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A meta-analysis conducted by researchers at Tulane University found that racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in pain management guidelines for total joint arthroplasty. The study analyzed papers included in the 2021 Anesthesia and Analgesia in Total Joint Arthroplasty Clinical Practice Guidelines and compared them with US national census data. The findings revealed that non-White racial/ethnic groups were significantly underrepresented in the guidelines, raising concerns about the external validity and generalizability of the recommendations. The researchers emphasize the need for equitable enrollment and reporting of outcomes for all racial/ethnic groups in future guidelines. [Extracted from the article]

A research paper published in Oncotarget's Volume 15 discusses the potential of GZ17-6.02, a compound containing isovanillin, harmine, and curcumin, as a treatment for multiple myeloma. The study found that GZ17-6.02 was more effective at killing multiple myeloma cells than previously observed in solid tumor cell types. The combination of GZ17-6.02 and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib showed promising results in activating certain pathways and reducing the levels of proteins associated with tumor growth. The researchers suggest further in vivo studies to explore the potential of GZ17-6.02 in treating multiple myeloma. [Extracted from the article]

A researcher at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen has published a paper on estimating heterogeneous treatment effects for observational data using model-based forests. The paper discusses the challenges of estimating treatment effects for different types of outcomes and proposes modifications to model-based forests to address confounding issues in observational data. The researcher demonstrates the practical application of this approach by assessing the potentially heterogeneous effect of Riluzole on the progress of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The paper is published in Statistical Methods in Medical Research and can be accessed for free online. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Ohio State University found that psychiatric drugs appear to be 50% more effective in clinical trials funded by the drug's manufacturer compared to trials sponsored by other groups. This research, published in the Journal of Political Economy, analyzed double-blind randomized control trials for antidepressants and antipsychotics, revealing a significant "sponsorship effect." The study suggests that publication bias, where trials with favorable outcomes are more likely to be published, may contribute to this phenomenon. While preregistration requirements have helped reduce publication bias since 2005, there remains a concern about existing drugs approved before these regulations were in place. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review conducted by researchers at Northumbria University in Newcastle, United Kingdom, explored the effectiveness of active rehabilitation for patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The review found that early active rehabilitation, which increases heart rate without exacerbating symptoms, may improve recovery in mTBI patients. The study analyzed seven papers, including three randomized controlled trials and four non-randomized trials, and found that active rehabilitation protocols involving various exercise modalities, durations, and intensities were safe and effective in decreasing recovery time to symptom resolution. However, the researchers noted a lack of consensus on specific intervention protocols that should be addressed before implementation in clinical practice. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University in India discusses the biocompatibility and mechanical performance of magnesium alloys for biomedical applications. The review addresses the challenges and surgical implications of various types of implants and explores the potential of magnesium-based alloys in biodegradable implants. The research examines how alloying elements can enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys, and suggests strategies to mitigate adverse effects. The paper offers valuable insights into fabricating magnesium-based implants to achieve ideal mechanical and corrosion properties, enhancing their effectiveness in biomedical applications. [Extracted from the article]

Insilico Medicine, a clinical-stage generative AI-driven drug discovery company, is proud to announce that its founder and co-CEO, Alex Zhavoronkov, PhD, will be attending the Alliance for Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare (AAIH) Annual Members' Meeting. The AAIH aims to advance the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare to improve patients' lives and make healthcare systems more efficient, sustainable, and accessible. Insilico Medicine has made significant contributions to the field, including the development of the Pharma.AI platform and the successful nomination of preclinical candidates. They have also published a paper detailing their R&D journey and announced positive preliminary results from a Phase IIa trial. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers in Hangzhou, China have been studying the use of gold nanoparticles in photothermal therapy for tumor treatment. They have found that targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) can improve drug release and photothermal efficiency. The TME has four characteristics that can be effectively targeted for tumor therapy: hypoxia, low pH, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and overexpression of enzymes. The researchers also discuss the progress of gold nanoparticles in clinical trials for tumor therapy and hope to provide a reference for the future development of anti-tumor nanoplatforms. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract discusses the development of an online monitoring technology for assessing cognitive impairment after stroke. The technology is designed to be scalable and allows for remote, unsupervised administration. The study found that the online technology had greater sensitivity to post-stroke cognitive impairment compared to pen-and-paper tests. It also showed a stronger correlation with post-stroke quality of life. The researchers concluded that the online cognitive monitoring technology is feasible, sensitive, and reliable for assessing stroke patients and monitoring cognitive outcomes in clinical trials. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Florida discusses the use of the sequential parallel comparison design (SPCD) in clinical trials to combat the challenge of high placebo responses reducing treatment effects. The SPCD has been shown to increase statistical power compared to traditional randomized trials. The report suggests utilizing a constrained variance-covariance matrix and importance sampling to develop accurate confidence intervals for overall treatment effect size. The proposed intervals are illustrated using two real trials for major depressive disorder. This research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights for clinical researchers. [Extracted from the article]

The article reviews recent research on the role of antioxidants in skincare, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published in English over the past decade. Topics discussed include the effectiveness of specific antioxidants like Vitamin C and E, the inclusion of both experimental and clinical trials, and the exclusion criteria ensuring data reliability.

