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Background: Data shows that smoking behavior in adolescents in Indonesia is a health problem that still deserves to be considered. Data shows that the prevalence of smoking in the population aged 10-18 in 2013-2018 in Indonesia has increased, namely Riskesdas 2013 (7.2%), Riskesdas 2016 (8.8%), and Riskesdas 2018 (9.1%). Pamekasan is one of the regencies in Indonesia that has a teen smoking rate of 25.64% (Riskesdas, 2018) with outdoor cigarette advertisements that are still scattered, especially in urban areas. Purpose: Analyzing the influence of cigarette advertising in Pamekasan Regency, by emphasizing comparisons in urban areas and village areas in Pamekasan Regency.. Method: This study is an observational study. In terms of time, the study was cross-sectional because the data collection, which includes free variables and bound variables, was conducted over a period of time. Sampling through online questionnaires by random methods. Results: There is a significant influence between the role of cigarette advertising on adolescent behavior in urban areas with a value of p = 0.029 (OR 2.718 95% CI 1,110-6,652). There was no influence on adolescents in rural areas. Conclusion: A communication message that can affect adolescent smoking behavior in urban areas is cigarette advertising, regardless of how many times the frequency of exposure.

Background: Cigarette lifestyle marketing with psychographic targeting has been well documented, but few studies address non-cigarette tobacco products. This study examined how young adults respond to e-cigarette advertisements featuring diverse peer crowds - peer groups with shared identities and lifestyles - to inform tobacco counter-marketing design.Methods: Fifty-nine young adult tobacco users in California participated in interviews and viewed four to five e-cigarette advertisements that featured characters from various peer crowd groups. For each participant, half of the advertisements they viewed showed characters from the same peer crowd as their own, and the other half of the advertisements featured characters from a different peer crowd. Advertisements were presented in random order. Questions probed what types of cues are noticed in the advertisements, and whether and how much participants liked or disliked the advertisements.Results: Results suggest that participants liked and provided richer descriptions of characters and social situations in the advertisements featuring their own peer crowd more than the advertisements featuring a different peer crowd. Mismatching age or device type was also noted: participants reported advertisements showing older adults were not intended for them. Participants who used larger vaporizers tended to dislike cigalike advertisements even if they featured a matching peer crowd.Conclusion: Peer crowd and lifestyle cues, age and device type are all salient features of e-cigarette advertising for young adults. Similarly, educational campaigns about e-cigarettes should employ peer crowd-based targeting to engage young adults, though messages should be carefully tested to ensure authentic and realistic portrayals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krugman and King (2000) studied 14 magazines containing cigarette advertisements. Assuming one insertion in each of the magazines, they found that approximately 66.1% of teens would be reached by these magazines an average of 2.1 times. The current study shows that 41.4% of teens likely would see one or more of a typical cigarette brand's advertisements in these publications, and 2.7% would see three or more. Therefore, reducing cigarette advertising in these magazines would be likely to have little effect on teen smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ninth graders were randomly exposed to one of eight slice of life videotapes showing stimulus advertising (cigarette, antismoking, both, neither) and unfamiliar peers who either did or did not smoke cigarettes. The findings indicate that the cigarette advertising primed positive smoker stereotypes, which caused subjects to seek out favorable information about the peers shown smoking. Subjects' beliefs and intentions about cigarette consumption were thereby enhanced by the joint effects of advertising and peers. However, an antismoking advertisement shown in conjunction with cigarette advertising made salient negative smoker stereotypes, evoked unfavorable thoughts about peers shown smoking, and prevented cigarette advertising from promoting smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enoch Powell was appointed Minister of Health by Harold Macmillan in July 1960, before being promoted to the position of Cabinet Minister in 1962. This was seen as a political manoeuvre from a Prime Minister who was hardly well disposed towards Powell. He thus planned to both prevent him from attacking the government with his free market beliefs in the years of the implementation of the Middle Way and put him in a difficult position at the head of a costly department. Powell attempted to leave his mark on it and break with his predecessors’ policies: he intended to streamline NHS spending, while at the same time modernising and humanising the NHS through the introduction of an ambitious Hospital Plan. Powell was convinced that the NHS could be modernised. He believed that the latter should remain in the public domain but at the same time supported private health investment. This paper analyses Powell’s iconoclastic approach by using primary sources from Kew’s national archives and the Powell Papers from Cambridge. In order to enhance historiographical debates, the analysis will focus on three particular points: Powell’s handling of the cost of drugs, cigarette advertising and the fluoridation of water. These issues reveal an additional dilemma that Powell had to face: to what extent could freedom of choice be introduced into a public health service in which the State was the main driver?

