not in HCC cells that have high E2F1 levels. In HCC patients, the expression of miR-34a and MICB showed positive correlation in paratumor liver tissues, which have low E2F1 levels, but not in HCC tissues, which have high E2F1 levels. We showed that miR-34a overexpression in non-transformed liver cells enhanced cytolysis and interferon-γ production by NK-92MI cells. Furthermore, higher miR-34a expression in tumor and paratumor tissues was associated with positive and negative outcomes, respectively, in HCC patients. Our findings suggest that miR-34a induces MICB expression in paratumor liver tissues, which may cause liver damage and serious cytokine release syndrome, thus disclosing potential side effects of systemic administration of miR-34a in anticancer therapy.

Human papillomaviruses 16 (HPV16) is the primary causative agent of cervical cancer (CC). E6 oncoprotein plays a crucial role in cervical carcinogenesis and commonly cause the dysregulation of the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) expression. However, the biological function of lncRNAs in HPV16-related CC remains largely unexplored. In the present study HPV16 E6-induced differential expression of lncRNAs, miRNA, and mRNA were identified using microarray-based analysis and verified in tumor r cell lines and tumor tissues, and the function of lncRNA in CC was investigated in vitro and in vivo. We found that an lncRNA, named GABPB1-AS1, was significantly upregulated in HPV16-positive CC tissues and cell lines. GABPB1-AS1 expression in HPV16-positive CC tissues was positively associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and FIGO stage. High expression of GABPB1-AS1 was correlated with a poor prognosis for HPV16-positive CC patients. Functionally, E6-induced GABPB1-AS1 overexpression facilitated CC cells proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, GABPB1-AS1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-519e-5p, resulting in the de-repression of its target gene Notch2 which is well known as an oncogene. Therefore, GABPB1-AS1 functioned as a tumor activator in CC pathogenesis by binding to miR-519e-5p and destroying its tumor suppressive function. Collectively, current results demonstrate that GABPB1-AS1 is associated with CC progression, and may be a promising biomarker or target for the clinical management of CC.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and viral proteins expression cause a number of epigenetic alterations leading to cervical carcinogenesis. The recent discovery of a large amount of histone methylation modifiers reveals important roles of these enzymes in regulating tumor progression. Methods The changes in expression of 48 histone methylation modifiers were assessed following knockdown of HPV16 E7 in CaSki cells. Lysine-specific demethylase 2A (KDM2A)-regulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in cervical cancer pathogenesis were disclosed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The function of KDM2A-miRNAs on cervical cancer was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results Upregulation of KDM2A induced by HPV16 E7 promotes cervical cancer cell proliferation and invasion and is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. KDM2A physically interacts with the promoter of miR-132 and suppresses its expression by removing the mono or dimethyl group from H3K36 at the miR-132 locus. Functionally, miR-132 represses cancer cell proliferation and invasion by inhibiting radixin (RDX). Upregulated KDM2A promotes cervical cancer progression by repressing miR-132, which results in a derepression of RDX. Therefore, KDM2A functions as a tumor activator in cervical cancer pathogenesis by binding miR-132 promoter and abrogating its tumor suppressive function. Conclusion Our results suggest a function for KDM2A in cervical cancer progression and suggest its candidacy as a new prognostic biomarker and target for clinical management of cervical cancer.

Dietary restriction (DR) delays the incidence and decreases the growth of various types of tumors; however, the mechanisms responsible for DR-mediated antitumor effects have not been unequivocally identified. Here, we report that DR suppresses xenograft tumor growth by upregulating a novel signaling pathway. DR led to upregulated aldolase A (ALDOA) expression in xenograft tumors. ALDOA physically interacted with the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and promoted DNA-PK activation. Activated DNA-PK phosphorylated p53 and increased its activity. Although ALDOA can function as an oncogene in cultured cells, it can also activate the tumor suppressor p53. Thus, ALDOA overexpression in the presence of p53 suppressed xenograft tumor growth; however, when p53 was suppressed, ALDOA overexpression promoted xenograft tumor growth. Moreover, we demonstrated that p53 suppression inhibited the antitumor effects of DR. Our results indicate that upregulation of the ALDOA/DNA-PK/p53 pathway is a mechanism accounting for the antitumor effects of DR.

