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This study was conducted to examine consumers' response, changes in their shopping behaviour and the effectiveness of the 'No Free Plastic Bag' campaign after almost a decade consumers were charged RM0.20 for using plastic bags. Data was collected from 122 respondents who answered an online questionnaire. The findings indicated that bringing your own shopping bag is not yet the culture in Malaysia despite that majority of consumers were aware of the campaign. Behavioural change is low as 62.3% of respondents routinely forget to bring their own shopping bags. More than half of the respondents (57.3%) are still willing to pay RM0.20 for a plastic bag. The findings of this research also revealed that consumers are too depending on retailers' green initiatives such as providing them with paper bags and boxes. Through this study, mass media plays a crucial role in disseminating information and creating environmental awareness among consumers. Many consumers voiced their support for a stricter regulation and to increase the current fee for each plastic bag purchased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamism is a subject that continues to receive scholars’ attention. However, by referring to previous studies, the subject of Islamism has been discussed loosely due to, first, the lack of a consensus on the concept of Islamism among scholars, and second, the question of the identity of Islamism not being thoroughly explored. Thus, this paper aims to fill these gaps by focusing the discussion on the concept, idea, and framework of Islamism identity. Based on previous studies on Islamism, this paper presents its perspective on Islamism by examining these three aspects. Conceptually, Islamism is a form of manifestation of human endeavor invented by conscious Muslims to ensure that Islam can fully play a role in all aspects of life. As an idea, Islamism comprises principles and programs that encompass ideological and practical aspects, respectively. The idea of Islamism has undergone development that subsequently affected the formation of criteria for the identification of Islamist entities (whether conservative or reformist) as well as post-Islamist and nonIslamist entities. This paper may contribute to the literature by presenting a new perspective on the concept and the framework of Islamism identity that can serve as a basis for discussion in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History does not progress linearly, opening space to question discourses and power dynamics in the hierarchy between men and women simultaneously. Therefore, this paper adopts a gender approach with a specific focus on the Leadership Labyrinth coined by Eagly and Carli to dissect the challenges of women’s participation and leadership in the public sphere. The historical background is traced from the 2nd century to the 21st century, divided into phases based on significant events, with attention to leadership, participation, and influence of women. Here, a pertinent question arises: how do women, facing diverse challenges, not only become subjects of development but also choose diverse platforms and discourses to demonstrate that their parity is not singular? Women are found to exhibit their leadership abilities as early rulers, gradually constricted to supporters of movements and homemakers. Subsequently, women successfully lead organizations, advocating for equal treatment, and their voices are included in decision-making at decision making levels. By employing the approach and a research methodology aligned with the study’s objectives, this paper aims to demonstrate that often-overlooked dimensions and perceived obstacles to women’s progress can be supportive factors in enhancing their leadership positions in society. Women are seen strategizing through non-violent means and utilizing domestic spaces, in addition to public spaces. In essence, women strategically organize using capacities and spaces under their control to advocate for their rights and beliefs. The variations resulting from the applied approach showcase the richness of this historical domain in offering an alternative framework for examining women’s leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization process in Malaysia since 1957 has significantly transformed the role of women in society. Urbanization phenomena have transformed the structure, dynamics, and traditional roles of women within the basic unit of the family. This paper examines how urbanization and social changes in the post-independence period have influenced the shift in women's roles - from traditional domestic functions to becoming key income-generators for their families. The analysis is grounded in Census data and Vital Statistics from the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM). A review of rapid urban growth from 1957 to 2025 indicates that urbanization has shaped a distinct pattern of increasing women's participation in the labor force and a rise in the proportion of women serving as Heads of Households. Concurrently, data shows a significant upward trend in women's enrollment in higher education (matriculation, colleges, and universities). Additionally, the data reveals a pattern of delayed marriage among working women (aged 27-29) and a tendency towards smaller nuclear family sizes. The profound changes observed between 1957 and 2025 demonstrate that the urbanization process has fundamentally reshaped the role of Malaysian women, transitioning them from traditional domestic roles to primary income-generators for their families. As women's economic roles have expanded, they require a supportive environment and appropriate policies to effectively fulfill their evolving responsibilities. This includes work-life balance initiatives, fair career opportunities, and more equitable distribution of household tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss the findings of a study that has been conducted to explore the challenges of women with physical disabilities (OKU) in entrepreneurship. The scope of the exploration involves the start-up phase of the business which requires the informant to tell the experience of facing initial challenges in the business. The study was designed using a fully qualitative approach with data collection using the Focus Group Discussion method. The study location involves four Malaysian zones, namely the North, East, Central and South zones. A total of 34 physically disabled women who are traders were selected to be interviewed. The selection of informants was made purposefully by choosing the recipients of the Malaysian Social Welfare Department's launch grant. The thematic analysis carried out shows that there are three main challenges faced by informants during the phase of starting a business, namely: i- lack of access to information, ii- implications of physical disability and iii- dual role challenges. The results of the study give implications to stakeholders' efforts to improve the achievement of empowering women with physical disabilities in starting a business. In addition, this paper also discusses the scientific justification for the proposal for the construction of the Economic Empowerment Model (Entrepreneurship) for Physically Disabled Women as an output of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malay-Islamic hikayat texts become one of the important mediums in conveying the teachings of Islam in the Malay world, especially in the 15th century. These narrative works become a channel for the propagation of Islamic teachings, including in the aspects of morality and family. The Malay-Islamic hikayat also the focussed on the formation of the image of the pious wife, in accordance with the position of the wife as an important component to produce a happy household and family. This paper discusses the image of the pious wife which is reflected in two works of Malay-Islamic hikayat, namely Hikayat Darmata'siah and Hikayat Perempuan Bernama Latifah. The analysis of the pious wife in this writing is reviewed from the perspective of the preaching method conceived by in the Pengkaedahan Melayu Theory by Hashim Awang. Accordingly, the discussion of this paper analyses the image of the pious wife as a preaching method especially for contemporary women. From the aspect of methodology, this study is employed qualitative approach which is divided into library method and content analysis. The study data involves two Malay-Islamic hikayat texts, namely Hikayat Darmata'siah which is contained in the Antologi Enam Hikayat edited by Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor (1989) and Hikayat Perempuan Bernama Latifah edited by Nik Afifah Nik Abdul Aziz (2017). The research found that both texts feature the value of the pious wife as outlined in Islam. Among the significant characteristics of a pious wife, are possessing a strong religious belief, obeying her husband's instructions, treating her husband like a king and being faithful to the end of her life. In conclusion, from the point of view of da'wah, the essence of these two hikayat texts in highlighting the image of the pious wife is still relevant and can be used as a guide for modern women today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Royal Town is rich in its own heritage history. Royal Town destinations that apply aesthetic values and long history have offered tourism products to fans of Royal Town values or known as tourist heritage. Tourism in the Royal Town in Malaysia is seen to be under -promoted on social media and electronic media. In fact, the Royal Town are also less prominent from the aspect of definition and heritage value found in the town. The concept of the Royal Town is unique, inherited and highlights the Royal elements are poorly documented and not recorded causing the role of the Royal Town as one of the tourist attractions in Malaysia is also left behind. Therefore, differences in terms of tourist patterns also cannot be identified and highlighted as long as tourists visit selected heritage destinations. This paper aims to examine the comparison of royalscape based on the segments of student, youth and family tourists in terms of the variety of visits to Kuala Kangsar. Convenience sampling technique was used by distributing questionnaires to 500 respondents consisting of student tourists, youth and families using