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This study aims to compare the different types of literacy found in Turkish textbooks used in middle schools. The study used a document analysis, which is a qualitative research method. Four Turkish textbooks from grades 5-8, used in the academic year 2023-2024, were analyzed using the content analysis technique with MAXQDA 20.4.1 software. The study found that all middle school Turkish textbooks included four types of literacy (information, visual, graphic, and digital). However, these literacies were not evenly distributed among the grade levels. The study also found that the textbooks did not relate the different types of literacy or language skills to each other. Additionally, the activities to develop these literacies were limited to specific competencies. The study suggests that textbook authors emphasize digital literacy skills in Turkish textbooks at all grade levels by including different competencies. The concept of multiple literacies should also be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School-based positive characteristics, including gratitude, optimism, enthusiasm for life, and perseverance, form the basis of children's positive experiences at school, and children's positive experiences at school are important for their development. For this reason, the research aims to examine the school experiences of pre-adolescent children in terms of various variables. The research was planned according to the survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, and simple random sampling was used, one of the sampling methods. The research was conducted in the spring semester of the 2022-2023 academic year with 549 children who were in the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades and agreed to participate in the study. “Demographic Information Form” and “Positive Experiences at School Scale” were used to collect data. Since the data showed normal distribution, t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc t-test, and Tukey HSD were used to analyze the data. According to the results of the research, a significant difference was found between children's experiences at school and their gender, achievement status, relationship status with mother, father, teacher, and classmates, time spent playing digital games, and time spent using social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to reveal the views of secondary school students on saving, in order for the content of social studies education to prevent wastage to be successful. In this context, the aim of the research is; The aim of this study is to examine the opinions of secondary school students about the savings. In the study, which was designed in the basic qualitative research design, the participants were determined according to the purposive sampling method. The study group consisted of 135 secondary school students studying in 3 different secondary schools in Afyonkarahisar city center in the spring semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. The research data were collected with an open-ended questionnaire prepared by the researcher by taking expert opinions. In the first part of the questionnaire, there are questions describing the gender, class level, educational status of the parents, the number of people working in the family, the ways of saving used in the family and the sources of information about saving. The second part consists of 4 questions prepared in order to reveal the opinions of the students about the savings value. Descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of the research data, and the themes and codes created in order to ensure reliability in the analysis process were presented to the opinion of the field expert and consistency analysis was carried out. The data obtained as a result of the analyzes were tabulated and presented with frequencies and supported by direct quotations. As a result of the research; they explained saving with the concepts of not wasting water-electricitybread/ food, not spending unnecessary money, using it sufficiently and consciously, being sensitive, sharing the surplus, not harming the nature, family and habit. Students who think that resources such as water, electricity, money and food that they use most in their daily lives should be saved, in order for people to save; They made suggestions such as resources could be depleted, they should use water and electricity sparingly, life would be easier, they should not waste food, and they should contribute to the country's economy and family budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was designed in a basic qualitative research design in order to determine secondary school students' views on waste. The study group of the research consists of 120 secondary school students who were determined according to the easily accessible sample and the maximum diversity sample, which is one of the purposeful sampling methods. As a data collection tool in the research, a “waste opinion form” consisting of open-ended questions developed by the researcher based on the relevant literature and expert opinion was used. The research data were collected in the 2019-2020 academic year with the participation of secondary school students studying at the fifth, sixth and seventh grade levels of three different public schools selected from high-middle and low socio-economic levels in Afyonkarahisar city center. The descriptive analysis method was used in the analysis of the data obtained at the end of the research, the data obtained as a result of the analyzes were tabulated and presented with frequencies and supported by direct quotations. As a result of the research, it was determined that middle school students have knowledge and awareness about waste, but they cannot reflect it in their behavior. Students explained that people waste in many areas of life such as water, electricity, bread, food, money, time, paper, clothes, oil and natural gas, with the emphasis on people's unconsciousness and insensitivity. The answers given by the students to the question of “What are the resources you waste?” revealed that they did not show sensitive behaviors about waste. They have developed suggestions with the words “attention, awareness, savings, sensitivity and sharing” on the prevention of waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to develop a measurement tool to measure secondary school students' English language skills self-efficacy. In the research, firstly a literature review an item pool was created with the data obtained from the teachers through focus group interview. The sample of the study consists of 307 volunteer secondary school students determined by the easily accessible sampling technique. The method of the research was determined as mixed method and design as exploratory sequential design. In the analysis of the data, content analysis for qualitative data and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used for quantitative data. As a result of (EFA), a measurement tool consisting of 20 items and four sub-dimensions was obtained. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was calculated .898. As a result of CFA, x2/df value of the measurement tool was calculated as 2.38 and RMSEA value was .067. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to identify teachers' opinions about testing and assessment process in English language teaching. It is considered that the study's findings about how teachers experience testing and assessment phenomenon will contribute to the field by filling an important gap. This study, which was conducted within the scope of qualitative research, is a case study. The study consists of 45 English teachers working at different types of secondary schools in the provincial centre of Diyarbakır. A semi-structured interview form was used to collect data. Descriptive analysis technique was used to analyse the acquired data. Themes were determined considering the dimensions in research questions and sub-themes were coded and presented in tables. According to the findings it was revealed that teachers mostly tend to use traditional testing and assessment techniques and listening and speaking skills are not tested and assessed adequately among all foreign language skills. It was stated by teachers that the course books' inefficacy to draw students' attention, the density in classroom size and the inadequacy of physical and technological equipment are among the most important difficulties they had to handle in English language testing and assessment process. A need to concentrate on testing communicative language skills was determined. It is also suggested to regulate teaching materials in terms of their contents and to adapt with technology much more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to determine what misbehaviors are encountered in private secondary school classrooms, their causes and what reactions teachers show according to the opinions of teachers and students. Qualitative method was used in the research. 