To explore the complex molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer, mRNA and miRNA expression profiles were combined for systematic analyses. A total of 18 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from two mRNA expression datasets which consisted of 206 tumor and 74 normal tissues. Then, survival analysis based on the SurvExpress database showed that the common DEGs were able to significantly differentiate low- and high-risk groups in 4 public bladder cancer datasets (p

Objectives: Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, which is closely related to persistent infection with high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV). Therefore, it is important to develop new adjuvants for HPV vaccines. This research aimed to establish two new adjuvants which can enhance the immune effect of vaccines. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups and immunized by intramuscular injection of plasmid once every 2 weeks, three times in all. The growth and metastasis of tumors in mice was observed by in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Then, the mice were sacrificed and the pathological changes of organs were observed. In addition, the lymphocyte suspension was used for CLT killing test. IFN-γ level and the number of splenocytes which secrete IFN-γ were detected. Additionally, the specific antibody level of HPV16/18 E6 E7 L1 L2 was also detected. Results: The constructed nucleic acid vaccines had no significant effect on both the physiological and biochemical indexes, while it significantly increased the survival period and survival rate of mice. Flt3L and GM-CSF enhanced the immune effect of HPV16/18 vaccine via increasing the specific antibodies and IFN-γ cytokines. Conclusions: These data suggested that Flt3L and GM-CSF enhanced the anti-tumor effect of vaccines via increasing immune response. Thereby, our findings may hope to provide new perspective for the treatment of cervical cancer.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether miRNA‑146a regulated the function of Th17 cell differentiation to modulate cervical cancer cell growth and apoptosis. miR‑146a expression was increased in human cervical cancer. Both overall survival (OS) and disease‑free survival (DFS) of low miR‑146a expression were higher than those of high miR‑146a expression. Additionally, IL‑17a expression was lower in patients with high miR‑146a expression compared to that of patients with lower miR‑146a expression. In a co‑culture of cervical cancer and CD4+ T cells, downregulation of miR‑146a inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis of cervical cancer cells, while overexpression of miR‑146a promoted cell growth and reduced apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. Downregulation of miR‑146a induced TRAF6 and NF‑κB protein expression, increased IL‑6, IL‑17A and IL‑21 levels, and enhanced p‑STAT3 protein expression. The inhibition of TRAF6 attenuated the effects of anti‑miR‑146a on the function of Th17 cell differentiation to modulate cervical cancer cell growth and apoptosis. Collectively, miR‑146a regulated the function of Th17 cell differentiation to modulate cervical cancer cell growth and apoptosis through NF‑κB signaling by targeting TRAF6. miR‑146a may function as an oncogene in cervical cancer via Th17 cell differentiation by targeting TRAF6.

Contains all full-length western blot images. (PDF 720 kb)

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At present, chemotherapy is still the main treatment for cervical cancer. However, the drug resistance of chemotherapy drugs seriously restricts its use, so it is urgent to develop new drugs for cervical cancer. Some studies have shown that gambogic acid has a strong anti-tumor effect, while the anti-tumor effect and molecular mechanism of gambogic acid on cervical cancer need to be studied. Our study confirms that the cytotoxic effect of gambogic acid on cervical cancer cells depends on the expression of TR3 protein. Moreover, gambogic acid-induced apoptosis requires TR3 expression. In the mechanism, gambogic acid promoted nuclear export of TR3, resulting in up-regulation of p53, which leads to the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, eventually inducing apoptosis. These results suggest that the nuclear export of TR3 mediated gambogic acid-induced apoptosis through a p53-dependent apoptosis pathway.