descriptive analysis and One -Way Anova inferential analysis. The results show that there is a comparison in the visits of the tourist segment who visit the Royal Town of Kuala Kangsar. The seven royalscape in this study were visited by all tourist segments, Next there were differences in the manner of visits by the three tourist segments. In conclusion, this paper shows a comparison of the variety of visits by tourists based on segments. This study has limited limitations to look at comparisons based on the domestic tourist segment only and does not emphasize the variety of international tourist visits. However, the findings of this study provide space for further study by looking at the variety of international tourists in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Strait of Malacca is one of the busiest maritime Sea Lanes of Communications (SLOCs) in the world because of its importance in transporting goods. However, like any other straits, Strait of Malacca also do not escape from maritime criminal attack. As a Littoral States to Strait of Malacca, Malaysia and Indonesia have taking initiatives to improve the security in that area. This paper will attempt to explain the priorities and challenges of Malaysia and Indonesia to cooperate in the Strait of Malacca between 2016-2020. It has three objectives: namely 1) to identify maritime security threats in Strait of Malacca; 2) to analyse the priorities and challenges of the Malaysia-Indonesia maritime cooperation in the Strait of Malacca; 3) to recommend the potential of a new maritime cooperation between Malaysia-Indonesia in the Strait of Malacca. This study was based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from structured interviews involving informants in various professional fields that are directly involved in maritime security in the Strait of Malacca. Secondary data was collected from literature reviews based on scientific publications, theses, journal articles, and online material, such as newspaper articles. The findings of this study will show the types of maritime cooperations between Malaysia and Indonesia and the measures that taken by the authority to encounter the illegal activities that taken place in the Strait of Malacca for the future actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voters outside of Kelantan tends to vote for PAS compared to other political parties, even though they live in the Klang Valley. Fundamentally, the people in Klang Valley in the majority do not support PAS as the people in Kelantan. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the forms of political culture of voters outside of Kelantan which reside around Klang Valley. This research involved 403 Malay voters outside of Kelantan, aged 21 years old and above that reside at Klang Valley but still cast their vote at Kelantan. This research implemented the quantitative approach through the survey method which utilised the feedback forms. The respondents in this research were chosen through purposeful sampling method and snowball sampling method. The data for this research were analysed descriptively and through ANOVA test. The result of this research found that the political culture of voter outside of Kelantan is in the form of subjectivity. This subjective political culture refers to society accepting one sided output only without questioning what, why and how that matters happen. This shows that individual relationship with the political system is passive and behave obediently. This type of society does not questions much and accept the explanation from certain parties without investigating the authenticity of the information involved in the explanation. This type of society is usually hardcore supporters of a political party. The implication of this form of political culture cause the voters to become recklessly obedient, compliant and unable to make decisions rationally until they are considered to be in a captive state of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on Usman Awang's poetry are focused on themes, while those that touch on his language are not systematic, thus creating a significant gap in the study of his poems. With its objective to fill this gap and engage further interest in Usman Awang's language usage, this paper highlights relevant issues such as identification of language style, manipulation of language used, and the effectiveness of such manipulations. The analytical framework used is Henry Guntur Tarigan's Language Style Model particularly the four language forms related to comparison namely simile, metaphor, personification and anticipation. The analysis found that all four forms are present in Usman Awang's poems. He uses old similes and creates new ones to introduce unfamiliar elements that are forceful and refreshing in order to generate new meanings for his poems. His use of metaphors allows everyday language to shed its regular meanings and absorb new ones, thereby extending its semantic reach. His use of personifications allows objects to create meanings, develop atmosphere and convey messages, as well as explore sensitive or forbidden issues. He uses anticipation's property of foreshadowing and preceding to depict present and future realities simultaneously, thereby widening his poems' reach and forcefully convey his messages. The analysis also found that Usman Awang avails himself of Malay traditional heritage to enrich his poems although the latter are modern. This article's systematic study is expected to fill the gap and engage interest in scholarly works on Usman Awang's poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in linguistic theory in the Minimalist Program have provided many solid basic frameworks for analyzing pronouns in the Mah Meri language, one of the Senoi group. The data analyzed in this paper is taken from fieldwork conducted at Kampung Bukit Bangkong, Selangor. The data was obtained by recording the conversations of respondents who spoke the Mah Meri language. Two research methods were used, the library method and the field method. The library method was used to collect information related to pronouns, and the field method was used to obtain data on the field area. The data collected was analyzed and analyzed using the Minimalist Program. The analysis process of such pronouns is divided into two parts, namely descriptive analysis and syntactic analysis. The descriptive analysis discusses the cases of pronouns of the language, while the syntactic analysis discusses the syntactic structure of Mah Meri pronouns based on descriptive analysis. The syntactic analysis uses a minimalist program framework to analyze the pronouns in the Mah Meri language. As a result of this analysis, a novel finding for an Austroasiatic language is that Mah Meri language pronouns can be divided into two parts, namely case-bearing and case-marked pronouns. Analysis of these pronouns displays differences in the words that follow and precede a noun. In addition, there are also similarities and differences in the classification between Mah Meri and Malay languages, although they are in different language groups and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History records that intermarriage between Datu from the Sulu Island with Idahan women has occurred since the 17th century. The result of intermarriage between the two had given birth to heirs known as Kedatuan-Idahan. This paper discusses the history of Kedatuan and intermarriage in Sabah, which contributed to the strengthening of Islamic identity among the people of the east coast of Sabah. This study involves data collection using qualitative methods based on textual content analysis and in-depth interviews with selected key informants in several villages of the Idahan community in Lahad Datu. The study results show that the intermarriage between a Datu from the Sulu Island and an Idahan woman has produced an heir with a kinship relationship with the Sulu sultanate. This kinship relationship strengthens the dominance of the bird's nest economic activity, which is in high demand from Chinese traders. The findings of the study also show that carrying the title of Datu and Dayang at the base of the heir's name to the Kedatuan further strengthens the Islamic identity among the people of the east coast of Sabah. The study also found that the Kedatuan-Idahan intermarriage impacted the Idahan community's political position in the Darvel Bay area and contributed to the early settlement of the Muslim community on the east coast of Sabah. The role of Kedatuan also explains the importance of their position as Muslim religious leaders in the Lahad Datu district and their involvement in the Cobbold Commission until the formation of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inception is a science-fiction action film directed by Christopher Nolan. The film is primarily concerned with dreams and reality. This film raises a question that hovers among the philosophers of mind i.e. are dreams conscious experiences that occur during sleep? The debates on the relationship between consciousness and dreams have been discussed for centuries. For example, in the history of Western philosophy, the prominent Greek philosopher Aristotle first discussed the topic in his work entitled On Dreams. However, from the context of Islamic philosophy, Fazlur Rahman emphasizes that al-Ghazali is the earliest Muslim thinker who uses dreams to prove the objective existence or ontological existence of things which regards to the end of human souls, also known as eschatology. Therefore, this paper seeks to analyse major themes of the Inception parallel to al-Ghazali's views on dreams. Using research design based on content analysis and data collection through document analysis, this paper presents four key themes in Inception that can be compared to al-Ghazali's thought which are reality of death, reality of illness, scepticism, and imagination. In general, this paper analyses the film and al-Ghazali's thought by dividing the discussion into two: ontology and epistemology. Theoretically, the findings of this paper contribute to the relevance of al-Ghazali's thought from the aspect of ontology and epistemology in comprehending a film that contains such philosophical elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are highly inquisitive. This will naturally lead them to explore and discover the world around them which