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A recent study conducted by Arizona State University focused on the benefits of dietary choline supplementation in adult Ts65Dn mouse models of Down Syndrome. The research aimed to assess the effects of choline supplementation on cognition and co-morbidities associated with Down Syndrome. While the study found that choline supplementation did not improve spatial learning deficits, it did enhance cognitive flexibility, reduce weight gain and inflammation, and improve glucose metabolism in the mice. The findings suggest that choline supplementation in adulthood may have positive effects on behavioral and biological factors related to general well-being in individuals with Down Syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, explored the cardioprotective effects of grape seed extract and L-Carnitine against Doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in male rats. The research found that both grape seed extract and L-Carnitine significantly mitigated ECG abnormalities, reduced lipid peroxidation, improved antioxidant enzymes, and decreased inflammation markers. These findings suggest that grape seed extract and L-Carnitine may offer substantial cardioprotective benefits against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a composition and methods of treatment using synergistically-enhanced supplementation by inventor Alexy Goldstein. The application focuses on transdermal supplementation for improving metabolic performance, utilizing medium-chain triglycerides, amino acids, cannabinoids, and zeatin. The inventor aims to address skin protection and repair by targeting oxidative stress and glycation processes, tailoring products to different skin types for optimal results. The patent application emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to skin health through transdermal delivery of active ingredients. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Capital Medical University in Beijing, China, conducted a study on atherosclerosis, a leading cause of mortality globally. They found that Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) supplementation reduced plasma cholesterol levels and inhibited atherosclerosis in mice by modulating cholesterol metabolism through SREBP2-dependent cholesterol biosynthesis. The study suggests that ALC could be a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The research was supported by the National Key Research And Development Program of China and published in Frontiers in Nutrition. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a composition and methods of treatment using synergistically-enhanced supplementation by inventor Alexy Goldstein. The application focuses on transdermal supplementation for improving metabolic performance through the use of medium-chain triglycerides, amino acids, hormone supplements, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and zeatin. The inventor emphasizes the need for tailored products to address different skin types and the underlying causes of skin damage. The patent application aims to provide a comprehensive approach to prevent and repair skin damage by addressing oxidative stress and glycation processes. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Composition And Methods Of Treatment Using Synergistically - Enhanced Supplementation" by inventor Alexy Goldstein discusses a supplement formulation for improving metabolic performance through transdermal and oral administration. The formulation includes medium-chain triglycerides, amino acids like carnitine, and forms of beta-hydroxybutyrate. The application emphasizes the need for tailored skincare products to address different skin types and prevent long-term damage. The patent application was filed on June 20, 2023, and made available online on December 5, 2024. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a composition and methods of treatment using synergistically-enhanced supplementation by inventor Alexy Goldstein. The application focuses on providing a supplement formulation for humans that includes various compounds to improve metabolic performance and skin health. The inventor's goal is to address the underlying causes of skin damage and provide tailored products for different skin types. The patent application outlines methods for transdermal, oral, and transdermal supplementation using specific ingredients like medium-chain triglycerides, amino acids, hormones, and penetration enhancers. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a composition and methods of treatment using synergistically-enhanced supplementation by inventor Alexy Goldstein. The application focuses on providing a supplement formulation for humans with therapeutically-beneficial additional compounds to improve metabolic performance. The formulation includes amino acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in various forms, such as L-carnitine fumarate, and can be administered orally or transdermally. The goal is to address skin damage by stopping oxidative stress and glycation processes, tailoring products to different skin types for optimal protection and restoration. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center examined the relationship between dietary choline intake and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), with a focus on how B vitamin supplementation may modify this risk. The study found that higher dietary choline intake may be associated with an increased risk of CRC and its precursors, such as polyps. However, the potential modifying role of B vitamins was inconclusive, highlighting the need for larger-scale research to further explore these associations and assess the potential of dietary interventions in reducing CRC risk. The study was funded by the Arkansas Center For Health Disparities and published in the journal Nutrients. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the relationship between trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels and atherosclerosis risk in rodents. It explores the impact of different choline intake methods, such as oral gavage and dietary supplementation, as well as fasting conditions on TMAO production. The study suggests that acute oral choline gavage is suitable for studying acute inhibitors, while a choline-rich diet is more appropriate for assessing alterations in TMAO production capacity. Further research is recommended to understand the implications of TMAO regulation on cardiovascular health. