Search

In this article, the author discusses Portuguese colonial history and the debates and controversies in Portugal about the "Orthographic Agreement." He discusses the views of his father and mother on several issues including the role of Portuguese in globalization, uniqueness of Portuguese civilization and historical future of the Lusophone world. He further discusses the prose "The Fifth Umpire" by Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa.

Can an official, centralised body produce architecture with a "regional" approach? The architecture of the Gabinete de Urbanização Colonial (Colonial Planning Office) in the former Portuguese colonies in Africa has been interpreted as a reflection of, and as propaganda for, the Estado Novo regime. In the early sixties, the office's output began to engage with more localised ideas regarding architectural forms. An awareness of "African regionalisms", albeit a tentative one, began to show itself in the reflections of the designers; this was also a result of the training they had received abroad.During this period, one can identify two approaches. The first regards the enormity of the rehousing task (i.e., the provision of housing for all social strata) and the specificities demanded by indigenous communities for an architecture that reflected their traditional lifestyles and methods. Second, in the housing for European settlers, references to traditional Portuguese architecture were incorporated as a way of helping people from the metropole not feel uprooted in the colonies. Thus, in predominantly African communities, internationally progressive design methods respecting local identities were introduced, while in European quarters, nostalgic and artificially re-created metropolitan regionalisms took root in an unfamiliar environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Portuguese colonial rule, the approach to Mozambican Islam evolved from a stubborn Islamophobia, sometimes with interspersed gestures of understanding, to a program aimed at seducing the Islamic leadership, developed between 1968 and 1974. With such an evolution in mind, this article tries to describe the changes in the policies that framed the Islamic education in Mozambique. Whereas the Islamophobic period thought the Islamic education was de-nationalizing the colonized population, the latter period deemed it a hindrance to the idea of a "Portuguese Islam", an obstacle that some agents planned to overcome by subordinating the Koranic schools to the official education system. The article also analyses the tensions these policies aroused, particularly the hostile reactions of conservative Catholicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The educational and catechetical activities of the Jesuits in Brazil in the 16th century were characterized among other aspects by a mercantile mentality proper to the period which pushed forward the expansion of the Portuguese Empire in Asia, Africa and America. The mentality may be measured by the counting of the administration of the sacraments to the indigenous people found, extensively and in details, in the Jesuit Letters of the period. The 16th century Jesuits were imbued with a scholastic type of formation, as may be perceived in the educational document Ratio Studiorum, and with practices derived from a mercantile rationality common in the period. The understanding of these basic apparently contradictory themes on the activities of the Jesuits in colonial Brazil is possible if an a posteriori judgment and a conceptual labeling on the Society of Jesus' activities within the context of the 16th century are avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing its information from different documents in Portuguese and French archives, this article examines the evolution of Portuguese colonial policies towards Islam, focusing on the special case of Mozambique. Such policies evolved from an attitude of neglect and open repression, prevalent in the early years of the colonial war that broke out in 1965, when Muslims were perceived as the main supporters of the anti-colonial guerrilla in northern Mozambique, to an approach that tried to isolate ‘African Muslims’ from foreign influences in order to align them with the Portuguese. The article analyses the latter strategy, assessing its successes and failures, and the contributions made by several of those who were involved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The growing recognition of the role of law in financial and economic development has generated significant disagreement about what determines the structure and content of legal institutions in the first place. Legal traditions and local politics have emerged in the literature as the most likely sources of legal development, but the relationship between these two forces remains largely unexplored. This Article investigates the determinants of legal evolution by examining the development of corporate laws in Brazil since the early nineteenth century. Contrary to standard views, foreign commercial law models were neither forcefully imposed by Portuguese colonizers nor followed automatically due to language or cultural affinity with the French legal tradition. Brazilian lawmakers deliberately picked and chose among the laws of different civil and common law jurisdictions, and substantially altered their essence in order to best fit the interests of incumbent elites. Politics mattered from the outset, while legal family considerations were not a significant constraint to early transplant decisions. This Article also suggests that selective legal transplants and local adaptations were one of the channels through which elites periodically recreated inefficient institutions over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores political mobilization, legitimacy, and identity in the Angolan Central Highlands from the anti-colonial struggle of the 1960s until the end of the civil war in 2002. It examines how the rival movements, MPLA and UNITA, competed for support, and considers the nature of the relationships between political-military elites and the Angolan people. Whereas much scholarship on civil war has focused on the emergence of rebellions against the state, I argue that such an approach to the Angolan war is inappropriate since both protagonists were founded as anti-colonial movements and both organizations developed characteristics of states to different degrees. Central to each party's narrative was an ideology of the state as a complex of ideas and practices that linked together responsibilities towards the population, prerogatives of violence, and the identity of the nation. People expressed support for either or both movements in terms of common interest and identity, which in turn were shaped by the political education of the movement in control at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A reprint of the essay "The Lessons of Angola: An Eyewitness Report," by James Garrett, which appeared in the June 1976 issue of "Black Scholar," is presented. The article discusses the Angolan Revolution from 1961 to 1975, focusing on Angolan people's resistance to Portuguese colonialism. Topics discussed include the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) liberation movement, a military coup in Portugal in 1974, and African-American reactions to the revolution.

