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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, muscle composition, digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Fish meal, soybean meal and rapeseed meal were the main sources of protein, soybean oil was the main source of fat, and flour was the main source of carbohydrate. The isoenergetic diets with 27.58%, 32.26% and 36.03% protein levels were prepared and named D1, D2 and D3 respectively. The crayfish with a mean initial body weight of (6.0±0.5) g were fed for 5 weeks, and three aquariums were fed with each experimental crayfish. The results showed that the final body weight and weight gain rate of crayfish increased with the increase of dietary protein level, and the differences were significant among the groups (P<0.05). There was no significant effect of different protein level feeds on muscle composition of crayfish (P>0.05). The activity of crayfish protease in each treatment group was significantly different (P<0.05), and the activity of protease in 36.03% protein diet reached the highest level, which was 46.57 U/mg. At the same time, the lipase activity in hepatopancreas was stimulated by high protein diet, and the highest level was detected in the D3, which was significantly different from that of D1(27.58%) and D2(32.26%) groups (P<0.05). CAT activity in D3 group was significantly higher than that in other two groups (P<0.05), and MAD activity in D1 group was significantly higher than that in other two groups (P<0.05). To sum up, suitably increasing the protein level in feed can promote the growth of crayfish and enhance their immunity to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair follicle is a regenerative organ, and its growth process constantly goes through the cycle of growth, decline and rest period. The cyclic growth of hair follicle determines the growth and loss of fur. Hair follicles are not only regulated by genetic, environmental, and other factors, but also closely related to the content and type of nutrients in the diet, especially the protein content and amino acid composition. Protein is an important substance in the composition of fur animal coat. Sulfur-containing amino acids are the main amino acids that restrict the growth of coat. Sulfur elements exist in the coat in the form of disulfide bonds, which play an important role in maintaining the network space structure of coat fibrin molecules and resisting the erosion of various adverse factors from the outside world. In addition, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, glutamic acid, and other non-sulfur-containing amino acids are also involved in the formation of fur animal skin sheets, which play an important role in controlling fur animal skin coat color, promoting coat growth and regulating fur maturation. In this paper, the recent research progress on the effects of protein content and amino acid composition in feed on fur quality of fur animals is reviewed, in order to provide a reference for guiding the genetic selection and production of fur animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The nutritional value of 16 varieties in the main producing areas of walnut was clarified, which provided certain theoretical basis for the breeding of improved walnut varieties in China. [Method] From 2018 to 2021, 16 locally promoted walnut varieties were collected from Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Shanxi, Gansu and other main producing provinces in China for four consecutive years. The nutritional components of protein, fat, mineral elements (Ca, Fe, Zn, Se), vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 were determined and analyzed by national standard method. [Result] Among the 16 tested walnut varieties, the Guangfeng variety produced in Sichuan had the highest protein and Zn content, the Wen 185 variety produced in Xinjiang had the highest fat content. The Cd and Fe contents of Chuanzao No.2 variety produced in Sichuan were the highest, and the Se content of Shuoxing variety was the highest. The Longnan 755 variety produced in Gansu had the highest content of vitamin B1. Lifeng variety produced in Sichuan had the highest content of vitamin B6. [Conclusion] The contents of protein, fat, mineral elements and vitamins of 16 domestic walnut varieties were higher. The Shuoxing variety was rich in Se elements, which could provide germplasm resources for the subsequent development of Se-rich walnut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The repair of articular cartilage injury remains a difficult problem to be solved urgently in clinical practice. Utilizing synthetic or biological materials to promote cartilage regeneration has been a research hotspot. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of synthetic and biological materials in articular cartilage repair. METHODS: PubMed and CNKI databases were searched for articles about the progress of synthetic and biological materials utilized in articular cartilage repair. “Collagen, gelatin, silk, chitosan, alginate, PEG, PCL, PLA, cartilage tissue engineering, cartilage tissue engineering materials” were used as English and Chinese search terms, respectively. After preliminary screening based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 98 articles with high quality and relevance were retained for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Natural materials, including collagen, gelatin, silk, chitosan, and alginate, have good biocompatibility and degradability. Synthetic materials, containing polyethylene glycol, polycaprolactone, and polylactic acid, have good mechanical properties. Modification and composition of materials can overcome the inherent defects in materials and show better cartilage repair ability. Studies about multi-layer scaffolds based on hierarchical structure are rare, and it is more targeted at osteochondral injury repair rather than simple cartilage injury repair. At present, scaffold research is focused on the synthetic research and development stage, and the corresponding clinical trials are few, so it is necessary to pay attention to clinical transformation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here the mild and simple enzymatic hydrolysis was developed to prepare the plant polysaccharides with the high purity. The pepsin (endopeptidase) and koplase (telopeptidase) were used as the complex enzymes. Kinetic models were established for the enzymatic hydrolysis. Water extraction was used to prepare the polysaccharide at 45 ℃ and 90 ℃. Also included are pepsin extraction and double enzyme extraction. Nutritional components of polysaccharides extracted by these four methods were characterized by their structure (monosaccharide composition, infrared spectrum, thermal features, low field nuclear magnetic field, and dynamic thermomechanical properties). In this paper, the kinetic models of single enzyme (pepsin)/and double enzyme segmental hydrolysis were constructed respectively. The highest contents of polyphenols (0.42±0.008 mg/mL) and uronic acid (15.65%±0.98%) were obtained in the polysaccharide of lotus seed that extracted by double enzyme. While the lowest protein content (0.73%±0.24%) was found. Among them, uronic acid was a derivative of sugar. The high contents of uronic acid and galactose were detected in all the polysaccharides that extracted from lotus seed, indicating the acidic polysaccharide. Glc, Ara, Man and Rha were contained in the four kinds of lotus seed polysaccharides, among which more Gal-UA and Man were found in the polysaccharides that extracted by double enzyme, which were 10.700 and 10.752% respectively. This acidic polysaccharide was benefit to the dissolution of active polysaccharide. The four samples of lotus seed polysaccharide also shared the similar infrared spectral characteristic peaks, αtype pyranose. The wider characteristic peaks of 1654 cm-1 were observed in 45 ℃ water extraction, indicating the more bound water. The double enzyme was also used to break the binding between polysaccharide and protein. The highest content of bound water was detected with the less fixed and free water in the double enzyme after water distribution analysis. It infers that the double enzyme extraction was more beneficial to the stability of polysaccharide structure. In addition, only the first-order relaxation was found in the polysaccharide of lotus seed that treated by double-enzyme. The energy storage modulus and loss modulus were also higher than before. The glass transition temperature was dropped to about 60℃ (close to that of plant polysaccharide). In summary, the double enzyme extraction can be expected to effectively reduce the protein content and Tg of lotus seed polysaccharide, compared with conventional methods. The content of bound water and hydrophilic ability were improved to extract the active components. The specific gravity values of polysaccharide aldehyde and rehydration were also improved for the purity of polysaccharide. The kinetic model of enzymatic hydrolysis can also provide the theoretical support to the purification of lotus seed polysaccharides, in order to understand the degradation of lotus seed protein. The two enzyme extractions can share the stronger specificity and simple steps, compared with the high-temperature ones. The mannan polysaccharide components can be extracted to improve the polysaccharide purity. Therefore, the enzymatic hydrolysis of lotus seed polysaccharide can ensure the protein to release from the polysaccharide. The effective and moderate hydrolysis can be achieved for the synchronous separation of protein and polysaccharide in the step of polysaccharide alcohol precipitation. The mathematical models were further simulated and validated, according to the mechanism of enzymolysis reaction. The kinetic models of enzymatic hydrolysis with single and double enzymes were also established to determine and characterize the nutritional structure of polysaccharide products between the low/high temperature extraction and low temperature enzymolysis. This finding can also provide the theoretical guidance for the further development and utilization of animal and plant polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a chemical biology experiment designed to exploit the principle of covalent binding between fluorescein isothiocyanate and protein amines. This process is aimed at achieving non-site-specific fluorescent labeling of both extracellular proteins, exemplified by bovine serum albumin, and intracellular proteins, using Escherichia coli total protein as a case study. Gel filtration chromatography is employed as a subsequent purification method, with comprehensive characterization of the labeling results performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. This experiment encompasses a range of foundational and cutting-edge laboratory skills. It is closely aligned with the commonly employed antibody fluorescence labeling techniques in scientific research, presenting a moderate level of complexity. Participation in this experiment allows students to gain a profound understanding of fundamental concepts in chemical biology, enhance their comprehensive practical skills, broaden their research perspectives and nurture scientific thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent attachment of glycans to the side chains of protein amino acids can form glycosylation. Glycosylation, in many cases, significantly increases the diversity of protein structure, properties, and functions. Specific glycosylation patterns can confer specific effects on proteins and enzymes, while aberrant glycosylation patterns may lead to diseases. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the role of protein glycosylation is of great significance, both for basic and applied research. However, progress in this area has been exceptionally slow due to the difficulty in obtaining suitable samples for study. In recent years, researchers have gradually begun to explore the use of a library-based strategy to change this situation. This strategy involves the synthetic preparation and characterization of a series of homogeneously glycosylated protein isoforms (glycoforms) with high purity and systematic variations in structures. Through the following comparative analysis, the effects and functioning mechanisms of protein glycosylation can be relatively quickly and accurately obtained. This, in turn, enhances the application of glycosylation in improving the performance of proteins and enzymes. This review aims to summarize, outline, and briefly discuss the progress in the O-glycosylation research direction. It presents research methods and achievements of a few existing examples in chronological order, with the aim of helping researchers gain a clearer understanding of the current development and shortcomings of this strategy. This review is expected to assist researchers in better utilizing this strategy for protein glycosylation research and applications, ultimately improving the depth and breadth of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different energy and protein levels on growth performance, slaughter performance, serum biochemical and metabolome of Jingyuan chickens during breeding period, and to provide evidence for determining the appropriate dietary energy and protein levels of Jingyuan chickens during breeding period. [Method] A total of 540 7-week-old male Jingyuan chickens were divided into 9 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 chickens per replicate. 2 factor x3 levels were used to conduet. Factor 1 was the dietary energy level, which was set as 11.28, 11.70 and 12. 12 MJ/kg in low, medium and high energy groups. Factor 2 was the dietary protein level, which was set to 14.00%, 15.50% and 17.00%. The experiment lasted for 77 days. (Result) (i) Final weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and ratio of feed to gain were significantly affected by dietary energy and protein levels and their interactions (P<0.05, the same as below). Final weight and average daily gain were the highest in medium energy-medium protein group (ME-MP group), and the ratio of feed to gain was the lowest; The low energy-high protein group (LE-HP group) had the lowest average daily feed intake, (ii) Dietary energy level significantly affected breast muscle rate and leg muscle rate, and the breast muscle rate and leg muscle rate were the highest in medium energy group. The interaction of dietary energy and protein had significant effects on carcass rate and half evisceration rate, and the carcass rate, breast muscle rate and leg muscle rate were the highest in medium energy-medium protein group (ME-MP group). (iii) Dietary energy level significantly affected the urea content, and the urea content in the medium energy group was the lowest. Dietary protein level significantly affected blood glucose, and the high protein group had the highest blood glucose content. The interaction between dietary energy and protein significantly affected serum total and albumin protein, and free fatty acid. The serum total protein content was the highest in the medium energy-medium protein group (ME-MP group), the serum albumin content was the highest in the high energy-high protein group (HE-HP group), and the free fatty acid content was the highest in the medium energy-high protein group (ME-HP group), (iv) A total of 16 metabolites with significant differences were screened through blood metabolomics analysis, mainly concentrated in B-alanine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, valine, leucine, isoleucine degradation and other pathways. [Conclusion] Dietary energy and protein levels can significantly affect the growth performance and slaughter performance of male Jingyuan chickens at breeding period, which may be related to the regulation of serum biochemical indexes and metabolic pathways. The combination of energy and protein requirements indicates that the level of medium energy-medium protein is suitable for the nutritional requirements of male Jingyuan chickens at breeding period. The recommended levels are 11.70 MJ/kg and 15.50% protein [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate complete mechanism of SLC15A3 regulation and function. Methods: Human SLC15A3 gene promoter elements and protein structure, physio-chemical and localization properties, and its evolutionary relationships were described by bioinformatics tools. Results: Human SLC15A3 gene was regulated by multiple transcription factors (YY1, AP-1, c-Fos, c-Jun, Sp1 and NF-κB) . SLC15A3 protein was a hydrophobic unstable protein composed of 581 amino acid residues, its highly conserved in mammals, and interacted with proteins such as CD6, TYROBP, CD5 and NOD2. Conclusion: This information from bioinformatics analysis will help future attempts to better understand regulation mechanisms of SLC15A3 in development of inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), amino acid (AA), crude lipid (CL) and total phosphorus (TP) of CAP was determined for black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) and Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) in this study. The test feed consisted of 70% basal feed and 30% CAP containing 0.1% yttrium trioxide as an inert marker. Three hundred and sixty black sea bream with an average body weight of (6.03±0.09) g were divided into 2 groups with 6 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. One control group was fed a basal diet, while the experiment group was fed an experimental diet. One hundred and eighty Jian carp with an average body weight of (45.00±0.50) g were divided into 2 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. One control group was fed a basal diet, while the experiment group was fed an experimental diet. The results showed as follows: the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, AA, CL and TP of CAP for black sea bream were 99.89%, 100%, 95.16%-100%, 88.60% and 100%. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, AA, CL and TP of CAP for Jian carp were 78.68%, 95.00%, 96.12%-100%, 52.26% and 100%. On the whole, apparent digestibility of crude protein and amino acids of CAP was at a high level. The results of this study indicate that CAP is a good protein source for black sea bream and Jian carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wenshang Luhua chicken is one of the excellent poultry breeds in China, for the high quality and added value of meat and eggs. However, it's production performance potential is not sufficiently de‐ veloped, because of the lack of breeding standards. To establish nutrient requirements standards, the en‐ ergy and protein requirements were studied using factorial methods, through feeding experiments, metabolic experiments, and slaughter experiments, with five different levels of crude protein and five different levels of metabolic energy, in different growth stages (0-6 weeks, 7-14 weeks, and 15- 20 weeks), 10 energy requirements models and 10 protein requirements factorial models were established and corrected with a total of 32 commercial chicken farms in the surrounding production area of Wenshang Luhua chicken. The essential amino acids requirements in different growth stages were determined, through production verification tests on 300 000 chickens, with the same ideal protein mode. Nutrients requirement parameter tables were de‐ veloped for different genders and production purposes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut cake and meal was a protein energy feed raw material with rich nutritional value and few anti-nutritional factors. Under the premise of ensuring amino acid balance, walnut cake and meal can improve meat quality, improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry, and effectively alleviate the shortage of traditional conventional feed raw materials in animal husbandry industry. In order to systematically understand the research status of walnut cake and meal in livestock and poultry feed at home and abroad and the effective utilization of walnut cake and meal in livestock and poultry feed in the future, the yield and nutritional status of walnut in China, the feed composition, nutritional value, toxic and harmful substances of walnut cake and meal and the research progress in ruminant, pig and poultry feed at home and abroad were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to analysis the factors affecting KOH protein solubility of cottonseed meal. The factors affecting the solubility of KOH protein in the processing process of low-temperature cottonseed meal were studied by laboratory experiment and production practice. The results showed that the main loss of KOH protein solubility in the stages of degreasing, dephenolization, drying and evaporation. In the laboratory experiment stage, the countercurrent extraction method had higher solubility than soaking method, and the extraction temperature cannot exceed 55 °. The long-term storage of dephenolization solution had higher solubility to KOH protein of the material. In the process of production, the solubility of KOH protein could be improved by increasing the concentration of new methanol and circulating liquid as far as possible under the condition that gossyrol was qualified. In the drying stage to improve the 1#-3# pan dryer drying temperature, reduce the effect of organic solvents on material protein denaturation. The direct steam pressure and the temperature of the four layers of the evaporator should be reduced as far as possible in the evaporation and drying stage, to reduce the influence of hot and humid steam on the solubility of KOH protein of the material. With the increase of storage time, the solubility of KOH protein of cotton seeds and cotton embryos decreased, but the decrease was not large. The study indicates that higher KOH protein solubility of cottonseed meal could be obtained by selecting fresh raw materials, adopting countercurrent extraction and strictly controlling the technological parameters of solvent extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the best extraction conditions of Defatted Antarctic Krill Protein (DAKP) and increase the added value of defatted Antarctic krill powder. Using defatted Antarctic krill powder as the raw material, and the protein was extracted by alkali solution and acid precipitation. Taking the protein yield as the index, the single factor test was carried out on the four influencing factors of extraction temperature, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio and NaOH concentration. The extraction process was analyzed and optimized by response surface methodology. The actual optimum extraction conditions of DAKP were optimized by response surface methodology as follows: extraction temperature 69℃, extraction time 65 min, solid-liquid ratio 1 ∶15, NaOH concentration 2. 2%. Through validation test, the actual protein yield was 31. 93% ± 0. 35%, with a relative error of 1. 19% ±1. 01% from the theoretical value of 32. 