24 teachers and 235 students working in two branches of a secondary school belonging to a private education institution participated in the research. The research data were obtained by using a semi-structured interview form consisting of 3 questions for teachers and students developed by the researcher. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the data. According to the results of the research, in private secondary school classes; inability to comply with classroom rules, dealing with extracurricular work, asking questions outside the lesson, not paying attention to the lesson, avoiding the task, verbal quarrel, acting disrespectfully, making unnecessary jokes, boiling the lesson, shouting, using slang words, making fun of friends, not listening to the lesson, distraction misbehaviors such as making noises are encountered. Reasons for misbehaviors; reasons originating from the student (features of the adolescence period, having problems in following the rules, attempting to hide failure, desire to attract attention, desire to feel strong, to make oneself funny, to have fun, to annoy the teacher and friends, not wanting to study the lesson, not paying attention to the lesson), teacher-related reasons (teasing the lesson, not reacting to misbehaviors, not being able to explain the subject) and system-related reasons (excessive number of lessons), family-related reasons (indifference of the family, wrong upbringing), school-related reasons (problems with the physical environment), environmental reasons reasons (comfort brought by the age, negative models). misbehaviors of teachers; individual interview, making the lesson fun, benefiting from classroom rules, giving responsibility, ignoring, using body language, getting angry, shouting, warning, hitting the table, threatening, reacting gradually, using the look, sending it to the school administrator, punishing, relocating, It was determined that they showed the reaction of making the lesson fun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach on students' mathematics achievement in middle school mathematics lessons. For this purpose, a 6-week program was created in which the RME approach was employed. In order to determine the effectiveness of this program, an experimental group using the RME approach and a control group using traditional teaching method were randomly determined. In order to reveal the effect of the program prepared with RME on mathematics achievement, a "mathematics achievement test" was used at the beginning and end of the experiment. The findings showed that the RME approach has a positive effect (effect size 0.6721) on academic achievement compared to the traditional teaching method. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to be used in mathematics lessons since the RME approach increases academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate 5th grade middle school students' reading anxiety by taking different variables into consideration. Correlational survey model which is one of the models of quantitative research method is used for the research. The sample of the research consists of 623 5th graders studying at 17 different schools located in urban and suburban districts of Adıyaman. In order to evaluate students' reading anxieties, "Reading Anxiety Scale" developed by Çeliktürk and Yamaç (2015) is used. For analyzing the data, SPSS software is used. As the results of the analyses, it is found that students who start the school very early at the age of 60-65 months have higher level of anxiety compared to the students who start the school at the age of 66-71 months or more. When the anxiety level is analyzed according to gender variable, it is seen that males have higher anxiety level than females. As for the locations of the schools, it is found that students who live villages have higher anxiety level compared to students who live in towns and city center. Another result shows that students whose parents are well educated have less anxiety level. As for the influence of pre-school, it is found that students who attended to pre-school have less anxiety level than the students who did not. Suggestions are given by commenting on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the opinions of school administrators about the educational problems faced by immigrant children at primary and secondary level in Ankara. Qualitative research method and phenomenology design was used in the study. Maximum diversity and criterion sampling were used for purposeful sampling which is one of the random sampling methods. In order to collect the research data, 35 school administrators working in schools connected to the central districts of Ankara were interviewed in the 2018-2019 Fall Semester. Content analysis was used to analyze the views of the participants about the problems of immigrant students. In the analysis of the interview texts, the appropriate themes, categories and codes were put forward in tables with the conceptual framework. Language-communication problems of immigrant students, family structures are different and complex, dependence on street life, incompatibility between immigrant students, cultural differences unwanted, psychological situations, financial impossibilities, crowded population, child labor, unrelated and uneducated family, nutrition, shelter, health and cleanliness problems, sending students to school to get help, difficult in adapting to the Turkish education system, lack of belonging, and not being able to survive war trauma are among the main problems identified. It is recommended to include immigrant students in the adaptation program, to provide rehabilitation support to families and children whose psychology is impaired due to trauma, to prevent child labor and to meet basic needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to determine the self-efficacy perceptions of secondary school students towards Turkish lesson and to evaluate self-efficacy perceptions in terms of gender and grade level variables. This research has aimed to reveal an existing situation was conducted according to the survey model. The sample of the study has consisted of 249 students studying (in 5-8 grades) at a secondary school in Giresun city center. The data are collected with the Turkish Self-Efficacy Perception Scale developed by Durukan and Maden (2012). In the analysis of the obtained data, the arithmetic means in the analysis of the self-efficacy averages; t test is used for gender variable and one-way analysis of variance is used to test the grade level variable. At the end of the research, it has been found that middle school students' perceptions of Turkish self-efficacy (generally and always) are not at a good level and corresponded to an indecisive and therefore uncertain range. In addition, Although the female students' self-efficacy is higher than the boys, the difference between them is not at a level that can make a difference and the grade level and is an effective variable on self-efficacy perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to examine the tolerance tendency perception levels of secondary school students. Within the scope of this aim, the opinions of students studying in Turkish schools operating in Baku in the 2019-2020 academic year were consulted. The population of the study consist of secondary school students who study at the Turkish World Research Foundation Baku Atatürk Lyceum and Turkish Religious Foundation Baku Turkish Lyceum. The sample of the study consists of 520 students who are selected through a simple random sampling method. In this study, a descriptive survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used. The data were collected by the Tendency to Tolerance Scale developed by Çalışkan and Sağlam (2012). The findings of the study are as follows: Students' tolerance tendency perception levels are high. The tolerance tendency perception levels of students don't differ depending on gender. The tolerance tendency perception level of students varies statistically according to the class of the students and the education level of their parents. The tolerance tendency perception levels of 6th-grade students are found to be higher in comparison with 7th and 8th-grade students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out so as to reveal the reasons