Descriptor: "MESH: Toxoplasmosis" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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47 results on '"MESH: Toxoplasmosis"'

1. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in North Africa: a review

Author: Rouatbi, Mariem, Amairia, Safa, Amdouni, Yosra, Boussaadoun, Mohamed, Ayadi, Ouarda, Al-Hosary, Amira, Rekik, Mourad, Ben Abdallah, Rym, Aoun, Karim, Darghouth, Mohamed, Wieland, Barbara, Gharbi, Mohamed, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche Maritime [Tunisie], Université Mentouri Constantine [Algérie] (UMC), Assiut University, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [Syrie] (ICARDA), Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR11IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), International Livestock Research Institute [CGIAR, Nairobi] (ILRI), International Livestock Research Institute [CGIAR, Ethiopie] (ILRI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and This work was supported by the Laboratoire d’Épidémiologie des Infections Enzootiques des Herbivores en Tunisie : Application à la Lutte (Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Tunisia). This study was also partly supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock (CRP Livestock).
Subjects: MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Animal, MESH: Humans, MESH: Libya, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Africa, Northern, MESH: Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii, North Africa, MESH: Egypt, MESH: Pregnancy, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Morocco, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Humans, Animals, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, MESH: Livestock, MESH: Animals, MESH: Animals, Wild, MESH: Algeria, MESH: Tunisia, MESH: Zoonoses, MESH: Female, MESH: Prevalence
Abstract: International audience; Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The disease is distributed worldwide and can affect all warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans. The present review aimed to collect, compile and summarize the data on the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans and animals in the five North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt). Published data from national and international databases were used. Distribution patterns and risk factors for T. gondii infection are discussed, focusing on biotic and abiotic factors. This review is a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of T. gondii infection in North Africa and will therefore be a useful tool for researchers. It can also be used to propose or enhance appropriate national toxoplasmosis control programs.; La toxoplasmose est une zoonose importante causée par un protozoaire parasite intracellulaire obligatoire, Toxoplasma gondii. La maladie est répandue dans le monde entier, chez tous les vertébrés à sang chaud, y compris les humains. La présente étude visait à collecter, compiler et résumer les données sur la prévalence de l’infection par T. gondii chez l’homme et les animaux dans les cinq pays d’Afrique du Nord (Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie, Libye et Égypte). Les données publiées dans des bases de données nationales et internationales ont été utilisées. Les schémas de distribution et les facteurs de risque d’infection par T. gondii sont discutés, en se concentrant sur les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques. Cette synthèse est une analyse épidémiologique complète de l’infection par T. gondii en Afrique du Nord et sera donc un outil intéressant pour les chercheurs. Elle peut également être utilisée pour proposer ou renforcer des programmes nationaux appropriés de contrôle de la toxoplasmose.
Published: 2019
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2. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in North Africa: a review

Author: Barbara Wieland, Mohamed Aziz Darghouth, Mohamed Gharbi, Mohamed Anis Boussaadoun, Amira A. T. Al-Hosary, Yosra Amdouni, Rym Ben Abdallah, Safa Amairia, Mariem Rouatbi, Ouarda Ayadi, Karim Aoun, Mourad Rekik, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche Maritime [Tunisie], Université Mentouri Constantine [Algérie] (UMC), Assiut University, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [Syrie] (ICARDA), Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR11IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), International Livestock Research Institute [CGIAR, Nairobi] (ILRI), International Livestock Research Institute [CGIAR, Ethiopie] (ILRI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and This work was supported by the Laboratoire d’Épidémiologie des Infections Enzootiques des Herbivores en Tunisie : Application à la Lutte (Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Tunisia). This study was also partly supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock (CRP Livestock).
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Africa, Northern, Antibodies, Protozoan, North africa, Review Article, Disease, MESH: Egypt, MESH: Pregnancy, 0302 clinical medicine, Africa, Northern, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, Zoonoses, Epidemiology, Prevalence, MESH: Animals, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Animal, biology, MESH: Libya, MESH: Toxoplasma, Zoonosis, 3. Good health, Morocco, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Livestock, Egypt, Female, MESH: Algeria, MESH: Tunisia, MESH: Zoonoses, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, medicine.medical_specialty, Livestock, Tunisia, Veterinary (miscellaneous), 030231 tropical medicine, Toxoplasma gondii, Animals, Wild, Libya, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, Animals, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, lcsh:RC109-216, MESH: Animals, Wild, MESH: Prevalence, MESH: Humans, Obligate, 030306 microbiology, North Africa, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Algeria, MESH: Morocco, Insect Science, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, North african, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The disease is distributed worldwide and can affect all warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans. The present review aimed to collect, compile and summarize the data on the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans and animals in the five North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt). Published data from national and international databases were used. Distribution patterns and risk factors for T. gondii infection are discussed, focusing on biotic and abiotic factors. This review is a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of T. gondii infection in North Africa and will therefore be a useful tool for researchers. It can also be used to propose or enhance appropriate national toxoplasmosis control programs.; La toxoplasmose est une zoonose importante causée par un protozoaire parasite intracellulaire obligatoire, Toxoplasma gondii. La maladie est répandue dans le monde entier, chez tous les vertébrés à sang chaud, y compris les humains. La présente étude visait à collecter, compiler et résumer les données sur la prévalence de l’infection par T. gondii chez l’homme et les animaux dans les cinq pays d’Afrique du Nord (Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie, Libye et Égypte). Les données publiées dans des bases de données nationales et internationales ont été utilisées. Les schémas de distribution et les facteurs de risque d’infection par T. gondii sont discutés, en se concentrant sur les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques. Cette synthèse est une analyse épidémiologique complète de l’infection par T. gondii en Afrique du Nord et sera donc un outil intéressant pour les chercheurs. Elle peut également être utilisée pour proposer ou renforcer des programmes nationaux appropriés de contrôle de la toxoplasmose.
Published: 2019
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3. Fatal acute respiratory distress by Toxoplasma gondii in a toxoplasma seronegative liver transplant recipient

Author: Guillaume, Miltgen, Jonathan, Paillot, Claire, Vanlemmens, Vincent, Di Martino, Bruno, Heyd, Laurence, Millon, Anne-Pauline, Bellanger, Systèmes et Réseaux Intelligents ( XLIM-SRI ), XLIM ( XLIM ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université de Poitiers, Service d'hépatologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Besançon] ( CHRU Besançon ) -Hôpital Jean Minjoz-Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)
Subjects: MESH: Fatal Outcome, MESH: Liver Transplantation, MESH: Tissue Donors, Lung Diseases, Parasitic, MESH : Toxoplasmosis, [ SDV.EE.SANT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Immunocompromised Host, Fatal Outcome, parasitic diseases, MESH: Immunocompromised Host, Humans, MESH : Female, MESH : Middle Aged, MESH : Tissue Donors, MESH: Lung Diseases, Parasitic, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, MESH: Humans, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH : Humans, MESH : Immunocompromised Host, Middle Aged, Tissue Donors, MESH : Lung Diseases, Parasitic, Liver Transplantation, MESH : Fatal Outcome, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, MESH : Liver Transplantation, MESH: Female, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: International audience; The risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection in solid organ transplant recipients is well known but mainly after heart transplantation. We discuss a case of acute respiratory distress caused by Toxoplasma gondii on Day 32 after liver transplantation. The reported case, which is extremely rare, emphasizes how direct examination and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR) in broncholaveolar lavage help to diagnose the infection. Given Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole toxicity, systematic prescription of Toxoplasma gondii chemoprophylaxis is not commonly approved in liver transplantation.
Published: 2016

4. Use of GRA6-Derived Synthetic Polymorphic Peptides in an Immunoenzymatic Assay To Serotype Toxoplasma gondii in Human Serum Samples Collected from Three Continents

Author: Daniel Ajzenberg, Manuel Vilanova, Marie-Laure Dardé, José Torres Costa, Susana Sousa, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)
Subjects: Serotype, Statistics as Topic, Clinical Biochemistry, Protozoan Proteins, MESH: Amino Acid Sequence, MESH: Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Genotype, Immunology and Allergy, MESH: Animals, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, Peptide sequence, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 3. Good health, Europe, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Microsatellite, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), Molecular Sequence Data, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, MESH: DNA, Protozoan, Antigens, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Amino Acid Sequence, Typing, Serotyping, MESH: Statistics as Topic, MESH: Latin America, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Serotyping, Toxoplasma gondii, MESH: South America, DNA, Protozoan, South America, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Latin America, Africa, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Microbial Immunology, MESH: Europe, MESH: Microsatellite Repeats, Microsatellite Repeats, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract: Serotyping is a simple typing method that consists of an immunoenzymatic assay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) using synthetic polymorphic peptides derived from Toxoplasma gondii antigens. We developed a new ELISA based on GRA6 C-terminal polymorphic peptides. Serum samples from 41 human infections due to 23 archetypal (type I, II, or III) and 18 nonarchetypal strains were selected in order to validate this approach. For 20 out of the 23 archetypal infections, there was a clear correlation between microsatellite genotype and GRA6 serotyping. All infections due to nonarchetypal strains were misclassified as archetypal strain infections. The GRA6 C-terminal peptides from these strains were analyzed to explain this misclassification. A second group of 455 patients with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis due to unknown genotypes from different European, African, and Latin American countries were included in this study, and the strain type predicted by this method. The results suggest that serotyping is a promising method for typing strains, although limitations exist for African and South American strains as a consequence of higher peptide polymorphism. Other peptides from different markers must be studied in order to discriminate archetypal from nonarchetypal strains.
Published: 2008
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5. Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients: a three-year multicenter retrospective study

Author: Robert-Gangneux, Florence, Sterkers, Yvon, Yera, Hélène, Accoceberry, Isabelle, Menotti, Jean, Cassaing, Sophie, Brenier-Pinchart, Marie-Pierre, Hennequin, Christophe, Delhaes, Laurence, Bonhomme, Julie, Villena, Isabelle, Scherer, Emeline, Dalle, Frédéric, Touafek, Feriel, Filisetti, Denis, Varlet-Marie, Emmanuelle, Pelloux, Hervé, Bastien, Patrick, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [Rennes], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Microbiologie cellulaire et moléculaire et pathogénicité (MCMP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB) - Hôpital Purpan, Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Saint-Antoine [APHP], Service de Microbiologie [CHU Caen], Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université d'Angers (UA), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement (PHARMA-DEV), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Lille, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], CHU Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Institut de recherche, santé, environnement et travail ( Irset ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] ( EHESP ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ) -Université des Antilles ( UA ), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Montpellier ( MIVEGEC ), Université Montpellier 1 ( UM1 ) -Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] ( CHRU Montpellier ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR224-Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Microbiologie cellulaire et moléculaire et pathogénicité ( MCMP ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital Purpan - Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] ( LAPM ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Service de Microbiologie [Caen], Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -CHU Caen, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle ( MIVEGEC ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Université de Rennes (UR)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, MESH: Humans, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Microbiological Techniques, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Retrospective Studies, MESH: Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, MESH: France, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Survival Analysis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Immunocompromised Host, MESH: Prevalence
Abstract: EA MERS; International audience; Toxoplasmosis is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients (ICPs). The definitive diagnosis relies on parasite DNA detection, but little is known about the incidence and burden of disease in HIV-negative patients. A 3-year retrospective study was conducted in 15 reference laboratories from the network of the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, in order to record the frequency of Toxoplasma gondii DNA detection in ICPs and to review the molecular methods used for diagnosis and the prevention measures implemented in transplant patients. During the study period, of 31,640 PCRs performed on samples from ICPs, 610 were positive (323 patients). Blood (n = 337 samples), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 101 samples), and aqueous humor (n = 100 samples) were more frequently positive. Chemoprophylaxis schemes in transplant patients differed between centers. PCR follow-up of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) patients was implemented in 8/15 centers. Data from 180 patients (13 centers) were further analyzed regarding clinical setting and outcome. Only 68/180 (38%) patients were HIV(+); the remaining 62% consisted of 72 HSCT, 14 solid organ transplant, and 26 miscellaneous immunodeficiency patients. Cerebral toxoplasmosis and disseminated toxoplasmosis were most frequently observed in HIV and transplant patients, respectively. Of 72 allo-HSCT patients with a positive PCR result, 23 were asymptomatic; all were diagnosed in centers performing systematic blood PCR follow-up, and they received specific treatment. Overall survival of allo-HSCT patients at 2 months was better in centers with PCR follow-up than in other centers (P < 0.01). This study provides updated data on the frequency of toxoplasmosis in HIV-negative ICPs and suggests that regular PCR follow-up of allo-HSCT patients could guide preemptive treatment and improve outcome.
Published: 2015
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6. Molecular Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Patients: a 3-Year Multicenter Retrospective Study