The article discusses the phenomenon of imposture in colonial Brazil during the years of the Portuguese Inquisition, with focus given to the clerical impostor Januário de San Pedro. The author uses the case of Januário, who posed as an officer of the Inquisition, in order to examine the ways in which the Holy Office of the Inquisition both prohibited and allowed for imposture in a specifically colonial context. The social structure of the Brazilian sertão, or backlands, is analyzed due to its ability to foster imposture, as are the colonial social norms that Januário sought to subvert.

The article examines how folklore is utilized by Angolan author Pepetela in his novel "Yaka" as a means to undermine the dominant Portuguese colonial discourse concerning the history of Angola. The author begins by explaining how folklore in general can operate as a form of historiography. He then goes on to detail Portuguese discourse on African colonialism. Folkloric aspects of "Yaka" discussed in the article include rumors and the Yaka statue and its symbolism.

The April 1974 coup in Lisbon and the ensuing rapid decolonisation of Portugal's colonies marked the birth of the Southern African theatre of the Cold War. It also heralded the steady decline of Pretoria's apartheid regime. This paper seeks to illuminate why South Africa was so profoundly affected by the collapse of Lisbon's authority and the upheaval of the regional status quo that occurred as a result. It argues that in contrast to its creative and formative foreign policy endeavours in Africa, by 1974 South Africa's national security hinged fundamentally on a profound reliance on Lisbon to combat radical black nationalism and on Washington to provide diplomatic cover for their joint efforts. The primary impact of the coup, therefore, was to undermine South Africa's entire security and thereby produce the sense of acute isolation that drove its shift towards the more radical security policies of the late 1970s and 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the continental trade routes that existed between Brazil, particularly in the gold and diamond mining region of the Minas Gerais, and Africa during the 18th century. The author discusses the sertão, the Brazilian region in the inner portion of the country where Portuguese colonizers first settled and from which the trade routes originated. She also provides an analysis of the principal commodities traded during this time, which included slaves, gold, diamonds, and tobacco.

This article discusses the role of colonial field agents in the development of maps and guides of the Portuguese Amazon, particularly during the latter half of the 18th century. The author considers the native toponyms of important geographical locations and features that were included on these maps. She also analyzes the relationships these field agents had with native populations, in which they collaborated to produce maps and guides of these remote areas. Cultural and linguistic barriers in the communication between these two groups are also explored.