is fundamental to the development of science learning. Early Science Learning is seen to have the potential to inculcate the development of children's social-emotional competence because as the children explore science together with their friends, they will also build social-emotional skills such as understanding the importance of rules, learning to wait for their turn, listening to instructions, cooperating with others, helping other people, identifying and understanding differences in one's feelings. This paper was written with the aim to explore how Early Science Learning can affect children's social-emotional competency in a positive manner. In particular, this paper examines the potential of activities and science process skills in promoting social and emotional competencies. Based on the systematic literature review that was done, the author lists and explains five elements of Early Science-Learning that influences preschool childrens' social and emotional competence. They are: i) active participation opportunities; ii) social interaction opportunities; iii) the role of teachers; iv) learning environment and v) meaningful experiences. These elements are found to have positive potential impact in enhancing the social and emotional competencies of preschool children and can be considered to be implemented in the public and private preschools in Malaysia. It is hoped that this systematic literature review paper will expand the perspective and understanding of the implementation of Social and Emotional Education across the early childhood education curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malaysian government has decided that vaccination provided since the early 1950s is free and intended to protect children. However, the responsibility to provide complete immunization for children is still an option given to parents or guardians and is not mandatory. Furthermore, the emergence of anti-vaccine movement was even more bold in spreading misconceptions about vaccination needs to society, especially parents. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the legal issues arising in the context of childhood vaccines and the existence of anti-vaccine movement in Malaysia. The key points to be addressed are the requirement of childhood vaccinations, the existence of anti-vaccine movement and the control over the dissemination of false information in Malaysia. The research design of pure legal research which is qualitative in nature has been applied. The data sources consist of primary sources which are statutory provisions and court cases as well as secondary sources such as textbooks and journals. The collected data were analyzed by applying the content analysis and the critical analysis methods. The research outcome indicates that specific research on the anti-vaccine movement and its precautionary measures in Malaysian legal context were lacking in the past. Therefore, the authors propose that a detailed study to be carried out by focusing on the solution for legal issues arising from the existence of anti-vaccine movement in Malaysian law perspective. The authors expect that the legal research conducted based on such recommendation will contribute new and significant knowledge, especially relating to legal measure to control the anti-vaccine movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Look East Policy (LEP) was implemented in 1982 with two main objectives. First, efforts to improve skills, competencies, knowledge, and apply positive values from Japan and Korea in work ethic. Second, it aims to improve productivity and quality. This paper discusses the impacts of the second wave of LEP, which is assumed to be mutually beneficial between Japan-Malaysia and the first wave, which weighs more on Malaysia. This study has collected primary data using intensive interview techniques and focus groups with a total number of informants of thirteen (13) people who have direct experience with the implementation of LEP. These qualitative data were analyzed using the construction of themes due to frequency and similarity of meaning on cultural and work ethic questions. Policy cycle theory is applied to evaluate the success of LEP's implementation in achieving its objectives. The results show that in addition to work ethic, cultural factors and practices of reasonable values of Japanese society and loyalty to the employer, are common practices that strengthen the quality of work. The study results prove that LEP is less successful in adapting the work culture fully into Malaysians. Nevertheless, LEP has succeeded in making structural changes with various systematic practices in the workplace, such as 5S practices, Quality Control (TQM), time recording systems, and name tags. Meanwhile the Second Wave of DPT shows cooperation efforts as well as 'spill over' Malaysia-Japan relations which has a positive impact on neighboring countries in the Southeast Asian region. This study is able to prove the implementation of LEP in Malaysia until now is still relevant because LEP not only brings benefits to Malaysia, but also Japan and other countries at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Program TunasNiaga is a program for the development of human capital by inculcating awareness about the importance of entrepreneurship in the national economyto secondary school students. This program does not only provide knowledge and entrepreneurial skills to students, but also help them to make career transition after completing the program and theirstudies. Thus, this paper aims to measure the knowledge and entrepreneurial skills of secondary school students who have participated in the Program Tunas Niaga. This study chose quantitative methods using instruments to measure the level of knowledge and entrepreneurial skills of students. In addition, an unstructured interview method is used to find out the problems faced by studentsand methods of solving the problems when they participated in the Program Tunas Niaga. A total of 379 students who participated in the Program Tunas Niaga in theState of Terengganu wereinvolved in this study. The study found that students agreed they have gained the knowledge and skills of entrepreneurship after joining Program Tunas Niaga. Results of the ANOVA post hoc Tukey test also found significant differences, with regards to the entrepreneurial knowledge, between students whose fathers are working in government and private sectors. In addition, the study also found that there are a few schools thatare not actively running the program and a few participants failed to attend the program because they were busy withother assignments. These problems would not nourish the potential and talents of students as they faced difficulties to participate in the activities of the Program Tunas Niaga. It is hoped that this study will be able to stimulate the organizers of the Tunas Niaga Program and its movers to play a more active role in conducting school entrepreneurial activities so that students can do work to produce economic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of ngalai ritual in Kota Belud, Sabah. The main objective of this discussion is to document the traditional performance which is present still among older generation the west coast Sabah Bajau. The paper was written based on field work carried out at Sembirai village, Kota Belud for a month. The interview was conducted among the healers related to the abstinences and the materials used during the ceremony. Therefore, this study explores the ngalai as a ritualistic performance for healing that revolves the relationship between behaviour and culture. This healing ritual is performed because it is believed that there are conflicts between human nature and the invisible world. These conflicts in turn raises the 'ire' of supernatural beings. As a result, humans are exposed to diseases that are incurable by modern medicine. The ngalai ritual is believed to be an alternative to such adverse circumstances. Ngalai seen as a treatment for physical and spiritual diseases suffered by the human body. The Kota Belud Bajaus also believe this to be a way to persuade the spirits around them to refrain from causing bringing catastrophe to individuals and the entire of society. Therefore, culture and belief system of the Bajau play an important role in the way they perceive their health, behavior and responses to the diseases and treatment. This ritual specifically demonstrates the use and the practice as part of the traditional medicine culture that is also practiced among other societies in Malaysia, such as the healing of ritual main puteri/teri in Kelantan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies wood as a material for construction in the Bujang Valley and makes comparison with other regional settlements such as Yarang and Takuapa in Thailand together with Batujaya in Java. Wood has many uses in construction and is useful to determine whether there existed a technological relationship between the studied sites. This study is important as there has been no study on the usage of wood for construction in early port sites of Southeast Asia. Given that wood is a material that disintegrates easily and that most of the studied sites have already been disturbed, previous writings by archaeologists were consulted to gain a picture about the usage of wood. The period when wood was used was determined from the work of archaeologists. Wooden artefacts were not found in the Bujang Valley but is believed to have been used from the second to the fifteenth century CE based on the use of other, more resilient construction materials. Wood was used in Yarang and Takuapa but the period has not been determined accurately. At Batujaya, it was used from the fifth to tenth century CE. The ways in which wood was used cannot be determined accurately and this suggests that there was no technological transfer between the respective sites. It is suggested here that this study be conducted at other protohistoric port sites in Southeast Asia to give a more complete picture of the type of technologies that existed during the protohistoric period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suhaid language is spoken in Seberuang and Suhaid river basins, Western Kalimantan (Indonesia). This language exhibited its uniqueness with the C+h (consonant + glottal fricative) sound system, which is similar