In two experiments, the authors test rival theses regarding the effects of smoking in feature films on youths and the ability of antismoking advertising to nullify those effects. Eight hundred ninth graders watched either original movie footage with smoking or control footage with the smoking edited out. Emotional reactions were recorded during viewing, and smoking-related thoughts, beliefs, and intent were assessed afterward. The findings support the Forbidden Fruit thesis, in that smoking (versus nonsmoking) scenes positively aroused the young viewers, enhanced their perceptions of smokers' social stature, and increased their intent to smoke. However, youths' opinions were malleable, and showing them an antismoking advertisement before the film effectively repositioned the smoking from forbidden to tainted, thereby nullifying the aforementioned effects. No support was obtained for the Excitation Transfer theory, which predicts that the positive arousal evoked by movie scenes would transfer to smokers who were depicted in those scenes. The authors discuss policy implications for film content and antismoking advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exposure to cigarette advertising can increase the likelihood of youth smoking initiation and may encourage people who already smoke to continue. Requiring prominent, graphic warning labels could reduce these effects. We test whether graphic versus text-only warning labels in cigarette advertisements influence cognitive and emotional factors associated with youth susceptibility to smoking and adult intentions to quit. We conducted two randomized, between-subjects experiments with middle-school youth (n = 474) and adult smokers (n = 451). Both studies employed a two (graphic or text-only warnings) by two (advertisements with social cues or brand imagery) factorial design with a fifth, offset control group (social cue advertisements with the current US Surgeon General's Warning). Graphic warnings outperformed text-only warnings in reducing visual attention to the advertisement, generating visual attention to the warning and arousing more negative affect. Graphic warnings also reduced the appeal of cigarette brands among youth relative to social cue advertisements with the Surgeon General's warnings. None of the warnings (graphic or textual) influenced health risk beliefs. Graphic warning labels on cigarette advertisements appear to have effects similar to those observed on cigarette packs in previous work, with an added benefit of reducing cigarette brand appeal among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on a multimodality theory, this study attempted to investigate the various semiotic resources utilized by a giant Indonesian cigarette company, Sampoerna, and explore how these resources communicate meanings or messages in its billboard advertisements to persuade its potential customers to buy the product. The data were analyzed using Halliday's systemic functional grammar focusing on ideational meta-function or also known as a representational function in multimodal discourse analysis. The findings revealed that the billboard advertisements were designed to persuade the audience to buy the advertised products implicitly through representational functions attained using narrative and conceptual processes. Whereas the former was realized by employing its typical sub-processes, actional and reactional processes, the latter employed its sub-processes such as classificational, analytical, and symbolic processes. Implicationally, this study has illuminated the possible application of systemic functional grammar within a multimodal discourse analysis domain to investigate implicit message(s) conveyed by an advertisement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research suggests that young adolescents' perceptions of smokers are strongly associated with smoking initiation. Thus, we experimentally investigated the effects of anti-smoking and cigarette advertising on nonsmoking youths' perceptions (evaluative judgments) of a peer who smokes. Results suggest that exposure to the anti-smoking ads made salient our seventh-grade subjects' preexisting beliefs that smokers foolishly endanger their health, which resulted in even less favorable evaluations of the smoker's common sense and personal appeal. Further, unlike subjects who saw unrelated (control) ads, those who saw the anti-smoking ads judged the smoker to be relatively immature and unglamorous. Exposure to the cigarette ads did not significantly affect scale ratings of, but resulted in more favorable thoughts about, the smoker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors test the hypotheses that parameters of advertising sensitivity for adolescents are significant and perhaps larger than those for adults. Cigarette brand shares of advertising voice are found to be significantly related to realized market shares, with advertising sensitivity being about three times larger among teenagers than among adults. This result is robust to various analytic assumptions and converges with strategic analysis, consumer behavior theory and research, econometric metanalyses, historical research, and corporate documents. The authors argue that cigarette competition between firms is predominated by the battle of brands for market share among the young, and assertions to the contrary, without supporting evidence, should be treated with scholarly skepticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reviews and tests the effect of cartoon trade characters on product recognition and attitude on a sample of children