In the early 1970s, Portugal still held on to the oldest European colonial empire, resisting the winds of decolonization in Africa. In this period, the Portuguese were fighting counterinsurgency campaigns in three of its overseas territories: Angola, since 1961; Guinea, since 1963; and Mozambique, since 1964. This article focuses on the counterinsurgency campaign in Mozambique because it was there, in 1972, that the most serious known atrocity took place, at least in terms of its international impact, from these unconventional wars. The appointment of a new commander-in-chief, Kaúlza de Arriaga (1970–73), to Mozambique intensified the war. Larger airborne search and destroy operations were carried out in an attempt to win the campaign quickly and decisively. It was in this context that the killing of civilians took place somewhere around the town of Tete in December 1972, which was eventually followed by an international outcry in response to its public denunciation by Catholic missionaries. The exact location, even the existence of Wiriyamu, as well as the extent of the atrocities, remain contentious. This article will use multiple sources to clarify as far as possible: what happened, why it happened, and its implications for the dynamics of counterinsurgency and intra-state wars generically. Furthermore, it will address specifically what it meant for the Portuguese way in counterinsurgency, until the rapid end of multiple campaigns as a result of a military coup in April 1974, in which Mozambique and the stain of Wiriyamu loomed large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the social conditions of São Tomé e Principe during the country's late colonial period under Portuguese rule and in the early years of decolonization. Particular focus is given to the social aspects of São Tomé e Principe's plantations with a particular focus on the abuse of the laborers. An overview of the self-administration of the country's plantations by the Comissões Administrativas Provisórias (Provisional Committees of Administration), which became the Comités de Acção Política (Committees of Political Action: both CAP), is also presented.

The article presents a case study examining the failure of the government of Guinea-Bissau to maintain economic development, political stability and democratic governance in the country. Topics including the legacy of Guinea-Bissau as a colony of Portugal, the ideological legacy of state-socialism and the legacy of the country's political leaders are discussed.

The forced exile of Mozambican and Angolan labourers to cocoa plantations on the islands of Sao Tome in the early 1900s sparked an international scandal and has subsequently generated considerable historical interest. Its later incarnation during the late 1940s and early 1950s, however, has attracted little scholarly attention. Focusing on central Mozambique, this article explores the forced labour exile of 'undesirables' and convicts as a product of colonial social and economic relations beyond the paradigm of resistance and repression. In particular, it considers the use of exile as a means of enforcing and reinforcing administrative power and prestige, rather than as a defence against perceived threats to the political and social prerogatives of the colonial state. It also cites the importance of labour demands in Sao Tome, rather than the exigencies of colonial control within Mozambique, in spurring the expansion in the number of coerced labourers. Finally, it discusses the widespread exile of economic migrants - both international and internal - into forced labour on Sao Tome, arguing that this demonstrates the Portuguese colonial regime's deep concern with its inability to control migrant labour flows, as well as the vulnerability of those migrants who contravened the colonial pass laws that sought to restrict their mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the history of Dutch, Portuguese, and Sephardic financial and commercial networks within the Atlantic slave trade between 1580 and 1674. It explores how diplomatic relations between Dutch and Portuguese merchants were strained due to the Portuguese empire's monopolistic relationship with slaver traders in Western Africa and analyzes ways in which the Portuguese Restoration of 1640 also influenced the trade. Other topics include the role of commercial and insurance agents in the slave trade, the work of the contratadores and avençadores, and conflicts over imperial borders.

The least studied aspect of Ibero-American Independence is the impact on Spain and Portugal. Many complex issues were involved, including the nature of the economic impact, the degree of political readjustment, and the international position of the former metropoles. The 1820s exposed the contradictions in Iberian responses to the loss of continental American territories. Spanish merchants turned towards the domestic and Caribbean markets, and Portuguese policy shifted away from Brazil to the southern-African territories. Although the monarchy survived in both Spain and Portugal, each experienced dynastic convulsions of differing dimensions. The survival of empire beyond continental America complicated the development of European identities and of specifically Spanish and Portuguese national sentiment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article aims to offer another reading of the Portuguese civilising process in Africa on the basis of an analysis of a set of alternative sources and to explore the role of other educational configurations, beyond those of the public school and the religious missionary school, such as the civilising missions. With the creation of the Lay Civilising Missions in 1913, a new and totally lay conception of missionary work in the colonies was instituted. In the context of European colonialism, this configuration is distinguished as one of the most peculiar moments of republican affirmation in the governing of African territories dominated by the Portuguese. Through the analysis of the letters exchanged between the civilising agents, between Portugal and the African colonies, the author will try to analyse the arguments, strategies and tactics of government in terms of wills, inventions, programmes, acts and counter-acts, thus discussing the discontinuities between the programmes of governing at a distance and local practices. Methodologically speaking, looking at alternative source materials opens up a series of theoretical-conceptual possibilities, unveiling the tensions and contradictions embedded in the colonial encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses two 17th century Portuguese manuscript maps from the archive collection of Sir Joseph Williamson, British politician during the Restoration, held at the library of Queen's College, Oxford University. The maps are entitled "Descripção dos Portos Maritimos do Reyno de Portugal [Description of the Maritime Ports of the Kingdom of Portugal]," dated 1648, and the undated "Plantas das Cidades, e Fortalezas da Conquista da India Oriental [Plans of the Cities and Fortresses of the Conquest of Oriental India]." The author provides a provenance of the maps and argues that the maps were used as part of Great Britain's intelligence gathering efforts during the period.