for the use of supplementary books that secondary school Social Sciences teachers and Science teachers make their students purchase in addition to the course books. Thus, a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was employed. First, a semi-structured interview form consisting of five open-ended questions was prepared. These questions were submitted to the standpoints of two experts, and as a result of the information provided by the experts, the number of the questions was decreased to four and corrections were made regarding the scope of the other questions. The teachers were asked whether they use supplementary books, on what they pay attention to while buying supplementary books, and how the supplementary books help both the students and the teacher. A total of 12 branch teachers, 6 Social Sciences teachers and 6 Science teachers working in the district schools in Ağrı, Turkey, voluntarily participated in the study. Basic qualitative research method was used in the study. Descriptive, systematic and data analysis methods were used for data analysis. Some of the results obtained from the findings of the study are as follows: as a result of the research, both Social Sciences teachers and Science teachers state that they use supplementary resource books. It was concluded that the majority of teachers make their students purchase supplementary books for such reasons as visual richness, excessive application, providing permanent learning with repetition of the subject, emphasis on the subject matter in narration, and the use of understandable language. It was also concluded that when Social Sciences teachers and Science teachers make their students buy supplementary books, they pay attention to the suitability of these books to the program of MoNE (Ministry of National Education), the presence of exercise questions similar to the ones in the exams of MoNE, the number of the activities and variety of the question types, the variety of information, the language of narration and the quality of the questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the development of primary and secondary formal education in Rize between 1950 and 1980. There were 150 primary schools and 5 secondary schools in Rize in 1950. A total of 14,119 students were studying in these schools. By 1980, the number of primary schools increased by three times, the number of secondary schools increased by thirteen times, and the number of students studying at these schools increased by 5 times. In the course of time, serious progress was made in the education of the province. The country average was almost caught in the first level education. However, it was far below the national average in secondary and high school education. In addition, the general average was not reached in the rates of literacy and female students. Although the deficiencies of teachers, equipment and school are considered as the reasons for not being able to reach the desired level, when the country conditions are considered, it is seen that many provinces suffered from similar deficiencies. Therefore, it is understood that the real reason is that the people in Rize did not attach much importance to education. Migration and starting business life at an early age due to economic reasons are important factors of the abovementioned fact. Another important reason is that the public did not favor females' studying. In this study, first hand sources, mainly TUIK data, were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of acquisition of writing skills, writing autonomy is the self-learning responsibility of the student and the student's ability to conduct self-learning in this context. The aim of the present study was to determine the writing autonomy levels of the middle school 7th grade students and the differences between these levels based on various variables. The study group included 527 seventh grade students attending secondary schools in Efeler district in Aydın province, Turkey during the 2018-2019 academic year. The study was conducted with the general survey model. The study data were collected with the "Writing Autonomy Scale". The study findings demonstrated that the general average writing autonomy score of the students was 46.059 ± 9,370 (Min = 22; Max = 66). While there were no significant differences between the writing autonomy scores of the students based on parental education level and attending preschool education; however, there were significant differences based on the number of books read the previous year, final Turkish course grade and gender variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem: Throughout history, Muslims have given great importance to memorizing the Qur'an. Memorizing the Qur'an in the Republic of Turkey, the responsibility of the Presidency of Religious Affairs (DİB) has continued in the Qur'an courses. With the new arrangement, the project of memorizing the Qur'an with formal education is implemented in Imam-Hatip Secondary Schools. The aim of the project is to help students complete and strengthen the Qur'an memorization without interrupting formal education. In addition, the Presidency of Religious Affairs has been trying to develop different Qur'an memory projects in recent years. One of these is the practice of memorizing the Qur'an with theology education at the university. In this project, students can receive Hifz education without interrupting their undergraduate education. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the two project mentioned above through the eyes of administrators, teachers and students. The analysis of the Qur'an memorization projects together with formal education in the light of scientific data obtained from stakeholders is important for the development of such practices from a scientific perspective. Method: This research is a case study. In the study, a semi-structured interview form consisting of open-ended questions prepared for administrators, teachers and students was used. The working group consists of administrators, teachers and students selected from the schools that provide memory education at the secondary school level and the Qur'an courses that provide the hifz education at the theology education level. Purposeful and maximum diversity sampling was created. In the research, interviews were made with 2 administrators, 8 teachers (hifz teacher) and 16 students. Descriptive analysis technique was used to analyse the data. The answers given by the participants to open-ended questions were interpreted under different themes created based on the sub-problems of the research. With the data obtained from the study group, different dimensions of the Qur'an memorization together with both secondary and theological education were tried to be enlightened. The data obtained in the study were analysed around the structure and organization, purpose/importance, instructor and student quality, student selection, transition to memorization, memorization methods, tools and materials, guidance and sociocultural activities, measurement-evaluation and physical conditions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to adapt a scale for intercultural understanding of primary and middle school teachers (ICU) to Turkish and Turkish culture and to examine ICU. The study was designed as multimethod quantitative research and conducted in two-sequential stages. Firstly; Denson, Ovenden, Wright, Pradies, and Priest's (2017) ICU scale used in Australia was adapted into Turkish and Turkish culture. The data were collected from teachers and analyzed for validity and reliability. Secondly, the data from 391 primary and middle school teachers in Kilis were collected and analyzed. According to the findings, teachers had higher level of intercultural understanding and the teachers having abroad experience or international friends had more positive intercultural understanding. It is recommended that the study should be conducted on different samples and to be integrated with the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to develop a valid and reliable achievement test for the subject of "Cell" belonging to the 6th grade "Systems in our Body" unit within the scope of Science course. The achievement test was prepared as a 25-item multiple-choice test, considering the cell-related objectives in the 6th grade Science curriculum. The pilot study of the test was carried out with 62 students attending 6th grade in 2017-2018 academic year. The comprehensibility and the consistency with the scientific knowledge of the test items were prepared by the opinions of various experts in the field of science education. The item analysis was performed according to the answers of the students in the achievement test, and the discriminant and difficulty indexes were calculated for each item. After the item analysis, 3 items were excluded from the test and a Cell Achievement Test (CAT) consisting of 22 questions was obtained. The mean item difficulty of CAT was 0.652 and the mean discrimination index was 0.507. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between the reading speed and prosodic readings of the sixth grade students in the secondary school. The research is of correlational design of quantitative research methods. The population of the research consists of the sixth grade students in the secondary school in the city center of Yozgat in the academic year 2018-2019. There are a total of 418 students in the sample. In order to determine the reading speed of the sixth grade students in the secondary school, a text from the sixth grade Turkish textbook was read. In addition, prosodic reading scale was used. The average reading speed of the students was determined as x=104.94. In other words, the number of words that the middle school sixth grade students read aloud in one minute is 105. Audition reading scores of the sixth grade students in the secondary school x=2.53; S= .69. In other words, it is understood that the reading aloud processes of the sixth grade students in the middle school are at an intermediate level. A moderate, positive and significant relationship was found between the reading aloud speed of the middle school students and the reading aloud prosody (r=0.433; p<0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the reasons for mobbing, find out the perception levels of mobbing coping methods of primary and secondary school teachers. The study universe of this research which is done in the descriptive survey model is primary and middle school teachers working in Yesilyurt and Battalgazi, the central districts of Malatya. The randomly selected sample is composed of 153 teachers voluntarily participating in the research. Workplace mobbing survey was used to collect data in the research. As a result of the survey, it was seen that the participants' perceptions of mobbing were not caused by the victim, but by the school climate or culture and that the foreground expressions in coping with the mobbing were changing schools and not paying attention to those who did harmful behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Studies began to be taught in educational institutions as a course in the US in the 19th century. The most important reason why this lesson took its place in the curriculum was to prevent the social chaos that occurred in those years and to unite the whole nation under a common US citizen identity. Therefore, it is an inevitable situation for Social Sciences course to renew and update itself which is aimed at creating a common citizen identity according to changing conditions of the age. One of the organizations that have carried out important studies on the subject is the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS), which was established in the 1990s. One of the most important studies that has been recently led by this council, which is the the pioneer of the "New Social Information" movement, is the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework. This study seeks to compare the achievements of the disciplines of Citizenship, Economy, Geography and History which are the basis of C3 Frame and those of learning areas named as Groups, Institutions and Social Organizations; Power, Management and Society; Production, Distribution and Consumption; People, Places and Circles; Cultural and heritage included in the 5th, 6th and 7th Grade Social Studies program. In the research, it was benefited from document analysis method which is one of the qualitative data collection methods. The data obtained from the study were analyzed according to the stages of the document analysis method. The result of the research was evaluated generally. It seen that the C3 Framework program has an approach that is based solely on the disciplines of Citizenship, Economy, History and Geography compared to the 5, 6 and 7th grade Social Studies Curriculum, the C3 Framework program described these disciplines with the title of "Disciplinary Concepts and Tools " instead of the learning field, the Geography discipline is explained with the discipline concept names of Geographic Representations: Spatial Views of the World; Human-Environment Interaction: Place, Regions, and Culture; Human Population: Spatial Patterns and Movements; Global Interconnections: Changing Spatial Patterns, the Civic discipline is explained with the discipline concept names of the Civic and Political Institutions; Participation and Deliberation: Applying Civic Virtues and Democratic Principles; Processes, Rules and Laws, the Economy discipline is explained with the discipline concept names of the Economic Decision Making; Exchange and Markets; The National Economy; The Global Economy. In addition, it has been concluded that the achievements in the C3 Framework are more comprehensive, actual and practical compared to the achievements in the Secondary School Social Studies Curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of the teaching of grammar in secondary school according to the opinions of teachers. The research was conducted with a qualitative research approach and the interview method was used as a data collection tool. Seven questions were asked to Turkish teachers in the interview form. In the analysis of the obtained data, content analysis technique was used from qualitative data analysis techniques. Based on the responses of the teachers with the interview, the findings of the status of the teaching of grammar according to the opinions of the teachers in secondary school were tried to be reached and the results were tried to be obtained. The study was conducted on a working group consisting of 21 Turkish teachers working in the Ministry of National Education. The teachers in the study group were selected randomly from the Turkish teachers working in the Ministry of National Education. According to the results obtained from the findings, in the teaching of grammar, there are some problems arising both from the teachers and from the Turkish Course Curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to examine the use of punctuation marks in the fifth grade of middle school students. The research is of the survey type of quantitative research methods. The population of the study consists of the fifth-grade students in the middle school in the city center of Yozgat in the academic year 2018-2019. A simple random cluster sampling method was used in the selection of the sample. Five secondary schools in Yozgat city center were identified by cluster sampling method. A total of 309 students studying in these five secondary schools form the sample. Data collection tool "Punctuation Marks Detection Form" was used. Data were collected in October 2018. SPSS 21 program was used to analyze the collected data. As a result of the research, the correct use of punctuation marks was determined as 54.6%. The correct use rate of the fifth grade students at point mark is 83%, the correct use of commas is 74%, the correct use of the slash is 62%, the correct rate of using the quotation marks is 4%, the correct use of the semicolon is 3%, and the correct use of the three points is 0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Art education is of great importance because of its contribution to the individual's social, physical and spiritual development, and within the general education system, the place where the child can express his or her creativity most comfortably is the field of art education. Because of students' enthusiastic and restless mental structure and the openness of their emotional world to outside, the first years of education which is the period when the sensors are most open is vital. However, unfortunately other than private schools, the earliest period when students can meet visual arts teachers is at the age of 11 (5th grade). Visual arts education contributes greatly to the ability of students to synthesize the knowledge they have learned from their own experiences with the subjects they have learned in their visual arts classes, to improve their observation skills and manual dexterity, and to accelerate their practical intelligence. In the present study, the data were obtained by interviewing a total of 16 visual arts teachers who were working in every middle school (15 middle schools) in the city center of Niğde during the academic year 2018-2019. The teachers were administered interview forms consisting of five