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Researchers from the University of Colorado conducted a study on adolescent substance abuse, focusing on the role of empathy in response to social consequences of substance use. The study followed 3382 adolescents in substance use treatment and found that higher cognitive empathy predicted a greater response to social consequences, leading to a decrease in substance use. The research emphasizes the importance of cognitive empathy in motivating less adolescent substance use. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Colorado focused on analyzing ST segment alarms in children admitted to pediatric and cardiac intensive care units. The study found that true ST segment alarms were infrequent, occurring in only 1.2% of hospital stays, and were more common among patients with a cardiac-related diagnosis. The researchers concluded that alarm monitoring may be beneficial for those with underlying cardiac conditions. This research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights into the use of continuous ST segment monitoring in pediatric cardiac care units. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado focused on the clinical impact of using Streptococcus pneumoniae polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in children with complicated pneumonia. The research found that PCR testing of pleural fluid led to more microbiologic diagnoses, optimized antibiotic therapy, and reduced exposure to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) therapy. This study highlights the potential benefits of utilizing PCR testing for pediatric complicated pneumonia cases. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from the University of Colorado in Aurora suggests that targeting the NK3 receptor on KNDy neurons in the hypothalamus could be an effective strategy for alleviating vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. This research explores the potential of neurokinin receptor antagonists as nonhormone treatments for menopausal symptoms, offering new possibilities for managing these symptoms without hormone therapy. The study emphasizes the importance of finding alternative treatments for menopausal symptoms, especially for women who are unable or unwilling to undergo hormone therapy. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from the University of Colorado in Aurora, Colorado, explores the impact of amyloid-beta on NMDA receptor dysfunction and dendritic spine loss through calcineurin signaling pathways. The research highlights the role of AKAP150-anchored calcineurin in synaptic dysfunction and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. By disrupting the AKAP-CaN-LTD signaling pathway, the study sheds light on potential mechanisms underlying synaptic dysfunction in AD. The findings suggest a novel interplay between NMDA and mGluR1 signaling pathways that contribute to synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Colorado conducted a study on the impact of time to initiation of targeted temperature management (TTM) among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The study found that delays in TTM initiation of two hours or more were associated with decreased odds of neurologically favorable survival among patients without ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent PCI. The research, which has been peer-reviewed, provides valuable insights into improving outcomes for patients with ventricular fibrillation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado in Aurora, Colorado, explored the impact of the intestinal microbiome on inflammation in aged mice after burn injuries. The researchers found that aged burn injured mice had an unhealthy balance of bacteria in their feces, which coincided with increased inflammation in the intestines and lungs. However, when aged mice were housed with younger mice, their microbiome shifted to a healthier state and inflammation was reduced. These findings suggest that the intestinal microbiome plays a crucial role in mediating inflammation and could potentially lead to new treatments in the future. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus discusses the findings of a study on acne fulminans (AF), a severe form of inflammatory acne commonly found in adolescents. AF is characterized by painful nodules and plaques that can progress to suppurative, ulcerative, and hemorrhagic lesions. The exact cause of AF is unknown, but it has been linked to certain medications and autoinflammatory syndromes. The most common presentation of AF is seen in adolescents starting isotretinoin therapy. The main treatment for AF is a combination of prednisone and isotretinoin, and early identification and treatment are crucial to minimize symptoms and scarring. Further research is needed to determine optimal management. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado examined the clinical utility of screening measures for identifying cognitive impairment in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) patients. The study found that there was a strong correlation between caregiver ratings on screening measures and performance on traditional neuropsychological measures. However, the study also suggested that the screening surveys alone may not be sensitive enough to identify children with cognitive impairments, but ratings may provide qualitatively meaningful information along with neuropsychological testing. The research highlights the importance of leveraging screening tools to effectively triage referrals for evaluation within an academic medical setting. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Aurora, Colorado, has found that women veterans who use reproductive health care services are at an elevated risk for suicide and have a high prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. The study aimed to describe the prevalence and characteristics of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among women veterans using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) reproductive health care services. The findings suggest that post-military suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are common among women veterans accessing VHA reproductive health care services, and those with low parental satisfaction may be at particularly high risk. The study provides valuable information that can guide future research and inform clinical care to facilitate suicide prevention. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Colorado examined the effects of including a screening question about firearms in electronic medical records (EMR) on the documentation of firearm screening in adolescent primary care settings. The study found that after the addition of the screening prompt, healthcare providers documented screening for firearms in 85% of cases, compared to 25% prior to the change. The prompt also led to an increase in the delivery of counseling on safer storage practices. The researchers concluded that altering the EMR template increased documentation of firearms in the home and improved firearm injury prevention counseling. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado discusses the association between social vulnerability and emergency ventral hernia repair. The study, which used data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, found that patients with higher social vulnerability were more likely to undergo emergency surgery for ventral hernias. These patients also had increased costs associated with the repair and higher rates of nonhome discharge. The findings suggest the need for efforts to reach patients in high social vulnerability environments earlier to achieve earlier elective repair. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado Denver has provided new information about blood transfusion. The study focused on mature red blood cells (RBCs) and their reliance on glycolysis to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during aging or storage. The researchers identified associations between glycolytic metabolites and donor age, sex, and genetic polymorphisms. These associations were validated in both human and mouse samples, and the study suggests that ATP and hypoxanthine levels, along with the genetic traits linked to them, could serve as markers to improve transfusion outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Colorado explores the use of remote endpoints for clinical trials in cystic fibrosis. The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a shift towards virtual visits and remote assessments, providing an opportunity to optimize the use of remote endpoints in clinical research. The study discusses the current use of remote endpoints, addresses unanswered questions about their feasibility, and outlines the next steps to determine clinical trial readiness. The research was supported by various organizations and has been peer-reviewed. For more information, readers can refer to the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado highlights the presence of CD8 T cells expressing granzyme K in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding the role of these cells in autoimmune conditions, as they are enriched at the sites of disease. The research provides evidence for the presence of CD8 T cells and other granzyme K-expressing cells in tissues affected by autoimmune diseases and discusses their potential effects on the development of these conditions. The study was supported by the NIH National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Colorado have conducted a study on the development of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the causal pathways involved. The study focuses on the period of time prior to the onset of joint symptoms, known as the pre-RA period. The researchers reviewed studies that examined systemic peripheral blood and mucosal alterations in individuals at risk for RA, and found that multiple mucosal sites, such as the gut, lung, and oral/peridontial areas, exhibited inflammation and the presence of RA-related autoantibodies. However, there are still unanswered questions about the immune mechanisms involved and how these findings lead to inflammatory arthritis. The researchers suggest that comprehensive natural history studies are needed to understand the role of mucosal sites in the development of arthritis, and that the microbiota involved in local immune inflammation and autoantibody production should be identified and characterized. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Colorado highlights the importance of reproductive psychiatry training in addressing perinatal mental health disorders (PMHDs). The study emphasizes the need for standardized education and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure that perinatal individuals receive the necessary care. PMHDs often go undetected and untreated due to gaps in clinician education and training. By prioritizing reproductive psychiatry education, the adverse effects of PMHDs on maternal and infant health can be mitigated. The research concludes that standardizing education and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration are crucial in providing comprehensive care for perinatal individuals. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado discusses strategies to reduce frequent emergency department (ED) use among individuals experiencing homelessness with mental health conditions. The study conducted a scoping review of articles that evaluated programs aimed at reducing ED visits by patients with mental illness who were also homeless. The review found that housing support and care management were the two main intervention categories, with varying degrees of success in reducing ED visits. The study concludes that further research is needed to determine the best strategies for specific populations and promote health equity among individuals experiencing homelessness with mental health conditions. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado examined the long-term psychological distress experienced by surrogate decision-makers for patients with severe stroke. The study found that between 17% and 28% of surrogates had high scores on measures of psychological distress, with symptoms of post-traumatic stress being worse among nonimmigrant Mexican American surrogates. The authors suggest that efforts should be made to support family members of all ethnic groups after severe stroke. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in the journal Neurology. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado discusses the impact of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on hospitalizations and glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. The study used data from over 74,000 individuals with type 2 diabetes who were treated with different therapies. The findings showed that the use of CGM was associated with significant reductions in all-cause hospitalizations, acute diabetes-related hospitalizations, and emergency room visits. This research provides valuable insights into the real-world benefits of CGM for individuals with type 2 diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Kaiser Permanente Colorado discusses the use of rituximab, a medication used to treat autoimmune neuromuscular diseases, as an alternative to intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) therapy. The study found that patients receiving IVIG therapy may have reactive hepatitis B virus (HBV) serologies due to passive transfer of antibodies, which can complicate the interpretation of test results. The researchers recommend checking HBV serologies before starting IVIG therapy to help determine if passive transfer has occurred. They also emphasize the importance of implementing an HBV reactivation prophylaxis management strategy for patients on B-cell-depleting medications. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Colorado examined the use of the Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB) as an online cognitive assessment tool for individuals with newly diagnosed and treated focal epilepsy. The study found that male participants were more likely to engage in testing, while Black subjects were less likely. Primary English speakers were more likely to participate, while those with a history of learning challenges were less likely. These findings can help inform the interpretation of cognitive performance in similar studies and assist in the design of future research. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Colorado have presented findings on the treatment of hepatoblastomas, a type of liver cancer, in a 3-year-old male patient. The patient had stage IV hepatoblastoma with tumor involvement in the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein, as well as brain and lung metastases. After undergoing liver transplant and wedge resections for lung recurrences, the patient experienced a third recurrence in the superior mesenteric vein. This recurrence was managed with a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with superior mesenteric vein resection and reconstruction. The research has been peer-reviewed and more information can be obtained from the University of Colorado. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Colorado Denver have conducted studies on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and have found that distinct mucosal endotypes may be the initiators and drivers of the disease. These endotypes refer to specific mechanisms and microbial alterations at mucosal sites such as the lung, gut, and oral regions. The presence of these endotypes may influence the design of prevention trials and therapeutic responses in patients with RA. Further research is being conducted to understand the inter-relationships and underlying mechanisms of these endotypes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado highlights the impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) on peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in Black women. The study found that Black women with HDP had a higher prevalence of PPCM and worse clinical outcomes compared to non-Black women. However, Black women with HDP had better recovery and comparable outcomes to non-Black women. The research emphasizes the importance of considering race and HDP in the management and treatment of PPCM. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado investigated the use of a universal 120-kV ultra-high pitch and virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) protocol on the photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) system for pediatric abdominal imaging. The study compared this protocol with size-dependent kV and dual-source flash mode on the energy-integrating CT (EICT) system. The results showed that the PCCT protocol provided equivalent or improved image quality compared to the EICT system, demonstrating its potential for use in pediatric abdominal CT scans. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in Investigative Radiology. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado Denver aimed to provide normative data for the pulmonary valve annulus and sino-tubular junction in pediatric patients using computed tomography (CT) measurements. The researchers analyzed data from 367 healthy patients, ranging in age from 1 to 21 years, and created z-scores to establish reference values. The study concluded that CT-derived normative data for these measurements in healthy children has been established. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of Colorado explores the long-term outcomes of individuals with classic bladder exstrophy (CBE), a congenital abnormality. The research highlights the increasing number of CBE patients living into adulthood due to advancements in medical care and surgical reconstruction. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing adult issues and improving the quality of life for these individuals. The findings suggest that achieving continence, enjoying sexual relationships, and maintaining a good quality of life are possible for CBE patients. The research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights for further collaboration and future research in this field. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Colorado have developed and validated a risk score to predict the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) after typical atrial flutter (tAFL) ablation. The study identified patients who underwent tAFL ablation with no history of AF and divided them into derivation and validation cohorts. The risk score, called the Atri-Risk Conduction Index (ARCI), was created using atrial conduction parameters and clinical risk factors. The ARCI score can stratify patients into low, moderate, and high-risk categories, which may help guide individualized approaches to AF monitoring and anticoagulation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado highlights the increasing symptoms of poor mental health among working people, particularly health workers, in the United States. This has led to a growing market of digital mental health interventions, although few of these products have undergone rigorous evaluation. The researchers argue for employers to take a methodical approach to evaluating and selecting technologies for their organizations, and they provide evidence-informed recommendations for supporting workplace mental health and well-being. The report emphasizes the need for products that help organizations assess and mitigate workplace conditions that may contribute to poorer mental health. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado examined the impact of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) on the survival outcomes for patients with gastric cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). The study included 148 patients who underwent CRS/HIPEC, with most of them having locally advanced disease. The results showed that the overall survival (OS) among patients managed with CRS/HIPEC was significantly longer than for patients receiving only systemic chemotherapy. However, the researchers noted that some of the difference in survival may be due to selection bias. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado has investigated the efficacy and safety of combining lenvatinib and pembrolizumab in patients with progressive, radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. The study found that lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab improved progression-free survival in patients who were either naive to multikinase inhibitors or had progressed on lenvatinib. The combination therapy showed promising results, with a confirmed overall response rate of 65.5% in cohort 1 and 16% in cohort 2. The addition of pembrolizumab may enhance the durability of lenvatinib monotherapy and could be a viable salvage therapy for patients who have progressed on lenvatinib. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences has found that the inhibition of the CHD1L protein, which plays a role in DNA damage response, can be an effective therapeutic strategy for breast cancer. The researchers used triple-negative breast cancer cells to assess the mechanism of action of the CHD1L inhibitor OTI-611. They found that the inhibition of CHD1L's ATPase activity by OTI-611 was cytotoxic to tumor organoids and synergized with other standard-of-care treatments. This approach targets CHD1L-mediated DNA repair and cell survival vulnerabilities, creating synergy with existing therapies. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Colorado conducted a study on robotic-assisted ectopic mediastinal parathyroidectomy, a surgical procedure used to treat primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) when the hyperfunctioning glands are located in the mediastinum. The study reviewed the cases of eight patients who underwent this procedure between 2018 and 2023. The results showed that the robotic-assisted approach had low morbidity and a short hospital stay, and all patients achieved a cure of PHPT. The researchers emphasized the importance of discussing the diagnostic evaluation and operative course to educate thoracic surgeons who may encounter and assist in the management of these patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado discusses a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma called Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL). Most cases of ALCL have a specific genetic rearrangement called ALK gene rearrangement, but this report focuses on cases that do not have this rearrangement (ALK- ALCL) but instead exhibit distinct genetic alterations. The report presents a case of systemic ALK- ALCL with a rare genetic alteration called NPM1::TYK2 rearrangement, which has previously been reported in other types of lymphoma. This is the first reported instance of this rearrangement in systemic ALK- ALCL. The diagnosis of this case was challenging prior to the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays, which detected the clonal rearrangement and aided in the diagnosis. [Extracted from the article]

A new study from the University of Colorado analyzed data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program to examine the association between program participation and postoperative outcomes. The study found that hospitals participating in the program experienced a decrease in risk-adjusted postoperative complications over time, except for mortality and cardiac complications. The research provides a comprehensive analysis of over 7 million patients and suggests that the program may contribute to improved surgical outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado Anschutz investigated the mechanisms by which Group B Streptococcus (GBS) persists in the female genital tract. GBS is a leading cause of neonatal infection, and understanding how it colonizes the genital mucosa could help prevent transmission and disease. The researchers found that a toxin called group B streptococcal LXG Toxin A, which is secreted by GBS, plays a role in inhibiting the growth of other bacteria and contributes to GBS vaginal colonization. These findings provide insights into GBS mucosal persistence and competition. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Colorado highlights the importance of antithrombotic strategies in the treatment and prevention of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The study emphasizes the need for a patient-centered approach when selecting antithrombotic therapies, considering the heterogeneity in response to these treatments and the potential risks of bleeding. The research also calls for further investigation and implementation of these strategies. This information is valuable for individuals researching cardiovascular diseases and conditions, particularly those related to PAD. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado in Aurora provides new insights into the relationship between B cells, aquaporin-4 antibodies, and the activity of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). The study analyzed data from the N-MOmentum study, which evaluated the effects of inebilizumab on NMOSD. The researchers found that B-cell subset counts decreased with inebilizumab treatment and did not increase during attacks. Additionally, there was no significant difference in aquaporin-4 antibody titers between baseline and the time of attack. This research contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying NMOSD and may have implications for future treatment approaches. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus has found that patients with psychiatric disorders often have shorter lifespans due to both natural medical causes and external factors such as suicide, homicide, and accidents. These deaths are often foreseeable and linked to the patients' psychiatric disorders. The study suggests that palliative approaches could improve the quality of life for these patients and potentially alter their trajectories towards end-stage psychiatric disorders. The researchers emphasize the importance of providing patients with psychiatric disorders with dignified end-of-life care. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado has found that individuals with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) are often misdiagnosed with primary psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study evaluated the manifestations of bvFTD in screening measures for primary psychiatric disorders and found that 15% of bvFTD patients screened positive for bipolar disorder, 54% screened positive for ADHD, and 89% screened positive for ASD. The study suggests that further research is needed to identify specific questions that can distinguish between bvFTD and primary psychiatric disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado in Aurora, Colorado, examined the associations between maternal diet during pregnancy, infant diet diversity, and the development of childhood allergic diseases. The study found that both maternal diet index during pregnancy and infant diet diversity at 12 months were associated with the risk of a combined allergic disease outcome. This suggests that interventions targeting maternal diet during pregnancy and infant diet diversity could be effective in preventing allergic diseases in children. The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Children's Hospital Colorado in Aurora, Colorado, examined the impact of socioeconomic factors on inflicted traumatic brain injury (iTBI) in infants and young children. The study found that social determinants of health (SDoH) have a significant influence on the prevalence and outcomes of iTBI. The researchers used the area deprivation index (ADI), a metric of SDoH, to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of a cohort of 373 pediatric patients with iTBI. The study revealed that older children had higher mortality rates and longer stays in the pediatric intensive care unit. Additionally, Hispanic/Latino children lived in areas with greater socioeconomic disadvantage compared to non-Hispanic/Latino children. However, the study did not find a significant relationship between ADI and mortality, injury severity, or follow-up visits. The researchers concluded that future research and policy decisions should consider both individual and community-level factors to identify modifiable mechanisms and reduce health inequities. [Extracted from the article]

A new report discusses research findings on OBGYN and Reproduction, specifically focusing on perinatal mental and anxiety disorders (PMADs) and their impact on health outcomes. The report highlights the potential for behavioral health engagement in inpatient obstetric settings, including screening, brief treatment, and referrals for outpatient care. The study describes the implementation and evaluation of a proactive consultation-liaison (CL) model in an inpatient obstetric unit, which aimed to identify patients at risk for or experiencing PMADs and provide intervention and referral to treatment. The multidisciplinary proactive CL model showed promise in identifying individuals at risk for PMADs and providing targeted interventions to prevent and treat symptoms. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Colorado explores the relationship between mental health and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The research suggests that individuals with PCOS may experience premenstrual exacerbations of mood symptoms due to neuroendocrine dysregulation, sensitivity to ovarian hormone fluctuations, and higher levels of adverse childhood experiences. The study also highlights the impact of ovulatory dysfunction on one's identity and quality of life. However, the evidence regarding premenstrual exacerbations of psychiatric symptoms in PCOS is still preliminary, and further research with larger sample sizes is needed to fully understand the psychiatric profile of individuals with PCOS. [Extracted from the article]

New research from the University of Colorado provides data on respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) and potential strategies for preventing hospitalizations among infants. The study analyzed data from 47 children's hospitals in the United States between 2015 and 2019 and found that infants born at the start of the RSV season were significantly more likely to be hospitalized for RSV compared to those born nine months prior to the season. The study suggests that current prevention strategies, such as the use of nirsevimab and maternal immunization, could be more effective if targeted based on the specific RSV seasons within regions. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from the University of Colorado Denver explores the use of concizumab, a monoclonal antibody, as a potential treatment for hemophilia. The study found that concizumab improved clot formation in hemophilia A under flow conditions. The researchers observed that concizumab enhanced activation and aggregation of platelets and fibrin clot formation in hemophilia A, similar to the effects of recombinant activated FVIIa (rFVIIa). These findings suggest that concizumab may be a promising therapeutic strategy for individuals with hemophilia. The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Novo Nordisk Foundation. [Extracted from the article]