to the aspirated occlusive voice. This aspirated occlusive is derived from the deletion of /É™/ in the penultimate syllable position. Since in Suhaid, r is correspondence to /h/, the C+h form will formed after the deletion of schwa. This paper discusses the existence of the aspirated occlusive voice from the perspective of Optimality phonology. This study has consolidated that this theory is a practicable approach to explain the generation of two different output after the deletion of schwa. This study found that in a disyllabic input, this deletion of schwa has lead to a floating mora which later being attached to immediate vowel and formed a vowel lengthening. On the other hand, for the trisyllabic input, the floating mora will attach to the onset nearby and produce a geminate consonant. This consonant later will undergo the process of degemination, segmental coalescence and eventually appeares as a breathy voiced in the output. Based on analysis, the *GEM (NO GEMINATE) and *COMPLEX ONSET (no more than one segment may associate to any one syllabic constituent) constraints played crucial role in terms of constraint satisfaction and violation. All the candidates with geminate consonant will be ruled out as fatal violation since *GEM dominates the other contraints in the constraint hierarchy. *COMPLEX ONSET on the other hand is an additional constraint that play specific roles to generate dwisyllabic output (from trisyllabic input). This constraint (as well as other constraints) will eliminates all the /C+h/ candidates and the candidate with breathy voice which fully satisfies the given constraint is the optimal candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on poverty have found that monetary scarcity can affect cognitive functioning and decision-making abilities. This is because, individuals who are poor, who experience monetary scarcity, can be easily triggered by budgetary issues and increased cognitive load as a result of having to constantly think about financial issues that eventually affect their ability to make effective decisions. Behavioural studies have found how increased cognitive load impedes cognitive performance and often becomes a significant factor that affects decision-making abilities. However, it is still unclear how cognitive load as a result of scarcity hinders cognitive performance, and what neural processing systems are being affected. Although there are behavioural differences between scarce mind and the non-scarce, the differences in neurobiological processes remain unexplored. Understanding specific neural correlates associated with monetary scarcity will facilitate in identifying how scarcity can impede specific neurocognitive processes. One way to measure neurobiological activity is by using electroencephalography (EEG) event-related potentials (ERPs), which is capable of capturing intrinsic neuro-temporal activities. This paper highlights the importance of investigating the neurobiological basis of how poverty affects cognitive performance. Understanding behaviors related specific neural activities will help to facilitate in developing effective intervention programs that can be targeted to improve decision-making abilities for the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of national ethos as a medium for building a nation state is less debated among the scholars. Hence, this article will examine the perspective of building a nation-state from the national ethos point of view as a dimension that needs to be carefully studied in shaping the formation of a nation. National ethos refers to the character, attitude, ethics, personality and confidence in the matters that can describe the characteristics of the spirit which shared by members of society. With the existence of a national ethos in the individuals, it can reflect the sentiments of nationhood that centered on the national platform. Accordingly, this paper is specifically applies the definition of national ethos as a unique characteristics of the local community that binds one individual with another individual, and that binds the individuals to the state. These unique characteristics encompass four main dimensions namely values, feelings and spirits, beliefs and identities. The unique characteristics of the national ethos become the main medium in the building process of a multi-ethnic Malaysian nation. The community who often get the attention when debating on the process of nation-building are the youth groups. This is because they are the backbone of the nation in the future. The successful of developing the youth groups is the main benchmark for the success of a nation-state development in the future. This study found that the four main dimensions, namely values, feelings and spirits, beliefs and identities have formed a strong bond between individuals and other individuals, and between individuals and the country, especially among the youths being studied. Therefore, in realizing the building of the Malaysian nation-state, the national ethos has become a medium that needs to be nurtured in every individuals, especially the youth groups who are still searching for their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with the Education For All (EFA), education is an absolute right to all the children in this world. UNICEF as one of the United Nations body provides humanitarian and development programme to children around the world, including promoting education for girls and ensuring at least to complete their primary education. The struggle for children educational development involves the role of the media and is an important issue among administrators and politicians. However, unknowingly sources from the genre of literature, especially autobiographical works can stimulate interest and even preserve education for children. In Literature, the study of figures in the autobiographical works can be an effective medium to cultivate good values to the children. Hence, this paper attempts to explain how the genre of autobiography as one the varieties from the literary works can be used as a new platform in the revolution of children education. This discussion explores how a Children's Figure Malala Yousafzai from Mingora, a small town in Pakistan; in her autobiography I Am Malala fight for children girls education in Pakistan. In 2014, Malala's autobiography has been recognized with the Nobel-Peace Award. Malala's autobiography has inspired the world and triggered world leaders to recognize children education. The story of her struggle depicted in her autobiography I Am Malala has inspired not only Pakistanis but also world leaders in recognizing education for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homestay is one of the approaches often sought in developing rural tourism. In developing homestays, many scholars reveal that a community-based tourism approach is an effective and successful way of leveraging entrepreneurs as well as homestay community. On another note, scholars suggest the cooperative approach is a successful means for homestay development. In fact, parts of the successful homestays which have achieved the Asean Homestay Standard are the homestays operated through cooperatives. However, how this approach is implemented is scarcely researched. This paper aims to uncover the mechanism on how cooperatives develop homestay programs and how they can sustain acceptance of members of the community. This study is based on the in-depth research and a survey of 122 cooperative members in three homestays, which have won the Asean Homestay Standard in Negeri Sembilan comprising the Pachitan Homestay, Lonek Homestay and Rawa Homestay. The findings reveal a cooperative approach that benefits the community in facilitating homestay development. The co-operatives and communities have embraced the cooperative approach well because its management is two-way, engaging and add values, homestay as a business. Members and communities are involved not only in the planning, development and implementation stages, but also in the assessment of their performance. Emphasis on the governance, business, promotion and evaluation as well as human capital development has made a difference for members and the community. This cooperative approach not only uplifts the hopes of members and the community, but also empowers them and proves that homestay is a successful community-based tourism development model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every individual wants a comfortable home and a reasonable price to produce a good quality of life. House can be a symbol of one's wealth and achievement. The value of house generally increases every year and purchasing a house can be a long-term investment asset. Therefore, the decision to buy a house is an important decision in one's life where the mistake of making a choice will lead to high financial burden especially for middle-income households. Therefore, it is the purpose of this article to study the factors of home ownership in the Tras state constituency, Raub, Pahang. The writing of this paper is based on methodology of questionnaires were distributed to 380 respondents which consist of groups of middle-income households. Next, the data from the questionnaires were analysed using SPSS software and presented in tables as well as the writing of the results of this study confirmed with the relevant secondary sources. The results show that the majority of respondents agreed that the issue of house ownership could be resolved by government intervention whereby the government should regulate house prices. Therefore, the findings of this study are intended to serve as a general reference or guide for all parties, especially developers and the government in solving the problem of house ownership in the study area. The parties must also be more attentive to meeting the needs of the community while at the same time ensuring the wellbeing of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees have great responsibility towards their country and society. They were expected to contribute their resources and expertise to advance the nation and to be the example in society, to behave well, to obey the laws and regulations. In the context of marriage, Article 16, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979) provides that (a) Women is given the same right to marry(Article 16 (a));) The same right to choose