Author: Jean Menotti, Laurence Delhaes, Frédéric Dalle, Patrick Bastien, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Hervé Pelloux, Emeline Scherer, Feriel Touafek, Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie, Isabelle Accoceberry, Sophie Cassaing, Julie Bonhomme, Christophe Hennequin, Hélène Yera, Denis Filisetti, Isabelle Villena, Yvon Sterkers, Florence Robert-Gangneux, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [Rennes], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (CHU de Montpellier), Pôle Biologie-Pathologie [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Service de parasitologie-mycologie [CHU Cochin], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Service de parasitologie et mycologie [CHRU de Besançon], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Rennes], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Cochin [AP-HP], Service de pathologie [Bordeaux], Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU), Unité de Recherche Clinique de l’Est Parisien [CHU Saint-Antoine], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Hôpital Côte de Nacre [CHU Caen], CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Protozooses Transmises par l'Alimentation (Cryptosporidiose, Giardose et Toxoplasmose) : Mode de Contamination et Pathogénie (PROTAL) - EA 3800 (PROTAL), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Besançon] (CHRU Besançon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie médicale [CHU Strasbourg], and CHU Strasbourg
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Microbiological Techniques, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Asymptomatic, Polymerase Chain Reaction, law.invention, Immunocompromised Host, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, law, Internal medicine, medicine, MESH: Immunocompromised Host, Prevalence, Humans, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Polymerase chain reaction, Immunodeficiency, Survival analysis, MESH: Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Microbiological Techniques, Retrospective cohort study, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Retrospective Studies, medicine.disease, Survival Analysis, Toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, Surgery, MESH: France, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, MESH: Survival Analysis, Chemoprophylaxis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Parasitology, France, medicine.symptom, business, Toxoplasma
Abstract: Toxoplasmosis is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients (ICPs). The definitive diagnosis relies on parasite DNA detection, but little is known about the incidence and burden of disease in HIV-negative patients. A 3-year retrospective study was conducted in 15 reference laboratories from the network of the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, in order to record the frequency of Toxoplasma gondii DNA detection in ICPs and to review the molecular methods used for diagnosis and the prevention measures implemented in transplant patients. During the study period, of 31,640 PCRs performed on samples from ICPs, 610 were positive (323 patients). Blood ( n = 337 samples), cerebrospinal fluid ( n = 101 samples), and aqueous humor ( n = 100 samples) were more frequently positive. Chemoprophylaxis schemes in transplant patients differed between centers. PCR follow-up of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) patients was implemented in 8/15 centers. Data from 180 patients (13 centers) were further analyzed regarding clinical setting and outcome. Only 68/180 (38%) patients were HIV + ; the remaining 62% consisted of 72 HSCT, 14 solid organ transplant, and 26 miscellaneous immunodeficiency patients. Cerebral toxoplasmosis and disseminated toxoplasmosis were most frequently observed in HIV and transplant patients, respectively. Of 72 allo-HSCT patients with a positive PCR result, 23 were asymptomatic; all were diagnosed in centers performing systematic blood PCR follow-up, and they received specific treatment. Overall survival of allo-HSCT patients at 2 months was better in centers with PCR follow-up than in other centers ( P < 0.01). This study provides updated data on the frequency of toxoplasmosis in HIV-negative ICPs and suggests that regular PCR follow-up of allo-HSCT patients could guide preemptive treatment and improve outcome.
Published: 2015
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7. Severe Acquired Toxoplasmosis Caused by Wild Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, French Guiana

Author: Marie-Laure Dardé, Daniel Ajzenberg, Magalie Demar, Bernard Carme, Grelier, Elisabeth, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Antilles (UA)-Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Unité de Maladies infectieuses et tropicales-Hygiène hospitalière (EA 3593), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), and CHU Limoges
Subjects: Felidae, Acquired Toxoplasmosis, lcsh:Medicine, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Disease Outbreaks, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, Multilocus genotype, MESH: Animals, MESH: Communicable Diseases, Emerging, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, Mammals, severe toxoplasmosis, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, Dispatch, French Guiana, 3. Good health, atypical strains, Infectious Diseases, Acute Disease, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Acute Disease, epidemiology, Host adaptation, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Adult, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Severe disease, Toxoplasma gondii, Animals, Wild, macromolecular substances, MESH: Mammals, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Amazonia, MESH: French Guiana, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, Wild, lcsh:RC109-216, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, lcsh:R, MESH: Adult, wild cycle French Guiana, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Felidae
Abstract: International audience; From 1998 through 2006, 44 cases of severe primary toxoplasmosis were observed in French Guiana in immunocompetent adults. Toxoplasma gondii isolates exhibited an atypical multilocus genotype. Severe disease in humans may result from poor host adaptation to neotropical zoonotic strains of T. gondii circulating in a forest-based cycle.
Published: 2009

8. Disseminated toxoplasmosis with pulmonary involvement after heart transplantation

Author: Jean-Paul Brion, Hervé Pelloux, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, O. Chavanon, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, M. Durand, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: Lung Diseases, Parasitic, medicine.medical_treatment, Antibodies, Protozoan, Serology, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, law, MESH: Immunocompromised Host, MESH: Sulfadiazine, Polymerase chain reaction, Heart transplantation, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: Heart Transplantation, 3. Good health, Pyrimethamine, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Antibody, Toxoplasmosis, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Pyrimethamine, 030231 tropical medicine, Antiprotozoal Agents, Sulfadiazine, Disseminated toxoplasmosis, Immunocompromised Host, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, Sulfadoxine, Pulmonary toxoplasmosis, medicine, Humans, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH: Antiprotozoal Agents, MESH: Lung Diseases, Parasitic, Transplantation, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, Immunology, biology.protein, Heart Transplantation, business, MESH: Female, MESH: Sulfadoxine
Abstract: We report a case of pulmonary toxoplasmosis after heart transplant despite the prophylactic anti-toxoplasmic treatment that was given but was not sufficient to prevent toxoplasmosis. However, the patient survived thanks to early diagnosis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction on blood and by serological techniques, and early treatment.
Published: 2005
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9. Varicella-like cutaneous toxoplasmosis in a patient with aplastic anemia

Author: Jessica C. Hassel, Annette Kapaun, Paul Schnitzler, Eva Hadaschik, Daniel Ajzenberg, Alexander H. Dalpke, Nicola Lehners, Klara Tenner-Racz, Stefan Zimmermann, Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: Pathology, Biopsy, Case Reports, Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Biopsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Chickenpox, MESH: Anemia, Aplastic, Skin, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, medicine.diagnostic_test, MESH: Toxoplasma, Anemia, Aplastic, Middle Aged, Immunohistochemistry, 3. Good health, MESH: Chickenpox, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Anemia, 030231 tropical medicine, Diagnosis, Differential, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Skin, MESH: Diagnosis, Differential, medicine, Humans, Aplastic anemia, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Immunohistochemistry, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Skin biopsy, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Differential diagnosis, business, MESH: Female
Abstract: A 60-year-old patient with aplastic anemia presented with vesicular varicella-like skin lesions on her face, arms, legs, back, and abdomen. However, diagnosis for herpetic infection was negative. Findings of a skin biopsy led to a tentative histologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, and infection with Toxoplasma gondii was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Cutaneous toxoplasmosis is a rare finding in immunocompromised patients and might mimic other infectious diseases, and vesicular lesions associated with toxoplasmosis have not been reported previously.
Published: 2013
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10. Comparison of four commercially available avidity tests for Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG antibodies

Author: Villard, Odile, Breit, L., Cimon, B., Franck, J., Fricker-Hidalgo, H., Godineau, N., Houze, S., Paris, L., Pelloux, H., Villena, I., Candolfi, E., For Toxoplasmosis, Network From The French National Reference Center, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Service de parasitologie - mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Institut National de Veille Sanitaire
Subjects: diagnosis, multicenter evaluation, Clinical Biochemistry, MESH: Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, Antibody Affinity, Antibodies, Protozoan, Immunoglobulin G, Serology, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, MESH: Antibody Affinity, Pregnancy, Immunology and Allergy, toxo igg, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, immunoglobulin-g igg, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, immunocompetent pregnant-women, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Antibody, Toxoplasma, toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, system, 03 medical and health sciences, Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, Avidity, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, congenital, Toxoplasma gondii, assay, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Toxoplasmosis, Immunoglobulin M, biology.protein, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, business, MESH: Female
Abstract: Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women may cause congenital toxoplasmosis. Diagnosis of infection is based on serological tests aimed at detecting IgM and IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii . However, IgM antibodies are not an accurate marker for discriminating between acute and latent infection. Detection of residual or persistent IgM may occur months or even years after primary infection, while the IgG avidity test is a rapid means of identifying latent infections in pregnant women who exhibit both IgG and IgM anti- Toxoplasma antibodies on initial testing during pregnancy. In this study, we assessed and compared the performances of four commercially available Toxoplasma IgG avidity tests in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients with acute and latent toxoplasmosis. The positive predictive value of high avidity to confirm latent toxoplasmosis was 100% for all the assays, indicating that high avidity is a hallmark of latent infection. However, the negative predictive value of high avidity ranged from 99.2% (bioMérieux) to 95.3% (Abbott), indicating that acute toxoplasmosis could not be reliably diagnosed based on low IgG avidity alone. Thus, the avidity test provides a rapid means for identifying latent Toxoplasma infection in immunocompetent pregnant women presenting both IgG and IgM anti- Toxoplasma antibodies on initial testing. In terms of cost-effectiveness, avidity testing is a powerful tool that optimizes screening and follow-up of pregnant women while minimizing the costs of screening by avoiding subsequent costly maternal and fetal investigation and unnecessary treatment. The cheapest assay, Vidas Toxo IgG Avidity, also had the best performance for the diagnosis of latent toxoplasmosis.
Published: 2013
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11. Evaluation of the usefulness of six commercial agglutination assays for serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