As one of the most aggressive malignancies, cervical cancer (CC) which mainly affects females has high risks of relapse and death. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) RP11-552M11.4 is verified to promote the progression of ovarian cancer; nevertheless, its role and the probable molecular mechanisms in CC remain unclear until the present study. Herein, we unveiled that the expression of lncRNA RP11-552M11.4 tested by qRT-PCR was enhanced in tumor tissues compared with the para-carcinoma tissues and related to FIGO Stage, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion and distant metastasis in CC. Additionally, CC patients with high lncRNA RP11-552M11.4 level suffered from poor clinical outcomes. Moreover, silenced lncRNA RP11-552M11.4 restrained cell proliferation, migration and invasion in CC cells. Subsequently, the mechanistic studies revealed that lncRNA RP11-552M11.4 functioned as a ceRNA of ATF1 in CC by acting as the endogenous sponge for miR-3941, which was identified as a tumor suppressor in CC. Moreover, both miR-3941 inhibition and ATF1 overexpression restored the impacts of inhibited lncRNA RP11-552M11.4 on cellular processes in CC cells. Our observations elucidated the carcinogenic role of lncRNA RP11-552M11.4 in CC was mediated through miR-3941/ATF1 axis, giving a new insight into the effective target for the treatment and prognosis of cervical cancer.

Background We are committed to investigate miR-218-5 effects on the progression of cervical cancer (CC) cell and find out the molecular mechanism. Methods GSE9750 was obtained from GEO database and R Limma package was applied to filter out dysregulated genes. The pathways were enriched by GSEA software, ClusterProfiler and enrichplot packages to predict the function of DEGs. The binding sites of LYN were detected by miRanda and TargetScan. The miR2Disease database was used to find miRNAs related with CC. The expression of miR-218-5p and LYN were quantified by qRT-PCR and that of LYN protein was measured by western blot. The targeted relationships between miR-218-5p and LYN were verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Colony formation assays, wound healing, transwell invasion assay and flow cytometer analysis were performed to investigate the roles that miR-218-5p and LYN played in migration, invasion and death of cervical carcinoma. Xenografts established in nude mice were used to assess tumor growth in vivo. Results The highly expressed mRNA LYN was selected by microarray analysis in GSE9750. NF-κB signaling pathway was enriched base on GSEA results. The expression of miR-218-5p was lower but LYN was higher in CC primary tumors compared with normal control. In addition, miR-218-5p could regulate the expression of LYN in HeLa cells negatively. Overexpression of LYN could promote cell migration and invasion, but inhibit cell death in vitro, and also promote tumor formation in vivo via activating NF-κB signaling pathway which could be reversed by miR-218-5p. Conclusions MiR-218-5p suppressed the progression of CC via LYN/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and viral protein expression cause several epigenetic alterations that lead to cervical carcinogenesis. Our previous study identified that upregulated lysine-specific demethylase (KDM) 2 A promotes cervical cancer progression by inhibiting mircoRNA (miR)-132 function. However, the roles of histone methylation modifiers in HPV-related cervical cancer remain unclear. In the present study, changes in the expression of 48 histone methylation modifiers were assessed following knockdown of HPV16 E6/E7 in CaSki cells. The dysregulated expression of KDM5A was identified, and its function in cervical cancer was investigated in vitro and in vivo. E7 oncoprotein-induced upregulation of KDM5A promoted cervical cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness in vitro and in vivo, which was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. KDM5A was found to physically interact with the promoter region of miR-424–5p, and to suppress its expression by removing the tri- and di-methyl groups from H3K4 at the miR-424–5p locus. Furthermore, miR-424–5p repressed cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness by targeting suppressor of zeste 12 (Suz12). KDM5A upregulation promoted cervical cancer progression by repressing miR-424–5p, which resulted in a decrease in Suz12. Therefore, KDM5A functions as a tumor activator in cervical cancer pathogenesis by binding to the miR-424–5p promoter and inhibiting its tumor-suppressive function. These results indicate a function for KDM5A in cervical cancer progression and suggest its candidacy as a novel prognostic biomarker and target for the clinical management of this malignancy.

