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In this paper, a model with spatial diffusion and mixed delays is presented to describe the spread of echinococcosis between dogs and livestock. Firstly, the local stability is investigated using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. Furthermore, when considering time delays as bifurcation parameters, the conditions for the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation are discussed based on the linear approximation of the nonlinear system. Lastly, the fixed-time stability is studied under the implementation of appropriate control measures. Numerical simulations are provided to give a better understanding of the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2024 AUG 10 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week -- Investigators discuss new findings in echinococcosis. According to news reporting from Doha, […]

2024 JAN 4 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Women's Health Weekly -- Investigators publish new report on echinococcosis. According to news reporting out of Uttar Pradesh, [...]

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered the most severe parasitic disease that ever affected the human population in Iceland. Before the start of eradication campaign in the 1860s, Iceland was a country with very high prevalence of human CE, with approximately every fifth person infected. Eradication of CE from Iceland by 1979 was a huge success story and served as a leading example for other countries on how to combat such a severe One Health problem. However, there is no genetic information on Echinococcus parasites before eradication. Here, we reveal the genetic identity for one of the last Echinococcus isolates in Iceland, obtained from a sheep 46 years ago (1977). We sequenced a large portion of the mitochondrial genome (8141 bp) and identified the isolate as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G1. As G1 is known to be highly infective genotype to humans, it may partly explain why such a large proportion of human population in Iceland was infected at a time. The study demonstrates that decades-old samples hold significant potential to uncover genetic identities of parasites in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most human cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases worldwide are attributed to Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s), followed by the G6 and G7 genotypes. While E. granulosus s.s. has a cosmopolitan distribution, the G6 genotype is restricted to areas where camels and goats are present. Goats are the primary livestock in the Neuquén province in Argentina where the G6 genotype has been reported to be responsible for a significant percentage of CE human cysts genotyped. In the present study, we genotyped 124 Echinococcus cysts infecting 90 CE-confirmed patients. Echinococcus granulosus s.s. was identified in 51 patients (56.7%) with 81 cysts and the G6 genotype in 39 patients (43.3%) harbouring 43 cysts. Most CE cases ≤18 years were male suggesting pastoral work could be a risk factor for the infection. Echinococcus granulosus s.s. was significantly found more frequently in the liver (32/51 patients) and the G6 genotype in the lungs and extrahepatic localizations (27/39). The patients infected with E. granulosus s.s., presented up to 6 cysts while patients infected with G6 presented a maximum of 2. The diameter of lung cysts attributed to E. granulosus s.s. was significantly larger compared to lung cysts from G6. Following the WHO ultrasound classification of liver cysts, we observed inactive cysts in 55.6% of G6 cysts and only 15.3% of E. granulosus s.s cysts. In conclusion, we provide evidence of differences in clinical aspects of CE caused by E. granulosus s.s. and the G6 genotype of E. granulosus s. l. complex infecting humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AUTH Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in humans and domestic animals in eastern Africa. All the species of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex have been reported in this region except for E. equinus , possibly due to the small number of studies involving equids. This study reports the frequency of different Echinococcus species in donkeys from eastern Africa. A total of 5961 donkeys were examined during meat inspection in 3 slaughterhouses in Kenya. Identification of Echinococcus spp. was achieved through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism and sequencing of the mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene. The prevalence of CE was 5.7% (337/5961). The 263 genotyped cysts belonged to E. equinus (n = 163), E. granulosus sensu stricto (n = 70), E. canadensis (G6/7) (n = 26) and E. ortleppi (n = 4). One donkey harboured a metacestode of Spirometra theileri. All E. equinus cases, except 2, originated from southern Ethiopia, whereas the other species were more evenly distributed across the study area. Most of the cysts belonging to E. equinus were fertile (111/163), while those of the other species were non-fertile. This is the first report of Echinococcus spp. in donkeys from sub-Saharan Africa and the first confirmation of E. equinus in East Africa. The frequent fertility of E. equinus cysts in donkeys affirms their suitability as intermediate hosts of this species, while low frequency and cyst fertility suggest a marginal role of donkeys in the transmission of E. granulosus s. s., E. canadensis (G6/7) and E. ortleppi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AUTH Attempts to control cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus in the Falkland Islands have been ongoing for over 50 years. No human cases have been recorded since the 1980s but there is a need to establish if the parasite has been completely eliminated from domestic animals. A study was carried out in 2018/2019 to identify dogs infected with E. granulosus using copro-antigen and copro-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. In addition, annual slaughter data were analysed to establish infection levels of E. granulosus and 2 other taeniid parasites. Results showed that 4 out of 589 dogs (0.7%) tested positive by copro-antigen analysis. Results from similar surveys carried out in 2010, 2012 and 2014 showed 17 (3%), 0 and 6 (1%) copro-antigen-positive dogs, respectively, with 8 dogs being confirmed by PCR in 2010. Annual abattoir data showed that from 2006 to 2020, 36 sheep were identified with E. granulosus (mean 0.0055%), 14 186 sheep with Taenia hydatigena (mean 2.2%) and 465 with Taenia ovis (mean 0.072%). Prevalences of T. hydatigena and T. ovis showed spontaneous rises in certain years where the infections could also be