Author: Patrick Bastien, Herve Pelloux, Pierre Flori, Yvon STERKERS, Sophie Cassaing, Houze Sandrine, Marie-Claire Machouart, Denis FILISETTI, Renaud Piarroux, Florent Morio, Judith Fillaux, Magalie Pierre Demar, Daniel Ajzenberg, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Grenoble, Service de parasitologie, Hôpital Delafontaine, Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] ( LAPM ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales ( MERIT - UMR_D 216 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), and Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM )
Subjects: Hemagglutination, agglutination tests, Antibodies, Protozoan, Immunoglobulin G, 0302 clinical medicine, False positive paradox, MESH: Agglutination Tests, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, biology, toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH : Agglutination Tests, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, MESH : Serologic Tests, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Diagnostic Errors, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Antibody, MESH : Sensitivity and Specificity, Toxoplasma, toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), MESH : Immunoglobulin G, MESH : Immunoglobulin M, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, MESH : Toxoplasmosis, Sensitivity and Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH : Antibodies, Protozoan, MESH : Toxoplasma, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, Serologic Tests, Diagnostic Errors, education, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, MESH : Humans, MESH: Serologic Tests, Toxoplasma gondii, MESH : Diagnostic Errors, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, Agglutination (biology), Immunoglobulin M, serologic diagnosis, Immunology, biology.protein, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: International audience; Six agglutination tests for detecting Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies (immunoglobulin G or M) in serum were performed and compared. In total, 599 sera were examined using direct and indirect agglutination assays. Sensitivity varied from 93.7% to 100% and specificity from 97.1% to 99.2%. In a selected population with interfering diseases, the percentage of false positives ranged from 4.3% to 10.9%. Although an overall agreement of 100% was found for chronic toxoplasmosis, sensitivity for the detection of confirmed acute toxoplasmosis ranged from 86.4% to 97.3%. Regarding the large variability in terms of the performance of the 6 assays, tests based on the hemagglutination principle were found to be better than the other agglutination tests for all the panels evaluated, meaning that they could be used as qualitative or semiquantitative low-cost screening assays.
Published: 2012
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12. Acute lung, heart, liver, and pancreatic involvements with hyponatremia and retinochoroiditis in a 33-year-old French Guianan patient

Author: Matthieu Groh, Patrick Yeni, Daniel Ajzenberg, Magalie Demar, Véronique Joly, Dominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Sandrine Houze, Bernard Carme, Cécile Charlois-Ou, Alexandra Faussart, Stéphane Simon, Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Epidémiologie des parasitoses et mycoses tropicales, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Laboratoire de Recherche en Pathologie Infectieuse, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) ( CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane ( CIC - Antilles Guyane ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -CHU de la Martinique-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Université des Antilles et de la Guyane ( UAG ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales ( UMIT ), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales ( MERIT - UMR_D 216 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: Male, Travel-Associated Diseases, Pathology, Choroiditis, RC955-962, Lung pathology, MESH: Choroiditis, 0302 clinical medicine, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, MESH : Myocardium, Neuroepidemiology, MESH : Pancreas, Lung, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Guinea, 0303 health sciences, MESH : Guinea, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH : Adult, MESH : Hyponatremia, MESH: Pancreas, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Liver, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, language, Medicine, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Liver pathology, Toxoplasmosis, Hyponatremia, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Myocardium, Infectious Disease Control, MESH : Lung, MESH : Male, 030231 tropical medicine, Old French, MESH : Toxoplasmosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Parasitic Diseases, Lung heart, medicine, Humans, MESH: Lung, Pancreas, 030304 developmental biology, Symposium, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Myocardium, General surgery, MESH : Humans, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, MESH : Liver, MESH: Adult, MESH: Male, language.human_language, MESH: Hyponatremia, Guinea, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH : Choroiditis, MESH: Liver
Abstract: 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Hopital Bichat, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France, 2 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Hopital Bichat, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France, 3 National Reference Centre on Toxoplasmosis and Biological Resource Centre Toxoplasma, EA3800, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CHU Maison Blanche, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France, 4 INSERM UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France, 5 EA 3593, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cayenne Hospital, University of the Antilles and Guyana, Cayenne, French Guiana
Published: 2012
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13. A Monomorphic Haplotype of Chromosome Ia Is Associated with Widespread Success in Clonal and Nonclonal Populations of <named-content content-type='genus-species'>Toxoplasma gondii</named-content>

Author: James W. Ajioka, Natalie J. Miller, Daniel Ajzenberg, Benjamin M. Rosenthal, L. David Sibley, Jitender P. Dubey, Asis Khan, Marie Laure Dardé, David S. Roos, Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503), Department of Molecular Microbiology, and University of Washington [Seattle]
Subjects: Genome, MESH: Genotype, 0302 clinical medicine, Genotype, Cluster Analysis, MESH: Animals, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Evolution, Molecular, Genetics, Molecular Epidemiology, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Molecular Typing, MESH: Toxoplasma, QR1-502, Europe, Phylogeography, MESH: Phylogeography, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Research Article, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: DNA, Protozoan, Biology, Microbiology, Chromosomes, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Genetic variation, MESH: Molecular Epidemiology, Animals, Humans, 030304 developmental biology, Genetic diversity, MESH: Humans, Molecular epidemiology, Haplotype, Genetic Variation, Chromosome, MESH: Haplotypes, MESH: South America, DNA, Protozoan, South America, Microarray Analysis, MESH: Cluster Analysis, MESH: North America, Molecular Typing, MESH: Microarray Analysis, Haplotypes, North America, MESH: Chromosomes, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Europe
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite of animals that also causes a zoonotic infection in humans. Previous studies have revealed a strongly clonal population structure that is shared between North America and Europe, while South American strains show greater genetic diversity and evidence of sexual recombination. The common inheritance of a monomorphic version of chromosome Ia (referred to as ChrIa*) among three clonal lineages from North America and Europe suggests that inheritance of this chromosome might underlie their recent clonal expansion. To further examine the diversity and distribution of ChrIa, we have analyzed additional strains with greater geographic diversity. Our findings reveal that the same haplotype of ChrIa* is found in the clonal lineages from North America and Europe and in older lineages in South America, where sexual recombination is more common. Although lineages from all three continents harbor the same conserved ChrIa* haplotype, strains from North America and Europe are genetically separate from those in South America, and these respective geographic regions show limited evidence of recent mixing. Genome-wide, array-based profiling of polymorphisms provided evidence for an ancestral flow from particular older southern lineages that gave rise to the clonal lineages now dominant in the north. Collectively, these data indicate that ChrIa* is widespread among nonclonal strains in South America and has more recently been associated with clonal expansion of specific lineages in North America and Europe. These findings have significant implications for the spread of genetic loci influencing transmission and virulence in pathogen populations., IMPORTANCE Understanding parasite population structure is important for evaluating the potential spread of pathogenicity determinants between different geographic regions. Examining the genetic makeup of different isolates of Toxoplasma gondii from around the world revealed that chromosome Ia is highly homogeneous among lineages that predominate on different continents and within genomes that were otherwise quite divergent. This pattern of recent shared ancestry is highly unusual and suggests that some gene(s) found on this chromosome imparts an unusual fitness advantage that has resulted in its recent spread. Although the basis for the conservation of this particularly homogeneous chromosome is unknown, it may have implications for the transmission of infection and spread of human disease.
Published: 2011
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14. Human impact on genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii: example of the anthropized environment from French Guiana

Author: D. Blanchet, Sébastien Devillard, Marie-Laure Dardé, Henri Bonnabau, Daniel Ajzenberg, B. de Thoisy, Stéphane Simon, Frédéric Collinet, Magalie Demar, Rachida Boukhari, Bernard Carme, Aurélien Mercier, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Ecologie et évolution des populations, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie des parasitoses et mycoses tropicales, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité Fonctionnelle de Recherche Clinique et de Biostatistique (UFRCB), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais (CHOG), CHOG-Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais-CHOG-Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: MESH: Genotype, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Genotype, Cluster Analysis, MESH: Animals, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Models, Genetic, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Principal Component Analysis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Animal, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Phylogeography, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: Phylogeography, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Microsatellite, Inbreeding, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), MESH: Bayes Theorem, 030231 tropical medicine, Zoology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, MESH: Polymorphism, Genetic, Animals, Humans, Molecular Biology, Genotyping, MESH: Mice, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Principal Component Analysis, Genetic diversity, Polymorphism, Genetic, MESH: Humans, Molecular epidemiology, Models, Genetic, Toxoplasma gondii, Genetic Variation, Bayes Theorem, Anthropization, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Cluster Analysis, MESH: Wilderness, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Wilderness, MESH: Microsatellite Repeats, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: International audience; In French Guiana, severe cases of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients are associated with atypical strains of Toxoplasma gondii linked to a wild neotropical rainforest cycle and a higher genetic diversity than usually observed for T. gondii isolates from anthropized environment. This raises the question of the impact of anthropization of the natural environment, on genetic diversity and on the population structure of T. gondii. However, few data are available on strains circulating in the anthropized areas from French Guiana. Seropositive animals originating mainly from anthropized sub-urban areas and punctually from wild environment in French Guiana were analyzed for T. gondii isolation and genotyping. Thirty-three strains were obtained by bioassay in mice and compared with 18 previously reported isolates chiefly originating from the Amazon rainforest. The genotyping analysis performed with 15 microsatellite markers located on 12 different chromosomes revealed a lower genetic diversity in the anthropized environment. Results were analyzed in terms of population structure by clustering methods, Neighbor-joining trees reconstruction based on genetic distances, F(ST,) Mantel's tests and linkage disequilibrium. They clearly showed a genetic differentiation between strains associated to the anthropized environment and those associated to the wild, but with some inbreeding between them. The majority of strains from the anthropized environment were clustered into additional lineages of T. gondii that are common in the Caribbean. In conclusion the two environmental populations "wild" and "anthropized" were genetically well differentiated. The anthropization of the environment seems to be accompanied with a decreased diversity of T. gondii associated with a greater structure of the populations. We detected potential interpenetration and genetic exchanges between these two environmental populations. As a higher pathogenicity in human of "wild" genotypes has been described, the interpenetration of both environments leads to hybridization between strains that may be at risk for human health.
Published: 2011
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15. Toxoplasmosis and horse meat, France