three to six years of age. High levels of product and trade character recognition were found, including that of Joe Camel and the Marlboro Man with cigarettes. The recognition of select trade characters tended to increase with the age of the child. The level of recognition and favorable attitude toward the product were positively associated with age except for cigarettes. The attitude for cigarettes and matches were negatively associated with age. Because the possibility of demand artifacts cannot be ruled out, these findings must be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 561 persons judged the age and attractiveness of the models in 50 cigarette ads. Seventeen percent of the models were perceived, on average, to be significantly younger than 25 years of age, an apparent violation of the tobacco industry's voluntary advertising code. Cigarette ads with young persons were found to appear more often in magazines with younger audiences and for menthol brands. Regardless of viewer age, younger models were judged as more attractive than older models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of advertising on primary demand for cigarettes is investigated. By employing annual, bimonthly, and monthly observations, the consequences of temporal aggregation can be studied. Independent of the level of temporal aggregation, advertising was found to have a statistically significant impact on industry sales, although the influence diminished over time. This contradicts the findings of a well-known study by Lambin (1976), which lends support to the assumption of reciprocal cancellation of brand advertising in saturated markets. With respect to the problem of temporal aggregation, the results confirm the empirical and theoretical findings of Clarke (1976), and Bass and Leone (1983). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antismoking forces hailed the ban on cigarette advertising in the broadcast media as a major victory in their campaign against the tobacco industry. Expectations were that this legislation would reduce the percentage of smokers in the population and the number of young adults adopting the smoking habit. But the percentage of adult smokers actually rose slightly following the ban. In light of this fact, a natural question is, "What exactly has been the effect of the ban?" This paper attempts to provide information relevant to this question by examining trends in cigarette advertising expenditures and cigarette consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the controversy surrounding the advertising of tobacco and alcohol products concerns the impact on young people. Eye tracking was used to determine how a large sample of adolescents attend to print ads for cigarettes, beer, and other products. In particular, the time spent viewing the ads, the percentages attending to mandated and voluntary warning messages, and the time spent viewing those messages were analyzed. The two cigarette ads had similar mandated warnings but produced very different results, thus demonstrating the importance of conducting warnings research in the context in which the warnings will be used. Finally, preliminary results based on eye tracking indicate that in the beer ad, the voluntary message encouraging responsible drinking had limited warning value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author assesses young children's abilities to recognize cigarette brand advertising symbols and to identify adults as the appropriate target market for cigarettes. She used nonverbal measures in interviews with children three to eight years of age to assess how recognition of cigarette brand advertising symbols is related to age, cognitive developmental level, children's affect toward cigarettes, children's evaluation of cigarettes, and children's ability to identify adults as the appropriate target market for cigarettes. The results show that recognition of cigarette brand advertising symbols increases with age, as does overall recognition of brand advertising symbols in general. Regardless of age, cognitive developmental level, or recognition scores, children reported not liking cigarettes, believing cigarettes are "bad for you" and finding children to be an inappropriate target market for cigarettes. Findings are discussed in terms of social science and public policy, and in terms of the implications for cognitive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final issue of the Journal of Advertising for 1993 contains a series of editorials about tobacco advertising. The series is keyed by Jean Boddewyn with responses from Lawrence Soley and Richard Pollay. Certainly the issue raised by Boddewyn concerning the appropriate venue for this type of research has been discussed and challenged in that series. However, the response from Pollay goes beyond the issue of where smoking/advertising related research should be published. The Pollay editorial raises additional issues for debate and contains some "facts" which call for correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethnic segmentation of the cigarette market is currently controversial, but not a new phenomenon. A census of 540 cigarette ads from 1950-1965 Ebony magazines, compared to a matched sample from Life, reveals segmented and segregated advertising toward black consumers. The ads in Ebony eventually featured black models almost exclusively, primarily professional athletes. Despite endorsements from black athletes and musicians also famous to white audiences, none of these appeared in the Life ads. On average, the segregated advertising was two to three