32%. The results show that the regression model is accurate and can be used to guide the production practice, which is beneficial to improve the added value of the defatted Antarctic krill powder and promote the sustainable development of the Antarctic krill industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein is the most important nutrient for animals, the core of protein nutrition is amino acid nutrition, which absorption and metabolism play a key role in the growth and development of animals. Ruminant has a unique microbial fermentation system, which has many factors affecting protein and amino acid metabolism. It is characterized by low protein utilization and complex amino acid nutrition regulation in small intestine. In this paper, the factors affecting the utilization of protein in ruminants and the optimization of amino acid composition pattern in small intestine were systematically expounded from two aspects of protein metabolism and amino acid nutrition in the ruminants, in order to provide scientific basis for related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The test through Cornell Net Carbohydrate-Protein System (CNCPS) analysis calculated the quinoa silage, gourd seed skin, naked oats grass, corn sugar residue, beet silk, alcohol slurry, corn cob, brown grass, pulp wheat grass nine kinds of Inner Mongolia unconventional feed protein and carbohydrate nutritional value, to provide reference for enriching the utilization database of unconventional feed resources in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that judging from the quality of structural carbohydrates, the quality of gourd seed skin was the best, followed by naked oats grass and beet silk, and by poor pulp wheat grass. In terms of unstructural carbohydrate availability, brown grass was the best, alcohol pulp, beet silk and quinoa silage was better, and gourd seed skin and pulp wheat grass were the worst. From the comparison of true protein content, PC and ruminant rumen utilization degree, the nutritional value of brown grass, pulp wheat grass and corn sugar residue was high, followed by quinoa silage, naked oats grass, beet silk, and gourd seed skin and corn cob were poor. The experiment indicates that carbohydrate and protein components of nine unconventional feed species are quite different, which should be measured according to the actual situation as ruminant feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of wheat storage, rice weevil is a kind of extremely harmful moth-eaten pest, which belongs to the hidden pest that eats inside the grain, and in the growth and development process of rice weevil ( egg stage, larva stage, pupa stage, adult stage), there are different degrees of damage to wheat until the adult stage is drilled out. In severe cases, wheat grains can be eaten into empty shells, and the excrement is left inside the grains, which seriously damages the protein quality of wheat and affects the quality of flour. In order to explore the effects of rice weevil infection on wheat protein quality at different stages. In this paper, the crude protein, uric acid, protein components, wet gluten, gluten water absorption, lactic acid solvent retention capacity (SRC), sucrose SRC, sulfhydryl (-SH), disulfide bond (-S-S-), protein secondary structure, gluten protein microstructure of the wheat infected by rice weevil and the color and texture characteristics of the corresponding whole wheat noodles were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the growth and development of rice weevil in wheat and the damage of wheat would cause a series of changes in wheat protein, which was manifested in the deterioration of physical and chemical properties and morphological structure. With the growth and development of rice weevil inside the wheat kernels, the content of crude protein in wheat grains increased significantly, the content of wet gluten, gluten water absorption, lactic acid solvent retention SRC, sucrose SRC, -SH and-SS-decreased, The proportion of wheat protein components and secondary structures, which are very important for wheat, also changed significantly ( P<0.05 ), and the edible quality and nutritional value of wheat also decreased. The microstructure of gluten protein showed that with the growth and development of rice weevil in wheat grains, the surface roughness of gluten increased, and the fracture surface and burr increased. After reaching the adult stage, some gluten structures had been seriously broken and could not be identified. After making whole wheat noodles, the color of noodles deepened, L* value and cooking loss rate increased, a* value, b* value, hardness, adhesion, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience decreased. The experimental results further elucidated the deterioration mechanism of wheat damaged by rice weevil, and provided a theoretical basis for the quality improvement of wheat during storage and the insect infected wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solenopsis invicta is a kind of invasive pest that causes serious damage to local agriculture, environment, and human health. They attack mainly with venom within stingers. Those who are allergic to the venom would suffer a systemic anaphylaxis, even fatal shock, after being stinged by these ants. Many studies reveal that their venom is mainly composed by water, insoluble alkaloids and trace proteins, within which alkaloids are the main cause of burning sensation and blisters, while allergic reactions are caused by proteins or peptides. The research progress of toxic substances in the venom of Solenopsis invicta as well as the roles and functions of each component were reviewed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh sea cucumber was processed at low temperature (60 °C and 80 °C) for different times (0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h). Combined with simulatior in vitro digestion and everted-rat-gut-sac model, the changes of protein in the body wall of sea cucumber (SCBWs), including oxidation rule, aggregation degree, sur- face hydrophobicity, etc, were studied. The results showed that during the whole process of heat processing, the carbonyl content increased gradually, the free sulfhydryl content decreased gradually, and the degree of protein oxi- dation showed a sequential increase. With the intensification of the degree of heat processing (underworking-moder- ate-excessive heat processing), the protein aggregation degree first decreased, then increased and then decreased, the surface hydrophobicity first increased and then decreased and then increased, and the mean protein particle size first increased and then decreased. After simulation in vitro digestion and everted-rat-gut-sac model, the degree of protein hydrolysis, in vitro digestibility and peptide transport levels were firstly increased, then decreased and then increased with the intensification of heat processing degree. In conclusion, the in vitro digestibility of SCBWs protein was the highest and the absorption characteristics were better when it was heat processed at 60 °C for 3 h. The digestion and absorption characteristics of SCBWs protein were improved when the thermal treatment time was more than 6 h at 80 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further explore the structure and function of the promoter and protein of human SIRT1 gene, our research used bioinformatic methods to analyze 5′-end promoter, promoter Motif, transcription factor binding sites, CpG island, single-nucleotide polymorphism, phylogenetic homology, physicochemical properties, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, secondary/tertiary structure, conserved domain, mutation site, N-glycosylation and phosphorylation sites, interacted proteins and biological function. The number of promoters predicted by TSSW and Neural Network Promoter Prediction database was 3 and 2 respectively. There were 3 Motifs found in the promoter region by using MEME database. The CpG islands were clustered in the 1 600～2 200 bp, which were found by using EMBOSS, MethPrimer and CpG Finder database. PROMO and AliBaba2.1 database showed that there were 22 transcription factors in their promoter regions. And there were 6 transcription factors found that bind to the positive and negative chains by using JASPAR software. Besides, there were differences found in allele frequencies between different ethnic groups by using SNP Function Prediction database. Human SIRT1 gene is located at chromosome 10q21.3 and widely distributed in different tissues, which is a hydrophilic and unstable protein with a high conservation among different species. The domain is located at the 254～489 amino acid sequence, belonging to the SIR2 superfamily, mainly located in the nucleus and mitochondria. The secondary structure of the protein mainly contains α-helices and irregular coiling. Compared with AlphaFold2, the tertiary structure model constructed by SWISS-MODEL database was reliable. SIRT1 contained 106 mutation sites, 1 N-glycosylation and 61 phosphorylation sites, which interacted with EP300, TP53 and other proteins. It also participated in circadian rhythm process, steroid hormone response, and intracellular receptor signaling etc., which were associated with longevity regulation pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, and FoxO signaling pathway etc. This study can provide a theoretical basis for further studying the effects on inflammatory reaction and other diseases of human SIRT1 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To improve the production and processing quality of Shangluo Ipomoea batatas, research the main physicochemical properties of Ipomoea batatas under different processing techniques, and explore the effects of different processing techniques on the polysaccharide and protein content of Ipomoea batatas. [Method] Four processing methods, namely, hot air processing, microwave processing, water boiling processing and steaming processing, were used to score the appearance, texture, taste and residual fiber of Ipomoea batatas using 9- point system. The polysaccharide content in Ipomoea batatas was determined by phenol concentrated sulfuric acid method, and the protein content in Ipomoea batatas was determined by Coomassie brilliant blue. [Result] There were differences in appearance, texture, taste and residual fiber of Ipomoea batatas under different processing techniques. The polysaccharide content of Ipomoea batatas treated with different processing methods varies, steaming for 6 minutes at 60 ℃ for drying>microwave drying at 30 W>hot air drying at 60 ℃ >water boiling for 4 minutes at 60 ℃ for drying. The protein content varied with different processing techniques, with microwave drying at 30 W>hot air drying at 50 ℃ > steaming for 6 min and then drying at 60 ℃ >boiling for 4 min and drying at 60 ℃ . [Conclusion] The processing method of steaming and hot air drying at 60 ℃ preserves the most polysaccharide content, and the protein content is preserved the most after microwave drying at 30 W. The sensory quality characteristics of Ipomoea batatas steamed for 6 min at 60 ℃ and dried to constant weight are superior to other processing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]To explore the effects of different types of kitchen wastes on the growth and development of T. molitor with a view to resource reuse of kitchen wastes. [Method]Kitchen waste was divided into washed and unwashed groups, rice, vegetable and meat groups, the effects of different feeding environments such as high oil and high salt conditions, starch, cellulose, and protein on the growth and development, mortality, pupation rate, protein and fat content of the worms were studied. [Result]The larvae of T. molitor were able to ingest the nutrients from kitchen waste for growth, and the utilization rate of kitchen waste in the washed group was significantly higher than that in the unwashed group; the mortality of larvae feeding on the unwashed groups were significantly higher than that in the control group and the washed groups; the pupation rate and fat content in the meat group with washed were significantly higher than all other groups. [Conclusion]Kitchen waste can be used to raise T. molitor to supplement nutrients, and it is recommended that washed kitchen waste can significantly reduce mortality, and the meat group with high protein content can increase the fat content of the worms and improve pupation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma is a tumor of the central nervous system, mainly derived from glial cells. Currently, surgical resection combined with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, electric field therapy and other comprehensive therapies are used in clinical practice. However, glioma is difficult to be completely removed, and it is easy to escape from the primary tumor and pass through the brain tissue, leading to relapse and even death of patients. N6-methyl- adenine (m6A) gene modification is widely distributed in eukaryotic cells as post -transcriptional modification of mRNA. The modification process is completed by a series of proteins, which can be divided into methyltransferase, demethylase and binding protein according to the different roles of proteins in the methylation process. Dynamic