detected in lambs indicating that viable taeniid eggs were present. Observations of farm management procedures indicated that there were occasions when dogs could get access to infective taeniid material. In conclusion, E. granulosus is still present in sheep and dogs but at low prevalences. The increasing presence of T. hydatigena however, indicates that control measures are defective in some areas and there is potential for a re-emergence of CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid disease is a chronic zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus. This paper proposes and analyzes a mathematical model of Echinococcosis disease system with a piecewise control function concerning threshold policy. The model is represented the control measures being triggered once the total number of infected hosts and human reaches the tolerant level. Model solutions are able to approach either one real equilibrium or the pseudo-equilibrium, depending on the tolerant threshold. Our results suggest that in order to diminish the outbreak of Echinococcosis or lead the number of infecteds to an expected level, it requires not only adequate hospital resources and certain government interventions, but also a good threshold policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent report from Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences highlights the potential development of hydatid cysts in various anatomical locations, with the liver and lungs being the primary sites. Individuals in endemic regions, particularly those involved in livestock farming, face an increased risk of exposure to this parasitic disease. The study emphasizes the importance of early detection through diagnostic tools such as ultrasound, CT scans, and serological tests, as the cysts can persist asymptomatically over prolonged periods. The report presents a case involving a 41-year-old woman investigating the causes of infertility, where multiple hydatid cysts were serendipitously discovered in her liver, spleen, and kidneys. This case underscores the diverse anatomical locations these cysts can occupy and the significance of vigilant diagnostic approaches. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Hospital Metropolitano in Quito, Ecuador discusses two cases of young females affected by hydatidosis, a parasitic disease caused by the cestode Echinococcus. The first case involved cysts in the lungs and liver, which did not respond to medical treatment and required surgery. The second case initially misdiagnosed as pneumonia and pulmonary abscess, was later found to be hydatid cysts in the right lung, and surgery was necessary due to symptoms and cyst size. The report emphasizes the importance of tailored management based on the affected organs and response to treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by Xinjiang Medical University in Urumqi, People's Republic of China, examined the clinical efficiency of anatomical hepatectomy in the treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE). The study analyzed the data of 74 patients who underwent anatomical hepatectomy and were classified into different groups based on the severity of the disease. The results showed that anatomical hepatectomy was an effective and feasible surgical procedure for patients with severe invasion of intrahepatic biliary ducts and vessels or those with large lesions occupying one hepatic lobe. The study also found that the procedure helped avoid complications related to residual cavities. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital provides insights into hepatic echinococcosis, a serious and life-threatening parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis. The research focuses on receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, which plays a role in cellular processes and has been identified in the parasites. The study suggests that RTK signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for echinococcosis, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) could be effective drugs for treating the disease. Further research is needed to explore this potential treatment approach. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in Uttar Pradesh, India, highlights an unusual medical case involving a 26-year-old female with a hydatid cyst who was unexpectedly found to have an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor producing catecholamines. The patient initially complained of persistent right upper abdominal pain, and imaging revealed a cystic lesion resembling a hydatid cyst. During surgery, unexpected arrhythmia and electrocardiographic changes led to the suspicion of acute coronary syndrome, halting the procedure. Further investigation confirmed the presence of an adrenal pheochromocytoma. The study emphasizes the challenges in diagnosing cystic pheochromocytomas, which can lead to intraoperative complications and misdiagnosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in Shanxi, People's Republic of China, focused on spinal echinococcosis, a parasitic disease that is often overlooked. The researchers discovered that agrimol B, a herbal component, can be repurposed as an effective treatment for the disease. By targeting arginine uptake, agrimol B disrupted energy metabolism and induced autophagy-dependent apoptosis, leading to the death of the parasite. The study also found that arginine depletion was more effective than the commonly used drug albendazole and had the potential to protect the spinal discs. This research provides valuable insights into the physiological metabolism of Echinococcus granulosus and highlights the potential of targeting arginine metabolism as a therapy for spinal echinococcosis. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Mohammed VI University Hospital in Oujda, Morocco, have reported a case of a 12-year-old child with a ciliated cyst of the liver. This condition is rare in pediatric patients and is often discovered incidentally. The patient underwent a laparoscopic resection of the cyst, and the postoperative course was uneventful. The researchers concluded that ciliated cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic liver lesions, and the therapeutic management of these cysts is still a subject of debate. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on a study from Jinan University that developed a radiomics model to predict lymph node metastasis in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Topics include the creation of a predictive model using computed tomography imaging, the performance evaluation of the model through various statistical methods, and its potential to guide preoperative decisions and improve surgical outcomes for patients.