This essay analyses the circulation of political models and administrative practices drawn from the Enlightenment statecraft of metropolitan Portugal and their inscription in specific colonial contexts of Angola in the mid-eighteenth century. The purpose here is to show how these models had to be ‘unpacked’ when confronted with foreign contexts, reconfigured and even reinvented for local circumstances. During the 1750s, the Lisbon government conceived a new imperial project to territorialize the colony through the intellectual and physical appropriation of this Central African space. In order to do so, three levels of this administrative knowledge are distinguished: the quantification and systematization of information, cartography, and the archive. For each, this essay demonstrates how they were made available to, appropriated by or transformed by both the colonial and the African societies in the colonial context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact globalization and international relations has had on social and political conditions in Africa since the 1960s and 1970s. The author discusses his fieldwork in West Africa, noting the effects neoliberalism and global disasters such as famine and oil shortages have on the population of Nigeria. Examining the trend of historical revisionism in the country, the author cites Marxist and Muslim influences on Nigeria's economic conditions. The lack of development and low standard of living in Nigeria despite a large annual revenue from oil export is also addressed.

The article discusses Portugal's colonial relations with Brazil, focusing particularly on those between the Portuguese Overseas Council and the Brazilian-based councillors and local officials between 1642 and 1833. Some of the subjects explored include the role of the Catholic Church, especially Jesuit missionaries, in the colonial development of Brazil and its relations with indigenous peoples; issues with overseeing a maritime empire and the centralization of political power; and the influence of Portuguese patron-client relationships on politics in the early modern period.

This study of Timor and the surrounding islands between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries provides evidence that, after the demise of the Portuguese Estado da India, an ‘informal’ or ‘shadow’ empire persisted but in uniquely localised ways. It describes the emergence of the ‘black Portuguese’ community known in Timor and the Solor archipelago as the Topasses. Their singular identity was based on the melding of indigenous and Portuguese blood and cultural forms. Their ability to access the sources of spiritual authority in both the Catholic and the Timorese domains assured their survival and that of the Portuguese in Timor until well into the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important document in the Dutch Archives casts new light on the Kongo-Portuguese War of 1622, usually seen as a signal defeat for Kongo. This document shows that, after the Portuguese victory over Kongo at the Battle of Mbumbi, there was a second battle in which Kongo forces were victorious, and they in fact began the process of re-occupying lands the Portuguese had absorbed in earlier expansion. In addition, the document reveals the origins of a plan, conceived in Kongo, to form an alliance with the Dutch in order to attack Luanda and drive the Portuguese from Angola, a plan that was realized not in 1624 but in 1641. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the history of expeditions during Portuguese colonial rule in the Amazon river region to collect cacao, sarsaparilla, nuts, and turtle eggs. The author reflects on the hardships endured by the Indian crewmen on the expeditions as opposed to the economic opportunities the expeditions promised. Emphasis is given to an analysis of voluntary participation versus coerced participation among Indians and how the expeditions enabled independent action, the development of social networks, and affected the economic development of native Amazonians.

The article presents a profile of the career of the late 18th century Brazilian naturalist José Vieira Couto, highlighting how he used his position as an official expert for the Portuguese state to develop his own research and his social influence. Accounts are given describing how he was appointed to study the Minas Gerais region, how his geological research led to the better utilization if the region's gold and diamond supply, and how his technical expertise directly influenced the Portuguese economic empire of the period.