and reversible m6A modification affects the biological behaviors of glioma, such as the occurrence and development, invasion and metastasis, and angiogenesis. In addition, it plays a clinical role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis assessment for glioma. This article reviews the biological effects and applications of m6A modification in glioma, providing a new idea for the treatment of glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid hemostasis and healing of wounds is of great significance for the treatment of accidental bleeding. As a kind of extremely hydrophilic multi-dimensional network structure gel, hydrogel has great application advantages in hemostatic materials due to its excellent rheology, adhesion and injectability, especially in irregular wounds and deeper wounds. It has an irreplaceable hemostatic effect of other shape materials. Hydrogels such as natural polysaccharide polymers, proteins and synthetic macromolecular polymers have attracted extensive attention due to their high water absorption, biocompatibility, adhesion of blood cell, or activation of coagulation factors in the field of hemostatic materials, and have made great progress in research. In this paper, the preparation of various hydrogel hemostatic materials and the latest application research achievements in recent years are comprehensively reviewed, and the development prospects of hydrogel hemostatic materials are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop a fast, efficient and intelligent tool to recognize anti-hypertensive peptides (AHTPs), an identification model based on multi-source characteristics and deep learning was constructed for the recognition of AHTPs. Novel enhanced grouped amino acid composition (NEGAAC), reduced dipeptide composition (RDPC), dipeptide deviation from expected mean (DDE), amino acid physicochemical properties-based distance transformation (AAP-DT) and BLOSUM62 encoding were used for feature extraction of peptide sequences. In addition, bidirectional gated recurrent units (BiGRU) were used for deep learning of protein characteristics, so as to effectively identify AHTPs. Under 10-fold cross-validation, the recognition accuracy of the recognition model based on multi-source features and deep learning reaches 96.78% and 98.72% on the benchmark data set and independent data set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine blood is one of the main by-products of bovine slaughtering and processing. The preparation and antioxidant activity of bovine blood peptides has been investigated systematically to promote their high-end value in industrial utilization. Taking the bovine hemoglobin (BH) as the raw material, this study aims to prepare the BH antioxidant peptide crude product using two-step hydrolysis. The reference indexes were taken as the hydrolysis degree and the ABTS·free radical scavenging ability. Six proteases were also employed for the hydrolysis to identify and select the optimal protease. Specifically, a systematic evaluation was made to investigate the effect of different solid-liquid ratios, enzyme concentration, reaction temperature, pH value, and reaction time on the initial hydrolysate, including antioxidant activity using ABTS·free radical scavenging. The remaining five proteases were used to further hydrolyze the first BH hydrolysate, where the optimal protease was selected for the single-factor test. Furthermore, the influencing parameters were assessed during enzymolysis on the antioxidant capacity of the bovine hemoglobin second hydrolysate. The results showed that: 1) The best effect was found in the first enzymatic hydrolysis of flavorzyme among the six proteases. The highest hydrolysis degree and the ABTS·scavenging ability were also observed in the first BH hydrolysate (P<0.05); 2) The BH was hydrolyzed at pH value is 7.5 and 50 ℃ for 120 min, when the solid-liquid ratio and flavorzyme content were 40 g/L and 4 000 U/g, respectively, indicating the highest antioxidant capacity of the first hydrolysate; 3) The alcalase demonstrated the best second enzymatic hydrolysis effect; 4) The BH first hydrolysate was hydrolyzed (pH values are 9.0; 40 ℃; 60 min), when the concentration of alcalase was 3 000 U/g. While the hydrolysis degree (46.06%±0.08%) and ABTS free radical scavenging ability (314.15±1.09) µmol TE/g protein) of the second hydrolysate were significantly higher than other protease groups (P<0.05). The single-factor test show that the enzyme concentration and reaction time were further optimized using the response surface method (RSM), with the ABTS free radical scavenging ability as the response value. Furthermore, the regression equation was obtained after RSM optimization, indicating the enzyme concentration and reaction time on the antioxidant capacity of the BH hydrolysate. The optimal parameters were achieved to prepare the BH antioxidant peptide crude product with the solid-liquid ratio of 40 g/L. The first enzymatic hydrolysis included: Amount of flavorzyme is 3 800 U/g, enzymatic hydrolysis time is 130 min, temperature is 50 ℃, and pH value is 7.5, while the second enzymatic hydrolysis process included: Amount of alcalase is 2 900 U/g, time is 60 min, temperature is 40℃, and pH value is 9.0. The ABTS free radical scavenging ability was achieved at (333.62±6.29) µmol TE/g protein, indicating excellent scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity. A systemic and effective procedure was obtained to extract the food-derived antioxidant peptides. The finding can provide new insight into the comprehensive processing and utilization of by-products, not limited to the bovine blood. A theoretical basis was also offered for the research and development of food-derived antioxidant peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maillard reaction, which is the main source of food color and flavor, is one of the most recognized chemical reactions in cooking. The simplified experimental methods of the complex Maillard reaction were innovatively designed using common amino acids, proteins, and sugars as raw materials. These reactions were easily preformed in a household microwave oven. The flavor products were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to evaluate the fundamental relationship between flavor and chemical components. Moreover, delicious and nutritious cuisines can be cooked in the kitchen facilitated by the Maillard reaction mechanism. This study explored the chemical mysteries of delicacy, and demonstrated the magic and charm of chemistry. It is rich in content, diverse in forms, and suitable to popularize chemical knowledge in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aggravated aging of the population, the incidence and mortality of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures increase significantly and affect many families. Preventing the occurrence and development of osteoporosis may effectively improve the quality of life in the elderly and reduce the economic burden of the family and society. At present, it is found that the occurrence of osteoporosis is closely related to dietary nutrition. Early nutritional intervention may effectively prevent the occurrence of osteoporosis. In this paper, we illustrate the role of protein, calcium and vitamin D supplements in preventing osteoporosis and maintaining bone health, focusing on nutritional intervention studies based on bone mineral density or fracture. The possible mechanisms of nutritional intervention in osteoporosis and bone health are investigated. The importance of nutritional supplement in preventing fracture and maintaining bone health is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein-rich food has been the ever increasing demand with the growth of the world population. Animal meat protein that is provided by the traditional breeding industry will be difficult to meet human needs. Alternatively, plant protein can be expected to serve as the demand for protein, due to the higher yield and wider resources. Therefore, the plant-based meat products can be used to partially replace animal meat with plant protein using modern processing technology. It is of great significance in sustainable development, low carbon emission reduction, and nutritional demand. Among them, peas are widely used in the food industry, because of their high yield, high nutritional value, and low cost. The pea protein can be taken as the raw material in plant-based meat products using high water extrusion technology (moisture content of 40%–80%). The products are also closer to the texture quality of animal meat. However, pea protein isolate (PPI) from various sources varied greatly, in terms of both quality and functional characteristics. It is unclear on the high moisture extrusion qualities, which made it difficult to produce the pea protein in the plant-based meat substitutes. In this study, five commercial PPIs were selected to evaluate the variations, in terms of component content, particle size, solubility, gelation, and high moisture extrusion properties at 2 different cooling temperatures (65°C, and 90°C). The findings revealed that the quality and functional properties of PPI, as well as the cooling temperature, were connected to the quality of the extrudates. The PPI with high solubility (21.24%-25.51%) and strong gelation (0.84-1.14 N) was more advantageous to the fiber structure development (fibrous degree>1.5). At the lower cooling temperature, the solubility and extrudates’ hardness, and chewiness were a very significant positive correlation (P<0.01), and the fibrous degree was significantly positively (P<0.05) related to the solubility, indicating that the higher solubility of protein raw material had improved the hardness, chewiness, product, and fibrous degree. At high cooling temperatures, the solubility of the springiness of the extrudate was very significant positive correlated (P<0.01), the fibrous degree was a significant positive correlation (P<0.05), the gel strength and the rigidity of the extrudate were significantly negative correlation (P<0.05), very significant positive correlation (P<0.01) on the organization, indicating the solubility and gel strength influencing the extrusion quality. Besides, the moisture, protein, fat, and ash content were not correlated with the extrudates’ fibrous degree at a lower temperature, while the high temperature after the extrudates’ fibrous degree was a very significant positive correlation with the moisture and protein (P<0.01), correlated with the fat (P<0.05), and the ash content was a significantly negative correlation (P<0.05). Consequently, there was a significant correlation between the content of water, protein, fat, and ash, as well as the quality of extruded materials. as the cooling temperature changed. In addition, 90℃ cooling temperature was more conducive to the increase of new covalent bonds, promoting protein aggregation. The surface hydrophobicity analysis showed that the extrusion process resulted in the increase of hydrophobic groups, and then promoted protein aggregation. The secondary structure showed that the increasing cooling temperature increased the proportion of the β-folding structure and the formation of the fiber structure. This finding can provide the theoretical basis for the selection of raw materials at the cooling and forming temperature for plant-based meat products that are prepared by high moisture extrusion technology. A strong reference can be offered for the product development and quality improvement of new plant-based meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 enters chloroplast through stomata. How chloroplast is in response to stomatal density in molecular level is unknown yet. In this study, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines, showing either significantly higher（HSD）or lower（LSD）leaf stomatal density, respectively, were generated through regulation of NtEPF 2（Nicotiana benthamiana EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2）expression in vivo. Transgenic lines were characterized with chlorophyll accumulation, photosynthetic