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The article reports on the U.S. strategic vision of the Navy, using a predictive algorithm and seven primary sources which include the "Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy" from the Secretary of Defense; The December 14, 2016" Executive Summary, 2016 Navy Force Structure Assessment;" and the preexisting March 2015 "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower: Forward, Engaged, Ready."

The article focuses on Council of Senior Naval Commanders played during the Boxer Rebellion throughout the conflict's phases and role changing on the basis of the nature of the particular challenge. It mentions councils contributed to the smooth coordination of coalition warfare and consideration the diplomatic relationships among the foreign powers. It also mentions objectives of the foreign powers had become more complex and the objectives of the naval coalition.

The article focuses on voyage of the U.S. Navy's Great White Fleet around the world from December 1907 to February 1909 and sponsored by former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. It mentions armed services of the twenty-first century as they were to the U.S. Navy of the early twentieth century. It also mentions that sea power was critical to establishing national strength and dominance in global trade in the book "The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783" by Alfred Thayer Mahan.

The article focuses on geopolitics and nationalism associated with naval expansionism in China has launched an extensive buildup of its navy to secure great-power maritime capabilities and to challenge U.S. maritime dominance in East Asia. It mentions autocratic regimes to use nationalism to enhance domestic legitimacy and aspirations of voters in a democratic state for international prestige. It also mentions importance of its strategic and economic maritime interests to its naval buildup.

The article focuses on the naval experience of France during the Second Empire and the Early Third Republic. Topics covered include characteristics of the naval policy pursued under the Second Empire, failure of the strategy formulated by the proponents of the Jeune École, impact on the ability of France to leverage sea power to mitigate its position on the eve of the First World War.

The article outlines the elements of antiaccess strategies that the U.S. can adopt as an element of peacetime as well as wartime strategy. Topics covered include historical examples of success or failure of antiaccess strategies, some of the means of countering such strategies and how the U.S. Navy can deal with the strategic antiaccess challenge.

The article talks about maritime trade warfare, a military and naval strategy being followed since ancient times. Topics discussed include the idea behind the trade warfare being to neutralize or attack an enemy's commercial shipping to disrupt their economy and their military supply chain so as to make it difficult for them to continue waging war.

The article discusses the development of Vietnam's sea-denial strategy in the 21st century. Topics include the benefits of the Chinese sea-denial strategy on its national interests, Hanoi's achievements in constructing its sea-denial capability as well as the limitations and characteristics of such capability, and the impact of such strategy and the nation's military capabilities as the U.S. and its allies increase their military presence in the South China Sea.

The article discusses aspects of international law and search and rescue (SAR) operations in the U.S. Topics include the SAR responsibilities and international legal requirements on shipmasters and coastal states as they work together in conducting and coordinating maritime SAR operations, mixed migration by sea from a SAR perspective, and the two situations that SAR policy makers and legal advisers should consider.

The article discusses the relationship between global naval engagement and naval war-fighting posture in the 21st century. Topics include the U.S. Navy's maritime strategy for 21st century seapower, methods of maritime security cooperation such as the configuration of the Navy's San Antonio-class amphibious transport docks, and leadership in naval engagement.

The article discusses the evolution of modern U.S. naval strategy in the 21st century. It looks at the timely and innovative strategies produced by the Navy over the past 13 years including the Maritime Strategy of 1986, the Navy's seapower strategy, which described the capabilities in meeting nation-state challenges, and the CS-21 Revised, which focuses on five essential functions.

The article discusses maritime strategy of China. Topics discussed include country's pursuit of sea power, Chinese navy and maritime disputes involving China. Other topics which includes policy makers in China, maritime rights and naval diplomacy are also discussed. Further, China's State Oceanic Administration (SOA) is also mentioned.

The article discusses the way the U.S. Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 changed business of strategy of the U.S. Navy. Topics include the provisions of the Goldwater-Nichols Act which included alterations to the military chain of command and dispersal of the naval service's strategic experts, the defense reform movement of the 1970s, and the need for greater centralization of power in the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) General Colin Powell's office.