Author: Daniel Ajzenberg, Gilles Bernardin, Christelle Pomares, Pierre Marty, Lilia Hasseine, Marie-Laure Dardé, Loic Bornard, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice)-Hôpital l'Archet, Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Réanimation Médicale, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice)-Hôpital l'Archet
Subjects: MESH: Fatal Outcome, Horse meat, Acquired Toxoplasmosis, lcsh:Medicine, Physiology, atypical strain, 030308 mycology & parasitology, MESH: Amniocentesis, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, MESH: DNA Fingerprinting, Respiratory function, MESH: Animals, MESH: Sulfadiazine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, MESH: Aged, MESH: Meat, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, MESH: Introduced Species, MESH: Young Adult, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, France, toxoplasmosis, food.ingredient, Transplacental transmission, MESH: Pyrimethamine, 030231 tropical medicine, letter, Toxoplasma gondii, horse meat, MESH: DNA, Protozoan, parasites, Biology, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, food, medicine, media_common.cataloged_instance, lcsh:RC109-216, European union, Seroconversion, MESH: Antiprotozoal Agents, Letters to the Editor, MESH: Horses, MESH: Humans, lcsh:R, foodborne infections, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Male, MESH: France, Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Microsatellite Repeats, MESH: Female
Abstract: To the Editor: Toxoplasma gondii parasites are obligate intracellular apicomplexans that can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals; felids are definitive hosts. The most common sources of human infection are ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or of food or water contaminated with oocysts shed by felids and transplacental transmission. Acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent humans is frequently asymptomatic but is associated with cervical or occipital lymphadenopathy in ≈10% of patients. Severe or fatal outcomes for immunocompetent patients have been attributed to the virulence of specific T. gondii genotypes (1). We describe 3 cases of toxoplasmosis caused by atypical strains probably acquired by from ingestion of raw horse meat imported from Canada and Brazil. Patient 1, a 74-year-old man, was hospitalized locally (Antibes-Juan Les Pins, southern France) in March 2009 for asthenia and persistent febrile bronchitis. His medical history included severe smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary artery disease. He received broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs and methylprednisolone. On day 23 after admission, he was transferred to our teaching hospital in Nice because of clinical deterioration and persistent fever. Disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed on the basis of serologic evidence of recent primary T. gondii parasite infection and quantitative PCR detection of high Toxoplasma DNA levels in peripheral blood. Despite specific antitoxoplasma therapy with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, he remained febrile, his respiratory function worsened, and he died on day 27. Patient 2, a 24-year-old pregnant woman, was hospitalized in Draguignan, France, in December 2009 for full-term delivery. Three weeks earlier, routine serologic testing showed T. gondii parasite infection seroconversion. The newborn’s and mother’s ophthalmologic examinations were unremarkable. Congenital toxoplasmosis was diagnosed on the basis immunoglobulin M in the infant’s serum, positive quantitative PCR of samples from the placenta, and strain isolation after inoculation of mice with a placental preparation. Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine were started. We performed a retrospective epidemiologic investigation of an unusual case of toxoplasmosis that occurred in March 1991. Patient 3, a 21-year-old pregnant woman living in the Nice area, was treated with spiramycine because routine serologic testing had shown T. gondii parasite infection seroconversion at 22 weeks’ gestation. Amniocentesis showed T. gondii tachyzoites in amniotic fluid by microscopic examination. At 26 weeks’ gestation, the woman underwent termination of pregnancy for ultrasonography-detected fetal severe abnormalities. Fetal necropsy showed numerous cerebral, cardiac, and hepatic abscesses with T. gondii tachyzoites. A few days after pregnancy termination, the woman experienced cervical lymphadenopathy, which lasted 3 years. She reported having eaten raw horse meat regularly during her pregnancy. Genetic analyses with microsatellite markers of the Toxoplasma spp. strains isolated from the 3 patients found 3 different atypical genotypes. Atypical strains are common in South America but unusual in France, where >95% of reported strains collected from human and animal toxoplasmosis cases belonged to the type II clonal lineage (2,3). Hence, isolation of an atypical Toxoplasma genotype from a patient in France strongly suggests contamination by a non-European strain, either during residence abroad or after ingestion of imported meat. Epidemiologic investigation of our case-patients that included questioning relatives, patients, and butchers found that eating raw horse meat imported from Canada (patient 1) or Brazil (patient 2) was the most likely source of the parasites. The geographic origin of the horse meat eaten by patient 3 is unknown. Moreover, an atypical T. gondii strain was isolated after mouse inoculation with horse meat from the first patient’s butcher. In all 3 cases, close relatives encouraged the patients to eat raw horse meat regularly because the practice is traditionally thought to reinforce health. Human toxoplasmosis cases associated with horse meat consumption are rarely reported but are probably underestimated (2). In the European Union, France and Italy account for more than two thirds of all horse meat eaten, predominantly raw, thereby increasing the likelihood of infection by various parasites, including Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma spp (4). Under natural conditions, serologic prevalence of T. gondii parasites in horses worldwide may range from 0% to 80% (5). Many factors could account for this variation, including the sensitivity and specificity of the serologic test, ages of animals, geographic area and hygienic condition of farm management (5). The only prevalence survey of horses slaughtered for food that we are aware of was conducted in Canada and the United States and found antibodies to T. gondii parasites in 124 (6.9%) of 1,788 serum samples (6). T. gondii tissue cysts in meat are immediately killed by reaching an internal temperature of 67°C in all parts of meat during cooking (7). Deep freezing (
Published: 2011
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16. Contribution of the Residual Body in the Spatial Organization of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites within the Parasitophorous Vacuole

Author: Corinne Mercier, Sirenia González, Mónica Mondragón, Saé Muñiz-Hernández, M. González Del Carmen, M F Cesbron, S L Mondragón-González, Ricardo Mondragón, Departamento de Bioquimica (CINVESTAV-IPN), Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Subdireccion de Investigacion Basica (Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia), Institutio National de Cancerologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingenieria y Tecnologias Avanzadas, IPN, and Unidad de Microscopia Electronica (CINVESTAV-IPN)
Subjects: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, lcsh:Medicine, Vacuole, Residual body, MESH: Dogs, Cell membrane, Mice, Atypical Residual Bodies, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Animals, Mice, Inbred BALB C, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toxoplasma, General Medicine, Cell biology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, medicine.anatomical_structure, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Molecular Medicine, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Research Article, Biotechnology, Article Subject, lcsh:Biotechnology, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Mice, Inbred BALB C, Biology, MESH: Vacuoles, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, Dogs, MESH: Cell Proliferation, lcsh:TP248.13-248.65, Genetics, medicine, Animals, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Secretion, MESH: Life Cycle Stages, MESH: Mice, Molecular Biology, Cell Proliferation, 030304 developmental biology, Life Cycle Stages, Rosette (schizont appearance), Cell Membrane, lcsh:R, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, MESH: Cell Line, Vacuoles, MESH: Cell Membrane
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondiiproliferates and organizes within a parasitophorous vacuole in rosettes around a residual body and is surrounded by a membranous nanotubular network whose function remains unclear. Here, we characterized structure and function of the residual body in intracellular tachyzoites of the RH strain. Our data showed the residual body as a body limited by a membrane formed during proliferation of tachyzoites probably through the secretion of components and a pinching event of the membrane at the posterior end. It contributes in the intravacuolar parasite organization by the membrane connection between the tachyzoites posterior end and the residual body membrane to give place to the rosette conformation. Radial distribution of parasites in rosettes favors an efficient exteriorization. Absence of the network and presence of atypical residual bodies in a ΔGRA2-HXGPRT knock-out mutant affected the intravacuolar organization of tachyzoites and their exteriorization.
Published: 2011
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17. Review of the Series 'Disease of the Year 2011: Toxoplasmosis' Pathophysiology of Toxoplasmosis

Author: Carlos S. Subauste, Daniel Ajzenberg, Aize Kijlstra, Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Oogheelkunde, and RS: MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience
Subjects: Acquired Toxoplasmosis, HIV Infections, Disease, growth-factor-beta, immunology, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Severe visual impairment, Immunology and Allergy, genetics, MESH: Animals, cd4(+) t-cells, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Genetic Predisposition to Disease, food and beverages, acquired toxoplasmosis, MESH: HIV Infections, Pathophysiology, 3. Good health, ifn-gamma, pigment epithelial-cells, retinitis, congenital toxoplasmosis, parasite, uveitis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, interferon-gamma, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Uveitis, experimental ocular toxoplasmosis, Retinitis, Antigens, Protozoan, 03 medical and health sciences, protective role, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, MESH: Mice, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Research, Toxoplasma gondii, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, eye diseases, Ophthalmology, Immunology, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Onderzoek, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan, gondii-infected cells
Abstract: International audience; Toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of chronic parasitic infection in the world. This protozoan can cause retino-choroiditis in newborns and in adults, both immunocompetent and immunodeficient. This disease tends to be recurrent and can lead to severe visual impairment. The authors review current knowledge on the role of parasite genetics in influencing susceptibility to ocular toxoplasmosis and on the immuno-pathogenesis of this disease.
Published: 2011
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18. TLR9-dependent induction of intestinal alpha-defensins by Toxoplasma gondii

Author: David M. Foureau, Lloyd H. Kasper, Dominique Buzoni-Gatel, Daniel Mielcarz, Bernhard Ryffel, Catherine Werts, Laurence Menard, Julie Schulthess, Virginie Vasseur, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Immunologie et Embryologie Moléculaires (IEM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departments of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth Medical School (DMS), and Dartmouth College [Hanover]-Dartmouth College [Hanover]
Subjects: MESH: Intestine, Small, Gene Expression, MESH: Mice, Knockout, Cell Degranulation, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Interferon, MESH: Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Intestine, Small, Gene expression, Immunology and Allergy, MESH: Animals, Receptor, Mice, Knockout, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toll-Like Receptor 9, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Animal, MESH: Immunoblotting, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Toxoplasma, Degranulation, 3. Good health, medicine.anatomical_structure, MESH: Cell Degranulation, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, medicine.drug, Paneth Cells, alpha-Defensins, MESH: Gene Expression, Immunoblotting, Immunology, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Downregulation and upregulation, MESH: Mice, Inbred C57BL, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, RNA, Messenger, Immunity, Mucosal, MESH: Mice, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: RNA, Messenger, MESH: Paneth Cells, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Toll-Like Receptor 9, MESH: Immunity, Mucosal, Paneth cell, MESH: alpha-Defensins, MESH: Female, 030215 immunology
Abstract: α-Defensins (or Cryptdins [Crps]) are a group of antimicrobial peptides produced as a component of Paneth cell (PC) secretory granules in the small intestine. In vivo ligation of TLR9 by synthetic agonists leads to PC degranulation, although the mechanism by which this occurs remains uncertain. In this report, we investigated TLR9-dependent mechanisms, triggered by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, inducing Crp release in the lumen. Oral challenge of C57BL/6J (B6) wild-type (WT) mice with T. gondii induced TLR9 mRNA upregulation associated with a marked increase of type I IFN mRNA expression. PC secretory granules were released, and Crp-3/-5 mRNA expression by purified epithelial cells was increased following oral challenge of B6 WT mice. Although PCs failed to degranulate in infected B6 TLR9−/− mice, i.p. injection of mouse IFN-β alone led to Crp-3/-5 mRNA upregulation in B6 WT and TLR9−/− mice. In addition, modulation of Crp mRNA expression in response to T. gondii infection was abrogated in B6 IFNAR−/− mice, which lack a functional type I IFN receptor. Taken together, these data demonstrate that T. gondii induces Crp-3/-5 production and release by PCs via a TLR9-dependent production of type I IFNs. Crps have a limited direct effect against T. gondii but may indirectly affect the early control of T. gondii invasiveness by promoting the initiation of a protective Th1 response against the parasite.
Published: 2010
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19. Type I strains in human toxoplasmosis: myth or reality?

Author: Daniel Ajzenberg, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), and CHU Limoges
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Genotype, Virulence, Biology, Microbiology, MESH: Genotype, 03 medical and health sciences, Type (biology), medicine, Humans, MESH: Genetic Variation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Toxoplasma, Genetic Variation, medicine.disease, Virology, Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Toxoplasma
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2010
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20. Additional haplogroups of Toxoplasma gondii out of Africa: Population structure and Mouse-Virulence of strains from Gabon