parameters and leaf chloroplast differential expression proteins（DEPs）based on iTRAQ（isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation）. The response of chloroplast composition to stomatal density variation was expected to be revealed. The results showed that accumulation of DEPs, metabolizing PSI-PSII-LHCII complex formation and accelerating its electron transfer were up-regulated significantly, following down-regulation of DEPs for PSI photoprotection and light damage repair in HSD lines. Therefore, chlorophyll accumulation and net photosynthetic rate were 43% and 67% higher in HSD lines than control. On the other hand, attributing to strong photophosphorylation ATP biosynthesis at the early stage of leaf development, chlorophyll accumulation and photosynthetic parameter in LSD lines were significantly higher than in control. Chlorophyll accumulation went down along with growing leaf age. The result indicated that the increase in stomatal density accelerated PSI-PSII-LHCII complex formation and its electron transfer, and reduced photoprotection. Thus, chlorophyll accumulations in leaf at all ages were maintained at a higher level. Reversely, the decrease in stomatal density resulted in an upside-down mode for chlorophyll accumulations along with leaf ages owing to unbalance between ATP biosynthesis and carbon fixation. The result not only contributes to further understanding how stomata work, also broadens our view to rise carbon fixation through stomata regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanotroph bacteria meal (MBM) is one type of single-cell protein produced by Methylococcus capsulatus. The greenhouse gas methane can be taken as the sola carbon source, similar to the protein content and amino acid composition of the fish meal. Cottonseed meal (CSM) is a reliable plant protein source with more than 60% protein content by removing some fiber from cottonseed. According to the amount of MBM in the previous experiment, this study aims to improve intestinal health and the safe application range of CSM in the fishmeal replacement for fish. A complex protein (MC) mixed with the 4% MBM and 12% CSM was formulated and then used in the hybrid grouper’s feed. An investigation was made to clarify the effects of MC in the fishmeal-reducing diet on the growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indices, liver and intestinal histomorphology, and the intestinal microflora of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×E. lanceolatus ♂. An 8-week feeding trial was conducted with the 180 healthy juvenile grouper in six tanks (30 fish in each tank, and 3 tanks in each group) at an average weight of (28.85 ± 0.04) g. Two iso-nitrogenous and lipid diets were formulated to contain a control group (FM group) with 40% fishmeal as the basic protein source, and an experimental group (MC group) that reduced the fishmeal content to 30% and added the MC (consisting of 4% MBM and 12% CSM) to balance the protein content. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed conversion ratio, feed intake rate, fatness, viscera/body index, and liver/body index in the two groups. The moisture of whole fish in the FM group was higher than that in the MC group. The contents of alanine, histidine and arginine in muscle were significantly lower than those in the MC group, whereas, the content of proline in muscle was significantly higher than that in the MC group. The contents of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase activity, and liver malondialdehyde in the MC group were significantly lower than those in the FM group. The total intestinal antioxidant capacity in the MC group was significantly higher than that in the FM group, whereas, the length of intestinal villi was significantly longer, and the intestinal wall thickness was significantly lower than that in the FM group. 16s rDNA sequencing results showed that the Chao1 and ACE indexes of alpha diversity of intestinal microbiota in the MC group were lower than those in the FM group, while the Shannon and Simpson indexes were higher than those in the FM group. There was a variation in the structure of intestinal microflora in the two groups. In the MC group, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased at the phylum level, and the relative abundance of Alpharoteobacteria and Deltaroteobacteria increased, whereas, the relative abundance of Gammaroteobacteria decreased at the class level, while the total abundance of Vibrio, Photobacterium and Aeromonas decreased at the genus level. The microbial functional taxa predicted that the potential pathogen taxa decreased in the MC group. The KEGG pathways enrichment analysis of intestinal microflora genes showed that the MC group presented a much higher enrichment in the metabolism and organic system than the FM group, but a lower enrichment in the cell process and environmental information processing. To sum up, there was no negative effect on the juvenile grouper’s survival, the growth and feed utilization feeding MC added in the fish meal-reducing diet. There was a significant increase in the dry matter of whole fish, in order to improve the antioxidant capacity of the liver and intestine. The intestinal morphological development was stimulated to enhance the intestinal microbial richness, and then to reduce the pathogenic bacteria abundance for a stable intestinal microflora. Anyway, the optimal strategy can be the complex protein mixed with the MBM and CSM used in a fishmeal-reducing diet for the juvenile hybrid grouper. As such, the utilization efficiency of protein sources can be improved by the optimal combination. Methanotroph bacteria meal (MBM) is one type of single-cell protein produced by Methylococcus capsulatus. The greenhouse gas methane can be taken as the sola carbon source, similar to the protein content and amino acid composition of the fish meal. Cottonseed meal (CSM) is a reliable plant protein source with more than 60% protein content by removing some fiber from cottonseed. According to the amount of MBM in the previous experiment, this study aims to improve intestinal health and the safe application range of CSM in the fishmeal replacement for fish. A complex protein (MC) mixed with the 4% MBM and 12% CSM was formulated and then used in the hybrid grouper’s feed. An investigation was made to clarify the effects of MC in the fishmeal-reducing diet on the growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indices, liver and intestinal histomorphology, and the intestinal microflora of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×E. lanceolatus ♂. An 8-week feeding trial was conducted with the 180 healthy juvenile grouper in six tanks (30 fish in each tank, and 3 tanks in each group) at an average weight of (28.85 ± 0.04) g. Two iso-nitrogenous and lipid diets were formulated to contain a control group (FM group) with 40% fishmeal as the basic protein source, and an experimental group (MC group) that reduced the fishmeal content to 30% and added the MC (consisting of 4% MBM and 12% CSM) to balance the protein content. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed conversion ratio, feed intake rate, fatness, viscera/body index, and liver/body index in the two groups. The moisture of whole fish in the FM group was higher than that in the MC group. The contents of alanine, histidine and arginine in muscle were significantly lower than those in the MC group, whereas, the content of proline in muscle was significantly higher than that in the MC group. The contents of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase activity, and liver malondialdehyde in the MC group were significantly lower than those in the FM group. The total intestinal antioxidant capacity in the MC group was significantly higher than that in the FM group, whereas, the length of intestinal villi was significantly longer, and the intestinal wall thickness was significantly lower than that in the FM group. 16s rDNA sequencing results showed that the Chao1 and ACE indexes of alpha diversity of intestinal microbiota in the MC group were lower than those in the FM group, while the Shannon and Simpson indexes were higher than those in the FM group. There was a variation in the structure of intestinal microflora in the two groups. In the MC group, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased at the phylum level, and the relative abundance of Alpharoteobacteria and Deltaroteobacteria increased, whereas, the relative abundance of Gammaroteobacteria decreased at the class level, while the total abundance of Vibrio, Photobacterium and Aeromonas decreased at the genus level. The microbial functional taxa predicted that the potential pathogen taxa decreased in the MC group. The KEGG pathways enrichment analysis of intestinal microflora genes showed that the MC group presented a much higher enrichment in the metabolism and organic system than the FM group, but a lower enrichment in the cell process and environmental information processing. To sum up, there was no negative effect on the juvenile grouper’s survival, the growth and feed utilization feeding MC added in the fish meal-reducing diet. There was a significant increase in the dry matter of whole fish, in order to improve the antioxidant capacity of the liver and intestine. The intestinal morphological development was stimulated to enhance the intestinal microbial richness, and then to reduce the pathogenic bacteria abundance for a stable intestinal microflora. Anyway, the optimal strategy can be the complex protein mixed with the MBM and CSM used in a fishmeal-reducing diet for the juvenile hybrid grouper. As such, the utilization efficiency of protein sources can be improved by the optimal combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wet alkaline noodles was set as the object, and the changes in the characteristics of the protein and starch characteristics of wet alkaline noodles during processing were investigated. The effects of standing time after oil sprinkle on the quality of wet alkaline noodles were studied. The results indicated that the contents of free sulfhydryl group and low molecular weight protein submit in gluten were decreased, and the content of glutenin macropolymer(GMP) was increased during noodle processing. Pasting properties showed that most viscosity parameters were reduced; relative crystallinity was first decreased and then increased. The lightness in noodle color and hardness in noodle texture were gradually reduced, but the content of less-strongly bound water in water distribution was increased. Moreover, as the standing time after oil sprinkle prolonged, the lightness of noodle was reduced, noodle hardness was first increased and then reduced, and the score of sensory evaluation was enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a newly discovered posttranslational modification (PTM), crotonylation has been identified in histone and nonhistone proteins and has important roles in the regulation of various diseases and biological processes. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometry approaches, an increasing number of endogenous crotonylation has been detected and identified. The discovery of crotonylation regulatory enzymes paved the way for the study of crotonylation mechanism. In this review, we summarize the biological functions and regulatory mechanism of crotonylation in eukaryotes and introduce the recent progress on crotonylation in malignant tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereals are very valuable food sources of healthy and sustainable protein. Food innovations in cereal protein are ever transitioning to more sustainable food systems for healthy diets. A more precise understanding is required by the functions that cereal proteins have. The application of cereal proteins has greatly contributed to genomics and food science today. In this study, a functional prediction was proposed for the cereal proteins using a multilayer functional structure, in order to select the functional proteins more conveniently and accurately. A large-scale interaction network was also constructed with the indica, japonica, wheat, maize, and soybean data. Firstly, the relevant functions of unknown proteins were explored via the interaction of functional features of clusters with the unknown proteins. Secondly, new protein weights, semantic similarity, and functional hierarchy weights were defined to determine the possible functions of proteins. Finally, the grain protein function was further determined using a scoring mechanism in the prediction of the function. The results show that better performance was achieved to predict the function of cereal proteins, particularly with a precision of about 77% for the accurate protein function prediction and up to 92% for the fuzzy protein function prediction using retraceability. A great contribution was made to determine the functional range of unknown proteins, especially with the high efficiency of prediction. The precision of protein function prediction varied significantly at different levels, with an average precision of 92% at level-1, 85% at level-2, and 69% at the level-4. More importantly, the average precision was close to 80% in all six levels of FunCat. As such, the multi-layer functional structure of proteins was predicted to calculate the number of unknown proteins with different sizes. The precision of the prediction was 76% at an unknown protein size of 50, 72% at an unknown protein number of 100, and 66% at an unknown protein number of 200. There was no sharp decrease with the significant increase in the prediction size. It infers that the prediction still performed the best in the case of large-scale unknown proteins. A comparison was made with the latest algorithms, such as FUNPRED_SEQSIN, DAC (Diffusion Alignment Coefficient), and PILL (Predict protein function using Incomplete hierarchical LabeLs). In terms of precision, recall, and F-measured, the performance of the improved prediction was significantly better than the others. The experimental results show that 1) the prediction can be expected to serve as the predicted function hierarchical, particularly for the protein with the specified function, or the available protein functions of specified functional levels; 2) The average precision of the cereal protein function in the first four layers of FunCat (Functional Catelogue) can reach more than 80%, even to realize the prediction of the fifth and sixth layers of the protein; 3) The retrospective nature of the hierarchy can allow the functions with the low predictions to be returned to the higher level functions. As such, the probability of false positives was reduced to improve the overall prediction accuracy. The finding can also provide a strong reference to the protein function prediction in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the location of proteins in the Golgi apparatus. Therefore, the correct identification of sub-Golgi proteins is helpful for the development of drugs for related diseases. In this study, two types of sub-Golgi protein datasets were established. On the basis of the amino acid composition information, the conjoint triad feature information, the auto-covariance average chemical shift, and the gene ontology information, the localization of sub-Golgi protein was predicted by using the algorithm of support vector machine. The overall prediction accuracy was 87.43% in the 5-fold cross-validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein is an important component of cells and the main undertaker of life activities. Its synthesis highly relies on complex and precise translation systems. Previous studies have shown that the correlation between mRNA expression and protein expression level is low. One of important factors is that mRNA is not translated into protein at the same rate. Translation rate is the key to determining protein expression, and also affects protein structure and function. Therefore, on the basis of summarizing the mechanism of mRNA translation in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, this study further summarized the main factors affecting translation rate and the main technical means of studying translation and translation rate, aiming to provide reference value for the study of translation mechanism in vivo in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: How to effectively transport the extracellular proteins into cells has always been a concern. With the development of nanometer protein carrying technology, efficient protein delivery has been achieved. However, the protein-carrying nanosystem is still largely unable to avoid degradation after entering the endosome/lysosome. Therefore, the utility of the protein can be impeded. OBJECTIVE: To review the progresses of protein-carrying nanosystems promoting endosome/lysosome escape in recent years, to analyze research status and application prospects of nano materials of the protein-carrying nanosystems that promote endosome/lysosome escape. METHODS: The articles published from 2000 to 2021 were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI database and Wanfang database. The Chinese and English search terms were “endosome escape, lysosomal escape, nanoparticles, protein delivery”. All articles were preliminarily eliminated according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 89 articles were included for this review. According to the characteristics of the escape mechanism of endosomes and lysosomes, the functional characteristics and clinical applications of inorganic-organic materials, inorganic materials, organic materials, and bio-related materials were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The intracellular endosome/lysosome escape of proteins delivered by nano materials as carriers is related to a variety of mechanisms, including proton sponge effect, membrane instability, membrane fusion and other related mechanisms. Through the above mechanisms, the protein-carrying nanosystems can be successfully transferred into the cytoplasm and perform their functions well. (2) There are four types of nano materials by far the most often used to promote the protein-carrying nanosystems to escape from lysosome or endosome: organic-inorganic hybrid materials, inorganic nano materials, nanometer materials and biological organic related nanomaterials. These materials have advantages, such as the good biocompatibility and biodegradability, novel design, customizability, and pH-response. These preliminarily outstanding advantages have been demonstrated in the clinical fields of killing tumors, gene editing, and reducing blood sugar. (3) To further expand the clinical application of protein-carrying nanosystems with the effect of endosome/lysosome escape, detailed studies on nano safety and mechanism researches should not be neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of tumor to proliferate indefinitely depends on its unique metabolic mode. It has been confirmed that non - coding RNA has the ability to encode micropeptides/proteins, of which a small number of micropeptides/proteins can participate in the regulation of tumor energy metabolism and play a key role in the occurrence and development of tumors. This article reviews the current research on the relationship between micropeptides/proteins encoded by ncRNA and cancer metabolism, and discusses the mechanism and clinical significance of these functional micropeptides/proteins in tumorigenesis and development. We believe that in- depth understanding of the regulatory mechanism mediated by ncRNA - encoded micropeptides/proteins in tumor metabolic reprogramming will play an important role in cancer diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrot Antifreeze Proteins (CaAFPs) are characterized by the unique anti-recrystallization capacity for potential uses in the food industry. In this study, a systematic investigation was conducted to explore the effect of CaAFPs on the properties of subfrozen dough under different freeze-thaw cycles, in order to determine if -12℃ suitable for the frozen dough storage and the state. The CaAFPs were added to the dough at a proportion of 0.5%. The dough without CaAFPs was used as the control. Three kinds of storage temperatures were set as 4℃ refrigerated, -12℃ subfrozen, and -18 ℃ frozen. The freeze-thaw was taken as the auxiliary means to measure the freezable water content, texture, and pH under the different conditions of moisture content and water loss rate. Significance analysis was then made to compare the freeze-thaw CaAFPs under the influence mechanism of the frozen dough properties. The results showed that the water loss rate of the dough in the control group showed an increasing trend in the different degrees (P<0.05) after five freeze-thaw cycles. The addition of CaAFPs greatly contributed to delaying the water loss of the dough, indicating a decrease in the water loss rate in all groups. The water content of the control group showed a decreasing trend in the different degrees (P<0.05). The water content was higher than that of the control group after adding CaAFPs (P<0.05) under freeze-thaw. An increasing trend was found in the freezable water content of the dough in the control group in the different degrees (P<0.05) under freeze-thaw. The addition of CaAFPs posed a certain protective effect on the network structure of the dough, indicating the decrease in the freezable water content. There was an upward trend (P<0.05) for the hardness and gumminess in the control group, whereas, a downward trend was the springing, cohesiveness, and chewiness (P<0.05) under freeze-thaw. After adding CaAFPs, the texture characteristics of the dough were improved significantly to more slowly adjust the texture. The pH of the dough showed a decreasing trend in the different degrees (P<0.05) in the control group. The acidification of dough was delayed for the smaller pH change trend of dough, when adding CaAFPs. In general, the moisture content of dough decreased with the increase of freeze-thaw time, where the water loss rate and the content of freezable water increased significantly, the pH value decreased, and the texture was difficult to say. But the opposite trend occurred, as the temperature dropped. Among them, -12℃ and -18 ℃ were significantly better than 4℃. There was no significant difference between them in the first two times of freeze-thaw, but after three times of freeze-thaw, -18℃ was obviously better than -12℃. The findings can provide a strong reference for the application of CaAFPs in the frozen dough and the optimization of freezing storage temperature. As such, the dough can be maintained excellent properties at -12℃ in the sub-freezing storage. Therefore, the dough can be expected to store at -12℃ for energy saving under the better state. At the same time, a new research idea can be offered for the properties of antifreeze proteins in the subfreezing state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone metabolism has always been a hotspot in bone tissue engineering research. With the deepening of the mechanism, it has been found that hypothalamus is the main regulatory center for exercise to improve bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To review the role of hypothalamus in bone metabolism and to explore the mechanism of exercise-mediated hypothalamus to improve bone metabolism. METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed for relevant articles published from January 1983 to December 2021 with “exercise; hypothalamus; bone metabolism” as keywords both in Chinese and English. The documents that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded, and the 72 selected documents were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The hypothalamus is the key to regulating the body’s physiological activity and the downstream of the hypothalamus-pituitarytarget gland axis plays an important regulatory roleto influence hormone secretion, such as neuropeptide Y, leptin, osteocalcin and calcitonin, thus regulating regulatory factors and signaling pathways for bone metabolism, and further improving common bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. In recent