Cancer is still a clinical challenge, with many efforts invested in order to achieve timely detection. Unexplained elevated blood carcinoembryonic antigen levels are occasionally observed in an asymptomatic population and considered as a risk factor of cancers. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18 FDG-PET/CT) for detecting cancer in an asymptomatic population with an unexplained elevation in blood carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels.This retrospective study included a total of 1920 asymptomatic examinees conducted from August 2011 through September 2013. The participants underwent CEA assay and conventional medical imaging (CEA-conventional), or CEA assay and F-18 FDG-PET/CT (CEA-PET/CT). The validity of conventional medical imaging and CEA-PET/CT scanning for detecting cancer and early-stage cancer in an asymptomatic population with an unexplained elevation in blood CEA levels were evaluated.Sensitivity, specificity, cancer detection rate, missed cancer detection rate, early-stage cancer detection rate, and early-stage cancer ratio using the CEA-PET/CT scanning were 96.6 %, 100 %, 10.4 %, 0.4 %, 3.7 %, and 34.5 %, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding values obtained using the conventional medical imaging were 50.6 % (P 0.0001), 100 % (P 0.9999), 50.6 % (P 0.0001), 99.9 % (P = 0.055), 2.6 % (P 0.0001), 2.5 % (P = 0.04), 0.7 % (P = 0.0004), and 14.5 % (P = 0.002), respectively.The F-18 FDG-PET/CT scanning significantly improved the validity of the cancer detection program in the asymptomatic population with an unexplained elevation in CEA levels.

The present study investigated the underlying regulatory network involved in the differential expression of metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) long non‑coding (lnc)RNA, microRNA‑17‑5p (miR‑17‑5p) and frizzled class receptor 2 (FZD2) mRNA under the influence of Casiopeina II‑gly (Cas‑II‑gly) via the Wnt signaling pathway in cervical carcinoma (CC). The gene expression data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/), and the differentially expressed genes were determined using R software. The R ClusterProfiler and enrichplot packages were applied for gene‑set enrichment analysis based on the Gene Ontology biological process and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. TargetScan and the starBase database were used to predict the targeting associations between the miRNAs and lncRNAs/mRNAs. The MALAT1/miR‑17‑5p/mRNA FZD2 expression levels were measured via reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression was monitored by western blot analysis. The target association among the lncRNA MALAT1, miR‑17‑5p and FZD2 was validated via a dual luciferase reporter assay. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined via MTT assays, EdU staining and flow cytometry. The results indicated that the expression levels of lncRNA MALAT1 and FZD2 mRNA were downregulated, while miR‑17‑5p expression was upregulated in HeLa and CaSki cells treated with increasing Cas‑II‑gly concentrations. The cell viability was decreased, and the apoptosis rate was increased in HeLa and CaSki cells following Cas‑II‑gly treatment. Furthermore, western blot analysis results demonstrated that Cas‑II‑gly and the MALAT1/miR‑17‑5p/FZD2 axis could affect the expression of proteins associated with the Wnt signaling pathway, including disheveled segment polarity protein, glycogen synthase kinase‑3β and β‑catenin, and via the MALAT1/miR‑17‑5p/FZD2/Wnt signaling pathway axis.

The molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer have been minimally explored with multi-omics data. In the present study, mRNA expression profiles were analyzed and combined with predicted miRNA interactions to contribute to the characterization of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of cervical cancer. A total of 92 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in 33 tumor samples by comparison with 29 normal samples. mRNA-miRNA interaction network analysis revealed that 16 out of the 92 DEGs, including checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1), SRY-box 17 (SOX17), centrosomal protein 55, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), and inhibitor of DNA binding 4, were the targets of 4 miRNAs which were previously reported to be involved in the regulation of cervical cancer. Tumor and normal samples could be distinctly classified into two groups based on the expression of the 16 DEGs. Furthermore, survival analysis using the SurvExpress database indicated that the 16 DEGs could individually significantly differentiate low- and high-risk cervical cancer groups. Overall, multiple biological processes are likely to participate in the progression of cervical cancer based on the pathway and function enrichment identified for the DEGs. The dysregulation of SOX17 is associated with the regulation of embryonic development, the determination of cell fate and likely promotes cancer cell transformation. The dysregulation of CHEK1 and CDKN2A further promote cancer cell proliferation by affecting the cell cycle checkpoint in response to DNA damage. The identification of critical genes and biological processes associated with cervical cancer may be beneficial for the exploration of the molecular mechanisms.