The article highlights a breakthrough in understanding celiac disease by identifying the role of the intestinal epithelium in initiating the gluten response, challenging previous assumptions that only immune cells were involved. Topics discussed include the creation of a biologically functioning model of the intestinal epithelium, the discovery that the epithelium actively directs the inflammatory response, and the potential for new drug development targeting this mechanism.

The article recaps the Insilico IMGAIA webinar, highlighting how generative AI applications could accelerate scientific research. Topics include Insilico Medicine's advancements with tools like Biology42, PandaOmics Box, and Precious-3 GPT for biomedical research, the development of DORA for drafting scientific documents with automated citation features, and plans to expand data types and enhance capabilities for more effective research outcomes.

Researchers from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China, conducted a systematic review to investigate the role of dysregulated neuroinflammatory molecular pathways in Parkinson's disease (PD). They analyzed 41 papers and found that various molecules and signaling pathways, such as tumor necrosis factor-a, toll-like receptor-4, and a-synuclein, may be upregulated in PD patients. The study concluded that neurodegeneration in PD could be initiated by a-synuclein protein aggregation and the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells, leading to neuroinflammation and ultimately dopaminergic neuronal death. The findings suggest that targeting inflammatory pathways could be a potential therapeutic approach for PD. [Extracted from the article]

The XGBH risk prediction model proposed in this paper was validated to be highly accurate (AUC = 0.81) compared to the baseline risk score (AUC = 0.65), and the accuracy of the model for CVD risk prediction was improved with the inclusion of the conventional biometric BMI variable. Keywords: Cardiology; Cardiovascular; Cardiovascular Diseases and Conditions; Cardiovascular Research; Cyborgs; Emerging Technologies; Health and Medicine; Machine Learning; Risk and Prevention EN Cardiology Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Diseases and Conditions Cardiovascular Research Cyborgs Emerging Technologies Health and Medicine Machine Learning Risk and Prevention 410 410 1 04/10/23 20230410 NES 230410 2023 APR 10 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Clinical Trials Week -- Research findings on cardiovascular diseases and conditions are discussed in a new report. [Extracted from the article]

ELife A study has characterised the factors that influence theadoption of clinical research into practice by comparing the citationrates of medical research papers between 18 different specialities,article type, geography and time. Amongst the 18 specialities included in the analysis,neurology had the highest citation rate at 2.4% (2,057 of 85,843research articles), and pathology had the lowest rate at 0.4% (317 of69,343 research articles). The team next sought to characterise the effects of National Institutesof Health (NIH) funding on the number of citations a paper receives,primarily focusing on the US. [Extracted from the article]

A bibliometric analysis conducted by the Faculty of Pharmacy has examined the research on the potential anticancer effects of citrus. The study analyzed 442 papers published between 1995 and 2023 and found that apoptosis and anticancer were the most common keywords in the field. The research trends have shifted towards practical applications of specific flavonoid compounds with structure modification to improve their anticancer properties. However, clinical trials in humans are lacking in this area and further investigation is needed. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the research on the potential anticancer effect of citrus. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in Naples, Italy, examined the relationship between the number of citations, study methodology, and quality of articles in the field of shoulder arthroplasty (SA). The researchers hypothesized that high-quality clinical studies would have a greater number of citations. The study analyzed the 50 most-cited articles on SA and found that citation rate positively correlated with methodological quality, regardless of the publication country and level of evidence. Reverse SA (RSA) was the most common subject among the most-cited papers. The study suggests that RSA is an important topic in SA literature. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted by researchers at the Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto in Portugal explores the use of machine learning in physical therapy. The study addresses the limitations of traditional physical therapy sessions, such as availability and cost, by proposing a smartphone-based approach that allows patients to perform autonomous recovery sessions. The researchers developed a system that uses a pose estimation algorithm to evaluate the quality of movements and provide feedback. The study concludes that there are statistically significant differences between different methods for specific exercises, highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate method. Further research is suggested to explore the implications and limitations of these findings. [Extracted from the article]