The article presents a reprint of the document “A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority" by U.S. Chief of Naval Operations John M. Richardson. Topics include the maritime mission of the U.S. navy which involves protecting the U.S. from attack, U..S naval history and how the U.S. navy helps protect the nation's interests globally by protecting access to overseas markets through the sea.

The article discusses the changes in U.S. maritime strategy in context of its military document "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower: Forward, Engaged, Ready" (CS21R). Topics include the reasons for change in U.S. maritime strategy as outlined by CS21R which includes fiscal constraints and China's rise as a superpower, and how maritime strategy influences global trade through sea and addresses problems like threat of piracy and drug smuggling.

A literary criticism of the book “Art of War at Sea" by Fernando Oliveira is presented. It outlines naval strategies along with operational and tactical perspectives. It provides a brief biography of the author Oliveira and mentions other literary works on maritime subjects from that period. It discusses the contents of the book which covers various nautical subjects like seamanship, oceanography and navigation.

The article discusses officer retention in the U.S. Navy during the early 21st century. According to the article, the U.S. Navy suffered from retention rates among all levels of commissioned officers. The author argues that U.S. Navy senior leadership should work with the U.S. Congress and the U.S. Department of Defense to change policy and create incentives to retain officers. The article discusses the concept of Sustained High Operational Tempo (OPTEMPO), the impact of funding on retention, and trust in senior U.S. Navy leadership. It also discusses marketing messaging and pay structures.

The article presents testimony to the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee by Peter A. Dutton of the U.S. Naval War College on China's naval strategy related to boundary disputes in the East and South China Seas. Dutton states that freedom of the seas is essential to U.S. national security and urges that the U.S. support countries involved in disputes with China. It is stated that the U.S. should continue military spending to maintain its technological superiority in air and naval warfare.

The article discusses the relation of cyber war or information war to the U.S. Navy and its maritime strategy. Topics include the formation of the U.S. Cyber Command (CYBERCOM) under the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in 2009, the relation of the U.S. Navy's Fleet Cyber Command to its command structure, and the relation of cyber warfare to precision targeting in naval warfare.

The article discusses the U.S. Navy's maritime strategy during the 1980s. Topics include U.S. naval rivalry with the Soviet Union's naval forces, the strategy promoted by the U.S. Naval War College's Strategic Studies Review Group (SSG), and the work of U.S. Admiral Thomas B. Hayward as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). Implications of this history for U.S. naval rivalry with China as of 2014 are addressed.

The article discusses geostrategic aspects of the South China Sea in relation to naval strategy. Topics include the work of theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan on the strategic features of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, Chinese naval policy in relation to its claims to sovereignty over much of the South China Sea, and the impact of submarines on possible South China Sea conflicts. The military significance of Taiwan in relation to Chinese naval strategy is discussed.

An essay is presented which discusses the naval tactic of using small warships in naval warfare and military missions, including the small fleet of ships known as flotillas and the cost effectiveness of using small combatants. An overview of naval strategies against the enemy, including in regard to the enemy's capabilities and the resilience following military action, is provided.

The article discusses the 1942 World War II Battle of Midway in the Pacific Ocean, in which the U.S. Navy defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy. An overview of the Japanese Naval Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, including his efforts to force a military engagement, is provided. An overview of the Japanese naval strategy in the Pacific Area is also provided.

The article discusses the history of the phrase "fleet in being" throughout the history of naval warfare from 1690 through the 19th century. An overview of the naval warfare in the American Revolution, including the British Royal Navy's efforts in gaining sea power over the American and French navies and its naval strategy throughout the war, is provided. An overview of military strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan's perspective on naval strategy is also provided.

The article discusses the history of war games from the late 18th century through the early 2010s, with a particular focus on naval war games. An overview of the U.S. Naval War College of Newport, Rhode Island's devising of war games is provided. An overview of U.S. Navy Lieutenant William McCarty Little's role in developing war games for the U.S. Navy is also provided. The role that group cohesion plays in naval strategy is discussed.