This article discusses the political and identity mobilization of history in the process of independence of Brazil, considering that the formation of the State and the emergence of the nation in the Brazil are two dimensions articulated in the context of crisis and overcome the Ancient Regime Portuguese in America. More specifically, we intend to discuss the discursive mobilization of the recent historical experience in the periodic press published in Brazil between 1821 and 1822. The text is guided by the hypothesis, inspired by the theoretical assertions of R. Koselleck, that as a project of independence is crystallized, the "colonial past" tended to lose its regulatory powers to the present, while at the same time that there was an intense appreciation of the "recent past". It seeks to demonstrate how this element, among other factors, legitimized and guided, in terms of discourse and identity, the process of independence of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vimala Devi's Monção is a short-story collection set in Goa and published in 1964. It is thus roughly contemporaneous with other comparable Portuguese-language collection such as Nós Matámos o Cão-Tinhoso and Luuanda and is similarly an attempt accurately to portray the society in question in literary form, for almost the first time in Portuguese. Monção differs radically from Honwana and Vieira's work, however, in that there is little criticism of Portuguese colonialism, perhaps because of the particular status of the Portuguese-speaking intellectual in Goa and perhaps because Portuguese control had ended three years previous to publication. Following Julio Cortázar's assertion that the short story functions in the same way as a photograph, this article interprets Devi's short fictions as snapshots of colonial Goa, in which the hopes of the past and the social problems of the present are crystallized, criticized and their image preserved for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the misunderstandings caused by African transgendered people, including African slaves, in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in Africa from 1550 to 2009. A particular focus is given to the 16th century transgendered African slave and prostitute Antônio/Victória in the Azores. An overview of the relationship between gender and healing rituals in African culture, including the tendency of effeminate men to become healers, is provided. The relationship between the history of colonialism and the attitudes of African leaders, as of 2009, towards homosexuality is discussed. The role that the gestures of transgendered people played in society's perception of their gender is also discussed.

In this article I will address colonial state policies toward smallpox in nineteenth-century Goa. The picture that emerges from the analysis of health services documents suggests a broad variety of coexisting practices. While the actions of some of the Portuguese head physicians epitomized the conflict between state-sponsored vaccination policies and local preferences for smallpox inoculation, others showed sympathy for and developed arguments in favor of inoculation as practiced by indigenous experts. Still others observed the existence among the population of hybrid practices combining elements of vaccination and inoculation. The diversity of Goan combinations along the violence/collaboration continuum should be interpreted within the context of current trends in the analysis of smallpox in British India—which replace the paradigm of vaccination : variolation :: state violence: native resistance with a more nuanced understanding of a variety of combinations throughout the subcontinent in the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the conceptions of Sérgio Buarque de Holanda about the colonization of Brazil. The historian understands the formation of the colonial society as a physical and psychological construction, possible thanks to the 'social type' assumed by the conquering Portuguese in the period of the great discoveries. Sérgio Buarque, contrasting Portugal and Holland, affirms that the latter country had the same motivations as Portugal when colonizing Brazil, without, however, succeeding. He understands that, more than an answer to the new economic demands, the formation of Brazil and of the Brazilians was possible as a result of the mentality that made up the character of the Portuguese. To try and understand the Portuguese settler, understanding that he had the lead role in our first social formation, will be our objective in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent critiques of African player migration to Europe have argued that this process has involved varying degrees of neo-colonial exploitation and impoverishment of African football. This essay critically builds on this discourse by exploring the place of Portugal in broader migratory patterns between African and European football. The essay focuses on the extent to which Portugal has used football talent from its former colonial 'possessions' such as Mozambique as a colonial and neo-colonial resource. Although it recognizes that those players who have 'made it' in Portuguese football have benefited hugely economically and in terms of access to improved training conditions. The essay argues that their migration to Portuguese football is part of a wider process that has under-developed African football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sebastião Coelho (1931-2002) was a radio announcer, independent broadcaster and disc producer, born to colonial settler parents in Nova Lisboa (currently Huambo, Angola) who contributed to the construction of a new sonorous Angolanness. In this paper, Sebastião Coelho's role in this process is discussed. Coelho's new sonorous Angolanness derives from the literary expression of the Angolan anti-colonial movement that emerged in the 1940s. We pro vide an account of how he used sound, radio and the respective corporative structures to oppose the colonial regime at the end of the Portuguese colonial empire hence contributing to build up a new sonorous Angolanness. Methodologically, research included examination of the Portuguese Political Police (PIDE) archives deposited at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, with oral history, provided through in-depth interviews with Sebastião Coelho's relatives, as well as with documents written and published by the radio professional after Angolan's independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores women's experiences of Portuguese colonialism in southern Mozambique through their changing practices of bodymarking since around 1800. Arguing that women have historically used tattoos (tinhlanga) both to reflect on agrarian social change and to assert the importance of female affiliations in a male-dominated world, it charts the increasing incorporation of European ideas and objects into what women continued to call a "traditional" practice, and the heightened significance of tattooing for those women most adversely affected by colonial rule. The persistence of tinhlanga challenged Portuguese colonial and missionary efforts to implant "civilization" through new standards of feminine beauty and bodily adornment. The ensuing' struggle pitted colonizers and African "middles" against girls and women who were fully aware of the significance of their bodies in the colonial contest, and whose memories (and tattoo scars) reveal the gendered meanings of racial difference and the limits of European power in colonial Mozambique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the way mixed-race discourses operate in context of readings of Portuguese colonialism. Position of the Portuguese colonialism in comparison to other European colonial models; Study of Portuguese writer Migel Torga's pronouncements on the issue; Reference to the works of Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre; Analysis of different aspects of the personality of the Portuguese colonialists.