A review paper published in the Journal of Internal Medicine discusses the potential therapeutic effects of gamma rhythm stimulation for people with Alzheimer's disease. The paper summarizes the findings of numerous clinical and lab studies that have explored the use of non-invasive methods to enhance gamma rhythms in the brain. While the results have been promising, the authors caution that the clinical evidence is still preliminary and that more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and long-term benefits of gamma stimulation. The paper also mentions ongoing clinical trials and the exploration of gamma stimulation for other neurological disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences aimed to deepen midwives' understanding of their clients during the perinatal period by reviewing the topic of "fear of childbirth." The study used an integrative review method to analyze existing studies on the subject. The findings revealed that the number of papers on fear of childbirth has been increasing since 2000, with a majority of studies conducted in Scandinavia. The prevalence of fear of childbirth varies across cultures and can have negative effects on women's psychological well-being. Practicing women-centered care may help prevent this fear. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the University of Wollongong in Australia discusses the process of applying for ethics approval in primary care research. The researchers highlight several factors that can enhance ethics applications, such as increased consumer involvement, comprehensive literature reviews, researcher training in ethical research and clinical trials, the use of online platforms for participant information and consent, and consideration of the risks of genomic research or research in subpopulations. The paper emphasizes the importance of protecting the community, clinicians, and researchers when preparing ethics applications. The research has been peer-reviewed and can be found in the Australian Journal of General Practice. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Clemson University in South Carolina have published a report on the efficacy of naturally derived scaffolds for cartilage repair and regeneration. The study found that these scaffolds, which mimic important characteristics of cartilage and facilitate cellular recruitment and differentiation, show promising results in vitro and in vivo. The research highlights the potential of natural constructs with native biomolecules in treating cartilage defects. The paper concludes with an outline of current trends and future directions for the field. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in Acta Biomaterialia. [Extracted from the article]

Delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord in premature babies by two minutes or longer after birth could reduce the risk of death by more than half compared to immediate clamping, according to two companion papers published in The Lancet. The studies, which analyzed data from over 9,000 premature babies, found that delayed clamping allows blood to flow from the placenta to the baby while their lungs fill with air, aiding the transition to breathing. The findings suggest that delaying cord clamping should become routine practice for premature babies, although further research is needed in certain situations. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses therapist effects in psychotherapy research from a causal inference perspective. It highlights the limitations of using variance-explained measures to interpret therapist effects and proposes a more intuitive interpretation based on overlapping effect distributions. The article suggests that causal therapist effects can be estimated in a randomized controlled trial by randomly assigning participants to therapists or by adjusting for potential confounders. However, identifying causal therapist effects in naturalistic settings is more complex. This preprint provides important tools for psychotherapy researchers to interpret causal therapist effects. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from researchers at "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Romania focuses on the abnormal pneumatization of the middle nasal turbinate, also known as concha bullosa. This condition is a common anomaly of the ethmoid-osteomeatal complex, with a prevalence of 14% to 53% in the general population. Concha bullosa can cause changes in airflow, congestion of the nasal mucosa, and predispose individuals to rhinosinus infections and rhinogenic pain. The researchers propose an anatomical-morphological classification and provide diagnostic and therapeutic insights in their paper. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from researchers at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Uttarakhand, India, highlights the increasing demand for herbal creams over synthetic creams due to their lower toxicity and fewer side effects. The report aims to provide clinical data-based evidence on the formulation and development of herbal creams, including their composition and manufacturing processes. The researchers reviewed 150 papers from 1995 to July 2023, focusing on various clinical and therapeutic applications of herbal creams, such as anti-inflammatory, dermatitis, anti-trauma, anti-aging, anti-acne, and vulvovaginal creams. However, the report concludes that more human clinical trials with larger sample sizes are needed to establish the safety and efficacy of herbal creams with higher accuracy. [Extracted from the article]

Keymed Biosciences has announced the publication of a research paper in the New England Journal of Medicine, detailing the safety and efficacy results of CM313 for the treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The study, conducted by Lei Zhang/Renchi Yang's team from the Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, involved 22 adult patients with primary ITP. The results showed that 95.5% of patients achieved a platelet count of =50 x 109/L during the 8-week treatment period, with a median cumulative response duration of 23 weeks. CM313 demonstrated rapid and sustained efficacy in ITP patients who had previously received multiple therapies and was well-tolerated. CM313 is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD38 and has shown promising results in previous studies for other conditions. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted by researchers at F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. aims to improve the analysis of adverse events (AEs) in clinical trials. The study, known as the SAVVY project, focuses on using survival techniques to account for varying follow-up times and competing events (CEs). The research found that the choice of estimator for AE risk is crucial, and recommends using the Aalen-Johansen estimator (AJE) with an appropriate definition of CEs. The study also suggests the need for improved clinical trial reporting guidelines to replace current estimators with the AJE. [Extracted from the article]