The article discusses the doctrine of concealment utilized by U.S. naval forces as of autumn 2013. It examines the U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD) "Joint Operational Access Concept (JOAC)," the tactic of emission control (EMCON), and the use of force-level maneuver in concealment. It also discusses the concealment tactics known as dispersion, operational security (OPSEC), and communications security (COMSEC). The article also discusses responses to first strikes, deterrence, and deception.

The article discusses project management difficulties associated with the development of the British Type 45 "Daring"-class naval destroyer during the early 21st century. The article examines continual shifts in the British government's policy toward the number of Type 45 destroyers that were necessary to construct, the role of the British Ministry of Defence (MoD) in the Type 45 program, and the scaling down of the British surface fleet. The authors argue that the reduction of Type 45s will make it difficult for the British Royal Navy (RN) to sustain a full range of operations and the strategic significance of such a development.

The article discusses U.S. naval operations in peacetime conditions as of Spring 2013. It argues that naval planners, theorists, and practitioners should adjust their approaches to peacetime naval operations, and that naval theory is not appropriate for peacetime missions. The article discusses the impact of globalization on maritime commerce, the evolution of criminal and military threats to U.S. national security, and the changing nature of international maritime law. The author presents an alternative framework aimed at reconceptualizing naval operations from peacetime to a war footing.

The article discusses the concept of privately-funded commerce warfare and its theoretical and practical evolution from the 17th century to just prior to the commencement of World War I, also known as the age of limited war. The author suggests that the age of limited war may reflect the distribution of power likely to win out during the 21st century. The article discusses the strategic concept of "guerre de course" among so-called weaker nations in the quest for sea power, which the author states involved contracting with private interests in exchange for letters of marque authorizing action against stronger naval entities. The article also discusses the impact of technological change on naval tactics.

The article discusses U.S. sea war strategy for a possible conflict with China in the 21st century, with focus given to ways the U.S. could confine warfare to the actual sea without engaging in escalatory air strikes or land invasions. The authors explain that such a strategy will promote deterrence, as opposed to escalation. The main elements of this strategy, which is largely related to U.S. power in the Pacific region, include implementing blockades, utilization of undersea forces, and the construction of a flotilla for the transport of surface-to-surface missiles.

The article discusses the history of China's air and aerospace power in its surrounding seas since 1949, including in the Bohai Gulf, the Yellow Sea and the East and South China Seas. An overview of the history of China's armed forces, including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the PLA Navy (PLAN) and the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is provided. The role that the Chinese PLAN commander Admiral Liu Huaqing played in developing a regional naval strategy for China, including his goal of unifying the country with Taiwan, is discussed.

An essay is presented which discusses the relationship of U.S. naval policy and strategy with the tactics involved in naval campaigns. An overview of the history of international naval relations, including countries' attitudes towards dominant sea powers, is provided. The author offers U.S. naval strategies in regard to China, Iran, irregular warfare, nuclear war, cyberspace and homeland defense.

The article discusses the naval strategic concept of sea basing, focusing on the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Navy. It explores definitions of sea basing, which concern the ability to use the sea in ways parallel to overseas regional bases. The author considers sea basing as a joint concept and comments on amphibious warfare. He also reflects on sea basing in a plan called "Sea Power 21," issued by U.S. Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Admiral Vern Clark. U.S. sea control and sea basing in the Asia-Pacific region are also discussed.

The article examines the role of naval aviation and the construction and deployment of aircraft carriers in China's military doctrine. Construction of aircraft carriers and development of jet fighter planes to be used on carriers by China is examined. The future deployment of aircraft carriers by China is considered and said to be most likely to be in the South China Sea given past military actions by the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) in that area in territorial disputes with Vietnam and the Philippines. China's production of amphibious assault ships is considered. It is forecast that China would be unlikely to use such ships in an invasion of Taiwan.