OBJECTIVES Recently, thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in development and metastasis of malignant tumors have been identified. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 (BCAR4) has been proved to promote proliferation and metastasis in multiple tumors. However, the function and significance of BCAR4 in cervical cancer are still unclear. METHODS In this study, we concentrated on the biological function and clinical significance of BCAR4 in cervical cancer. More specifically, BCAR4 expression was evaluated in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the prognostic factors were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models. Additionally, functional assays were conducted and the potential mechanism was explored. RESULTS Our study showed that BCAR4 expression was significantly up-regulated in cervical cancer tissue and cell lines. Moreover, patients with high BCAR4 expression showed worse survival outcomes and overexpression of BCAR4 might be an independent prognostic factor in cervical cancer. Furthermore, overexpression of BCAR4 remarkably promoted the proliferation, motility of cervical cancer cells and silencing BCAR4 significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells. Additionally, overexpression of BCAR4 promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and silencing BCAR4 suppressed EMT process in cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that BCAR4 might play a crucial role in cervical cancer progression and act as an underlying biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of cervical cancer.

Cigarette smoking might lead to lung cancer. However, the related signaling pathways at molecular level remained unknown until now. In this study, we studied the signaling processes associated between tobacco exposure and lung cancer. First, we detected and validated pathway-specific gene expression at bronchial epithelium. These proteins reflected the activation of signaling pathways relevant to tobacco exposure, including ATM, BCL2, GPX1, K-Ras, IKBKB, and SIRT1. Tobacco smoking was simulated via reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway. ROS not only arrested cell cycle at G1/S stage but also increased expressions of Sirt1 and p27. Further studies showed that the expression of p27 was dependent on ERK1/2 activation, and p27 itself could halt cell cycle by inhibiting the activation of CDKs. Moreover, activation of K-Ras, the key regulator of Ras/ERK pathway, was tightly regulated by enzyme activity of Sirt1. Deacetylation of K-Ras by Sirt1 increased the transformation of Ras-GTP to Ras-GDP, promoting the activation of downstream of ERK1/2. In reverse, Ras/ERK pathway could also regulate Sirt1 transcription. In conclusion, inhibition of Sirt1 may be an effective strategy for the prevention of tumor progression in high-risk patients or as a therapeutic strategy in established tumors.

Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs play critical roles in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. In this study, miR-133a was found to be significantly downregulated in colon tumor tissues. We aimed to determine its biological function, molecular mechanisms, and direct target genes in colorectal cancer. From these results, we found that miR-133a was significantly downregulated in primary tumor tissues and colon cancer cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-133a in colon cancer cell lines significantly suppressed cell growth, as evidenced by cell viability and colony formation assays, as well as reduced xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. However, the effect of miR-133a was abolished by the overexpression of eIF4A1. Moreover, miR-133a inhibited cellular migration and invasiveness. A luciferase activity assay revealed oncogene eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 as a direct target gene of miR-133a, whose expression was inversely correlated with that of miR-133a. Our results demonstrate that miR-133a plays a pivotal role in colorectal cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and migration by targeting oncogenic eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1, which acts as a tumor suppressor and may provide a new potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.

Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer worldwide and remains as one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women. Despite great progress in the treatment of cervical cancer, the 5-year overall survival rate for patients with this disease remains unsatisfactory. Over the past decade, an increasing number of studies indicate a central role for microRNAs in the initiation and progression of cervical cancer. microRNA‑329-3p (miR-329-3p) has been studied in many types of human cancer; however, the expression level, biological role and the underlying mechanism of miR-329-3p in cervical cancer has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we found that the expression levels of miR-329-3p were reduced in both cervical cancer tissues and cell lines. Low miR-329-3p expression was negatively correlated with histological grade, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, and lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer patients. In addition, upregulation of miR‑329-3p suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer. Furthermore, MAPK1 was identified as a direct target gene of miR-329-3p. MAPK1 was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and was inversely correlated with miR-329-3p expression in the cervical cancer tissues. Silencing of MAPK1 by RNA interference mimicked the effects of miR-329-3p overexpression on cell proliferation, migration and invasion in cervical cancer. Moreover, rescue experiments showed that restoration of the expression of MAPK1 reversed the effects of miR‑329-3p overexpression in cervical cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-329-3p has a critical tumor-suppressive roles by directly targeting MAPK1 in cervical cancer, and it may be investigated as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with this disease.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been successfully applied to a broad range of vaccines as biological adjuvants to enhance the immune response. The recently defined HSP110, in particular, exhibits strong protein binding affinity and is capable of enhancing the immunogenicity of protein antigens remarkably more than other HSP family members. In our previous study, we verified that murine HSP110 (mHSP110) significantly enhanced the immune response of a C57BL/6 mouse model to the H-2d-restricted human papillomavirus (HPV) E749-57epitope (short peptide spanning the 49th to 57th amino acid residues in the E7 protein). To determine whether HSP110 similarly enhances the immunogenicity of human epitope peptides, we used theHLA-A2transgenic mouse model to investigate the efficacy of the mHSP110 chaperone molecule as an immunoadjuvant of the human HLA-A2-restricted HPV16 E711-20epitope vaccine. Results showed that mHSP110 efficiently formed a noncovalently bound complex with the E711-20epitope. The mHSP110-E711-20complex induced epitope-specific splenocyte proliferation and E711-20-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion. Importantly, cytotoxic T lymphocytes primed by the mHSP110-E711-20complex exerted strong cytolytic effects on target T2cells pulsed with the E711-20peptide or TC-1 cells transfected with theHLA-A2gene. In addition, the mHSP110-E711-20complex elicited strongerex vivoandin vivoantitumor responses than either emulsified complete Freund's adjuvant or HSP70-chaperoned E711-20peptide. These collective data suggest that HSP110 is a promising immunomodulator candidate for peptide-based human cancer vaccines, such as for the HLA-A2-restricted E711-20epitope.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is highly associated with morbidity and mortality in population. Although studies have already demonstrated that the immune response plays a pivotal role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the comprehensive regulation is unclear. Therefore, present study was carried out to investigate the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development under neutrophil depletion. To achieve the aim of the study, C57BL/6 J mice were fed with high fat diet for 6 weeks before treated with neutrophil deplete antibody 1A8 or isotype control (200 μg/ mouse every week) for another 4 weeks. Treated with 1A8 antibody, obese mice exhibited better whole body metabolic parameters, including reduction of body weight gain and fasting blood glucose levels. Neutrophil depletion also effectively reduced hepatic structural disorders, dysfunction and lipid accumulation. Lipid β-oxidative markers, phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase α and phosphorylated-acetyl-CoA carboxylase levels were increased in 1A8 antibody-treated obese mouse group. The mitochondrial number and function were also reversed after 1A8 antibody treatment, including increased mitochondrial number, reduced lipid oxidative damage and enhanced mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, the expression of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were obviously reduced after neutrophil depletion, accompanied with decreased F4/80 mRNA level and macrophage percentage in liver. The decreased NF-κB signaling activity was also involved in the beneficial effect of neutrophil depletion. Taken together, neutrophil depletion could attenuate metabolic syndromes and hepatic dysfunction.