freely a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent (Article 16 (b)); and have (c) The same rights and responsibilities during marriage and divorce. Therefore every married spouses have a right to enjoy a happy family life and free from any harassment that can threaten his or her family. Infidelity to the layman is a dishonest misconduct in a family life. The study uses legal qualitative research methodology and analyzes descriptively based on data obtained from literary sources in the field of family, gender and legal research. In this write-up, the focus of the discussions are within Indonesia legal context. The act of infidelity is interpreted in the Criminal Law (KUHP) as a moral offense that violates public security. This paper examines among others; (a) Anti-harassment for Infidelity issues and its definitional perspectives in Indonesia (b) Various existing anti-harassment for infidelity legal provisions and regulation, and its application to civil servant, (c)problems faced in enforcing the relevant law and regulations and, finally, (d) to suggest ways to resolve harassment because of infidelity at workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The professional and prestigious sports league is one of the efforts to improve social ties in society and the economic development of a country. The maintenance of competitive balance element is the cornerstone of creating a competitive sports league with the ability to attract local and international communities' participation. This paper intends to, first, examine and evaluate the existing regulation and practice of the professional sports league management in term of whether there is a violation of antitrust regulation; and second, to propose some improvements to the existing regulation, so that it is in line with the aim of making the prestigious professional sports league that benefit the community, especially those directly involved in the sports industry, and the country's economic development respectively. This research based on qualitative legal research. An analysis of the antitrust behaviour as contained in the Competition Act 2010 was carried out against the rules and practices of the sale of broadcasting rights set by the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM).The findings show that, any infringement of antitrust restrictions that exist in the determination of rules and practice of selling the sports league rights is a factor for failure in maintaining the 'competitive balance' element for a sports league. Such infringement will distract the smoothness of the league revenue and affects the financial stability of the league. Apart from that, the professional sports league industry also will be ultimately affected negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) is a recent trade agreement after negotiated for decades. TPPA was very sensation due to the new world trade movement lead by the United States. TPPA also seen as the greatest trade agreement in the 21st century that will bring major changes to TPP Member States in various sectors, mostly on economic, trade and investment fronts. Issues arising from the TPPA are not only in the domain of trade, but also intervenes other important aspects such as labour standards, the environment and intellectual property rights. In turn, this will have implications for our current standards and legal framework of TPP member states. A significant problem, and the focus of this paper, is the the impact of the TPPA on existing Malaysian labour laws. Whether Malaysia could maintain the existing framework for labour or does this agreement will require for necessary amendments need to be done in realizing the effectiveness of the TPPA? This article discusses the implications of Chapter No. 19 of TPPA (Labour Chapter) onto Malaysian labour laws resulting from the signed TPPA with other 11 Member States. Methodology used in this article is theoretical analysis based on primary and secondary sources. The interim review found that several sets of labour laws in Malaysia must be amended and the Government of Malaysia should aware with facing of any possible constraints and challenges to comply with international labour standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization in the fishery industry has affected the country's income, fishermen's income and social interaction in Malaysia, especially in the ECER Region. This paper has two objectives, first discussing the development of the fishery industry in the ECER region; Secondly, examine the impression of industrial fisheries development and its relation to the transitional point of the deep-sea fishermen. The study combines primary data and secondary data to get results studies. The study was conducted through a qualitative approach by interviewing 17 informants consisting of deep-sea skipper. Informants are selected through purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The study was conducted in ECER (East Coast Economic Region) which involved four states namely Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang and East Johor. The results of the interview are transcribed in the form of verbatim words which are the words of informants. The verbatim data were analysed using thematic analysis involving the coding process, the categorization and finally the theme output to answer the questionnaire. The analysis of the study found that the development of the fisheries industry affected the transitional process that occurred to deep-sea fishermen. The transition shows that deep-sea fishermen can accept changes in industry fisheries. In fact, the fishery transition process itself affects the social, economic, physical and policy aspects of the fisheries industry. An important discovery is some deep-sea skipper, have become fishery entrepreneurs known as 'juragan-pengusaha' (skipper-entrepreneur). Recognition of skipper as entrepreneurs indirectly impacts strategic policies in the fisheries industry in relation to the national food security assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Portuguese never colonized Batavia (Jakarta), the Kampung Tugu in North Jakarta is known as Portuguese Village. The early settlers of Tugu Village since 1661 consisted of the Mardijkers (liberated slaves). After so many years, there are people from Tugu who still refer to themselves as "of Portuguese descent". So far, media reports and academic research have largely focused on their traditional music known as Keroncong Tugu. Ehtnographic research of the present-day Tugu is still lacking. This paper begins with the context of Batavia, the Mardijkers and then focuses on aspects of the contemporary Tugu People. The methodology of the study was based on primary data from field work in Jakarta and secondary data from historical narratives and linguistic studies. This study shows that not only in Kampung Tugu, but this "Portuguese" community also exists in Pejambon, Central Jakarta, as a result of the diaspora that occurred in the 1950s. The study finds that the discourse of the Tugu people often involves genealogy to explain how they are of Portuguese descent, in other words, Native Tugu, and how they are related to one another. In addition to that, interviews findings, family genealogies, household surveys, kinship terms and naming further indicate that the Tugu people are a heterogenous group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), especially public research universities (PRU), is considered to be an important agent in enhancing the knowledge economy of the 21st century. The rapid development of the industry is particularly associated with the role of HEIs as a centre of knowledge that drives regional economic development and human capital. Development in the Iskandar region, Johor has shown the development of a competitive city region with education hub, high-tech industries, recreation and international urban centre. Based on this, the paper analyses the role of HEIs by selecting PRU as the main focus. The question is, to what extent the university is integrated with knowledge-based economic activities? The objective of this article is to (1) identify the role of PRU in the innovation and promotion of biotechnology industry; (2) study the knowledge exchange mechanisms and the formation of university-industry networks in the region; and (3) summarize how the knowledge-based economy is effective in the growth of biotech industry. It involves the collection of secondary data from newspapers, brochures and reports and in-depth interviews with university officials and research institutions. Content analysis methods have been used for data analysis. The findings show that HEIs form a network of government-industry support systems whereby PRU generates expertise, technology resources and effective knowledge for the workforce and development of biotech industry. Science parks, incubators and government incentives in the form of financial, world-class infrastructure, skilled manpower and business-friendly environment also influences transnational investment in the biotechnology industry of Iskandar Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the formation of diphthongs in Saribas Malay dialect by providing a theoretical analysis based on Halle’s features geometry (1995) and Clements’s syllable structure (1985). Data for this study was obtained through a field research in Saratok district, Sarawak. Ten native speakers of Saribas Malay dialect contribute the data. The data was collected by wordlists, interviews, and audio recording. The data shows the dialect has the same diphthongs as in the Standard Malay that is [ay], [oy] and [aw]. Diphthongs [ay] and [oy] arises in the surface structure, while diphthong [aw] only arises in the underlying structure. The formation of diphthongs in Saribas Malay dialect produces in three ways; origin words, monophthongization and feature changing. Monophthongization only occurs in the Standard Malay loanwords /aw/ and /ay/ by diluting the diphthong’s segments to form [ɛ] and [ɔ]. Feature changing occurs when low vowels precede the liquid /l/ in the word-final position resulting diphthongs [ay] and [oy]. Liquid /l/ is not permitted in a coda of the final syllable structure in Saribas Malay dialect. In contrast, other Sarawak Malay subdialects such as Kuching and Rejang Malay dialects allow the presence of liquid /l/ in the coda. The