A scoping review conducted by researchers at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in Karnataka, India, explores the concept of Rapid Oral Health Deterioration (ROHD) among older adults. The review, which analyzed 12 papers, identified four main themes: risk factors for ROHD, attributes related to ROHD, challenges in managing ROHD, and management approaches for ROHD. The research emphasizes the importance of understanding the interplay between systemic and oral health in order to provide holistic care for older adults. Neglecting ROHD can lead to poor health, reduced quality of life, and potentially life-threatening systemic infections. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Zhejiang University School of Medicine aimed to evaluate the radiation exposure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 20 papers and found that the overall high radiation exposure rate was 15% for Crohn's disease (CD) and 5% for ulcerative colitis (UC). The study also revealed that the radiation exposure level in CD was higher than in UC, and that disease duration, complications, and surgical history increased the proportion of high radiation exposure. The researchers concluded that there is a need for longer follow-up and prospective studies to understand the relationship between high radiation exposure and the development of solid tumors in IBD patients. [Extracted from the article]

Insilico Medicine, a clinical stage artificial intelligence (AI)-powered drug discovery company, will be attending the BIO International Convention in San Diego to present on key issues in AI drug discovery. The company's leadership will discuss their latest pipeline developments, which include over 30 AI-designed small molecule inhibitors for diseases such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and fibrosis. Insilico Medicine has a global presence with headquarters in Boston and Hong Kong, and research and development centers in Montreal, Shanghai, Suzhou, and Abu Dhabi. They are pioneers in using generative AI for drug discovery and have published a paper in Nature Biotechnology on their lead drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from the University of Liverpool and Queen Mary University of London has provided evidence on the benefits of lung cancer screening across different socioeconomic groups in the UK. The study highlights the importance of screening, particularly for individuals living in economically deprived areas. The research demonstrates that low-dose CT lung cancer screening has comparable outcomes for lung cancer across all socioeconomic groups. Additionally, the study suggests that screening may also provide health benefits for other smoking-related diseases, such as COPD and emphysema, which disproportionately affect lower socioeconomic groups. The findings emphasize the potential of lung cancer screening to address health inequalities and encourage individuals at high risk to attend screenings. The study was funded by the Health Technology Assessment program of the National Institute for Health Research. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review conducted by researchers at the University of Toronto explored the effectiveness and safety of pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation (PRFN) of the greater occipital nerve (GON) for the treatment of headache disorders in adults. The review included 22 papers, consisting of 2 randomized controlled trials, 11 cohort studies, and 9 case reports/series, with a total of 608 patients. The findings suggest that PRFN of GON may provide analgesic benefit for chronic migraine and occipital neuralgia, but more research is needed to determine its role in other types of headaches. The review also highlighted the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials to further investigate this intervention. [Extracted from the article]

A systematic review conducted by researchers at the University of Bari in Italy explored the effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on enamel structure. The study analyzed 14 relevant papers and found that ceramic brackets may increase enamel fractures during bracket removal. The surface roughness of enamel varied depending on the adhesive substance and polishing methods used post-removal. Fixed orthodontic appliances could also induce changes in enamel color, which may be managed with nano-hydroxyapatite or specific polishing techniques. Further research is needed to identify effective strategies for managing these color changes and improving the outcomes of fixed orthodontic treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A scoping review study conducted by researchers at the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences in Tehran, Iran, aimed to identify the types of rehabilitation interventions that improve the motor skills of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The study reviewed 15 research papers published between 2000 and 2023, focusing on occupational therapy and physiotherapy interventions. The findings categorized the interventions into four groups: multimodal and multisensory interventions, neurodevelopmental interventions, parents-administered interventions, and supporting play exploration and early developmental interventions. Most of the interventions showed short-term effects on motor improvement, except for the supportive play exploration intervention, which reported improved motor development in the short- and long-term. [Extracted from the article]