Author: Henri Bonnabau, Aurélien Mercier, Anne-Laure Bañuls, Daniel Ajzenberg, Sébastien Devillard, Marie-Laure Dardé, Bettina Salle, Barthélémy Ngoubangoye, Patrick Durand, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503), Ecologie et évolution des populations, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecoépidémiologie évolutionniste, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Service de l'Information Médicale et de l'Évaluation [CHU Limoges] (SIME), Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Primatologie, Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: Linkage disequilibrium, Population genetics, MESH: Africa, MESH: Virulence, Haplogroup, MESH: Genotype, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Genotype, MESH: Animals, Microbiology/Parasitology, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, 2. Zero hunger, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Virulence, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, MESH: Toxoplasma, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Ecology/Population Ecology, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Toxoplasmosis, Research Article, MESH: Gabon, [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Molecular Sequence Data, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics and Genomics/Population Genetics, parasitic diseases, Animals, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Gabon, education, Genotyping, MESH: Mice, 030304 developmental biology, Genetic diversity, MESH: Humans, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], MESH: Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Haplotype, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infectious Diseases/Protozoal Infections, Genetic Variation, lcsh:RA1-1270, Infectious Diseases/Neglected Tropical Diseases, Africa, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: Background Toxoplasma gondii is found worldwide, but distribution of its genotypes as well as clinical expression of human toxoplasmosis varies across the continents. Several studies in Europe, North America and South America argued for a role of genotypes in the clinical expression of human toxoplasmosis. Genetic data concerning T. gondii isolates from Africa are scarce and not sufficient to investigate the population structure, a fundamental analysis for a better understanding of distribution, circulation, and transmission. Methodology/Principal Findings Seropositive animals originating from urban and rural areas in Gabon were analyzed for T. gondii isolation and genotyping. Sixty-eight isolates, including one mixed infection (69 strains), were obtained by bioassay in mice. Genotyping was performed using length polymorphism of 13 microsatellite markers located on 10 different chromosomes. Results were analyzed in terms of population structure by Bayesian statistical modeling, Neighbor-joining trees reconstruction based on genetic distances, F ST and linkage disequilibrium. A moderate genetic diversity was detected. Three haplogroups and one single genotype clustered 27 genotypes. The majority of strains belonged to one haplogroup corresponding to the worldwide Type III. The remaining strains were distributed into two haplogroups (Africa 1 and 3) and one single genotype. Mouse virulence at isolation was significantly different between haplogroups. Africa 1 haplogroup was the most virulent. Conclusion Africa 1 and 3 haplogroups were proposed as being new major haplogroups of T. gondii circulating in Africa. A possible link with strains circulating in South and Central America is discussed. Analysis of population structure demonstrated a local spread within a rural area and strain circulation between the main cities of the country. This circulation, favored by human activity could lead to genetic exchanges. For the first time, key epidemiological questions were addressed for the West African T. gondii population, using the high discriminatory power of microsatellite markers, thus creating a basis for further epidemiological and clinical investigations., Author Summary Prevalence of human toxoplasmosis in tropical African countries usually exceeds 50%. Its role as a major opportunistic infection of AIDS patients is regularly described. Due to the lack of investigation, congenital infection is certainly underestimated in Africa. Incidence of Toxoplasma ocular disease is higher in Africa and South America than in Europe. Severe cases in immunocompetent patients were described after infection acquired in Amazonia, but nothing is known about such cases in Africa. Several studies argued for a role of genotypes in the clinical expression of human toxoplasmosis, and for a geographical structuration of Toxoplasma across continents. Genetic data concerning isolates from Africa are scarce. Here, apart from the worldwide Type III, we described two main haplogroups, Africa 1 and 3. We detected genetic exchanges between urban centers favored by trade exchange and transportation. It shows how important human influence is, even in shaping the genetic structure of a zoonotic disease agent. Finding of identical haplogroups in South America suggested that these African and American strains share a common ancestor. As a higher pathogenicity in human of South American genotypes has been described, this similarity of genotypes should encourage further clinical studies with genotype analysis in Africa.
Published: 2010
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21. Comparative evaluation of the ARCHITECT Toxo IgG, IgM, and IgG Avidity assays for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies detection in pregnant women sera

Author: Hervé Pelloux, Hans-Bertram Braun, Anne Espern, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Françoise Gay-Andrieu, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Eva Sickinger, Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Université de Nantes (UN), Département des agents infectieux, CHU Grenoble, Abbott GmbH & Co, Abbott GmbH, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: High avidity, Antibody Affinity, Antibodies, Protozoan, MESH: Automation, Laboratory, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Serology, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, MESH: Antibody Affinity, Pregnancy, Reference Values, Immunoassay, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Reference Values, General Medicine, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Antibody, Toxoplasma, MESH: Immunoassay, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), 030231 tropical medicine, Sensitivity and Specificity, Comparative evaluation, Diagnosis, Differential, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Diagnosis, Differential, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, Avidity, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Automation, Laboratory, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, Toxoplasma gondii, Igg avidity, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Immunology, biology.protein, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; We assessed the performance of the ARCHITECT Toxo IgG, IgM, and IgG Avidity assays against corresponding assays on AxSYM and Vidas using 730 sera from pregnant women. The ARCHITECT Toxo IgG and IgM assays showed a relative sensitivity of 97.5% and 89.9% and a relative specificity of 99.1% and 99.8%, respectively. If IgM sensitivity is calculated only for sera drawn less than 4 months after infection, the relative sensitivity rises to 98.1%. Correlation between the ARCHITECT and Vidas Avidity assays was 0.87 (n = 103). Testing 86 IgG-positive specimens from recent infection (4 months) exhibited high avidity results in 72.5% (137/189) of cases. The method can be used reliably to exclude recent infections in sera with concurrently positive results for IgM and IgG (IgG, >3 IU/mL).
Published: 2009
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22. FAN stimulates TNF(alpha)-induced gene expression, leukocyte recruitment, and humoral response

Author: Marie-Antoinette Bertrand, Pascal G.P. Martin, Caroline Nevoit, Thierry Levade, Marie-Claude Trombe, Hervé Benoist, Victorine Douin-Echinard, Marie-Hélène Bessières, Bruno Ségui, Nicole Therville, Anne Montfort, Virginie Garcia, Jason S. Iacovoni, Bénédicte de Badts, Institut de médecine moléculaire de Rangueil (I2MR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IFR150-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), IFR 31 Louis Bugnard (IFR 31), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'Immunologie, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [Toulouse], Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB) - Hôpital Purpan, Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], Simon, Marie Francoise, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées- Institut Fédératif de Recherche Bio-médicale Institution (IFR150)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)
Subjects: Chemokine, Chemokine CXCL2, Type I, Gene Expression, Inbred C57BL, MESH: Listeria monocytogenes, MESH: Mice, Knockout, MESH: Recombinant Proteins, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene expression, Receptors, Immunology and Allergy, Listeriosis, MESH: Animals, MESH: Pneumococcal Infections, Peritoneal Cavity, Cells, Cultured, Mice, Knockout, Listeria Infections, MESH: Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I, 0303 health sciences, Cultured, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, MESH: Peritoneal Cavity, Acquired immune system, Recombinant Proteins, MESH: Antibody Formation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neutrophil Infiltration, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Knockout mouse, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Toxoplasma, MESH: Listeria Infections, Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Streptococcus pneumoniae, MESH: Cells, Cultured, MESH: Gene Expression, Knockout, Cells, Immunology, Spleen, Pneumococcal Infections, 03 medical and health sciences, Peritoneal cavity, MESH: Mice, Inbred C57BL, MESH: Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, [SDV.BBM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, medicine, Animals, MESH: Chemokine CXCL2, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH: Mice, 030304 developmental biology, Microarray analysis techniques, Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Fibroblasts, Microarray Analysis, Molecular biology, Listeria monocytogenes, MESH: Interleukin-6, Mice, Inbred C57BL, MESH: Microarray Analysis, MESH: Neutrophil Infiltration, MESH: Fibroblasts, MESH: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Antibody Formation, biology.protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor, human activities
Abstract: Factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation (FAN) is an adaptor protein that constitutively binds to TNF-R1. Microarray analysis was performed in fibroblasts derived from wild-type or FAN knockout mouse embryos to evaluate the role of FAN in TNF-induced gene expression. Approximately 70% of TNF-induced genes exhibited lower expression levels in FAN-deficient than in wild-type fibroblasts. Of particular interest, TNF-induced expression of cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-6 and CXCL-2, was impaired in FAN-deficient cells. This was confirmed by real time RT-PCR and ELISA. Upon i.p. TNF or thioglycollate injection, neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity was reduced by more than 50% in FAN-deficient mice. Nevertheless, FAN-deficient animals did not exhibit an increased susceptibility to different microorganisms including bacteria and parasites, indicating that FAN is not essential for pathogen clearance. Specific Ab response to BSA was substantially impaired in FAN-deficient mice and this was associated with a reduced content of leukocytes in the spleen of BSA-challenged FAN-deficient mice as compared with their wild-type counterparts. Altogether, our results indicate the involvement of FAN in TNF-induced gene expression and leukocyte recruitment, contributing to the establishment of the specific immune response.
Published: 2009
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23. Evaluation of DPC immulite 2000 Toxoplasma quantitative IgG/IgM kits for automated toxoplasmosis serology with immulite 2000

Author: Florence Robert-Gangneux, Chantal Bourhis, Sylviane Chevrier, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Signalisation et Réponses aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques (SeRAIC), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [Rennes], Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Université de Rennes (UR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes]
Subjects: TORCH screening, Clinical Biochemistry, MESH: Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, Antibodies, Protozoan, MESH: Titrimetry, Serology, Automation, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Automation, antibody, Immunology and Allergy, Statistical analysis, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, Immunoassay, 0303 health sciences, biology, medicine.diagnostic_test, MESH: Toxoplasma, Titrimetry, Hematology, MESH: Infant, Congenital toxoplasmosis, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, Medical Laboratory Technology, Titer, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, ELISA, Female, Antibody, MESH: Immunoassay, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), Sensitivity and Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, Humans, Seroconversion, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Biochemistry (medical), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Original Articles, medicine.disease, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, Immunology, biology.protein, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, business, MESH: Female, serological diagnosis
Abstract: In this study, we evaluated a new immunoassay for the automated detection of anti‐toxoplasma IgG and IgM with Immulite 2000(®) (DPC‐Siemens, La Garenne‐Colombes, France). We tested 280 sera from 112 patients with past infection (PI), 40 PI with residual IgM, 75 seronegatives, 16 infants (31 sera) monitored for neonatal screening of congenital toxoplasmosis, and 13 patients with recent seroconversion (SC) (22 sequential sera). Detection sensitivity and specificity for IgG were 99 and 100%, respectively. IgG titers obtained with Immulite 2000(®) were higher than with Vidas(®) (BioMérieux, Marcy I'Etoile, France) and Access(®) (Beckman‐Coulter, Villepinte, France) (paired Wilcoxon test z=4.44 and z=3.67, respectively, P
Published: 2009
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24. Serotyping of naturally Toxoplasma gondii infected meat-producing animals

Author: Marie-Laure Dardé, José Manuel Correia da Costa, Susana Sousa, Nuno Canada, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), CECA, Centro de Immunologia e Biologia Parasitària (CIBP), CIBP, Instituto ce Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), ICBAS, Laboratorio Nacional de Investigaçao Veterinària (LNIV), LNIV, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), and CHU Limoges
Subjects: Serotype, MESH: Food Parasitology, Protozoan Proteins, Antibodies, Protozoan, Animal origin, MESH: Genotype, 0302 clinical medicine, Food Parasitology, Genotype, MESH: Animals, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, MESH: Meat, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, General Medicine, MESH: Reproducibility of Results, MESH: Portugal, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Meat, 030231 tropical medicine, Toxoplasma gondii, Antigens, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, Animals, Typing, Serotyping, Genotyping, Infecções Sistémicas e Zoonoses, General Veterinary, Portugal, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Serotyping, Reproducibility of Results, Serum samples, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Parasitology, Meat-producing-animals, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract: International audience; Serotyping was previously described as a promising method for typing strains of Toxoplasma gondii. The majority of precedent studies utilized serum samples collected from human patients with different T. gondii-associated pathologies. The aim of this work was to study the applicability of the same procedure for serotyping naturally infected meat-producing animals. An ELISA test based on GRA6 and GRA7 C-terminal polymorphic peptides was used. Peptide GRA6II has polymorphisms specific for the archetypal strains type II, GRA6I/III for strains type I and III, GRA7I for strains type I and GRA7III for strains type III. As reference material, and to validate this approach, serum samples from eleven free-range chickens and fifteen pigs used for Toxoplasma genotypes isolation were selected. These strains integrate the Biological Resource Centre (BRC) ToxoBS Bank. Three serum samples from chickens and two from pigs had serotyping results in agreement with genotyping. Thirty-five serum samples from chickens, twenty-nine from pigs and fifty from sheep, seropositive for T. gondii, from which no isolate was obtained, were also serotyped. Serotype III appeared significantly more frequent among sheep. Our results show that serotyping still need refinement, but may become a valuable tool for typing Toxoplasma strains from animal origin.
Published: 2009
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25. Congenital toxoplasmosis after a preconceptional or periconceptional maternal infection