years, the bonebuilding effect mediated by “brain-bone” crosstalk has received widespread attention in medicine, biology and sports science, but its specific occurrence and mechanism of action are still under investigation. Exercise activates bone metabolic signaling pathways through mechanical force stimulation and conduction of intracellular electrical signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Signal peptide-CUB-EGF-like domain-containing protein (SCUBE) can act as a coreceptor and/or a ligand to activate signaling pathways, such as bone morphogenetic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β, and hedgehog, and plays an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes OBJECTIVE: To review relevant literature worldwide and summarize the research progress in the structure and function of SCUBE family, as well as their roles in embryonic development and disease occurrence. METHODS: The first author used a computer to search for related articles included in PubMed and CNKI databases from 2000 to 2021. The search terms were “SCUBE, EGF family, structure and function, coreceptor, signaling pathways, embryonic development, disease, mechanism, tumor, protein, gene” in English and Chinese, respectively. According to the inclusion criteria, 68 articles were selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The SCUBE family includes three independent members, SCUBE1, SCUBE2, and SCUBE3. SCUBE family members share five similar domains, including one amino-terminal signal peptide sequence, nine tandemly arranged epidermal growth factor-like repeats, one amino glycosylation spacer, three cysteine-rich domains, and one carboxy-terminal CUB-like domain. SCUBE family members can act as coreceptors and/or ligands, binding through their special CUB-like domains to activate multiple signaling pathways including bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor β and vascular endothelial growth factor and produce corresponding biological effects. SCUBE family members are widely expressed in a variety of tissues and organs, and have a dynamic expression pattern during vertebrate embryonic development. The SCUBE family is closely related to the occurrence of diseases, and can be used as key therapeutic targets for diseases such as bone and tooth dysplasia, vascular dysplasia, autoimmune diseases and tumors. SCUBE family members play an important role in embryonic development and disease occurrence. They can not only be used as therapeutic targets for diseases, but also have broad application prospects in the field of tissue engineering regeneration in the future. However, their specific functions and mechanisms still need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the effect of dobutamine combined with amiodarone in the clinical treatment of arrhythmia patients in ICU. Methods: 72 patients with arrhythmias in ICU treated in our hospital from April 2019 to may 2022 were divided into matched group and experimental group by average method, with 36 cases in each group. The matched group was treated with dobutamine, while the experimental group was treated with dobutamine + amiodarone. The cardiac function indexes, BNP and HS CRP levels, the frequency of arrhythmias, average heart rate, clinical efficacy, adverse cardiovascular events and drug safety were compared between the two groups. Results: There was no difference in the levels of LVEF, LVEDd and LVESD between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the levels of LVEF increased and the levels of LVEDd and LVESD decreased in the two groups. After treatment, the changes of the above indexes in the experimental group were greater than those in the matched group (P<0.05); Before treatment, there was no difference in the levels of BNP and hs CRP between the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, the levels of BNP and hs CRP in the two groups decreased, and after treatment, the levels of BNP and hs CRP in the experimental group were lower than those in the matched group (P<0.05); Before treatment, there was no difference in the number of arrhythmias and average heart rate between the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, the number of arrhythmias and average heart rate in the two groups decreased, and after treatment, the number of arrhythmias in the experimental group was less than that in the matched group, and the average heart rate was lower than that in the matched group (P<0.05); The effective rate of clinical treatment in the experimental group was 94.44 %, and that in the matched group was 69.44 %. The effective rate of clinical treatment in the experimental group was higher than that in the matched group (P<0.05); The incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and adverse reactions in the experimental group were lower than those in the matched group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dobutamine combined with amiodarone has a significant therapeutic effect on improving cardiac function in ICU arrhythmia patients, reducing the number of arrhythmias, stabilizing heart rate, and reducing the level of brain natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and the patient develops after treatment. There are few adverse cardiovascular events and adverse drug reactions, and it has a satisfactory drug safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Neurodegenerative diseases are a large class of major neurological diseases that can lead to the loss of patients’ ability to work and live. At present, there is no effective treatment for this disease. Adipose-derived stromal cells can induce differentiation into nerve cells in vitro, which is expected to provide a new method for the treatment of this kind of diseases. OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression changes of Bax/Bcl-2 protein during the differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells into astrocytes, and to further investigate whether there is mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis during the induction. METHODS: Immunocytochemistry and western blot assay were used to analyze the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome C, and casepase-3 in the process of adipose-derived stromal cell differentiation into astrocytes when induction for 48 hours and 7, 14, and 21 days. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of cells and mitochondria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After being induced for 48 hours and 7, 14, and 21 days, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein reached the peak on day 7 (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in glial fibrillary acidic protein expression between 14 days and 7 days after induction (P > 0.05). (2) The expression of Bax, cytochrome C, and casepase-3 increased gradually with the induction time extending and reached the peak on day 14 (P < 0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 was decreased gradually and reached the lowest level on day 14 after induction (P < 0.05). (3) Typical apoptotic bodies and mitochondrial damage were observed using transmission electron microscopy. (4) Adipose-derived stromal cells were in the best survival and differentiation state at the 7th to 14th day of differentiation. During adipose-derived stromal cell differentiation into astrocytes, the inhibitory effect of Bcl-2 on apoptosis was significantly weakened, and the pro apoptotic effect of Bax was gradually enhanced. Cytochrome C was released into the cytoplasm by damaged mitochondria, which led to apoptosis in mitochondrial pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of PM2.5 on the autophagy and inflammatory response of Raw264.7 macrophages. Methods CCK-8 was used to detect the effect of PM2.5 on the viability of Raw264.7 cells, and transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the autophagy structure. The autophagic flux was observed by fluorescence microscope after Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B transfection to explore the effect of PM2.5 on macrophage activity and autophagy. Then the blank control group, the PM2.5 group, the rapamycin (Rap, autophagy inducer) group, the hydroxychloroquine (HCQ, autophagy inhibitor) group, the PM2.5+HCQ group and PM2.5+TAK-242 [Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor] group were set. Western blot method was used to detect levels of autophagy-related proteins, including microtubule-associated light chain protein 3 ratio (LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ), p62, cathepsin B (CTSB), lysosomal membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) and inflammation-related proteins TLR4 and nucleotide binding Domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)]. ELISA method was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and IL-10. Results The activity of Raw264.7 macrophages decreased with the increase of PM2.5 concentration and the prolonged action time. Transmission electron microscopy showed that there were more autophagic vacuoles and double-membrane autophagosomes in the PM2.5 group, while autophagic lysosomes were rare, and under the fluorescence microscope, the ratio of yellow fluorescent dots to red fluorescent dots was higher in the PM2.5 group than that in the control group and the Rap group (P＜ 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the expressions levels of NLRP3, LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, p62, CTSB, IL-1β and IL-18 were up-regulated in the PM2.5 group, and the expressions of LAMP2 and IL-10 were down-regulated (P＜0.05). While HCQ inhibited autophagy, it promoted the expression of NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18, and inhibited the expression of IL-10 (P＜0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the PM2.5 group and the HCQ group, NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18 were significantly up-regulated and IL-10 was significantly down-regulated in the PM2.5+HCQ group (P＜0.05). In addition, the expression of TLR4 was high in the PM2.5 group. Expressions of NLRP3, LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, p62, CTSB, IL-1β and IL-18 were down-regulated after TLR4 was inhibited by TAK-242, and expressions of LAMP2 and IL-10 were up-regulated (P＜0.05). Conclusion PM2.5 reduces macrophage activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. PM2.5 induces autophagy in Raw264.7 macrophages, but blocks autophagic flow and aggravates the inflammatory response of macrophages, which may be mediated by TLR4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation-mass spectrometry (UVPD-MS) was applied to investigate supercharging reagent sulfolane in protein sequence and structure characterization. All datasets were collected by using an Orbitrap MS system equipped with an ArF 193 nm EX50 excimer Laser. The 193 nm UV laser has the advantages of high brightness, good stability, and propagate in air, which can directly excite and dissociate the protein backbone within 5 ns (single pulse). Previous reports demonstrated that the partial protein high-order structures and non-covalent interactions could be retained in the UVPD fragments and the site-specific fragmentation yields (FYs) revealed the dynamic protein structure alterations under different conditions. Therefore, the combination of UVPD with nMS provides a new research paradigm for the characterization of protein structure changes. In this work, we further demonstrated 193 nm UVPD was superior to high-energy collision induced dissociation (HCD) in fragmenting and sequencing the non-denatured carbonic anhydrase II (CA) generated in native electrospray ionization (ESI). UVPD could efficiently activate and fragmentate the non-denatured CA with different charge states in just 5 ns, achieving cleavage sequence coverage 79.8% for CA Z10. Then, 0.25% supercharging reagent sulfolane was added into the protein solution and the CA charge distribution was significantly moved to higher charge states under identical native ESI conditions. However, higher-order structures (HOS) and non-covalent interactions