questions. The obtained data were evaluated according to the descriptive analysis technique, one of the qualitative research techniques. The study results revealed that the visual arts teachers encounter problems such as inadequate course hours, environments without sufficient equipment, crowded classes that make the lessons difficult to teach, parents who do not give importance to the class, students who do not or cannot supply class materials and curriculum that does not go accordingly. The study is important in terms of determining the common problems faced by visual arts teachers. It is believed that with the help of the study data obtained, the public belief about the visual arts classes which have been gradually discredited by some parents and students can be improved, the classes can be reorganized by pointing to the teachers' education conditions, and the recommended solutions for the problems teachers encounter can contribute to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to conduct validity and reliability studies within the context of the development of the Mathematical Literacy Self-Efficacy Scale for middle school students. In the scope of the study, explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient reliability calculations were made to the data obtained from 1124 students who were studying in the 7th grade of the public schools of central districts in Adana province. In order to determine the discrimination power, Independent groups t test was applied between group scores. As a result of the analyzes made, it is seen that the scale consists of 30 items with 4 subcomponents and has a .925 Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient and is at a distinctive level. The scale explains 48.34% of the total variance. In addition, the confirmatory factor analysis carried out in order to test the adequacy of the obtained structure shows that the resulting model is acceptable. The results have shown that the Middle School Mathematical Literacy Self-efficacy Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between cyber bullying, cyber victimization and human values among secondary school students and in terms of demographic characteristics. The study was carried out with 309 students (191 students, 61.8%) and 118 boys (38.2%) studying in 6th, 7th and 8th grades of 5 official secondary schools in Bagcilar district of Istanbul. Students' ages range from 12 to 15 years. In our study, the relational screening model which examines the relationships and connections is used. The datas of research were gotten from "Cyberbullying and Victimization Scale", "Human Values Scale" and "Demographic Information Form". The Statistical analysis of data received was made on 15 packages. As a result of the research, there was a statistically significant, positive and moderate correlation between cyber bullying status and cyber victimization. There were statistically significant, negative and moderate relationships between the cyber bullying status of the students and the human values of responsibility, peacefulness, respect and honesty. There were statistically significant, negative and weak relations between cyber bullying status and human values such as friendship / friendship and tolerance. In addition, the findings of the study showed that cyberbullying, cyber victimization and human values scores differed significantly in terms of demographic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the relationship between secondary school teachers' organizational support perceptions and their organizational cynicism attitudes. The population of this relational survey included 1,602 teachers who were working at the 55 secondary schools located in central Elazig during the 2016-2017 school year. A total of 389 teachers working at 13 randomly selected schools from among these were distributed the data collection tool. However, tools from only 319 teachers were ultimately analyzed. The results showed that secondary school teachers agreed with the organizational support and justice and organizational ownership sub dimensions and the entire scale, while they partially agreed with the personal and professional development sub dimension. The organizational support perceptions of teachers who did not consider leaving their schools were higher than those who were considering or partly considering leaving. Teachers' organizational cynicism levels manifested at the highest level in the behavioral domain, followed by the cognitive and affective domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undesirable student behaviours are one of the main factors that prevent effective classroom management and teachers' works. These behaviours prevent both student learning and formation and maintenance of effective learning-teaching environment by teacher. The aim of this research is to identify frequency of undesirable student behaviours according to teacher's views. Research is in style of the descriptive scanning model. Population of the research is constituted by 1450 teachers from 56 schools in Batman in 2012-2013 academic year. The sample of the research is constituted by 590 teachers from 34 schools. The scale used in this research is developed by researcher. The frequency of undesirable student behaviours in middle schools is "sometimes" for "interpersonal relations" and "classroom behaviours", and "rarely" for "harming behaviour". Results show significant difference in teachers' views depending on gender, grade and school but there is no significant difference depending on branch. In order to decrease frequency of undesirable student behaviours, experts should train school administration, teachers, students and parents, besides there should be more opportunities for social, sport and extracurricular activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the biggest problems of the educators who carry games to classrooms is not being able to evaluate games in the viewpoints of children. The issue of whether children see games as a tool or as a purpose may contribute to the use of games in educational environments. Is a game an activity or a means for socializing for a child? Is it an individual activity or a group activity? Is it a free time activity or does that mean being active? The answers to these questions that will be given by children will enable us to explain games in a detailed manner in hypothetical terms and organize more planned activities for using games in educational environments. On this context, the purpose of the present study is to examine the perceptions of primary school 4th grade and secondary school 5th-6th grade children towards their games. The study was conducted with 231 students studying at primary and secondary schools located in the city center of Erzincan. During the course of the study, the "Children's Perceptions of Their Play Scale (CPTP)" was employed. The scale was developed by Barnett (2013) and was adopted into Turkish by the authors of the study. It may be claimed that games are considered as being social and dealing with something by the students studying at the 4th grades of primary schools and 5th-6th grades of secondary schools, who participated in the study. Among the reasons stated by the students for playing games "To Entertain" was in the first place; and "I play games to learn" ranked the last. The meaning of a game activity was "Active Play" for children, who stated that they played games "To Learn Something". Among the results of the study, the participating students stated that they did not like being passive during their learning processes. It was also determined in the study that students prefer playing games in groups more, these preferences of theirs change according to the grade variable, and the majority of children cannot decide on their games and on what to play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between teachers' self-efficacy sense and their level of readiness for online learning. The research is in relational screening model. The sample of the study consists of 397 teachers at different districts and center of Bursa during the Academic year of 2016-2017. To determine teachers' self-efficacy sense, "Teacher Self Efficacy Scale", to determine their level of readiness for online learning, "Readiness for Online Learning Scale" were used. The research findings show that there is a positive relationship between self-efficacy senses and readiness for online learning levels. Senses of teachers' self-efficacy varies according to the age variable for total self-efficacy attitude with discipline, during the education and classroom management sub-dimensions. According to the gender variable only classroom management