Michelle Chen, Ph.D., Chief Business Officer of Insilico Medicine, a clinical stage artificial intelligence (AI)-powered drug discovery company, has been named one of the top 25 biotechnology executives of 2024 by the Healthcare Technology Report. Dr. Chen is responsible for guiding the company's strategies and has led strategic partnering agreements with leading pharmaceutical companies. Insilico Medicine is a pioneer in using generative AI for drug discovery and has developed a robust pipeline of therapeutic assets in multiple disease areas. They recently published a paper disclosing the preclinical and clinical evaluation of their lead drug, a potentially first-in-class TNIK inhibitor for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review conducted by researchers at the University of Antioquia UdeA in Medellin, Colombia, explored the potential of wireless sensors integrated with artificial intelligence in restorative dentistry. The review included six papers, which focused on various applications of wireless sensors in cavity diagnosis, dental implant systems, face masks, and power brushes. The investigations demonstrated the efficacy, validity, accuracy, and reproducibility of wireless sensors in achieving their objectives. The researchers concluded that these technologies hold promise for enhancing patient outcomes and reducing the workload of dental practitioners. [Extracted from the article]

AstraZeneca has published a comprehensive review and tutorial on confounding adjustment methods for estimating treatment effects using observational data. The research emphasizes the importance of controlling for confounding bias in causal inference. The paper provides an overview of common estimands and confounding adjustment approaches, including outcome regression, g-computation, propensity score, and doubly robust methods. The researchers conclude that different scientific questions are better addressed by certain estimands, and the choice of estimator should be driven by performance and available background knowledge. This information is valuable for researchers conducting studies using observational data. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by GlaxoSmithKline plc highlights the transformative impact of microsampling and patient-centric sampling (PCS) techniques in drug development and clinical trials. These techniques have revolutionized pharmaceutical research by reducing sample volume requirements, allowing sample collection at home or nontraditional sites, and minimizing patient burden. The study also discusses the integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) strategies for analyzing PCS samples and addresses the challenges and future directions of implementing PCS. The aim of this research is to enhance patient care and treatment efficacy by fostering patient-centric approaches in pharmaceutical sciences. [Extracted from the article]

NyquistIQ is an AI technology designed to assist professionals in the life sciences sector with the challenges of analyzing and synthesizing data. It can quickly provide tailored insights from selected content, such as research papers or market reports, and generate ideas. NyquistIQ has been trained using over 1 billion data points from the life sciences industry, making it unique in its understanding of the nuances of this field. It functions as a specialized research assistant, offering a seamless experience for users. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Gansu University of Chinese Medicine conducted a study to explore the current status, research hotspots, and trends in global uveitis research. They analyzed relevant literature from various databases and used software to visualize the data. The study found that research teams for uveitis have been formed globally, with the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany being the top three countries in terms of publications. The research hotspots mainly focus on exploring the pathogenesis and different treatment methods for uveitis, with a shift towards molecular biology-related research topics. The researchers concluded that more scholars should dedicate themselves to uveitis-related research to make breakthroughs and progress in the field. They also emphasized the importance of large-scale and multicenter clinical studies to provide high-quality research evidence. [Extracted from the article]

A systematic review conducted by researchers at Utah State University examined the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for U.S. veterans. The review analyzed 249 papers and found 34 relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria. The results suggest that ACT shows promise as an intervention for veterans across various conditions and delivery methods. However, the review also highlighted limitations such as recruitment methods, lack of active control conditions, and a limited number of randomized trials. The researchers recommend further investigation into which presentations respond to ACT and how to increase its effectiveness for U.S. veterans. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Vancouver; Canada; North and Central America; Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Health and Medicine; Magnetic Field Therapy EN Vancouver Canada North and Central America Complementary and Alternative Medicine Health and Medicine Magnetic Field Therapy 2279 2279 1 10/30/23 20231030 NES 231030 2023 OCT 30 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Clinical Trials Week -- Current study results on Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Magnetic Field Therapy have been published. The news reporters obtained a quote from the research from the University of British Columbia, "This paper describes a tool for closed-loop sequential parameter estimation (SPE) of the activation dynamics through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Vancouver, Canada, North and Central America, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Health and Medicine, Magnetic Field Therapy. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Digestive System Diseases and Conditions; Health and Medicine; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Conditions; Surgery; Ulcerative Colitis EN Digestive System Diseases and Conditions Health and Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Conditions Surgery Ulcerative Colitis 1512 1512 1 10/16/23 20231016 NES 231016 2023 OCT 16 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Clinical Trials Week -- Current study results on ulcerative colitis have been published. Digestive System Diseases and Conditions, Health and Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Conditions, Surgery, Ulcerative Colitis Prevalence of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has risen in Western Countries, and 1 in 3 patients requires surgery.". [Extracted from the article]