A rare case report from University Hospital Ibn Rochd in Casablanca, Morocco highlights the diagnostic challenges and potential complications associated with pediatric cardiac hydatid cysts, a manifestation of the parasitic disease Echinococcosis. The report describes the case of a 4-year-old child who presented with symptoms including epigastric pain, tachycardia, fever, and pericardial effusion. Diagnosis was confirmed through hydatid serology and imaging, and treatment involved albendazole, pericardial drainage, and cyst removal. The authors emphasize the importance of collaboration between medical disciplines and ongoing research in endemic regions for timely diagnosis and effective treatment. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses new research findings on echinococcosis, particularly focusing on hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE) and the application of a deep learning radiomics model for predicting its biological activity. Topics discussed include the methodology of a retrospective analysis involving CT images, the performance evaluation of diagnostic models using logistic regression, and the development of a nomogram to assess clinical utility and predictive accuracy.

A new report from European University discusses spinal hydatid disease, a serious medical condition caused by the parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. While spinal involvement is rare, it can lead to severe complications such as radiculopathy, motor deficits, and paraparesis. The report presents a case study of a 51-year-old male from Georgia who experienced progressive weakness, lumbar pain, and urinary incontinence due to spinal echinococcal infection. Despite multiple interventions, the patient's condition persisted, highlighting the need for comprehensive management and innovative approaches to complex parasitic infections. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University explored the efficacy and mechanism of energy metabolism dual-regulated nanoparticles (atovaquone-albendazole nanoparticles) in treating cystic echinococcosis. The researchers found that these nanoparticles exhibited anti-CE effects both in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting energy production and promoting pyruvic acid aggregation. The nanoparticles showed higher killing efficacy on Echinococcus granulosus compared to free drugs. The study provides valuable insights into potential treatments for echinococcosis. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical trial, NCT06540742, has been initiated in northwest China to address the challenges in diagnosing and treating hepatic echinococcosis, a zoonotic disease. The trial aims to develop a comprehensive diagnosis and prognosis system using artificial intelligence technology to accurately identify and classify the disease. The study focuses on the application of the DINOv2 medical image segmentation algorithm and deep learning technology to identify cases of hepatic echinococcosis. It also uses transfer learning and the Deep-SVDD algorithm to predict the risk of postoperative recurrence. The study is observational and has not yet started recruiting participants. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Bingol in Turkey aimed to determine the occurrence and molecular characterization of helminth parasites in wild boars. The researchers examined 23 wild boar carcasses and obtained isolates of Cysticercus tenuicollis and hydatid cysts. Species identification revealed that all C. tenuicollis isolates were Taenia hydatigena, while seven hydatid cyst isolates were classified as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1/G3) and one sample was identified as Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7). The study also identified novel haplotypes and concluded that wild boars exhibit a substantial amount of genetic variety in E. granulosus s.s. and T. hydatigena. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University discusses the challenges in diagnosing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), a type of liver tumor, due to its nonspecific symptoms. The report highlights a case of a 53-year-old female who was initially misdiagnosed with hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE) based on imaging findings. The misdiagnosis was attributed to the similarities in imaging features between iCCA and other liver diseases. The researchers emphasize the importance of comprehensive consideration of all aspects, including epidemiology, medical history, and imaging findings, to prevent missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses. [Extracted from the article]

A case report from Wardha, India highlights the importance of considering parasitic infections, specifically cystic echinococcosis, in the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses. The report describes a rare case of a primary pelvic hydatid cyst in a male patient in his 30s who presented with vague symptoms of difficulty in urination and chronic pelvic pain. Initially misdiagnosed as a neoplastic mass or tuberculosis, further imaging revealed it to be a cystic disease, likely a hydatid cyst. Surgical excision and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The researchers emphasize the need for accurate diagnosis to prevent severe complications associated with the disease and suggest that even in regions with low endemicity, parasitic infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic pelvic masses. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Urmia University of Medical Sciences in Iran investigated the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and hydatidosis among butchers in Tabriz City. The study found that 52.8% of the butchers tested positive for toxoplasmosis IgG antibodies, indicating a high prevalence of the disease. Additionally, 8% of the butchers tested positive for anti-hydatidosis IgG antibodies. The study identified age, education level, and work experience as risk factors for toxoplasmosis, and age and education level as risk factors for hydatidosis. The researchers concluded that these findings highlight the need for attention and measures to reduce the transmission and infection of these diseases among butchers. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Universidad de la Republica in Uruguay examined the use of pharmacological treatments for cystic echinococcosis (CE), a chronic and neglected disease. The study analyzed the results of anti-parasitic treatment in 43 patients diagnosed with CE between 2003 and 2020. The researchers found that treatment with the drug Albendazole (ABZ) alone or in combination with Praziquantel (PZQ) was effective in improving or curing the disease. The study suggests that pharmacological treatment can be a viable option, particularly for patients who are not suitable candidates for surgery. However, further randomized trials are needed to provide more clinical evidence for different pharmacological treatments for CE. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study on the threonine metabolism of Echinococcus multilocularis, the parasite responsible for alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a severe zoonotic disease. The study found that the parasite scavenges large amounts of L-threonine from its environment and that L-threonine treatment led to increased parasite growth. The researchers also discovered that threonine is metabolized by threonine dehydrogenase (TDH) and that the drugs disulfiram, myricetin, and sanguinarine showed potential as inhibitors of EmTDH. The study suggests that sanguinarine treatment should be further investigated in vivo using suitable AE mouse models and that the EmTDH assay could be used as a high-throughput target-based discovery platform for new anti-echinococcal compounds. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Srinagar, Kashmir, India, examined 110 patients with echinococcosis and identified 12 cases of Alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The primary organ involved in all cases was the liver, with tumor masses of varying sizes. Treatment included surgery, liver aspiration, and chemotherapy. The study also found that AE is prevalent in the Kashmir Valley, affecting a population of 79,197 residing in 22 villages. The emergence of AE in this region is discussed, and further research is recommended. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Mongolia has found that cystic echinococcosis (CE), a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in the country. The researchers collected data on surgical cases and newly diagnosed cases of CE and found that surgical cases represented only one-eighth of the diagnosed cases. The study highlights the need for improved diagnostics, clinical management, and surveillance of CE in Mongolia, particularly in remote areas. The researchers urge policymakers and health experts to invest in combating CE and emphasize the importance of standard clinical management and reporting mechanisms. [Extracted from the article]

A 12-year-old girl experienced a lack of efficacy during treatment with albendazole for a hydatid cyst. She initially complained of left flank pain and was found to have a pancreatic cyst during evaluation. Further imaging revealed multiple hydatid cysts in various locations. Despite treatment with albendazole, her condition worsened and she developed septic shock. She underwent cardiac surgery but ultimately died due to septic shock. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Tishreen University have reported a rare case of a 62-year-old female with a primary left intrathoracic extrapulmonary trans-diaphragmatic hydatid cyst causing eventration. The patient presented with symptoms such as chest pain, coughing, weakness, and fever. Surgical resection was performed to remove the cyst, and the location of the cyst played a crucial role in determining the surgical approach. This case highlights the importance of considering unusual locations of hydatid cysts in surgical treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A report from Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences discusses the diagnostic challenges of primary pancreatic hydatid cysts, a rare occurrence caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The case report focuses on a 67-year-old male who presented with jaundice and cholestasis, but lacked typical symptoms associated with pancreatic hydatid cysts. The patient was initially misdiagnosed as having a mucinous cystic neoplasm and underwent Whipple surgery before a large cystic lesion was discovered. The report emphasizes the importance of considering hydatid cysts in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions in the pancreas and performing appropriate serological and imaging tests. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by SIMAD University in Somalia reported a rare case of hepatic hydatid cyst, a form of echinococcosis. The patient, a 19-year-old male from Saudi Arabia, presented with abdominal pain and dysuria. Through physical examination and imaging investigations, a cystic lesion in the liver was discovered and confirmed as a hydatid cyst. The patient underwent successful surgical management and received oral albendazole treatment. The study emphasizes the importance of careful history reporting, physical examination, and appropriate imaging investigations for diagnosing hydatid disease in the liver. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Amsterdam University Medical Center highlights a case of echinococcosis, a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus larvae. The disease typically presents with large cysts in the abdomen, but it is rare in very young children. In this case, a 4-year-old boy had two giant abdominal cysts that were initially inconclusive on ultrasound and negative on serology tests. However, further examination of the cyst fluid confirmed the presence of echinococcosis. This case emphasizes the importance of considering echinococcosis as a possible diagnosis in children with giant abdominal cysts, even at a young age. [Extracted from the article]