sub-dimension varies for the levels of teachers' self-efficacy senses. Senses of teachers' self-efficacy varies according to the period of service variable for total selfefficacy attitude with discipline, during the education and classroom management subdimensions. Teachers' readiness for online learning levels vary according to the age variable for only computer/internet efficacy sub-dimension. According to the gender variable only computer/internet efficacy sub-dimension varies for teachers' readiness for online learning levels. Teachers' readiness for online learning levels vary according to the period of service variable for computer/internet efficacy, control of learner and online communication sub-dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the affective variables influencing education-instructional process is anxiety. In teaching of writing skill, anxiety is an important variable to be taken into consideration. The anxiety that hinders the development of individual writing skills stems from the convergence of various variables. In order for writing education to be effective and productive, anxiety must be taken into account. The purpose of the current study is to develop a reliable and valid writing anxiety scale for secondary school students. The study was conducted on 500 students attending secondary schools in the city of Istanbul. A total of 96 students randomly selected from these schools were asked to write a composition explaining their opinions about writing; thus, qualitative data were collected. On the basis of the students' composition, a draft scale consisted of 46 items were developed. The piloting of the draft scale was performed on 48 secondary school students. On the basis of expert opinions and student feedbacks, the scale was reduced to 38 items. The scale obtained in this way was administered to 500 secondary school students. As a result of the analyses conducted, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of the scale was found to be .838; its Bartlett's Sphericity Test value was found to be (Χ²=1767,902; sd=171 p<.,000). Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient used to calculate the internal consistency of the scale was found to be .790. As a result of the factor analysis, a total of 16 items subsumed under three factors and explaining 41.036% of the scale were obtained. In light of the findings of the study, it can be argued that the scale is valid and reliable. The scale can be used to measure secondary school students' writing anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to determine the teachers' perceptions working in public secondary schools toward their headmasters' paternalistic leadership behaviours. Descriptive survey research method was applied. The sample of the research consists of 261 teachers in 20 secondary schools selected by random sampling method in Mardin city center during 2016-2017 academic year. The data of the research were obtained by using the "Headmasters' Paternalistic Leadership Behaviours Scale" developed by Dağlı and Ağalday (2017). The meaningfulness level was taken as .05. The following findings were acquired after the analysis of the data: The overall average of teachers' perceptions toward their headmasters' paternalistic leadership behaviours was found at "strongly agree" level. According to teachers' perceptions, the paternalistic leadership behaviour that headmasters exhibit at the lowest level was "to use their authority for their personal benefit" while the behaviour that headmasters exhibit at the highest level was "to protect their teachers from outside and unfair criticisms". There was a significant difference between the teachers' perceptions toward their headmasters regarding the dimension of "benevolent leadership" concerning two variables, namely "union membership" and "gender". Based on the findings, suggestions were developed both for the practitioners and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a qualitative research, this study was executed to identify secondary school and high school students' cognitive structure oriented to "music teacher" concept. In the study, Word Association Test was used as data collection tool. Data was processed with content analysis method. 210 students who took music class in İzmir Selçuk Şehit Ömer Halis Demir İMKB Anadolu High School and İsa Bey Ortaokulu in spring term of 2017-2018 school year participated in the study. Students were asked to write the first five words they think of about "music teacher" in one minute and then to form a sentence about these words. In the research, obtained words concerning the concepts were studied in detail. Data obtained from test results were categorized and frequency tables were formed. The most used words by students oriented to "music teacher" concept were identified, then classified as seven categories and frequency values were given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raising a 'good citizen' is one of the most important purposes of states. Hence, schools are the most important institutions in citizenship education. Since citizenship education covers in-class and out-class activities, teachers have a crucial role in the success of education process. Citizenship education starts in families, so parents are also responsible for citizenship education. Since previous studies which were done other scholars mostly focused on opinions of teachers and students rather than parents, this study aimed to contribute parents' opinion to the field. In this study, phenomenological research design was utilized, and also the data collected by semistructured interview form. The working group consisted of the 16 parents of middle school students who are studying in provinces of Istanbul and Adiyaman in Turkey. These shown that student's parents want to raise good citizens for both country and community. They also have emphasized that a 'good citizen' has good behaviors such as protecting public properties, obeying rules and laws, making good relationships with their families and other people, serving in the army, paying taxes and helping others. According to the parents, both teachers and parents have common responsibilities in raising of the children as good citizens. Based on these conclusions, it can be concluded that teachers and parents need to do more work together in the process of raising 'good citizen'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish lesson is the most basic one in which linguistic skills are thought. Reading skill is the quickest and the most economical way for individual to access information. More importantly, this skill will be effective in considerable amount of success acquired by individual during life time. Therefore, it is important to investigate the perception towards this skill and Turkish lesson. The present study focused on the relationship between attitudes of 8th grade students towards reading habits and their self-efficacy perception on Turkish lesson. The data were collected by using "Attitude Scale Towards Reading Habit" developed by Gömleksiz and revised by Balcı and "Turkish Lesson of Self-efficacy PerceptionScale" developed by Durukan and Maden. The sample of study consisted of 97 students attending 8th grade at various secondary schools in Kars province. According to the obtained data, self-efficacy perception of the students on Turkish lesson and their reading habits were determined to be moderate. In addition, there were positive and negative correlations between self-efficacy perception of the students on Turkish lesson and their reading habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of groups which are formed by teacher and student for 'Force and Energy' topic on academic success and attitudes. The study was conducted in quasi-experimental research design in which the data was collected through instruments to explore attitudes towards the course for students along with an academic success tests. Besides, the participants are given the Group Evaluation Form of Ministry of Education. The study was conducted in 2015-2016 academic year with the participation of 34 students from 7th grade. The participants of different classes were divided into groups as the control group (n. 17 each) and the experiment group (n. 17 each). Among these groups, 4 groups are selected as control and 4 are selected as experiment groups. A semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher was conducted with 10 students. According to the findings, there was no significant difference in terms of academic success between various groups of teachers and students. According to the interview results, there was a lack of unity among the members of the