years tardy in offering filtered products to black consumers, suggesting that appeals to black pride were not without prejudice. Potential reasons for these historical results are discussed, as are current practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new warning labels presenting information on specific research on the hazards of smoking recently has been developed by policy makers. The overall objective of the new series is to generate a response of belief in the risks of smoking and, ultimately, to influence smoking behavior. This investigation explores the perceived believability of the warning label information among young adults and suggests a number of implications from the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement to curb the advertising of alcoholic beverages is growing and continuing to propose various methods of regulating or eliminating alcoholic beverage advertising. This outcry is similar to the movement to curb cigarette advertising which culminated in banning cigarette advertising from the broadcast media. This paper examines (1) the issues surrounding the ban on cigarette advertising and the implications of that decision, (2) the issues surrounding alcoholic beverage advertising, and (3) the implications of the cigarette advertising ban for alcoholic beverage advertising. Based upon the analysis, the final section describes consumer, industry, and government strategies for responding to the controversy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why does the cigarette smoker continue to smoke in face of torrents of data indicating the potential dangers of this habit? Conversely, why did the mere whisper of danger cause cranberry sales to plummet? The magic defenses consumers employ to insulate their favorite vices from unwanted fearful data are examined in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative econometric models of advertising-sales relationships for cigarettes were evaluated by 5 methods of estimation and 4 ways of specifying dependent variables. The criteria were the adjusted square of the multiple correlation coefficient and mean absolute percentage error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates the application of simultaneous equation regression methods in analyzing limited time series data for sales and advertising. In testing a model with sales and advertising relationships for filter and nonfilter cigarette brands, we could not reject a model in which the advertising elasticity for filter brands is substantially greater than that for nonfilter brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the validity of a standard measure of smoking susceptibility for predicting cigarette and e-cigarette use in a sample of early adolescents in Argentina and Mexico. Materials and methods. A school-based longitudinal survey was conducted in 2014-16 among secondary students. We analyzed students who were never smokers of regular cigarettes or e-cigarettes at baseline and who completed both surveys. The main independent variable was smoking susceptibility. Multilevel logistic regression models were used, adjusting for sociodemographic and personal variables, social network use of cigarettes and exposure to advertising. Results. In the adjusted analysis, smoking susceptibility independently predicted cigarette initiation (Argentina: AOR 2.28; 95%CI 1.66-3.14; Mexico: AOR 2.07; 95%CI 1.74-2.45) and current smoking (Argentina: AOR 3.61; 95%CI 2.48-5.24; Mexico: AOR 1.69; 95%CI 1.29-2.22); however, it only predicted e-cigarette initiation in Mexico (Mexico: AOR 1.29; 95%CI 1.02-1.63). Conclusion. Smoking susceptibility was a valid measure to predict future cigarette smoking in this sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly all adult smokers first try cigarettes before age 18 years (1), and adolescents can show symptoms of nicotine dependence within days to weeks of the onset of occasional cigarette smoking (2). Having a usual cigarette brand among adolescent smokers could reflect exposure and receptivity to pro-tobacco advertising and tobacco product appeal (1). To identify usual cigarette brands smoked among U.S. middle and high school students who were current (past 30-day) cigarette smokers, CDC analyzed data from the 2012-2016 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). Marlboro, Newport, and Camel were the most commonly reported brands smoked during 2012-2016; in 2016, these three were the brands usually smoked for 73.1% and 78.7% of current cigarette smokers in middle and high school, respectively. These three brands also were the three most commonly identified as having a "favorite cigarette ad" in 2012. Efforts to reduce youth exposure to pro-tobacco advertising could help reduce youth smoking (1,3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information on legal developments in marketing relative to the regulation of unfair competition. In regard to advertising, the article discusses Federal Trade Commission v. Donald P. Carter et al. and the court's enforcement of U.S. Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) subpoenas for information from cigarette manufacturers and their advertising agencies as they relate to cigarette advertising and promotion. The court did not enforce subpoenas against two research firms. Regarding nonadvertising promotional methods, the article discusses U.S. FTC action against Fedders Corp. for a recall against defective products that "caused economic injury to consumers." This is the first FTC case dealing with economic injury, and the first to provide restitution for this reason.