Seeks to relate the emerging, new discipline of geography to the European and specifically the Iberian, Catholic experience of expansion, power and empire in those decades of Spain's alignment with Portugal and their respective colonial enterprises. Case of Giovanni Botero, Italian interpreter of America; European civilizing process on the indigenous peoples of America.

Deals with the life of exiles and the Portuguese colonial rule in West Africa. Several African exiles in the United States; How Portugal projected its counter-insurgency campaign; Support of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for Portugal; Crimes against the villagers in Wiriyamu, Mozambique.

Explores the evolution of the system of thoughts and behaviors of residents from Minas Gerais, a Portuguese colony in Brazil. Historical sources; Articulation of community standards; Contours of popular culture; Discussions on the contours of popular culture.

Examines direct appeals to Portuguese monarchs and how this extrajudicial option was invoked by slaves and free persons of African descent in colonial Brazil. Production and content of appeals; Relations between slave and owner; Pros and cons of the appellate recourse in the context of colonial governance.

The first part of this article reminds us that the new land the navigators found 500 years ago, later called Brazil, did not, in fact, fit into their mythical and commercial expectations. Therefore, it was practically abandoned by Portugal for almost 40 years. This fact is used as a kind of epistemological link to interrelate wish, dream and preconditions of knowledge. There will be no solidary Brazil without a huge collective dream to create it. The second part focuses on the educator's role in the creation of such a dream. He/she must be a catalyzer of semantic fields of hope and solidarity. The third part brings 10 specific items about the kind of education needed for the "dis-covering" and creation of a learning and solidary society in Brazil. A complex theoretical framework presents educational implications, interlinking life sciences, complex adaptive systems, new technologies, globalization and exclusion-trends in order to postulate a pedagogy for both personal initiative and social sensibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival of the Portuguese on the Brazilian coast represented one of the most radical transferences of habitat that history has ever known: people who were first so deeply rooted started living in an unlimited space, in which rooting was nearly impossible and the relationship with "the other" was imperative. The article suggests that such an apparently simple social fact may well have had long-run consequences in Brazilian history. It may even account for some very recent features of our religious field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of mathematics, particularly in Europe during the period prior to the great age of navigation, and the revolutionary influences that this knowledge provided for the expansive initiatives of the Portuguese are presented here, concluding with an analysis of the acquisition of knowledge between dominator and dominated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any imperial power requires a bureaucratic machine to help rule its possessions. Traces of such machinery can be found in archives around the world. Although previously restricted, access to these archives' collections has widened thanks in part to the Digital Revolution. This article examines the digitization of imperial sources through analysis of a research project aimed at building a database of slave and freed Africans from Portuguese Mozambique in the nineteenth century. It looks at the selection of the sources, its digitization, and transcription into a database. The database is freely available to the public through a website, so the article also discusses its creation as well as the development of the supporting textual and visual materials. Collaboration was vital for the project's success, challenging traditional research methods, practices, and forms of evaluation. Such endeavors, however, will only prosper when collaborative research receives greater consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo aborda os recursos morfolinguísticos e estilísticos subjacentes à escrita de Freyre, nomeadamente no que se refere à formulação da noção de "lusotropicalismo" sobretudo no diário de viagem Aventura e rotina (1953) e na antologia