groups; the students would prefer to form their groups on their own; also the choices of the teacher was found right; this kind of group work was found beneficial in terms of sharing the knowledge; the students enjoyed working in large groups; the students felt they were wrong in terms of their preferences for group members. As a recommendation, the group members should be selected by the teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to identify how much importance and contribution are provided for the music activities and teaching music in schools by analyzing the attitutes of secondary school managers working for the Ministry of Education towards music classes and to offer referable solutions. The scope of the research is identified as being secondary school managers in Ministry of Education in 2013 - 2014 Education and Teaching Period. The sample group of the research consists of 221 school managers working in 85 secondary schools chosen with the method of simple random sampling from 24 different provinces in different 7 regions of Turkey. The research data was collected by “ music classes attittude scale “ which was developed by the researcher. To analyze the quantitative data, SPSS 17.0 was used. The data was analyzed by Factor Anaylsis, Cronbach Alpha reliability formula, KMO ( Kaiser Mayer Olkin ) , BTS ( Barlett’s Test ) , Mann-Whitney U Test, and Kruskal Wallis Test. The statistical results were evaluated at 0.05 significance level. In the light of obtained information, no change was observed in the attittudes of secondary school managers towards music classes. In this context, suggestions have been made with regard to the increase in functions of music classes and the creation of more support of managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the aim is to evaluate Support and Training Course in terms of its application process, benefits, problems and various suggestions. Typical case sampling was used in the study. Semistructured interview technique was employed for this research. The data was analyzed and interpreted through content analysis method. 14 middle school teachers participated in the study. Findings revealed that application process of the courses was not completely democratic because of various reasons. Teachers' financial gain and opportunity of compensation were defined as the most significant benefits. High level of absenteeism and need for material were stated as the most important problems. Material supply, periodic evaluations and social activities were among teachers' primary suggestions and expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is conducted in purpose of developing children's environmental perceptions about their surroundings and their reflection to children's cognitive mappings and correcting, if there are any, fallacies about their surroundings they live in. During this study case analysis's method is utilized among the qualitative research methodologies. Sketches about school and its surroundings drawn by the students are analysed via content analysis methodology. The studying pool of the research is formed from 6th graders from a school subordinated to Ministry of Education. The pool is chosen considering easiness of accessibility. Data is acquired via analysing of sketches spring from the students, who form the research pool; drawings consist of environmental components that students can remember about school and its surroundings and their ways to use to get home from school. The process of drawing sketch is repeated periodically; during the process, talks and discussions are held about their surroundings they live in, in order to improve students' perceptions of environment and recognize their surroundings. The gathered data is interpreted by taking into consideration the changes occurring in the sketches of students' during the process. After analysing of sketches formed during the process of study, it is understood that, there are significant changes among the students' perceptions of environment between the first and last application, in course of time they observe their surroundings in a more detailed manner and reflect their observations to sketches more intensely. Via the conducted evaluations it is observed that the perceptions of students about their environment are chanced and their fallacies about perceiving their environment are improved. Mind maps of students' school and surroundings have been assessed according to gender, academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the perceptions of the concept of migration for 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th grade students through metaphors. This research was designed as a phenomenology of qualitative research methods. The study group were determined according to criterion sampling method which is in purpose sampling methods. The study group is consisted of 37 fourth grade, 37 fifth grade, 46 sixth grade, 80 seventh grade students totally of 200 students. In this study, interview form consisting of one open-ended questionnaire was used as data collection tool. It was requested that the "Migration like........ Because........." statements on the form should be answered and the metaphor should be expressed in painting or caricature from participations. For the analysis of the data, content analysis was used. As a result of research, totally 53 metaphors related to the concept of migration were formed. These metaphors were collected totally under six categories. The most formed metaphors are respectively; bird (37), to move (31), to go (19), stork (19). Generally, the concept of immigration has been expressed by students with negative metaphors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to determine sixth and seventh graders' perceptions of Khoja Ahmad Yassawi, who was among Turkish-Muslim thinkers, covered in the sixth and seventh grades social sciences curriculum. To this end, the metaphors produced and the pictures/cartoons drawn by the students about Khoja Ahmad Yassawi were examined. Qualitative research designs were employed in the research. The study group consists of 237 sixth and seventh graders educating in Mamak district of Ankara province in the spring semester of the 2015-2016 academic year. The data obtained from the participants were analyzed and interpreted via content analysis. The participants were found to have the following perceptions of Khoja Ahmad Yassawi: "informing, advisory", "guiding, illuminating", "showing the truth, providing benefit", and "leaving a mark, esteemed". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly established states have sought to raise generations of their own values. After the success of the National Struggle in Turkey, it was aimed to raise generations to which the national values belonging to the Republic are embraced. In the Republican Period, the places where national values were transferred were primary and secondary education institutions. For this reason, the curriculum of schools has gained a special importance in transferring national values in primary and secondary education. In this study, the curriculum of the first elementary, secondary and high school curriculum was examined during the eleven-year education period after the Republic's announcement date. In this context; a) Overview of the 1924 Primary School Curriculum, b) Courses in the 1924 Secondary School Curriculum, c) Courses in the 1924 High School Curriculum Within the scope of the research, the data was collected by analyzing the documents and evaluated according to the education level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine effect of using the seven principles for good practice with cooperative learning method to achievements of middle school students and to research the applicability of the seven principles in primary education. İt was determined two experiment groups and one countenance group. The first experiment group is Cooperative Seven Principles Group (CSPG, N=16) which seven principles for good practice were used with cooperative learning method and the second experiment group is Cooperative Learning Group (CLG, N=22) which cooperative learning method were used. The unit was taught using cooperative learning method in CLG. Each item of the seven principles scale was integrated into the unit processed which taught using cooperative learning method in CSPG. The Control Group (CG, N=20) was not intervened, the unit was taught according to the current science education program of Ministry of Education. Before the study, the prior knowledge test was applied to the groups for determine the students' prior knowledge. And the seven principles scale was applied for determining