The article presents information on legal developments in marketing relative to the regulation of unfair competition. In regards to advertising, the author cites the case of J. B. Williams Co. Inc. and Parkson Advertising Agency Inc. v. United States Federal Trade Commission (F.T.C.), in which the issue of proprietary drug advertising is discussed. Also discussed is an F.T.C. report on cigarette advertising. The F.T.C. believes that the warning labels on packages of cigarettes do not succeed in overcoming the favorable attitude toward smoking at the time of publication.

Background: Traditional cigarette advertising has existed in the US for over 200 years. Studies suggest that advertising has an impact on the initiation and maintenance of smoking behaviors. In recent years, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) emerged on the market as an alternative to the traditional tobacco cigarette. The purpose of this study was to describe advertisements in popular US magazines marketed to women for cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Methods: This study involved analyzing 99 issues of 14 popular US magazines marketed to women. Results: Compared to advertisements for traditional cigarettes, advertisements for e-cigarettes were more often found in magazines geared toward the 31-40-year-old audience (76.5% vs. 53.1%, P = 0.011) whereas traditional cigarette advertisements were nearly equally distributed among women 31-40 and ≥40 years. More than three-quarters of the e-cigarette advertisements presented in magazines aimed at the higher median income households compared to a balanced distribution by income for traditional cigarettes (P = 0.033). Conclusions: Future studies should focus on specific marketing tactics used to promote e-cigarette use as this product increases in popularity, especially among young women smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased considerably among U.S. youths since 2011. Tobacco use among youths in any form, including e-cigarettes, is unsafe. Tobacco product advertising can persuade youths to start using tobacco. CDC analyzed data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette advertisement exposure among U.S. middle school and high school students. Methods: The 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a school-based survey of middle school and high school students in grades 6-12, included 22,007 participants. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements (categorized as "sometimes," "most of the time," or "always") was assessed for four sources: retail stores, Internet, TV and movies, and newspapers and magazines. Weighted exposure estimates were assessed overall and by school type, sex, race/ethnicity, and grade. Results: In 2014, 68.9% of middle and high school students (18.3 million) were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements from at least one source. Among middle school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (52.8%), followed by Internet (35.8%), TV and movies (34.1%), and newspapers and magazines (25.0%). Among high school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (56.3%), followed by Internet (42.9%), TV and movies (38.4%), and newspapers and magazines (34.6%). Among middle school students, 23.4% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.4% from two sources, 13.7% from three sources, and 11.9% from four sources. Among high school students, 21.1% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.0% from two sources, 14.5% from three sources, and 18.2% from four sources. Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice: Approximately seven in 10 U.S. middle and high school students were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements in 2014. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements might contribute to increased use of e-cigarettes among youths. Multiple approaches are warranted to reduce youth e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertisements, including efforts to reduce youth access to settings where tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, are sold, and regulation of youth-oriented e-cigarette marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]