findings of this study give added value to the previous studies which asserted that Saribas Malay dialect only consists of one diphthong [oy], as well as give recommendations for further study so that the linguistic development in Saribas Malay dialect can be studied extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Felda settlements have always been Barisan Nasional's (BN) fixed deposits, but that was prior to the 14th General Election (GE-14). It was mainly due to the settlers' undivided loyalty to the ruling party in view of its massive contributions in the development of the settlements. In addition, the Malays, a majority ethnic of Felda settlements casted their votes based on sociological approach, ie. votedaccording to social or ethnic group. Unexpectedly, in the GE-14, BN failed to retain its strongholds as numerous Felda constituencies fell to the opposition Pakatan Harapan (PH).The latest Malaysian political tsunamy occurred due to numerous unresolved Felda-related issues. It showcased a major shift in the electorates' voting behaviour from ethnicbased to rational choice. This study was conducted through a qualitative approach using secondary sources from SPR reports, books, journals, articles, websites, online newspapers and other materials as research data. These data are then analyzed qualitatively. This article discusses the change in regards of three matters. First, identifying the settlers' voting behaviour prior to the election. Secondly, analyzing contested parties' electoral performance in the Felda settlements. Thirdly, assessing change factors, or causes of BN's loss of its fixed deposits to the oppositions. The findings reveal thatvoters in Felda settlements were no longer voting based on loyalty to a party orany ethnic group, but based on rational choice. The electoral decision was based on an array of issues like 1MDB, FGV, and Felda scandals. Theissues plusa role of new media in spreading information and sentiment aggravated the desire to change amongst Felda settlers. In the final analysis, this paper argues the voters in Felda settlements voted on rational choice basis, and the altered voting behaviour contributed to the BN's failure in retainingits powerin the GE-14. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Concept" is a system of explanations of the reality of a human and natural phenomenon, which is the result of an empirical study. Concepts such as family, community and society are common usages in everyday life. The "community" can be viewed from two interrelated perspectives, first, perspective of the concept and second, perspective of the research method in order to understanding the society. The term "community" is frequently used in research, publishing, academic discourse, daily conversation and even it is mentioned in national policy documents. This proves that community functioning as a concept and method is very important in society. However, it meaning and function as concepts and methods are rarely discussed.This conceptual paper is discussing communities as concepts and methods. It's an interpretation of understanding in the community from a sociological perspective and empirical observations. It's argues that: i there are two categories of communities: the generic community and the specific community; ii) community solidarity usually based on family, blood relations, and ethnic equality; iii) communities are dynamic, always exposed to changes in economic sectors; information communication technology (ICT); modernity and urbanism; iv) the concept of the generic community and the specific community has been widely used in society as a system of information on various social phenomena such as development, poverty, and crime; v) generic communities and specific communities also function as research methods in social sciences, because both concepts contain micro-societal characteristics that can enhance the understanding on macro-community. Through the study's findings of particular social phenomena at both the generic and the specific community level, then researchers can understand the same social phenomena at the level of macro-society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, gang can be described as a group of friends with identifiable leadership with certain internal organization that engage in various illegal activities such as crimes and drug trafficking. Although voluminous studies have been conducted in the West regarding gangs and gangsterism but very few studies were actually explored this issue in Malaysia. With this in mind, this study sought to provide some evidence for reasons behind decisions to join gangs as there is a lack of local qualitative research on the phenomenon of gangsterism. This lack is largely due to the vulnerability of people coming forward to share their experiences. The specific aim of this study was to explore demography and sociological factors behind gangsterism among Malaysian Indians. This study utilised a qualitative research design (semistructured interview) based on the inductive approach. Ex-gangsters and police personnel were interviewed individually. Thematic analysis was used to extract main themes and sub-themes. Three demography factors were identified: age, gender, and educational level. Four sociological factors were generated: poor parenting style, family members who were also gangsters, gang culture in the neighborhood, and financial difficulties. Two new factors emerged from the informants: social power and to experience gangster lifestyles. The outcome of this research is useful for proactive crime prevention in the form of evidence-based knowledge about demography and sociological factors behind gangsterism. This paper also briefly discussed intervention, prevention, and suppression strategies that can be used to curb this gangsterism issue effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the different perspectives and strategies evidenced in the evolving knowledge clusters in Malaysia and in Brunei Darussalam. It is based on empirical research carried out in Malaysia during 2009-2010, and in Brunei Darussalam during 2013 and pays particular attention to the spatial distribution of manpower in Penang and in Cyberjaya and the scientific networks of Universiti Sains Malaysia. Learning from the experience of the development of the Northern Corridor and Multi Media Corridor in Malaysia, our analysis shows differing trends in the construction of knowledge clusters in Peninsular Malaysia. The Cyberjaya knowledge cluster reveals the dominant role of the state and elite in its development. The Penang knowledge cluster however shows a historical trajectory and the intervention of diverse companies, alongside the involvement of state government. The Brunei-Muara district knowledge cluster in Brunei Darussalam is different again with its growing corporeal clustering of organizations including private companies and government agencies, yet has a distinct lack of knowledge sharing. This study is thus based on the empirical data and case studies of three significant knowledge clusters in Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam but also deals with wider macro issues relevant to both countries. By focusing on knowledge governance strategies in Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia, this paper answers a question central to this paper: how can a country avoid the 'knowledge trap'? We intend to contribute to the growing literature on the study of knowledge clusters and knowledge governance by presenting new theories and original comparative data based on field research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welfare, women and children are an item under the Concurrent List of the Malaysian Federal Constitution. This means, despite having a National Women Policy at the federal level, states can also play an important role in the same matter. Kelantan State Government had launched and carried out the Kelantan Women Policy for more than a decade. It is clear that the Kelantan State Government also place emphasis on women and family development. It is worth noted however that it has chosen a different approach in comparison with other states in Malaysia. The Kelantan Government has opted for the Islamic Development Approach which is basically based on 'Ubudiyah (ultimate submission to Allah), Masuliyah (responsibilities) dan Itqan (due deligence). It is thus clear from the said approach that the Kelantan Government is targetting development which is based on Islam and the Syariah. Numerous achievement has been attained within the said period. After more than a decade, the time has come to re-evaluate the Kelantan Women Policy to strengthen the existing provisions. In addition, the United Nations has launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ensure that all the state members draft their state development plan by considering various aspects including sustainability. The review on the Kelantan Women Policy must take into account SDG to ensure its future implementation is in line with the global needs and, at the same time, not at the expense of its foundational value, Islam. This paper intends to, first, briefly explains what has been achieved by Kelantanese Women in the implementation of Kelantan Women Policy and secondly, to propose some improvements to the existing policy which are in line with SDG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Asian East, the relationship between China and South East Asian Country Society (ASEAN) has expanded. Eventhough there have some differences, the relationship between these two countries looks having an obvious increasing within past decade, especially when its compare to arising misunderstand matters in the relationship. Through the primary and secondary sources, the investigation papers are to see how far the 2 ways relationship between ASEAN-China can build cooperation in politics,safety and economy, besides, study the strategies both sides in handling strategic issues such as "China's Threat" Perception, ASEAN-China economy relationship, ASEAN- China two ways relationship background and more. Thus, to understand deeply about this study, a few aspects are discuss like ASEAN- China two ways relationship background, China appearance in ASEAN multilateral. Besides that, this article also make an analysis between this the 2 ways relationship. From this investigation, through appearance in a few dialogue multilateral series, China has change from suspicious to accept slowly about the safety cooperation idea and multilateralism. However, China multilateral interpretation was limited because they assumed it is as additional compared to Bilateral Traditional. China also fight the formal institution, ARF, as pleased by the West Country. Beijing is comfortable with the understanding method that ASEAN will drive the forum which is does not touch important issue in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-emotional development is one of the critical developmental aspects of children in preschools. At this stage, children need to increase socio-emotional skills, communication skills, and positive attitudes in socialising with peers or adults in preparation for the beginning of formal schooling sessions. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between digital technology use and socio-emotional development among preschoolers in Peninsular Malaysia. This study involved 425 preschoolers aged between five and six years old. The sample was selected using multistage random sampling. The set of questionnaires was used to collect information related to socio-emotional development (socio-emotional difficulties, prosocial behaviour), digital technology use among preschoolers, and the background profile of preschoolers and parents. The instruments used were the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Digital Technology Use Scale. Findings showed that there were significant correlations between total hours of digital technology use, digital technology use practices, and socio-emotional development. This study also reported that there were significant differences in terms of digital technology use practices and socioemotional development between male and female preschoolers. These findings proved that the socio-emotional development of preschoolers nowadays was critically influenced by the digital technology factor. Therefore, this study recommends the programs and campaigns to increase awareness regarding the risks of digital technology use and healthy development process among children can be extended to reach all the target groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the application of online cooperative learning among music students in a faculty of a Malaysian public university. It adopts a qualitative approach utilizing a case study design. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, comprising 11 postgraduate students from a public university in Selangor. Each participant engaged in six sessions of online cooperative learning, with each session lasting four hours. Semi structured in-depth interview and participant observation were conducted for data collection purposes. Data triangulation was achieved by conducting a group interview with six undergraduate music students, ensuring a comprehensive approach to data collection. The results indicate ten significant aspects of online cooperative learning. The study demonstrates that online cooperative learning fosters cooperation among students, encourages active engagement, enhances learning quality, improves communication skills, facilitates knowledge acquisition, boosts motivation, cultivates leadership qualities, instils respectful values, sparks interest, and enhances student achievement. the study underscores the potential of online cooperative learning to enhance the online learning experience for music students. It also suggests a positive impact on student achievement, thereby contributing to the advancement of the Malaysian tertiary education system. Consequently, this research is crucial for strengthening and enhancing online learning methodologies, aligning them with the requirements of 21st-century education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land ownership is one of the most important factors for community sustainable and well-being. Yet for the Orang Asli, it's a way to secure a land tenure. Orang Asli is an abbreviation for Orang Asli of Peninsular Asia according to Orang Act Asli 1954 (Act 134) and Constitution of Malaysia. They possess unique rights and privileges and have previously acknowledged the provisions stated in this Act. However, in Peninsular Asia, the concept of communal land does not serve as a single pillar in uniting Orang Asli to the land ownership. The value of the Orang Asli's land has been impacted by the issue caused by the development of their land. The situation illustrates the necessity of communal land from the viewpoint of the government in order to protect the well-being of the community. Therefore, this article highlights the necessity of preserving communal land from the viewpoint of Orang Asli. This article employed a quantitative methodology, utilising questionnaires. A non-probability sampling technique that is purposive was used to select 150 Orang Asli respondents who resided in the states of Selangor, Perak, and Pahang. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 26) was used to analyse the data. The analysis of this article indicates how highly significant communal land ownership is to the Orang Asli community. The article that outlines how Orang Asli identity, religion, social, economy, and customs affect their land ownership. Nonetheless, there is a lack of consensus among Orang Asli over the necessary component for land ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malay-Bumiputera community constitutes the largest population in Malaysia, particularly in the traditional manufacturing sector. In order to penetrate international markets, every business must possess the capability to manage all components of their supply chain. To achieve this goal, the government has implemented various economic programs and packages aimed at enhancing the management of the industrial supply chain. These measures not only seek to improve the competitiveness of local businesses in the international market but also aim to strengthen the role of the Malay-Bumiputera Islamic community in the global economic arena. Unfortunately, the recent outbreak of COVID-19, as well as the war between Russia and Ukraine have disturbed the nation's economic development, including the economic packages. In order to improve the internationalization process and the performance of the Malay-Bumiputera economy in the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) industry, the current government must introduce new plans or aid packages that are capable of stimulating the economy and solving issues that arise in the post-pandemic environment. Based on the theory of Resource-Based View (RBV), the debate in this article links economic stimulus packages, supply chain, internationalization and firm performance in the Malay-Bumiputera halal herbal SME industry. This framework suggests that new intervention measures should be urgently introduced to help the industry to recover post COVID-19. It can be used in future research to assess the impact of various government aids on the internationalization and performance of Malay-Bumiputera halal herbs industry in the post-pandemic era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood carving is a traditional visual art that serves as architectural decoration in various cultures worldwide. However, issues involve the three-dimensional wood carvings of buah buton on traditional houses in Luak Tanah Mengandung, believed to symbolize one's status in Adat Perpatih. This article aims to analyze the relationship between buah buton and social status within the Adat Perpatih society in this region. To achieve this, the article employs qualitative research methodology, highlighting two approaches: field studies targeting four traditional houses in Luak Tanah Mengandung, Negeri Sembilan, and interviews involving six informants from diverse backgrounds. The findings indicate that buah buton can only be found on houses inhabited by individuals of high status. Furthermore, the number and positioning of buah buton vary among these houses. The application of buah buton in each house depends on specific spaces and is closely linked to Adat Perpatih. This is reinforced by the positioning of these elements, whether inside or outside the house, being associated with influential owners in the tradition. In conclusion, buah buton is not merely a house ornament; it symbolizes the owner's status within Adat Perpatih. The study's implications also highlight the significance of symbolism in influencing the social structure and community of this tradition. Therefore, the article suggests further research to expand the scope of comparing and contrasting buah buton within this customary society. This endeavor not only enriches the understanding of customs and culture but also aids in the preservation and conservation processes in the face of modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since independence, Malaysia has been facing various security threats such as the Communist threat, the Indonesia confrontation against Malaysia, the Philippine's claim on Sabah and so on. However, the post-Cold War era have changed the way of understanding national security because most of the security threats are emanated from the non-state actors, such as terrorists group. Therefore, this paper discusses the intrusion by a group called the Royal Sulu Army (RSA) in Tanduo in 2013. This incidence proved that the non-state actors are also posing huge security threat to Malaysia's national security. Meanwhile, this intrusion also demonstrates that the threat emanated from the non-state actor is more threatening than the traditional security elements that emphasises the importance of the state and the use of the military by other countries. In explaining the seriousness and securities of the threat posed by the RSA, this article employs several variables; first, the way the government responds to the threat; second, the number of death during the intrusion; third, panic and fear among the security forces and also the public; and fourth, the amount of money allocated to deal with the threat. This article argues that the threat by the non-state actors provides major implications in understanding the issue of national security in Malaysia. Therefore, a holistic approach is needed to tackle this threat. In preparing this article, in addition to the library research and also newspapers, the