could be obtained as the CA charge distribution was still concentrated and significantly different from the spectra features of denatured CA. The UVPD cleavage sequence coverage of the CA was increased to 87.2%, including the regions that were difficult to be dissociated and characterized without sulfolane addition. In addition, the non-covalent of CA and Zn2+ remained stable, indicating that the addition of sulfoxide had little influence on the Zn2+ binding region. The UVPD sequence coverage of CA Z11 was increased by 7.4% after the addition of sulfoxide, but the site FYs were almost not changed, demonstrating the corresponding local structures were nearly not changed. However, the higher charge states introduced by sulfolane also exhibited the risk of inducing specific structure alteration of part of protein regions. In conclusion, it was infered that supercharging reagent is efficient in modulating the charge state distribution of proteins in native ESI-MS characterization and can expand the MS detection mass range. The introduction of supercharging reagent can further improve the UVPD sequence coverage, including the structure-compact regions hard to be fragmented. Although part of the protein HOS and non-covalent interactions seems retained, the influence of higher charge states on protein structures should be considered in dynamic protein structure investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: It has been found that the increase of adipocytes is accompanied by the decrease of bone mineral density and bone mass, while the differentiation of adipocytes is affected by extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway. Up to now, there are few studies on the expression characteristics and correlation of ERK1/2 in lipid metabolism of different syndrome types in patients with osteoporosis. Therefore, this study was designed to explore their internal relationship. OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation and characteristics between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome types and ERK in senile osteoporosis. METHODS: A total of 94 eligible patients with senile osteoporosis were divided into three groups according to TCM syndrome types, including 39 cases of liver-kidney deficiency type, 30 cases of spleen-kidney yang deficiency type, and 25 cases of qi stagnation and blood stasis type. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected on an empty stomach in the next morning after admission to detect total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A1, and apolipoprotein B. Generally, patients underwent artificial hip replacement on the 3rd day after admission and the cancellous bone specimens excavated from the femoral neck were kept in a cryopreservation tube at -80℃ . The protein expression of ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 in the cancellous bone was then detected and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in serum triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels among the patients with three types of TCM syndromes (P < 0.05). The serum triglyceride level of the patients with spleen-kidney yang deficiency was higher than that of the patients with liver-kidney deficiency and qi stagnation and blood stasis (P=0.009, P=0.035). The serum high-density lipoprotein level of the patients with liver-kidney deficiency was higher than that of the patients with spleen-kidney yang deficiency and qi stagnation and blood stasis (P=0.004, P=0.017). The serum low-density lipoprotein level of the patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis was lower than that of the patients with spleen-kidney yang deficiency and liver-kidney deficiency (P=0.009, P=0.003). The levels of p-ERK1 and p-ERK2 in the cancellous bone were higher than those in the patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis than those with spleen-kidney yang deficiency and liver-kidney deficiency (p-ERK1: P=0.000, P=0.000; p-ERK2: P=0.024, P=0.000). The level of p-ERK2 in the patients with liver-kidney deficiency was higher than that in the patients with spleen-kidney yang deficiency (P=0.006). In the spleen-kidney yang deficiency group, there was a positive correlation with triglyceride (r=0.124, P=0.006) and a negative correlation with p-ERK1/2 (r=-0.512, P=0.013); in the qi stagnation and blood stasis group, there was a positive correlation with p-ERK1/2 (r=0.331, P=0.000). In conclusion, among the three syndrome types of osteoporosis, the lipid metabolism of spleen-kidney yang deficiency group is significantly different from the other two groups, and is negatively correlated with p-ERK1/2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low protein natural latex （LPNRL） was prepared by removing the protein from natural rubber latex （NRL） with the assistance of urea to weaken the hydrogen bond of protein in natural latex and loosen its structure. The results show that the stability of low ammonia or high ammonia LPNRL is significantly improved, when the amount of lipase is increased from 0.04% to 0.1%,when the amount of phospholipid is 0.8%.It means that the phospholipid hydrolysates can improve the mechanical stability of LPNRL. This study can provide a new method for the preservation of LPNRL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S-nitrosylation modification is a selective and reversible post-translational modification of protein by high concentration of nitric oxide （NO）, which is related to a variety of cellular processes and tissue homeostasis. Most digestive system tumors interact with the development of inflammation. The body induces a great deal of NO in an inflammatory state and NO can modify the substrate protein S-nitrosylation. At present, it has been found that the expression of S-nitrosylation of proteins in a variety of cancer tissues is abnormal. Relevant studies at home and abroad show that the relationship between S-nitrosylation and tumor occurrence and development has become a current research focus. By briefly describing the mechanism of protein S-nitrosylation imbalance in the occurrence and development of different digestive system tumors and treatments,this review concludes that S-nitrosylation imbalance in different digestive system tumors can promote or inhibit the development of tumors through the S-nitrosylation of different proteins and aims to tap the therapeutic potential of S-nitrosylation level in digestive system tumors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish a three-dimensional spheroid of human glioma stem cells with the potential of spontaneous spheroidization and multi-directional differentiation in vitro A model of spheroid expansion and understanding of its protein and lipid content as well as their secondary components lays the foundation for further studies on the metabolism of spheroids. method points Human glioma stem cells GSC23 and SU3 were cultured in serum-free stem cell culture medium, and the cell pellets were collected after culturing for about 2-3 weeks. exist Fixed in paraformaldehyde solution, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, detected by immunohistochemical staining for glioma-related marker proteins, Raman imaging Analysis of protein and lipid content and their secondary components in spheroid tissue. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the large sphere group, medium sphere group, Protein, lipid and phenylalanine content of the microsphere group. Results Both stem cells were able to form solid tumor-like stem cells in a petri dish. Cell expansion spheroids. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the common marker proteins of glioblastoma multiforme were CD133, Nestin, epidermal growth Factor receptors, S100, Olig2, p53, Ki-67, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, CXC chemokine receptor 4 and CD34 are all expressed. up. Raman imaging showed that the constructed human glioma stem cell expanded spheroids contained proteins (2 930, 1 685 and 1 586 cm-1), Lipids (2 845 and 1 444 cm-1), phenylalanine (1 003 cm-1) and amide III (1 250 cm-1), large spheroid group, medium spheroid group, small spheroid There was no significant difference in the contents of protein, lipid and phenylalanine between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion The human brain glue was successfully constructed in vitro Plasma tumor stem cell expansion spheroid model, which not only has the shape characteristics of three-dimensional solid tumor and infinite expansion ability, but also stable storage protein The ability of tumor cells to metabolize essential energy sources such as lipids and lipids is expected to serve as a tool for in vitro human glioma research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste has been an international problem in recent years, due to odor and disposal challenges. Globally, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) estimated that about 17% of food was wasted at the retail and consumer levels. It was estimated that 91 million tons of food waste were produced in China in 2020. Fortunately, it is a promising way to convert carbon and nutrients (N, P, and K) in food waste into usable products. The multiple benefits can then be gained for nutrient recycling, public health, and reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases. However, the available cost-effective techniques are still lacking in food waste treatment, particularly in the ever-increasing demand. This research aimed to assess the potential performance of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) for food waste (rice with spicy soup) treatment and nutrient recycling. A series of cultural experiments were indoor simulated to investigate the effects of exogenous enzymes (amylase and catalase) and capsaicin on the degradation of food waste and the growth of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) at different life phases (the first, second, and fifth instar larvae). Nevertheless, there was a low performance of the newly hatched larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) to decompose the rice residue with the spicy soup. The amylase was then added to accelerate the decomposition of starch in the food waste into sugars. A favorable condition was created for the newly hatched larvae to grow. The life phases were also selected as the second or fifth instar larvae, where the insects were in rapid growth or at mature stages. Furthermore, capsaicin was added as a seasoner to stimulate the appetite of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.), thereby increasing the food intake for the higher growth rate and biomass accumulation during this time. The addition of α-amylase (at the ratio of food waste: α-amylase of 10 000:1) and catalase (at the ratio of food waste: peroxidase of 100 000:1) at the first instar larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.), followed by adding the capsaicin (at the ratio of food waste: capsaicin of 80:1) at the fifth instar larvae, increased the degradation rate of food waste by 6.49 %, the live weight of the insect by 29.70 %, and the dry weight of the insect by 38.22 %, compared with the control. Besides, the protein and fat contents of the insect biomass were raised by 18.81 % and 20.97 %, respectively. The results also demonstrate that a trace amount of exogenous enzymes (amylase and catalase) and capsaicin were effective to accelerate food waste degradation, particularly for the higher growth of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.). As such, the quality of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) biomass was improved to serve as the high-protein and high-fat feed. In the field experiment thereafter, the fresh biomass of the insect was fed, such as chickens. The dry biomass was used as an ingredient of feed for the fish to replace the plant protein, and the meal was liked by fish species in the aquaculture tanks. Anyway, the finding can guide the conversion of rice food waste to high-protein animal feed, particularly for the reuse and reduction of food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]