Author: Hélène Yera, Florence Robert-Gangneux, Dominique D’Herve, Claude Guiguen, Signalisation et Réponses aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques (SeRAIC), Université de Rennes (UR), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Laboratoire de la Toxoplasmose, Institut de Puériculture de Paris, Clinique mutualiste La Sagesse, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
Subjects: Male, postnatal diagnosis, Placenta, Antibodies, Protozoan, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Toxoplasmosis, Congenital, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Western blotting, MESH: Spiramycin, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Spiramycin, Medicine, MESH: Animals, MESH: Treatment Outcome, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Maternal Transmission, Obstetrics, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Infant, Newborn, periconceptional infection, MESH: Placenta, Congenital toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, MESH: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Infectious Diseases, Treatment Outcome, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, congenital toxoplasmosis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, medicine.symptom, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Antiprotozoal Agents, MESH: DNA, Protozoan, Asymptomatic, 03 medical and health sciences, 030225 pediatrics, Animals, Humans, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, MESH: Antiprotozoal Agents, Fetal infection, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA, Protozoan, medicine.disease, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Congenital, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, MESH: Male, Surgery, Maternal infection, Immunoglobulin G, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, business, MESH: Female, Fetal damage
Abstract: International audience; We report a case of asymptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis following a periconceptional infection of the mother. Fetal infection is very uncommon in such a situation, and mostly associated with fetal damage. We recommend that newborns undergo postnatal screening, even after maternal periconceptional infection, and receive specific therapy to reduce long-term sequelae.
Published: 2009
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26. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: results of DNA detection and serological techniques

Author: Frédéric Garban, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Jean-Paul Brion, Hervé Pelloux, Rebecca Hamidfar, Jean-Yves Cahn, Jean-François Timsit, Claude-Eric Bulabois, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Grenoble, Département de cancérologie et d'hématologie, CHU Grenoble-Hôpital Michallon, Clinique de réanimation médicale, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-CHU Grenoble-Hôpital Michallon, Maladie Infectieuse, and Vesin, Aurélien
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_treatment, Antibodies, Protozoan, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Immunoglobulin G, Serology, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, law, MESH: Animals, 030212 general & internal medicine, Polymerase chain reaction, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Middle Aged, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, MESH: Stem Cell Transplantation, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), MESH: DNA, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, MESH: Transplantation, Homologous, Animals, Humans, Transplantation, Homologous, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA, Protozoan, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, MESH: Male, Transplantation, Immunoglobulin M, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Immunology, biology.protein, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, Stem Cell Transplantation
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND: The biological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is based on the detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in blood specimens or other samples. Serological testing is used mainly to define the immunity status of the patient before HSCT. The aim of our study was to examine the performance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological techniques in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis after HSCT. METHODS: Seventy patients underwent allogeneic HSCT from September 2004 through September 2006. DNA was detected by PCR, and immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The results of immunoglobulin G detection before allogeneic HSCT were positive in 40 (57.1%) of the patients and negative in 30 (42.9%). After HSCT, 57 patients (81.4%) had test results that were negative for immunoglobulin M and had negative results of DNA detection, without toxoplasmosis infection. Four patients (5.7%) had at least 4 samples with positive PCR results and/or test results positive for immunoglobulin M against T. gondii; toxoplasmosis was then confirmed by clinical symptoms. Nine patients (12.9%) with positive PCR results and 1 or 2 samples with test results negative for immunoglobulin M were considered to have asymptomatic T. gondii infection. Reactivation of latent infection was the cause of toxoplasmosis in 3 of the 4 patients, and toxoplasmosis occurred as a primary infection in 1 patient. The detection of specific anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin M was the only biological evidence of toxoplasmosis in 2 patients, and samples were positive for immunoglobulin M before PCR was performed in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, after HSCT, all patients were at risk for toxoplasmosis; all patients who receive HSCTs should be followed up with biological testing that combines PCR and serological techniques.
Published: 2009
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27. Serodiagnosis of recently acquired Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with a recombinant dense granule GRA6 protein

Author: Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Ghader Khalili, Baharak Khoshkholgh-Sima, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Majid Golkar, Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw, Kayhan Azadmanesh, Corinne Mercier, Jalal Babaie, Hervé Pelloux, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Immunology Department, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, and CHU Grenoble
Subjects: Protozoan Proteins, Antibodies, Protozoan, Immunoglobulin G, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Serology, law.invention, MESH: Pregnancy, law, Pregnancy, MESH: Animals, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, General Medicine, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Recombinant DNA, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), Antigens, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Sensitivity and Specificity, Apicomplexa, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, Serologic Tests, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Serologic Tests, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, Immunoglobulin M, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Immunology, biology.protein, MESH: Pregnant Women, Pregnant Women, MESH: Female, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract: Indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with a recombinant GRA6 protein of Toxoplasma gondii were developed and evaluated for accurate diagnosis of recently acquired infection in pregnant women. According to the results from Toxoplasma serodiagnostic tests, women were classified into 3 groups representing acute (group I), chronic (group II), or no Toxoplasma infection (group III). To discriminate group I from group II sera, the GRA6-IgG-ELISA reached sensitivity and specificity of 87.5% and 94.1%, respectively. Although 22 (91.7%) of 24 group I sera were positive by the GRA6-IgM-ELISA, only 1 (2.9%) of 34 group II sera scored positive. The GRA6-IgM-ELISA displayed a meaningful correlation with Vidas Toxo IgM and exhibited higher specificity (97.1%) than Euroimmun IgM ELISA (88.2%) (Euroimmun, Lubeck, Germany) for detection of recent infection. These results demonstrate that IgG and IgM ELISA with rGRA6 are useful to identify and discriminate recent from past Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women.
Published: 2008
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28. Comment on 'Epilepsy and seropositivity rates of Toxocara canis and Toxoplasma gondii'

Author: Pierre-Marie Preux, Alessandra Nicoletti, Fabrice Quet, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Service de l'Information Médicale et de l'Évaluation [CHU Limoges] (SIME), CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Biostatistique et d'Informatique Médicale, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Department of Neurosciences, and Università degli studi di Catania [Catania]
Subjects: 030231 tropical medicine, Clinical Neurology, MESH: Toxocara canis, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, MESH: Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Humans, biology, business.industry, MESH: Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, Neurology, MESH: Epilepsy, Immunology, Toxocariasis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, MESH: Toxocariasis, Toxocara canis
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2008
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29. Fatal outbreak of human toxoplasmosis along the Maroni River: epidemiological, clinical, and parasitological aspects

Author: Christian Peneau, Daniel Ajzenberg, Bernard Carme, Félix Djossou, Laurence Terzan, Benoit Cottrelle, Magalie Demar, Widya Punwasi, Dayanand Panchoe, Jean-Louis Daigre, Marie-Laure Dardé, Danielle Maubon, Nasser Valery, Christine Aznar, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), and Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)
Subjects: Male, Pediatrics, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Serology, Disease Outbreaks, MESH: Genotype, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, MESH: Suriname, Pregnancy, Epidemiology, Medicine, MESH: Animals, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, 0303 health sciences, Suriname, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, MESH: Infant, Congenital toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Genotype, 030231 tropical medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Fetal Death, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Outbreak, Toxoplasma gondii, Infant, MESH: Adult, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Immunology, MESH: Fetal Death, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND: Well-documented outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis infection are infrequently reported. Here, we describe a community outbreak of multivisceral toxoplasmosis that occurred in Patam, a Surinamese village near the French Guianan border. METHODS: From the end of December 2003 through the middle of January 2004, 5 adult patients in Patam, including 2 pregnant women, were initially hospitalized for multivisceral toxoplasmosis. A French-Surinamese epidemiological investigation was conducted in the village; inquiries and clinical examinations were performed, and blood and environmental samples were obtained. For all serologically confirmed cases of toxoplasmosis, molecular analysis and mouse inoculations were performed for diagnosis and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii. RESULTS: The hospitalized patients, who did not have any immunodeficiencies, presented with an infectious disease with multivisceral involvement. Serological examination confirmed acute toxoplasmosis. One adult died, and a neonate and a fetus with congenital toxoplasmosis also died. During the investigation, 4 additional acute cases of toxoplasmosis were diagnosed among the 33 villagers. Only 3 inhabitants had serological evidence of previous T. gondii infection. In total, we reported 11 cases of toxoplasmosis: 8 multivisceral cases in immunocompetent adults, resulting in 1 death; 2 cases of lethal congenital toxoplasmosis in a neonate and a fetus; and 1 symptomatic case in a child. Molecular analysis demonstrated that identical isolates of only 1 atypical strain were responsible for at least 5 of the 11 cases of toxoplasmosis in the outbreak. No epidemiological sources could be linked to this severe community-wide outbreak of toxoplasmosis. CONCLUSION: This report is in agreement with the particular features of toxoplasmosis involving atypical strains that were recently described in French Guiana.
Published: 2007
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30. T(H)1 cells control themselves by producing interleukin-10

Author: Anne O'Garra, Paulo Vieira, Division of Immunoregulation, National Institute for Medical Research, Développement des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: History, Cell type, MESH: Interleukin-10, medicine.medical_treatment, Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous, MESH: Models, Immunological, Education, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Immunopathology, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Leishmania major, MESH: Animals, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, biology, Models, Immunological, Toxoplasma gondii, Th1 Cells, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous, Interleukin-10, 3. Good health, Computer Science Applications, Interleukin 10, Cytokine, T helper 1, MESH: Th1 Cells, Immunology, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Toxoplasmosis, 030215 immunology
Abstract: International audience; Inflammatory T helper 1 (T(H)1)-cell responses successfully eradicate pathogens, but often also cause immunopathology. To minimize this deleterious side-effect the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is produced. Although IL-10 was originally isolated from T(H)2 cells it is now known to be produced by many cell types. Here, we discuss the recent evidence that shows that T(H)1 cells are the main source of IL-10 that controls the immune response against Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii infection.
Published: 2007
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31. Adapting a conventional PCR assay for Toxoplasma gondii detection to real-time quantitative PCR including a competitive internal control

Author: Hervé Pelloux, V Morand-Bui, Véronique Equy, R Marlu, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: Serial dilution, B1 gene, MESH: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Pcr assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Gene Amplification, law.invention, MESH: Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, law, internal amplification control, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, MESH: Animals, Polymerase chain reaction, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, biology, Hybridization probe, MESH: Toxoplasma, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 3. Good health, Standard curve, Infectious Diseases, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, LightCycler®, MESH: DNA Probes, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, DNA Probes, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Veterinary (miscellaneous), 030231 tropical medicine, Toxoplasma gondii, Sensitivity and Specificity, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Single tube, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH: Mice, 030306 microbiology, Gene Amplification, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, Insect Science, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, real-time PCR
Abstract: We have developed a quantitative PCR assay (LightCycler®) using the pair of primers JW58 and JW59 for the detection of the 35- fold repeated B1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii. This real-time PCR, using fluorescence resonance energy transfert (FRET) hybridization probes, allows the quantification of T. gondii with several technical requirements not previously described: i) an internal amplification control (co-amplified in a single tube with the same primers), ii) Uracil-N-Glycosylase and iii) a standard curve corresponding to a serial dilution from a calibrated suspension of T. gondii ranging from 40 to 4.106 parasites in one ml of amniotic fluid (1 to 105 T. gondii/PCR). In artificial samples, one parasite could be detected if at least three reactions were performed.
Published: 2007

32. Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains from different hosts in Iran

Author: Naser Ziaali, Asghar Fazaeli, D. Ajzenberg, M. Khoramizadeh, Marie-Laure Dardé, H. Keshavarz-Valian, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), and Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, 030231 tropical medicine, Sheep Diseases, MESH: Sheep, Iran, MESH: Poultry Diseases, Cat Diseases, 030308 mycology & parasitology, Apicomplexa, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Genotype, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, parasitic diseases, MESH: Ducks, Parasite hosting, Animals, MESH: Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Genotyping, Poultry Diseases, 0303 health sciences, Sheep, General Veterinary, biology, MESH: Cat Diseases, MESH: Sheep Diseases, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Chickens, Toxoplasma gondii, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Virology, 3. Good health, Latex fixation test, Infectious Diseases, Ducks, Insect Science, Cats, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Iran, Microsatellite, Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Cats, Chickens, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most prevalent protozoan parasites in Iran. This study was aimed to isolate T. gondii from a variety of hosts and to genetically analyze the parasite isolates. The prevalence of T. gondii in different animal hosts was assessed in two provinces of Iran, Tehran and Mazandaran in the central and northern parts, respectively. The latex agglutination (LA) test was carried out, and antibodies were found in 24 out of 105 sheep, 5 out of 35 goats, 23 out of 45 free-ranging chickens (Gallus domesticus), 2 out of 13 ducks (Anas spp.), and two of four stray cats (Felis domesticus). T. gondii was isolated by bioassay in mice from four sheep, six chickens, one duck, two cats, and three human samples. Genotyping of these 16 isolates was performed using Multiplex PCR for five microsatellite markers and GRA6 gene sequence analysis. The results indicated that the studied isolates consisted of only two genotypes, II and III, with no evidence of type 1 or mixed genotypes.
Published: 2007
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33. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits in vitro and in vivo intracellular growth of apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii

Author: Ermanno Candolfi, Ahmed Abou-Bacar, R.P.V.J. Rajapakse, R. H. S. Rajapakse, Kumari L. Andarawewa, Béatrice Uring-Lambert, Luc Marcellin, Institut de génétique et biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I
Subjects: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Clinical Biochemistry, MESH: Mice, Inbred BALB C, chemistry.chemical_element, Calcium, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Calcitriol, In vivo, Parasite hosting, Animals, MESH: Animals, Molecular Biology, MESH: Mice, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Mice, Inbred BALB C, biology, Cell growth, MESH: Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, In vitro, 3. Good health, Cell biology, chemistry, MESH: Calcitriol, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Molecular Medicine, Female, Toxoplasma, MESH: Female, Intracellular, Homeostasis, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: The hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dyhydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is implicated in a wide range of functions other than its classical role in calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. When Toxoplasma gondii -infected BALB/c mice were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3, they succumb to death sooner than their counterparts. But they showed less parasite burden in tissues which was further supported by mild pathological lesions. As an effort to understand the physiological mechanism for the above observation an in vitro study was performed. Fewer parasites were observed when 1,25(OH)2D3 pre-treated murine intestinal epithelial cells were challenged with parasites. Moreover, the observed inhibition was dose-dependent and had a maximum effect with 10 −7 M of 1,25(OH)2D3. However, no observable difference was observed, when pre-incubated parasites were added to cells suggesting that the observed inhibition was a result of an effect from 1,25(OH)2D3 on Toxoplasma intracellular growth. Our data support the notion that 1,25(OH)2D3 may inhibit intra cellular T. gondii parasite proliferation in vivo and in vitro.
Published: 2007
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34. Toxoplasma gondii triggers secretion of interleukin-12 but low level of interleukin-10 from the THP-1 human monocytic cell line

Author: François Durand, Hervé Pelloux, Corinne Mercier, Delphine Aldebert, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: MESH: Interleukin-12, MESH: Interleukin-10, Immunology, Biology, MESH: Monocytes, Biochemistry, Monocytes, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Humans, THP1 cell line, Secretion, MESH: Animals, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, Toxoplasma gondii, Hematology, biology.organism_classification, Interleukin-12, In vitro, 3. Good health, Interleukin-10, MESH: Cell Line, Interleukin 10, Cell culture, Interleukin 12, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasmosis, 030215 immunology
Abstract: Previous studies using both in vitro and in vivo mouse models have demonstrated that a subtle balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, among which interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), respectively is crucial to control Toxoplasma infection. However, the few studies performed with human cell lines highlighted important host-related differences in the immune response to Toxoplasma gondii. The goal of our work was thus to study the production of both IL-12 and IL-10 by the THP-1 human monocytic cell line in response to Toxoplasma. We demonstrated that infection by live parasites (RH strain) triggers secretion of IL-12, but low level of IL-10. IL-12 secretion appeared within 8 h, up to 48 h. We also showed that infection by live parasites is not mandatory since heat-killed parasites, crude tachyzoite lysate as well as excreted/secreted antigens induced significant, yet reduced production of IL-12.
Published: 2007
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35. New Vidas assay for Toxoplasma-specific IgG avidity: evaluation on 603 sera

Author: Anne Sophie Suchel-Jambon, Philippe Thulliez, Hervé Pelloux, Stéphane Romand, Agnès Foussadier, Coralie Saddoux, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), 030231 tropical medicine, Antibody Affinity, Antiprotozoal Agents, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, Antigen, MESH: Antibody Affinity, Pregnancy, medicine, Animals, Humans, Avidity, MESH: Animals, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH: Antiprotozoal Agents, Protozoal disease, Immunosuppression Therapy, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Immunosuppression, General Medicine, Specific igg, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, On cells, Infectious Diseases, Immunoglobulin G, Immunology, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Toxoplasma, MESH: Female
Abstract: After the development of the new version of the test Vidas Toxo IgG with antigens obtained from tachyzoites cultured on cells, a Vidas avidity test has been recently developed. The aim of this study was to assess the value of the determination of avidity on the new Vidas test. This avidity test was performed on 553 sera obtained from pregnant women whose dates of infection had been determined and on 50 sera obtained from immunosuppressed patients. In the group of infection occurring less than 4 months before sampling, the avidity index was 0.3 for 44/46 sera of pregnant women and for 47/47 sera of immunosuppressed patients. Thus, the new version of avidity test was helpful primarily to rule out that an infection had occurred within the prior 4 months.
Published: 2006
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36. [The rat Toxo1 locus controls the outcome of the toxoplasmic infection according to a mendelian mode]

Author: Cavaillès, Pierre, Bisanz, Cordelia, Papapietro, Olivier, Colacios, Céline, Sergent, Véronique, Pipy, Bernard, Saoudi, Abdelhadi, Cesbron-Delauw, Marie-France, Fournié, Gilbert J, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de la Signalisation et de la Différenciation des Macrophages, and Institution Louis Bugnard
Subjects: MESH: Rats, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Animals, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH: Models, Genetic
Published: 2006

37. Severe pneumonia during primary infection with an atypical strain of Toxoplasma gondii in an immunocompetent young man

Author: Sylvie Chaillou-Opitz, Pierre Marty, Francine de Salvador-Guillouet, Brigitte Dunais, Daniel Ajzenberg, Pierre Dellamonica, Marie-Christine Saint-Paul, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), and Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Adult, Male, MESH: Pneumonia, 030231 tropical medicine, Antiprotozoal Agents, Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Genotype, parasitic diseases, Lavage fluid, Medicine, Parasite hosting, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, MESH: Antiprotozoal Agents, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, biology, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Strain (biology), MESH: Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Adult, Pneumonia, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, MESH: Male, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Toxoplasma, Genetic composition, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: International audience; We report a case of severe acute primary pulmonary toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent young man living in Nice (Southern France). The Toxoplasma DNA extracted from the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid allowed a genetic characterization of the responsible strain which displayed an atypical genotype of Toxoplasma gondii. This unusual genetic composition of the parasite may have influenced, among other factors, the severity of the disease.
Published: 2006
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38. Serotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in chronically infected pregnant women: predominance of type II in Europe and types I and III in Colombia (South America)

Author: Valeria Meroni, Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín, Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw, Jean R. Lobry, François Peyron, Stéphane Picot, Josette Ferrandiz, Corinne Mercier, Béatrice Rausher, Eskild Petersen, and Karine Musset
Subjects: Serotype, Protozoan Proteins, MESH: Amino Acid Sequence, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, MESH: Genotype, MESH: Pregnancy, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Genotype, MESH: Animals, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Molecular Sequence Data, Virulence, Antigens, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, MESH: Polymorphism, Genetic, medicine, Animals, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Typing, Amino Acid Sequence, Serotyping, Genotyping, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, Polymorphism, Genetic, MESH: Serotyping, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, MESH: Female, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract: Isolates of Toxoplasma gondii, which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations are grouped into three clonal lineages of different virulence in mice. However, it is not clear whether this genotypic pattern is associated with the clinical profile of the disease in humans nor is the geographical distribution of the genotypes known. This is mainly due to difficulties in obtaining parasitic DNA from patients. The available data are therefore limited and originate from acute or congenital infections or from animals. A non-invasive assay is needed to address issues of strain type, geographical distribution and severity of clinical toxoplasmosis. To serotype T. gondii strains, we have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses polymorphic polypeptides specific to the three clonal lineages and derived from two dense granule antigens, GRA5 and GRA6. Two hundred and fifty-two sera from chronically infected pregnant women from three different European countries and Colombia were investigated. The analysis of genotype-specific antibody response showed a homogeneous type II distribution in the European samples compared with types I and III but no type II in the Colombian population. Our data concord with those obtained from the genotyping of other isolates from Europe and South America. We demonstrated that, despite some limitation due to antigen and/or antibody specificity, serotyping is a promising assay to investigate the relationship between type of strain and severity of the disease.
Published: 2005
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39. T cell mediated immune responses to Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women with primary toxoplasmosis

Author: Paola Taverna, Vito Pistoia, Ignazia Prigione, R. Ceccarelli, R. Frulio, Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw, Paola Bocca, Fabio Morandi, Sabrina Chiesa, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: Cellular immunity, T-Lymphocytes, Protozoan Proteins, Lymphocyte Activation, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, MESH: Recombinant Proteins, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Cytotoxic T cell, MESH: Animals, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, Cells, Cultured, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Cytokines, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, Recombinant Proteins, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Cytokines, Female, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Cells, Cultured, MESH: Immunophenotyping, T cell, Immunology, CD4-CD8 Ratio, Antigens, Protozoan, Microbiology, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Immunophenotyping, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Antigen, medicine, Animals, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH: Lymphocyte Activation, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, MESH: T-Lymphocytes, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, MESH: CD4-CD8 Ratio, MESH: Female, CD8, 030215 immunology, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate T cell immunity to Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) in pregnant women with primary toxoplasmosis. This issue has never been addressed before in humans and available information derives from murine models. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from pregnant women with primary Tg infection were stimulated with Tg tachyzoites, excretory-secretory antigens (ESA) or recombinant surface antigen-1 (rSAG-1), and tested for proliferation, immunophenotype, cytokine production and antigen specific cytotoxic activity. Pregnant women with primary toxoplasmosis displayed a significant decrease of the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and a significant increase of circulating T cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta+ cells as compared to their uninfected counterparts. T cells from Tg infected pregnant women proliferated to Tg tachyzoites, ESA or rSAG-1. Most tachyzoite and ESA specific T cell blasts were CD4+, whereas SAG-1 specific blasts were CD4+ and CD8+. ESA and tachyzoite specific T cell blasts displayed a Th1 or Th0 cytokine profile with overexpression of IFN-gamma. This pattern was unchanged upon in vitro exposure of T cells to progesterone, tested at a concentration close to that reached in vivo at the maternal-fetal interface. Finally, tachyzoite or ESA specific T cell blasts lysed, through a granule exocytosis dependent mechanism, autologous lymphoblastoid cell lines presenting Tg antigens. In conclusion, pregnant women with primary toxoplasmosis mounted in vitro Tg-specific Th1/Th0 responses whose impact on neonatal infection warrants further investigation.
Published: 2005
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40. Avoidance of Toxoplasma gondii transmission from a recently infected donor to the recipient of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Author: Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, M J Richard, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, C Makowski, Hervé Pelloux, Frédéric Garban, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire (MGM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA P-G)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Parasitologie évolutive (PE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Adult, Homologous, MESH: Tissue Donors, medicine.medical_treatment, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, MESH: Spiramycin, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Spiramycin, parasitic diseases, medicine, MESH: Transplantation, Homologous, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 0303 health sciences, Transplantation, MESH: Humans, biology, 030306 microbiology, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Adult, Hematology, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Tissue Donors, 3. Good health, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Female, business, MESH: Female, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: Avoidance of Toxoplasma gondii transmission from a recently infected donor to the recipient of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Published: 2005
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41. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA and specific antibodies in high-risk pregnant women