authors employ some other methods such as observation, interviews, field work and so on in order to understand the seriousness of the threat by the non-state actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is rich with 19 moribund languages spoken by minority people in Malaysia, who are known as Orang Asli. One of these moribund languages that is on the verge of extinction is the Mendriq language. Mendriq is a language which is spoken by Orang Asli Mendriq in Kuala Lah, Gua Musang, Kelantan. It is spoken by 245 people in three villages namely kampung Kuala Lah, Kampung Baru and Kampung Kuala Stail. This paper analyzes transitive and intransitive verb phrases in Mendriq. Primary data of Mendriq is obtained through fieldwork that was funded by a research grant UKM-GUP-PLW-08-11-047. The data that was collected involved field work which utilized interview techniques. The composition of the data collected through the field work was sorted out with the help of a Mendriq translator. The analysis on the verb phrases involved descriptive and theoretical analyses. The descriptive analysis on its simple sentences indicates Mendriq has transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs indicate two arguments namely internal and external arguments. Intransitive verbs on the other hand, are divided into two types which are unaccusative and unergative verbs. Intransitive verb which implies external argument is known as an unergative verb, while intransitive verb that only indicates internal argument is known as an unaccusative verb. While, the theoretical analysis using the Minimalist framework displays that the features checking involves the left pheriphery of the syntactic structure in Mendriq simple sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising a bride's wealth during marriage ceremonies is not new. The custom has been practiced amongst most traditional cultures in the world. Various interpretations have been ascribed to this practice, it has been considered a dowry, a form of compensation, or a payment made in the form of money or material goods. In addition to uniting a man and a woman, these exchanges also convey symbolic meanings understood only by the people who practice that particular culture. Whatever form of bridewealth a marriage demands, the practice remains an important aspect of most cultures as it normally conveys the status of the individual's concerned. Therefore, this paper considers the significance of bridewealth as an expression of social status among the Bajau of Kota Belud district, Sabah where the practice of giving and receiving 'berian' is still widely employed. This study was conducted in three villages, namely Taun Gusi, Timbang Dayang and Kulambai using the participant-observer method of interviews with respondents, but also by filming engagement ceremonies. This study claims that each asking and giving of 'berian' is an important transaction that needs to be concluded before a marriage is contracted. If disagreements arise in the asking and giving process, the impending engagement and marriage of the couple with be jeopardised, and potentially upsets the delicate social balance between the two families involved. Therefore, this article also considers the forms of identity that are linked to Bajau marriage customs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal qualities are defined as a person possessing the qualities of sensitivity, seriousness and feeling of responsibility, energetic, self-confidence and ability to work with people. The personal quality of the teacher refers to the characteristics, traits, and attributes that make a teacher effective and successful. Indicators of internal traits or intrapersonal qualities that highlight the teacher’s character can assess a teacher’s personal quality. Personal qualities can also highlight the personality and superior behavior that dignify the teaching profession. This study aims to explore the new concept of teachers’ personal qualities based on intrapersonal characteristics using thematic analysis. The respondents to the study consisted of eight professionals in the fields of education, teaching, and social sciences. A conceptualization questionnaire in the form of open-ended response options was used to elicit the views of the respondents. Nvivo software, version 14, was used to analyze the data obtained. The results of the study show five aspects of teachers’ personal attributes: openness to experience, concern, extraversion, agreeableness, and self-efficacy. The attributes of openness to experience include the desire to acquire knowledge, the willingness to try new things, and the acceptance of new ideas. Aspects of caring include the attributes of reliability, responsibility, and emotional stability. Under the aspect of extraversion are found the attributes of self-confidence, friendliness, and enthusiasm. Under the aspect of agreeableness, the attributes of leadership, willingness to change, communication skills, and imparting knowledge to others are listed. The self-efficacy aspect emphasizes the attributes of resilience to effectively educate and inspire. Thus, this new concept of personal quality can help teachers become effective educators, create a positive learning environment, and support student learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership is defined as the leadership level of a leader that is a low, middle or high level leader. In the meantime, Orang Asli or Orang Asal refers to a group of bumiputera residents found in Peninsular Malaysia, which has a variety of characteristics whether from an ethnic point of view or where they live. The purpose of the study is to look at the leadership of the Semai community in the novel ‘Ludaad’ by Mahat A/L China. This study is based on the leadership behaviour of the Semai community which is often raised by the author in his work based on his personal perspective as a Semai person. The focus of this study is to examine the behaviour of leaders in carrying out their duties as community leaders to resolve conflicts that tend to occur in the Semai community. In addition, this study also looked at the extent to which situational factors influence leaders in making decisions based on the behaviour practiced to overcome the conflict that occurs. The method used in this study is the bibliographic method, analysing the content of the text and applying the Path-Goal Theory to further strengthen the argument to be presented. The results of the study show that leadership behaviour through the character of Penghulu Busu conforms to the four principles set out in the Path-Goal Theory. The key findings from this study highlight that the Penghulu Busu practices different behavioural patterns based on personal factors as a respected leader and is influenced by environmental factors based on the threat of foreigners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity demand in Malaysia continues to increase due to population growth, expansion of industrial and commercial development. The existing electricity supply cannot fulfill future demands. Therefore, an alternate power supply should be identified. Beside coal, gas and nuclear power, hydroelectric is another ideal means to fulfill the country’s electricity demand effectively because it is renewable, cheap and environment-friendly. Tekai river in Jerantut, Pahang, is an appropriate area for the construction of a hydroelectric dam. Briefing and dialogue series between energy’s company and the indigenous community of (Orang Asli) at Tekai river, and a field trip to Lake Kenyir Hydroelectric Dam have been held. This study aims to explore the Orang Asli community expectation with regard to the potential impacts of hydroelectric dam construction on their livelihood. This research is based on community livelihood model that examines the interconnection of the Orang Asli community with the surrounding natural environment. A qualitative approach is used by performing in-depth interviews with 20 informants. The data analysis is based on a verbatim transcription of the interviews and performed in accordance with emerging themes. Results indicate the community realized that the natural forests and river used for food sources and income have been exploited. They believe this dam will not entirely benefited them in the future; instead, it will be an inconvenience because they cannot arbitrarily enter the dam area. In addition, they cannot adapt for survival due to the lack of forest areas that provide resources. Hence, a few suggestions to improve Orang Asli livelihood by improving education, attitude, minds and skills, strengthening economic empowerment, upgrade infrastructure and basic facilities and implementing youth capacity building programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, which has spread over the world and in Malaysia, has resulted in a total of 5,125,209 cases in Malaysia, with a death toll of 37,171 cases as of 16th September 2023. The COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant impact on Malaysia's political, economic, social, health, and educational sectors. The Movement Control Order (MCO) was enacted in response to the dramatic spike in cases, and it has a number of ramifications for Malaysian society. Several research studies have been carried out to investigate the negative effects of COVID-19. However, no studies on the B40 group have been conducted in Selangor. As a result, the aim of this study is to determine the negative economic and social effects of COVID-19 on the B40 group in Selangor. Furthermore, the purpose of this research was to find solutions to mitigate the negative effects of COVID-19 on the economic and social well-being of communities in Selangor. An online survey was used to discuss the results and perceptions of the B40 group in Selangor to the negative effects of COVID-19. A total of 200 respondents from all throughout Selangor took part in the survey. The research found that COVID-19 had negative consequences for the majority of the B40 group, but that government interventions could well help them overcome those implications. As a result of better understanding on harmful effects of COVID-19 among B40 and how to overcome them, effective preventive measures should be considered to enhance and restore the socioeconomic well-being of B40 people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]