The article discusses the efforts of the U.S. Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island to adapt to the requirements of an era of relative military peace at the outset of the Cold War and Atomic Age. More specifically, the author explains shifts in the War College's implementation of naval strategy, tactics, and operations in light of the Cold War and advent of atomic weapons. The leadership of U.S. Admiral Raymond Spruance in the altering of U.S. naval policy, of which the War College was responsible for developing, is explained. Spruance's arguments against the consolidation of U.S. Navy and Army operations, voiced in the U.S. Senate, are given emphasis.

The article discusses the role of Norway and its armed forces in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and its various commands during the close of the Cold War. More specifically, Norway's role in the maritime defense strategies of Norway and the U.S. is dealt with, focusing on such strategic operations as NATO'S Concept of Maritime Operations (CONMAROPS) in the Norwegian Sea. Norway's nuclear policy and policies concerning military bases are then related to U.S. maritime strategy in the area. The operations of NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT), specifically the operations of its Striking Fleet Atlantic (COMSTRIKFLTANT), are also explained.

The article discusses the use of dispersed operations techniques by the U.S. Nay during the Cold War as a sort of defense against Soviet naval aviation and submarine attacks on aircraft carriers. More specifically, the author relates this strategy of spreading out the Navy's ships to a limitation on communication, or emission control (EMCON). More broadly, he is interested in the Navy's ability to adapt to and implement organizational change in light of the development of threatening naval technology. Various naval exercises undertaken during this time period are discussed.

The article discusses trends in the strategic planning of the U.S. Navy, as of January 2011. It addresses issues such as civil inattention to naval security issues, the impact of the economy on naval forces, and efforts to forecast crises and conflicts in which the U.S. Navy may become involved. The importance of maintaining the global flow of trade, and efforts to combat piracy are discussed. Simulation games which involve catastrophic flooding, pandemics, and major conventional warfare in the Pacific are also noted.

The article presents an analysis of relationships between French and British naval forces, focusing on their efforts at cooperation. It is noted that the two countries have much in common, both in terms of history and in terms of economic power. An overview of the history of Franco-British naval interactions is included, dating back to the 18th century. A discussion of 20th and 21st century efforts to coordinate the two countries' strategic interests is presented. It is noted that France and Britain could benefit from a greater focus on potential synergies in terms of their naval strategies.

The article discusses problems faced by the Royal Canadian Navy, and the importance of the Navy to the security of Canada. The author relates the development of the Navy to the concept of freedom of the sea. Canada benefited from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas. The author calls for international military cooperation by maritime powers and coastal states in order to ensure safe oceans. Emphasis is given to the presence of Canadian sea power, the effect of globalization on navies, and maritime diplomacy.

The article discusses naval operations used by various navies and their applicability to the current dominant situation of the U.S. Navy. It is written in response to the increasing power and visibility of the Chinese Navy. Specific naval operations discussed include the use of blockades, decisive naval battles, and commerce raiding. The author determines if each type of operation will allow the U.S. to maintain its sea control. A color system categorizing areas of water according to their potential for naval operations and the use of aircraft carriers is presented.

The article discusses naval war games in Newport, Rhode Island conducted by the U.S. Naval War College. The author describes the importance of war gaming to education about naval warfare strategy. A brief bibliography of books dealing with war games is provided. The author discusses the importance of study at the Naval War College for U.S. Navy flag officers. Gaming at the college focuses on such areas as maritime domain awareness, cyber warfare, piracy, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

The article discusses the S-2 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, or INS Arihant, completed in 2009 by India as part of the Advanced Technology Vessel project of the Indian Navy. The impact of this nuclear weapons delivery system on the Indian Ocean region, and especially Pakistan, is discussed, as are the nuclear policies of India and Pakistan, and Pakistan's options for responding to India's seaborne capability. Options for the Pakistani Navy to deploy nuclear weapons at sea are discussed in particular.