Author: Hervé Pelloux, Layla Elkhatib, Laila F. Nimri, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Grenoble, and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Abnormal Pregnancy, Antibodies, Protozoan, Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Serology, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, MESH: Risk Factors, Antibody Specificity, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, MESH: Animals, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Gestation, Female, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Adult, Transplacental transmission, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: DNA, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, medicine, MESH: Antibodies, Protozoan, Animals, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH: Antibody Specificity, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, Toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Adult, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA, Protozoan, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Immunology, Parasitology, Nested polymerase chain reaction, MESH: Female
Abstract: Primary maternal infection with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is frequently associated with transplacental transmission to the fetus. This study was conducted to test the utility of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect recent infections with Toxoplasma in pregnant women. One hundred forty-eight women with high-risk pregnancies who had abnormal pregnancy outcomes (cases) and 100 with normal pregnancies (controls) were tested for the presence of Toxoplasma DNA in their blood by a nested PCR and specific antibodies to Toxoplasma by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The IgG results of the cases differed significantly from those of the controls (54% and 12%, respectively; P < 0.02). Four (2.7%) of the cases were IgM positive, but none of the controls were positive. Detection of Toxoplasma DNA in 20 (8.1%) of the IgG-positive cases suggests a recent infection. The risk factors associated with the infection were eating raw meat and contact with soil. The diagnostic serology of recent infection in early pregnancy could be confirmed by a positive Toxoplasma-specific PCR result in blood samples collected in the first half of pregnancy, even in the presence of serologic results difficult to interpret due to the lack of sequential follow-up during pregnancy.
Published: 2005

42. Limited value of assays using detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to the two recombinant dense granule antigens, GRA1 and GRA6 Nt of Toxoplasma gondii, for distinguishing between acute and chronic infections in pregnant women

Author: Martine Wallon, François Peyron, Stéphane Picot, Josette Ferrandiz, Corinne Mercier, Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw, Service de Parasitologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: Clinical Biochemistry, Protozoan Proteins, Immunoglobulin G, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, law.invention, Serology, MESH: Pregnancy, law, Pregnancy, Immunology and Allergy, MESH: Animals, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, MESH: Case-Control Studies, MESH: Predictive Value of Tests, 3. Good health, Acute Disease, Recombinant DNA, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Acute Disease, Female, Antibody, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), Immunology, Antigens, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, Predictive Value of Tests, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Seroconversion, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Chronic Disease, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Case-Control Studies, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Chronic Disease, biology.protein, Microbial Immunology, MESH: Female, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using two recombinant antigens of Toxoplasma gondii (GRA1 and GRA6 Nt) was developed in order to differentiate between pregnant women with a serological profile of recently acquired infection and those with chronic infection. Both proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S -transferase fusion proteins. Thirty-two serum samples from subjects who presented seroconversion within 3 months before sampling (group 1; acute profile), 46 serum samples from women who had a positive serology at least 1 year before sampling (group 2; chronic profile), and 100 serum samples from pregnant women who were not infected by T. gondii (group 3) were examined for immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity. For both antigens, the specificity reached 98%. In both groups of infected patients, the overall sensitivity scored was 60% for GRA1 and 83% for GRA6 Nt. In group 1, 34% of sera reacted with GRA1 whereas 84% of sera reacted with GRA6 Nt; in group 2, however, sensitivities were 78.2 and 82.6%, respectively. Combination of the readings obtained with both antigens yielded a sensitivity of 91%. A serological follow-up of 10 women who seroconverted during pregnancy displayed three different serological patterns: (i) a GRA profile paralleling the IgG curve, as detected by the commercial kit, (ii) a GRA1 profile, or (iii) GRA1 and GRA6 Nt profiles remaining negative for at least 8 weeks after the reference test gave positive results. Taken together, these results suggest that neither GRA1 nor GRA6 Nt is sensitive enough to be used routinely to differentiate between acute and chronic toxoplasmic infections.
Published: 2004
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43. Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C but not gamma interferon regulate gene expression and secretion of CC Chemokine Ligand-2 (CCL-2) by human astrocytes during infection by Toxoplasma gondii

Author: François Berger, Patrice N. Marche, Hervé Pelloux, François Durand, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Renée Grillot, Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Interactions Cellulaires Parasites-Hôte, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Grenoble, Reproduction et développement des plantes (RDP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Contrôle moléculaire de la réponse immune specifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut d'oncologie/développement Albert Bonniot de Grenoble (INSERM U823), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-CHU Grenoble-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)
Subjects: Chemokine, Messenger, 0302 clinical medicine, Interferon gamma, MESH: Animals, Enzyme Inhibitors, Chemokine CCL2, 0303 health sciences, Tumor, MESH: Bridged Compounds, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, Norbornanes, MESH: Gene Expression Regulation, 3. Good health, medicine.anatomical_structure, MESH: Enzyme Inhibitors, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Thiones, MESH: Type C Phospholipases, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, medicine.drug, Bridged-Ring Compounds, MESH: Cell Line, Tumor, MESH: Interferon Type II, Immunology, Cell Line, Interferon-gamma, 03 medical and health sciences, Thiocarbamates, Cell Line, Tumor, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Secretion, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, RNA, Messenger, MESH: Chemokine CCL2, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: RNA, Messenger, Interferon Type II, MESH: Humans, Phospholipase C, Monocyte, Toxoplasma gondii, Thiones, Chemotaxis, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, MESH: Astrocytes, Gene Expression Regulation, Cell culture, Astrocytes, Type C Phospholipases, biology.protein, RNA, Parasitology, Bridged Compounds, 030215 immunology
Abstract: We have used human astrocytoma-derived cells to investigate the cellular responses of central nervous system cells to Toxoplasma gondii infection. At 24 h post inoculation, the secretion of CCL-2 (or Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1) was augmented six-fold over the control. This secretion was down-regulated by D609, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-dependent phospholipase C (PC-PLC), but not modulated by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Ribonuclease protection assay analyses showed significant down-regulation of CCL-2 mRNA production during infection by Toxoplasma gondii when cells were treated by D609. The mRNA levels of the seven other chemokines studied were not modified by D609. CCL-2 seems to contribute to the cell recruitment during human cerebral reactivation of Toxoplasma gondii. Cellular production of this CC chemokine during toxoplasmosis may be regulated by a PC-PLC-dependent pathway.
Published: 2004
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44. Pulmonary toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients: usefulness of polymerase chain reaction and cell culture

Author: Lavrard, I., Chouaid, C., Roux, P., Poirot, J. L., Marteau, M., Lemarchand, B., Meyohas, M. C., Olivier, J. L., Epidémiologie des maladies infectieuses et modélisation (ESIM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Laboratoire de métallurgie physique (LMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, Lavrard I, C Chouaid, P Roux, JL Poirot, M Marteau, B Lemarchand, Meyohas MC, Olivier JL, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Lung Diseases, Parasitic, Azure Stains, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Cell Line, parasitic diseases, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, Cells, Cultured, MESH: Lung Diseases, Parasitic, MESH: Humans, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Staining and Labeling, MESH: Azure Stains, MESH: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, MESH: Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, MESH: Toxoplasma, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Cell Line, MESH: Staining and Labeling, Evaluation Studies as Topic, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Evaluation Studies as Topic, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Cells, Cultured
Abstract: International audience; Toxoplasmosis is a serious opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The lung is a major site of infection after the central nervous system. The aim of the study was to assess the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cell culture for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii. One hundred and thirty two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with respiratory manifestations, who underwent fibreoptic bronchoalveolar lavage, were investigated. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii was compared using three techniques: Giemsa staining; polymerase chain reaction with specific primers derived from the P30 gene; and culture on the MRC5 cell line. Toxoplasma gondii was detected in the same four samples by all three techniques. We conclude that PCR adds little to conventional (and cheaper) tools already used to diagnose pulmonary toxoplasmosis.
Published: 1995

45. [Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a patient with HIV infection]

Author: Chouaid, C., Poirot, J. L., Wdowik, A., Housset, B., Lebeau, B., Epidémiologie des maladies infectieuses et modélisation (ESIM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire de Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée (LMPC), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), C Chouaid, JL Poirot, Wdowik A, B Housset, B Lebeau ., Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, and Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Adult, Male, MESH: Lung Diseases, Parasitic, MESH: Humans, Lung Diseases, Parasitic, HIV Infections, MESH: Adult, MESH: Opportunistic Infections, MESH: HIV Infections, Opportunistic Infections, MESH: Male, respiratory tract diseases, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, parasitic diseases, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Humans, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: International audience; The authors describe a case of toxoplasmosis occurring in a subject who is HIV positive who presented with a cough and an infectious syndrome. Toxoplasma gondii was identified in the broncho-alveolar lavage even though the X-ray, the fibroscopy, blood gases and the broncho-alveolar lavage were normal. The frequency of pulmonary disease in the course of a toxoplasma infection in HIV subjects was underlined. Amongst the non invasive diagnostic methods the authors stress the value of broncho-alveolar lavage with a close search for toxoplasma even in the absence of any suggestive paraclinical anomalies.
Published: 1991

46. Detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgM in pregnant women

Author: Herve Pelloux, Bessieres, M. H., Chemla, C., Cimon, B., Gay-Andrieu, F., Marty, P., Rabodonirina, M., Thulliez, P., Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: Protozoan Infections, MESH: Humans, Reproducibility of Results, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, Pregnancy Complications, MESH: Reproducibility of Results, MESH: Pregnancy, Immunoglobulin M, Pregnancy, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, MESH: Protozoan Infections, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Humans, Female, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, MESH: Female, Toxoplasmosis

47. Severe Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Hosts: Be Aware of Atypical Strains

Author: Nicolas Just, Daniel Ajzenberg, Nathalie Bautin, Vincent Sobanski, Laurence Delhaes, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Pyrimethamine, 030231 tropical medicine, Treatment outcome, MEDLINE, MESH: Sweating, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Weight Loss, 0302 clinical medicine, Weight loss, MESH: Severity of Illness Index, Severity of illness, MESH: Fever, medicine, MESH: Immunocompromised Host, MESH: Antiprotozoal Agents, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Treatment Outcome, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, MESH: Middle Aged, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, MESH: Toxoplasma, medicine.disease, Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Male, MESH: Dyspnea, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: International audience
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