A new report discusses research findings on neoplasms, specifically focusing on mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver. This rare cystic neoplasm accounts for approximately 5% of cystic liver cases. The report describes the case of a 52-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain and underwent laparoscopic deroofing of the cyst. The histopathology examination revealed specific features of the neoplasm, and the researchers emphasize the importance of clinical suspicion, histological recognition, and immunohistochemistry in diagnosing this rare entity. Further molecular studies are needed to better understand the biology of mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Ovidius University of Constanta discusses a case of an adnexal hydatid cyst in a pregnant woman. Echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is a chronic illness caused by infection with the parasite Echinococcus granulosus. While cases of hydatid disease in the genital organs are rare, this case is particularly noteworthy due to the cyst's unusual location in the right broad ligament of the uterus. The patient received effective treatment and both the patient and the newborn had positive outcomes. This report serves as an example of how medical professionals can navigate challenging cases and provide optimal care. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the Ministry of Health in Viedma, Argentina discusses the treatment of uncomplicated hepatic cystic echinococcosis, a parasitic infection that primarily affects people in low- and middle-income countries. The report states that treatment options include oral medication, percutaneous techniques, and surgery, but the optimal choice of treatment remains uncertain. The report reviews randomized controlled trials comparing different interventions and finds that there is limited evidence to support specific treatments. The report concludes that firm conclusions cannot be drawn due to the limited number of studies and small sample sizes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu in Romania discusses the management of abdominal hydatid cysts and their complications. The study analyzed 76 patients admitted to the County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Sibiu and found that complications occurred in 23.7% of cases, with the highest rate seen in patients undergoing open surgery. The most common complication was biliary duct rupture. The researchers concluded that a tailored surgical approach is necessary to reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Yarmouk University in Jordan compared different surgical approaches for treating primary splenic hydatid cysts, a rare manifestation of Echinococcus granulosus infection. The study analyzed the outcomes of spleen-preserving surgeries versus total splenectomy in 18 patients. The results showed that spleen-preserving techniques were effective in managing primary splenic hydatidosis, with comparable outcomes to total splenectomy and minimal impact on recurrence rates. The study suggests that spleen-preserving surgery is a viable alternative, especially for pediatric patients, and emphasizes the need for individualized treatment approaches and further research with larger cohorts. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University in China explored the use of radiomics, a method that analyzes medical images, to predict the bioactivity of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE). The study included 131 patients who underwent surgical resection for HAE. The researchers found that radiomics models based on the gross lesion volume, perilesional volume, and gross combined perilesional volume performed well in predicting the bioactivity of HAE. The study concluded that a nomogram model combining clinical and radiomic signatures showed the best performance in predicting the bioactivity of HAE. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the First People's Hospital focused on echinococcosis, a rare parasitic disease. The study reported on a case of an 8-year-old boy with a ruptured splenic hydatid cyst, which caused abdominal pain and shock. The patient underwent emergency surgery to remove the cyst and repair the spleen, followed by a 12-month treatment with Albendazole. This research provides valuable insights into the diagnosis and management of this condition. For more information, the full article can be accessed through the provided link. [Extracted from the article]

A recent case report from Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg in France discusses a patient with atypical alveolar echinococcosis, a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. The patient, an 82-year-old who was immunocompromised due to corticosteroid therapy and treatment with dupilumab, presented with hepatic and pulmonary lesions. The researchers highlight the importance of considering alveolar echinococcosis in cases of systemic disease with hepatic and pulmonary involvement, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The role of dupilumab in the disease's progression and atypical presentation is also discussed. [Extracted from the article]