students’ views related to seven principles applications. After the study, the academic achievement test was applied for determine the change in students' academic achievement, the seven principles scale was applied again for determine the change views of the implementation of the seven principles. At the end of the study, the findings were indicate that the seven principles applicable in middle school and the seven principles increase the middle school students' academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic aim of this study is to determine the success levels of algebraic reasoning skills of the seventh grade students in secondary schools. The quantitative research method has been used in the study and the Algebraic Reasoning Evaluation Tool (ARET), which was developed by Kaya (2015), was used in the study as the data collection tool. This tool consists of seven dimensions and is intended for determining the algebraic reasoning skills of the students. The ARET consists of 38 questions, 16 of which are multiple choice questions and 22 of which are open-ended questions. The study group consisted of 146 students in total, 76 of whom were males and 70 of whom were females studying at the seventh grades of a secondary school at the city center of İzmir. When the descriptive analysis results are examined, it is observed that the test points of the students in terms of recognizing and using algebraic structures/relations, using the algebraic expressions of the same data, determining the proper algebraic reasoning, making deductions on algebraic expressions, making algebraic operations for the purpose of deduction, deciding on the accuracy of the result and the solution way, and solving problems that are not routine were at lower levels or at the medium levels. When all the sub-dimensions of the study are considered, no meaningful relations are found between the algebraic reasoning skills of the female and male students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in order to determine students' views about using the instrument 'bağlama' in secondary school musical training. Study was designed according to descriptive survey model. A surveywhoseinternalconsistencyandreliabilitywasdeterminedwasused in the study in order to obtain student opinions. The pre-application of the questionnaire was performed with 288 students and the CoranbachAlfa value was found 84. For the research, a workgroup was preferred and it was consisted of 6th, 7th, and 8th graders from every geographic region. The questionnaire improved was applied to 2196 students constituting the workgroup. In accordance with the data obtained in the study in the framework of the main purpose, such results as teachers' using bağlama in music lessons, the state of admiration of students for bağlama and information about the instruments which the workgroup want to play in their general musical training and in their life were obtained and some advice was given at the end of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem sentence of this research is "What is the general appearance of Turkish written exam questions in Northern Cyprus in the period of 2010-2015. The research is qualitative and case study model is chosen. Data is collected through document analysis and analyzed with content & descriptive analysis. According to the findings, the 95% percent of the questions is at the bottom level of Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Levels. When the scores of the written exams are analyzed, for the reading and writing sections, nearly 0-25 points are given; on the other hand, for the grammar section, 26-50 points are given for the questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are i) to adapt Vallerand et al. (1989)' s Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) into Turkish, ii) to test the seven-factor structure of scale through confirmatory factor analysis, iii) to assess the reliability of the scale and iv) to examine whether the scores obtained from the scale show difference by gender. Accordingly, 343 secondary school students were included in the study. %56.9 (n=195) of the students were female and %43.1 (n=148) were male. Out of students, %23.3 (n=80) were fifthgrade, %21 (n=72) were sixth-grade, %26.5 (n=91) were seventh-grade and %29.2 (n=100) were eighth-grade students. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the seven-factor original structure of AMS, dual consistency coefficient was used to determine whether the classification is modest or not and Cronbach coefficient was used to determine the reliability. According to the results it was found that the seven-factor structure of scale adjust with the collected data at an acceptable level, the scale has a consistent and high distinctiveness in terms of the measuring feature and subscales have sufficient internal consistency coefficient. Also it was found that scores of intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation toward accomplishments and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation do not differ according to gender. On the other hand extrinsic motivation-introjected regulation score differs significantly on behalf of female students and extrinsic motivation- external regulation, identified regulation and amotivation scores differ significantly on behalf of male students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of study was to determine the teacher opinions regarding community service practices implemented in three secondary schools in Eskişehir. Qualitative research design was used in the study and data were obtained using interviews. Research participants were 21 branch teachers who served in three secondary schools participated in the activities carried out under the project. As a result, teachers think that community service practices are useful for students and make it easy for them to act commonly, and this kind of practices increase awareness of students. Moreover, teachers have offered some suggestions like performing the activities in different places by using various materials and enabling parent participation for activities performed within the scope of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research is to identify the mobbing behavior to teachers who teach at primary schools and elementary schools in Kilis -city center- in Turkey and to state the cause of these kinds of behaviours according to variables such as age, gender, seniority, marital status, type of school, academic background etc. The population of the research consists of the teachers working at primary and secondary schools in 2013-2014 education year. With random sampling method, 377 teacher were chosen. The data was collected with interviews conducted to teachers. According to the results, teachers are mostly exposed to mobbing behaviours such as: "Ignoring teachers' ideas", "Witholding the information related to teachers' success", and "Spreading gossip and rumours about teachers". If the type of the school is taken into consideration, it can be concluded that elemantry school teachers are exposed to mobbing more than primary school teachers. It is found out that single teachers are more exposed to these kind of behaviours than married ones. Teachers working at the same school for 9-12 years seem to be experiencing these behaviours more often than others with different working durations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological Stress and self-esteem are common issues that everyone has had to cope with at some time in their lives. The purpose of this study was to discover if there is a correlation between Psychological stress and self-esteem. (350) Sudanese secondary school students were used for this study. The participants were secondary school students attending Al. Kamleen Locality, located in Gezira State-Sudan. Participants were surveyed to measure their psychological stress and self-esteem. Psychological stress scale for Fontana & Rida Abouserie, and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES;1965) were used to measure the participants' psychological stress, and self-esteem. A Pearson correlation was calculated examining the relationship between subjects' psychological stress and self-esteem. A negative significant correlation was found (r = 0.64-, p < .001). Psychological stress was related to self-esteem. In Psychological stress, there are statistical significant differences due to gender, in favor of females, and due to residence, in favor of urban. In Self-esteem, also, there are statistical significant differences due to gender, in favor of females, and due to residence, in favor of urban. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]