Um brasileiro em terras portuguesas (1953). Ao analisar o uso de metáforas, tropos morfolinguísticos e a comparação que sustém a auto-representação de Freyre como um moderno Luís de Camões," visa-se questionar quer os alicerces quer as condições de possibilidade de um número de lugares-comuns nacionais e internacionais inspirados—conscientemente ou não—pelo lusotropicalismo de Freyre. As observações de Freyre sobre as então colónias portuguesas adquirem relevância unicamente na medida em que possam ajudar a construir a sua própria projeção de um "mundo português" e de uma "família" lusotropical liderados pelo Brasil, ao acabar por admitir algo dissimuladamente que a sua viagem (sob o patrocínio do Estado Novo português) adquire um "significado quase político." This article addresses the morpholinguistic and stylistic devices underwriting Freyre's writing as the notion of "lusotropicalism" is advanced, mainly in the travelogue Aventura e rotina (1953) and the accompanying volume Um brasileiro em terras portuguesas (1953). With a view to questioning the foundations as well as to reexamining the conditions of possibility of a number of national and transnational commonplaces, policies and discourses which, knowingly or unknowingly, are inspired or shaped by Freyre's "lusotropicalism," it will break down the use of metaphors, morpholinguistic tropes, and the simile carrying Freyre's self-fashioning as a modern Luís de Camões. Freyre's observations on the then Portuguese colonies are of importance only insofar as they help build up his own projection of a "mundo português" and a lusotropical "family" led by Brazil, as he disingenuously acquiesces that his journey (sponsored by the Portuguese Estado Novo) acquires a "significado quase político." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that Gilberto Freyre's "lusotropicalism" was not limited to his support for Portuguese colonialism, but rather encompassed the establishment of a Luso-Brazilian imperial federation spanning Portuguese colonies in the Atlantic, Africa, and Asia. Freyre's "imperial vision" from 1937 to 1962 is presented in four of its aspects: first, the author's ambivalence toward the virtues and vices of British primacy; second, his regard of Portuguese colonization as the source of Lusitanian exceptionalism in world affairs; third, his view of the vices and decay of Portugal as an imperial power; fourth, his case for Brazilian participation in the maintenance of a Pax Lusitana within a binational imperial commonwealth. Este artigo procura argumentar que o "lusotropicalismo" de Gilberto Freyre não se limitava ao seu apoio ao colonialismo português, mas envolvia a fundação de um esquema imperial federativo luso-brasileiro sobre as colônias lusitanas no Atlântico, na África e na Ásia. A concepção imperial de Freyre de 1937 a 1962 é apresentada em quatro de seus aspectos. O primeiro deles é a ambivalência com que o autor ponderava as virtudes e os vícios da primazia britânica. O segundo é sua visão sobre a colonização portuguesa como fonte de um excepcionalismo lusitano na ordem mundial. O terceiro é sua compreensão sobre os vícios e a decadência de Portugal como potência colonial. Por último, sua proposta para que o Brasil dividisse o fardo da Pax Lusitana em um condomínio imperial binacional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in railway imperialism usually focus on examples of nations from the European core who imposed railway projects upon their colonies or peripheral countries, seeking political or economic advantages. Both colonies and peripheral countries are often described as passive agents that were either bullied or swindled into accepting those projects. This paper revisits the concept with an example of a colonial country on the European periphery. Portugal attempted to impose a railway from its colony of Macao to the Chinese city Guangzhou in order to obtain political and economic leverage in the South of China. The diplomatic endeavors of the Portuguese representatives in China, conducted with a belittling and even racist demeanor towards the Chinese, were met with different forms of resistance from their Chinese counterparts that eventually led to the termination of negotiations and the project. This new look at railway imperialism shows both that it was not a practice exclusive to imperial powerhouses and that it could be countered by the countries on which it was imposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]