Objective Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal of women cancers and lack potent therapeutic options. There have many evidences demonstrate the Notch signaling has deregulation in variety of human malignancies.MK-0752 is a novel potent γ-secretase inhibitor and now assessed in clinical trial for treatment of several types of cancer, our objective was to investigate the anticancer effects and mechanisms of MK-0752 alone or combined with cisplatin in ovarian cancer. Methods Cell lines used: A2780, OVCAR3, SKOV3, HO8910PM, the effects of MK-0752 and cisplatin on cell proliferation were measured by MTT assay. The effect of combination treatment was examined by isobologram analysis. The distribution of cell cycle and cell apoptosis were analyzed using PI and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining by flow cytometric analysis. The mechanism in biochemistry was analyzed by using Western blot. Mouse xenograft model of A2780 was established to observe the anti-ovarian cancer effects in vivo setting, nude mice were randomized into four groups (n=6 per group) and treated every 4days with control (solvent) group, MK-0752(25mg/kg) group, cisplatin (2mg/kg)group, combination group (both of MK-0752 and cisplatin). Results MK-0752 alone actively induced cell growth inhibition, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with down-regulation of Notch1 and its downstream effectors including Hes1, XIAP, c-Myc and MDM2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, sequential combination of cisplatin prior to MK-0752 significantly promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited the subcutaneous xenograft growth of ovarian cancer in nude mice. Conclusion Our data supports the sequential combination of cisplatin prior to MK-0752 is a highly promising novel experimental therapeutic strategy against ovarian cancer.

Several strategies have been used to enhance the vaccine-induced immunity of peptide vaccines and effective therapeutic benefits, including the utilization of heat shock proteins (HSP), especially the HSP70 family. HSP110 exhibits a higher binding affinity with protein and is capable of enhancing the immunogenicity of protein antigens; however, whether HSP110 can also increase the efficiency of peptide vaccine remains unclear. Here, we investigated mHSP110 as a chaperone immunoadjuvant to enhance the immune response to HPV16 oncoprotein E7-derived CTL epitope E7(49-57) in a mouse model. We developed the HSP110-E7(49-57) complex and demonstrated that mHSP110 could form complexes with peptide E7(49-57) using FITC-labeled E7(49-57) as the tracer. Inoculation of the mHSP110-E7(49-57) complex was capable of priming strong epitope-specific immune response as determined by its ability to elicit an epitope-specific splenocytes proliferation and a cytotoxic T cell response, and IFNgamma production in splenocytes. Results also showed that immunization with the mHSP110-E7(49-57) complex completely protected mice against subsequent challenge with tumor cells. More importantly, immunization of this complex also significantly inhibited the growth of established tumors and prolonged the survival time of the tumor-bearing animals. Thus, mHSP110-E7(49-57) complex vaccine represents a potentially powerful approach for use in the immunotherapy of cervical cancer associated with HPV16 infection. More importantly, the multi-epitopes derived from E7 and other E proteins can be applied to the strategy described in this study to form a multi-antigenic vaccine to induce an improved antitumor immune response to cervical cancer in the future.

Background : It is well known that both heat shock protein (HSP) and Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) are capable of promoting the antigen-specific immune responses. In the current study, we assessed whether the anti-tumor effects of the HPV16E7 49–57 -based vaccine can be elevated by combined applications of poly(I:C) and oxygen-regulated protein 150 (ORP150) in a mouse cervical cancer model. Methods : Recombinant mouse ORP150 and HPV E7 49–57 peptide were combined to passively form the ORP150–E7 49–57 complex under heat shock conditions. The effects of ORP150–E7 49–57 complex plus poly(I:C) adjuvant on lymphocyte proliferation and functional cytotoxic T cells were investigated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), ELISPOT, and non-radioactive cytotoxicity assays. Finally, the complex's therapeutic anti-tumor effects with and without adjuvant therapy were observed in a tumor challenge experiment. Results : This combination vaccine approach significantly enhanced the proliferation of splenocytes and induced strong E7 49–57 -specific CTL responses. More importantly, the ORP150–E7 49–57 complex plus poly(I:C) vaccine format demonstrated more potent anti-tumor effects than ORP150–E7 49–57 complex alone or E7 49–57 plus poly(I:C) in TC-1 tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion : Both poly(I:C) and ORP150 chaperone can synergistically enhance the anti-tumor effects of the HPV16E7 49–57 -based vaccine in vitro and in vivo. This strategy provides a platform for the design of a tumor therapeutic vaccine capable of inducing an effective anti-tumor immune response.