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in China investigated the impact of long-term dietary choline intake on cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults. The study found that higher choline and phosphatidylcholine (PC) intakes were associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline, particularly in females and individuals over 65 years old. The research highlights age and gender disparities in the protective effects of dietary choline on cognitive health in the Chinese population. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Bogomolets National Medical University in Kyiv, Ukraine, examined the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in adult patients undergoing hemodialysis. The study, which included 28 randomized clinical trials with 1,340 hemodialysis patients, found that L-carnitine supplementation did not significantly impact serum lipid levels, body mass index, or blood pressure. The research suggests that L-carnitine supplementation may not lead to significant improvements in these parameters for hemodialysis patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Transplant Research Center focused on the effects of l-carnitine supplementation on frailty status and liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis. The study, which involved 77 participants, found that l-carnitine administration led to a significant decrease in alanine transaminase levels and improvements in coagulation status. However, the study did not show significant improvements in frailty measures after an 8-week intervention period. The research suggests that l-carnitine may have hepatoprotective properties but may not significantly impact frailty in liver cirrhosis patients. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by Army Medical University in Chongqing, China, explored the effects of L-carnitine on exertional heatstroke-induced myocardial injury in rats. The research found that L-carnitine had a protective effect on cardiac dysfunction and mortality in rats with exertional heatstroke, reducing negative effects such as myocardial apoptosis and enzyme activity levels. The study suggested that L-carnitine may reduce myocardial injury by inhibiting the PERK pathway associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in exertional heatstroke. The findings indicate that L-carnitine supplementation could be a potential strategy to mitigate myocardial damage in exertional heatstroke cases. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the University of Insubria in Varese, Italy, focused on the role of betaine in modulating GABA homeostasis through the GAT1 transporter in the central nervous system. The research suggests that betaine can act as a neuromodulator, improving GABA homeostasis and providing neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. The study, supported by HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, utilized various techniques such as electrophysiology and molecular dynamics simulation to explore the mechanisms behind betaine's neuroprotective effects. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Hokkaido University in Sapporo, Japan, explored the use of L-carnitine as a preventive measure for postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. The research found that the incidence of atrial fibrillation was 38.5% in patients who received L-carnitine perioperatively. Serum FABP4 levels were identified as a potential biomarker for predicting postoperative atrial fibrillation. This study provides new insights into the use of L-carnitine as a therapeutic option for preventing atrial fibrillation in non-cardiac surgery patients. [Extracted from the article]

An international team of researchers, led by Baylor College of Medicine, identified a genetic diagnosis for 30 individuals with undiagnosed conditions using the FLVCR1 gene. The gene mutation affects red blood cell production and choline and ethanolamine transport in cells, leading to severe developmental disorders, epilepsy, and insensitivity to pain. The study highlights the importance of considering a wide range of symptoms and incorporating model organism data in diagnosing rare diseases. The findings suggest potential therapeutic value in choline or ethanolamine supplementation for FLVCR1-related diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Texas State University conducted a study on the relationship between choline and betaine intake during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among Chinese women. The study involved 168 pregnant women with GDM and 375 healthy controls in Shanghai. While no significant correlation was found between choline or betaine consumption and incident GDM, there was a significant interaction between betaine intake and parity on the risk of GDM, suggesting that higher dietary betaine intake during pregnancy may be a protective factor for GDM among Chinese women with no parity history. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Peking Union Medical College in Beijing, China, discusses research on quaternary ammonium compounds, specifically focusing on reducing the hygroscopicity of betaine through the synthesis of three co-crystals. Betaine, commonly found in natural products, is used to treat homocysteine methyltransferase and has additional benefits such as hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. The research findings highlight significant improvements in betaine's hygroscopicity with the synthesized co-crystals, particularly betaine-3-hydroxybenzoic acid. The study was funded by various organizations, including the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission Drug Standard Promoting Fund. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Semnan University of Medical Sciences in Iran highlights the impact of gut microbiota on choline metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. Choline, an essential nutrient, plays a crucial role in neurotransmission and lipid metabolism, with potential neuroprotective properties. Research suggests that choline supplementation may benefit patients with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's by reducing amyloid-plaque load and improving cognitive function. This study underscores the importance of choline in brain health and offers insights into potential therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative conditions. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Karolinska Institute focused on the role of antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) in predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. The research found that IgM anti-PC levels were inversely associated with the risk of CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and myocardial infarction (MI) in women. The study suggests that elevating anti-PC concentration through immunization could potentially be a future development in CVD prevention, particularly in reducing the risk of MI. The findings were published in the European Heart Journal and may have implications for women's health and cardiovascular research. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Composition And Methods Of Treatment Using Synergistically-Enhanced Supplementation" by inventor Alexy Goldstein discusses the development of supplement formulations for human treatment. The formulations include hormone supplements, amino acids, and phosphatidylserine, with potential additions of cannabinoids, alpha-GPC, or acetylcarnitine. The application explores various administration routes such as transdermal, oral, and gel-based supplementation to address skin protection and repair. The goal is to provide tailored products that target specific skin types and address underlying causes of skin damage. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Midwestern University explored the impact of maternal dietary deficiencies in folic acid and choline on the metabolite profiles of offspring after ischemic stroke. The research found that female offspring from the folic acid deficiency group exhibited the greatest number of altered metabolites related to cholesterol metabolism and neuroprotection. The study suggests that ensuring adequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy may be crucial for reducing stroke susceptibility and improving post-stroke recovery in offspring, with potential benefits from nutritional supplementation strategies targeting folic acid and choline intake. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a composition and methods of treatment using synergistically-enhanced supplementation by inventor Alexy Goldstein. The application focuses on providing a supplement formulation for humans that includes medium-chain triglycerides, amino acids, and zeatin to improve metabolic performance. The inventor emphasizes the need for tailored products to address different skin types and the underlying causes of skin damage. The patent application details various embodiments for oral and transdermal supplementation, highlighting the therapeutic benefits of the proposed formulations. [Extracted from the article]

Doctor's Best Inc. has launched a new supplement called Citicoline CDP-Choline, which is designed to support brain health. The supplement contains a patented form of Citicoline called Cognizin, which has been shown in clinical studies to improve focus, attention, memory, and overall cognitive health. Citicoline is a natural substance that occurs in the human body and has neuroprotective properties. The supplement is non-GMO, gluten-free, and soy-free, and is available for purchase on Amazon.com and iHerb. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Nanchang University in China investigated the effect of inulin supplementation on trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels in mice with elevated TMAO. TMAO is a compound derived from gut bacteria that has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The study found that while a high-fat diet combined with choline and L-carnitine increased TMAO levels and the abundance of gut bacteria associated with TMAO formation, inulin supplementation did not significantly affect TMAO levels or the gut bacteria. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of dietary fiber, such as inulin, in inhibiting TMAO formation remains controversial. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Kansas State University explores the impact of maternal choline supplementation on the neurodevelopment of offspring exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA). MIA has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. The study found that maternal choline supplementation can mitigate some of the behavioral and neurobiological effects of inflammatory exposures in utero, suggesting it may be a cost-effective and safe intervention for neurodevelopmental disorders. The research highlights the importance of choline intake during pregnancy and its potential role in modulating cognition and inducing anti-inflammatory signaling in the prefrontal cortices of adolescent rats. [Extracted from the article]

A research study conducted by Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine aimed to explore the correlation between dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and various factors using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. The study analyzed data from genome-wide association study databases and found that titin, CTnI, and desmocollin-2 proteins were identified as independent risk factors for DCM. However, no causal relationship was found between DCM and the perinatal period, alcoholism, Behcet's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, carnitine metabolic disorder, or renal insufficiency. The study concluded that previous observational studies may have overestimated the associations between DCM and these factors. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Midwestern University in Glendale, Arizona, explores the impact of maternal dietary deficiencies in folic acid or choline on offspring neuronal viability after exposure to hypoxia. The study found that deficiencies in either folic acid or choline negatively affected neuronal viability, while increasing levels of these nutrients had a beneficial impact. The findings highlight the potential for nutritional interventions to mitigate adverse outcomes in stroke. The research contributes to our understanding of the relationship between maternal dietary factors, one-carbon metabolism, and the outcome of offspring to hypoxic events. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a patent issued to Protara Therapeutics Inc. for sterile aqueous choline salt compositions. The patent focuses on the preparation and methods of use of these compositions in treating conditions associated with choline deficiency. Choline is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including cell membrane structure, lipid transport, and brain development. Choline deficiency can lead to liver diseases such as steatosis and cholestasis. The patent highlights the importance of choline in maintaining cell health and survival and addresses the potential use of choline salt compositions in treating choline deficiency-related conditions. The patent discusses the use of sterile compositions of choline salts in aqueous media for the treatment of choline deficiency, intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD), and fatty liver disease. The compositions contain choline chloride and are administered intravenously. The patent also discusses the sterilization process using gamma irradiation and the physicochemical properties of the compositions. The method has shown promise in reducing steatosis and improving cholestasis in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill examined the potential influence of choline metabolism on the development of diabetes. The study analyzed data from a racially diverse population-based cohort of early middle-aged individuals and found that betaine was inversely associated with the risk of incident diabetes, while trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) was positively associated with the risk. Choline, however, was not significantly associated with the risk. These findings support the role of choline metabolism in diabetes and provide valuable insights for preventive activities in this population. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) has found a potential association between metabolic markers at birth and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The study analyzed data from infants born in California between 2005 and 2011 and identified 14 metabolic markers that were significantly associated with SIDS. The researchers developed a model that included eight of these markers and found that it could accurately predict the risk of SIDS. These findings suggest that it may be possible to identify infants at increased risk for SIDS soon after birth, which could inform prevention efforts. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital have conducted a study on endometrial cancer, aiming to develop a radiomics model using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to predict high-risk patients for nodal metastasis or recurrence. The study involved 356 endometrial cancer patients and utilized MR spectroscopy (MRS) to measure choline metabolites. The radiomics risk score achieved an accuracy of 71.1% in the training cohort and 71.0% in the testing cohort, closely matching the performance of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) risk groups. The study suggests that the radiomics risk score, which is associated with altered choline metabolism, has translational relevance for high-risk endometrial cancer patients. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the research from Beijing, China, which investigated the effects of dietary choline on cognitive function and cognitive decline in middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. The study found that higher dietary choline intake was significantly associated with better cognitive scores and a slower rate of cognitive decline, particularly among females, highlighting choline's potential neuroprotective benefits during aging.

Aydin Adnan Menderes University researchers conducted a study to investigate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) supplementation on bone strength. The study involved male Wistar rats and a tendon injury model. LC was administered to two groups of rats for different durations, while a control group did not receive LC. At the end of the experiment, bone strength was tested and evaluated. The researchers found that LC supplementation had no significant effect on bone strength in healthy subjects. This study provides valuable information for individuals considering LC supplementation for muscle mass increase. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Texas A&M University System explored the relationship between dietary choline and betaine intake and cognitive performance in women during the menopause transition. The study, which included 1,006 participants, found that higher choline and betaine intakes were associated with a reduced rate of change in cognitive performance, specifically in verbal episodic memory. However, these associations were only observed among early perimenopausal women and not among premenopausal women. The researchers suggest that further research is needed to understand the relationship between dietary intake and cognition during menopause. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been filed for the use of certain agents in preventing the transition from acute to chronic pain. The method involves administering these agents to patients between 1 and 7 days after a traumatic pain event, such as physical injury, invasive surgery, or acute illness. The agents mentioned include NAAA inhibitors, FAAH inhibitors, PPARa agonists, PEA, acetyl-L-carnitine, a-lipoic acid, and olesoxime. This method could potentially help prevent chronic pain in various patient populations, including those with cancer or diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical trial, NCT06522581, is investigating the use of citicoline as a neuroprotector in neonates with moderate and severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). HIE is a brain injury caused by asphyxia in newborns, resulting in mortality and long-term morbidity. Current treatments are not effective, and therapeutic hypothermia, the only effective neuroprotector, has limited applicability. Citicoline, a new neuroprotector, has shown promise in regenerating neuronal cells and inhibiting the ischemic cascade. The trial aims to explore safe, effective, and accessible neuroprotective therapies, particularly in developing countries. The article also provides a brief overview of a research report on choline, its potential risks, and prevention methods, without expressing any judgments or opinions. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application for choline salt forms of an HIV capsid inhibitor has been filed by inventors Travis Lee Houston and Bing Shi. The application aims to address the ongoing need for new antiretroviral agents to treat HIV infections. The invention involves a choline salt of Compound 1 and its pharmaceutical composition, crystalline form, and use in therapy. The patent application also includes a process for increasing the amount of specific isomeric compounds. This information may be of interest to researchers studying HIV/AIDS, virology, genetics, and drugs and therapies. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham explored the relationship between sleep architecture, neuroinflammation, and cognitive functioning in older adults. The study found that certain brain metabolites, such as choline and myo-inositol, were associated with sleep efficiency and cognitive performance. Higher levels of choline and myo-inositol in specific brain regions were linked to slower processing speed and lower sleep efficiency, while higher levels in other regions were associated with better cognitive performance. The study suggests that neuroinflammation may play a role in the connection between sleep deficits and cognitive decline in older age. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging was used as a marker to measure neuroinflammation in this study. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine in Japan explored the effects of oral betaine supplementation on blood pressure in rats. The study found that rats who were given betaine supplements had significantly lower blood pressure compared to those in the control group. Additionally, the betaine supplementation was associated with improved endothelial function and lower levels of angiotensin I converting enzyme. However, the long-term effects of betaine supplementation on blood pressure and serum lipid levels require further investigation. This research provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of betaine in managing hypertension. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from Army Medical University explores the relationship between choline consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The study analyzed data from a retrospective cohort study of 14,663 participants and used various methods to assess the association between choline intake and the risk of CVD. The findings suggest that consuming an appropriate amount of choline in the diet may help protect against CVD and improve body composition. Additionally, the study highlights the potential of targeting the choline metabolism pathway as a therapeutic approach for stroke. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities have conducted a study on the metabolism of glycine betaine (GB) in Methylobacteria. They found that certain mutations allowed Methylorubrum extorquens PA1 to utilize GB-derivative compounds as carbon and nitrogen sources. The study also revealed that catabolism of GB and its derivatives enhanced osmotic stress resistance. The limitations to exploiting these compounds appear to be related to gene regulation and functional activity rather than transport or toxicity. This research provides valuable insights into the metabolic pathways and stress protection mechanisms of these microorganisms. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Western Norway University of Applied Sciences investigated the effects of the antidiabetic drug metformin on fatty liver. The study used mice with impaired carnitine biosynthesis and fatty liver and found that metformin treatment led to lower plasma triacylglycerol levels and reduced lipid accumulation in the liver. Additionally, mice treated with metformin and meldonium showed lower weight gain, visceral adipose tissue weight, and plasma triacylglycerol levels compared to those treated with meldonium alone. The study suggests that metformin may have potential therapeutic effects on fatty liver. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study investigated the effects of loss-of-function variants in the lipid transporter ABCA7 on Alzheimer's disease. The researchers performed single-nuclear RNA sequencing on post-mortem samples from the prefrontal cortex of individuals with ABCA7 loss-of-function variants and control individuals. They found that ABCA7 loss-of-function was associated with gene expression changes in all major cell types, particularly in excitatory neurons. These changes were related to lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, cell cycle-related pathways, and synaptic signaling. The study also revealed that ABCA7 loss-of-function led to intracellular triglyceride accumulation and disrupted mitochondrial bioenergetics. Treatment with CDP-choline, a precursor of phosphatidylcholine synthesis, reduced triglyceride accumulation and restored mitochondrial function. The findings suggest a link between ABCA7 loss-of-function, lipid perturbations, and neuronal energy dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. [Extracted from the article]

A study investigated the effects of maternal dietary deficiencies in folic acid and choline on metabolite levels in offspring after ischemic stroke. Female mice were placed on control, folic acid-deficient, or choline-deficient diets before and during pregnancy and lactation. Fecal samples were collected from the offspring before and after the stroke for analysis. The study found that maternal dietary deficiencies had a long-lasting impact on the central nervous system and gut microbiome function after ischemic stroke. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from NYC Health and Hospitals highlights the potential benefits of L-carnitine (LC) for critical patients. Studies have shown that acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) can improve neurobehavioral and neurocognitive functions in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and have a neuroprotective effect in cases of cerebral ischemia. LC has also been found to reduce nephrotoxicity and suppress ammonia levels in patients with hyperammonemia (HA). However, LC levels can be dysregulated in various conditions, and there is limited research on the effects of LC supplementation in critical illnesses such as TBI, acute kidney injury (AKI), and HA, highlighting the need for further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]