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The article focuses on the impact of Title IX on women's college athletics amid the new NIL (Name, Image, Likeness) era. Topics include the historical context and ongoing challenges of financial inequity in women's sports, the effects of recent NIL policies on female athletes, and strategies for colleges to ensure compliance with Title IX while enhancing opportunities for women in athletics.

This Note examines the effects of Title IX's equal treatment framework on female collegiate athletes in the context of the female athlete triad. It describes the shortcomings of Title IX's equal treatment approach and its deleterious effects on the health of female student athletes. It argues for the adoption of the special treatment approach as a remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on promotion of female opportunities in sports in Spain, without Title IX. It mentions tools of public administration to facilitate and in some cases mandate initiatives for multiple entities to increase sporting opportunities for women and girls. It also mentions how the aspirational objectives for the proposed Spanish Sports Law have greater potential to achieve the social benefits of increased sports participation.

The article focuses on analysis of Title IX's impact on physical education curriculum. It mentions study examined Title IX law and its influence on one junior high school physical education curriculum in the northeast region of the U.S. It also mentions physical educators, school building and district leaders perceive the provision as a must-have coeducational experience but still implement a curriculum based on content knowledge instead of legal policy or standards.

The article focuses on perspective on the shortcomings of Title IX and using what she names a positive equality approach to further assist toward achieving Title IX's purpose. It mentions anti-discrimination approach leaves intact systems of bias, privilege, and ways of thinking that make it extremely unlikely. It also examines some of the reasons why Title IX's ability to achieve full equality has remained elusive.

The article discuss the deliberate indifference standard and the Department's 2020 Final Regulations, how the standard and regulations could lead to a continuation of the violations committed by Louisiana State University (LSU) under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. It mentions proposed changes to the standard as it relates to the conduct of student-athletes and employees of universities athletic departments.

The article provide a legal, theoretical, and policy perspective on the rights of transgender athletes as state's pass laws to limit their ability to participate in sport. It mentions state legislatures and local school boards govern public schools, they must still adhere to both constitutional guarantees and federal civil rights laws. It also mentions civil rights attorneys are challenging the passage of these anti-trans state education laws that involve civil rights violation.

The article presents an analysis of the contact sports exception and the opportunity for girls to play football. It mentions three Utah school districts are in violation of Title IX or the Equal Protection Clause in the U.S. Constitution by not offering a separate football team for girls. It also mentions football team that it was a form of sex discrimination under Title IX to treat her differently because of her sex.

The article focuses on analysis of schools cutting women's opportunities presumably due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. It mentions onset of the COVID-19 pandemic had sweeping consequences across the globe and virtually all industries, including in higher education and impacts of COVID-19 on higher education overall and on intercollegiate athletics. It also mentions significant state funding expected double digit cuts from legislatures facing huge losses in tax revenue.

The article focuses on Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights (OCR) has periodically issued guidelines in the form of interpretations and clarifications in order to aid in this compliance, and further these guidelines have been used by federal courts as Title IX lawsuits have become more prevalent. It mentions intercollegiate level participation opportunities for male and female students. It also mentions substantial proportionality could be considered a safe harbor.

The article focuses on in-depth analysis of prong one, the substantial proportionality prong of Title IX's three part test of whether schools are providing equal opportunities for men and women to participate in sport. It mentions sex discrimination in educational programs and activities that receive federal funding, has transformed American society. It also mentions history and development of Title IX's equal opportunity requirement and substantial proportionality standard.

The article provides a focus on youth sport and its impact on Title IX's ability make meaningful change in education-based sport. It mentions youth sport is the pipeline to Title IX, and it operates as a largely privatized, professionalized system, conceptualized as a matter for the individual, not public policy. It also mentions impact on Title IX's continued ability to make meaningful change in education-based sport.

The article explored the legacy of women's sport experiences and advocated for competitive dance/cheer as sport - based on the premise that determining Title IX. It mentions promoting women in sport, how-to guides on ways to celebrate National Girls and Women in Sports Day and evolving perspective regarding the value and role of school sport, and ultimately Title IX. It also mentions athletic financial aid, scholarship dollars must be allocated in amounts.

The article provides an interesting look at Title IX's impact on athletics and how that comports with its original educational focus. It mentions abstract objective of equal educational opportunity into a measurable operational goal and standard political and policy questions are worth examining in the civil rights context. It also mentions sex discrimination in athletics and advantage to a female advantage in educational attainment.

An introduction is presented in which editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including proportionality prong of Title IX; analysis of schools cutting women's opportunities and perspective on the rights of transgender athletes.

The article discusses disability discrimination in high school sports in the U.S. by analyzing the reasonable accommodation lawsuit filed by a disabled high school student athlete against the Illinois High School Association (IHSA) in 2017. Also cited are the provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and Title IX as a civil rights legislation.

Based on authority of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, a person is entitled to procedural due process protections by the state prior to the deprivation of any life, liberty, or property interest to ensure a just outcome. While many people assert interscholastic athletics are an important part of a student's overall education, courts have been reluctant to accept this argument. The purpose of this article is to examine how past legal precedent applies to the current structure and purpose of interscholastic sports. To achieve this, a single state athletic association (i.e., the Ohio High School Athletic Association) was examined as well as the state's accompanying school districts. Mission statements, structure, and modes of operation were examined in-depth through surveying high schools and performing a content analysis of state bylaws. Results revealed the use of pay-to-play, affording student-athletes academic credit for participation, and current mission statements and bylaws may be increasing the liability of school districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effects of fundraising in bridging the gap in Title IX equal treatment requirement compliance and promotion of women administrators in intercollegiate athletics. Also cited are the successful fundraising programs of the Longhorn Foundation at University of Texas led by Amy Folan, and the areas for compliance under Title IX as outlined by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights (OCR).

The mission of education is to prepare all students with and without disabilities for adult life in the community. Recent amendments to Public Law 94-142 now require transition services, which promote movement from school to postschool activities, for all students with disabilities to begin as early as age 14 and to be included in the student's IEP. Most special education programs provide vocational, domestic, and community independent living skills training. However, the same cannot be said for lifelong sport and fitness training. A life-skills model for teaching sport and fitness skills that are chronologically age appropriate, functional, and community based is preferred to the traditional developmental approach for teaching adapted physical education. The life-skills model for teaching adapted physical education changes the setting--from school sport facilities to community sport and recreation facilities--in which adapted physical education classes are conducted. It also expands the role of the adapted physical educator from direct service provider to include transition team member, consultant to regular physical education and community sport and recreation agencies, trainer of support personnel, and environmental analyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To examine the trends of new and recurrent sports-related concussions in high-school athletes before and after youth sports traumatic brain injury laws. Methods. Weused an interrupted time-series design and analyzed the concussion data (2005–2016) from High School Reporting Injury Online. We examined the trends of new or recurrent concussion rates among US representative high-school athletes participating in 9 sports across prelaw, immediate-postlaw, and postlaw periods by using general linear models. We defined 1 athlete exposure as attending 1 competition or practice. Results. We included a total of 8043 reported concussions (88.7% new, 11.3% recurrent). The average annual concussion rate was 39.8 per 100 000 athlete exposures.We observed significantly increased trends of reported new and recurrent concussions from the prelaw, through immediate-postlaw, into the postlaw period. However, the recurrent concussion rate showed a significant decline 2.6 years after the laws went into effect. Football exhibited different trends compared with other boys’ sports and girls’ sports. Conclusions. Observed trends of increased concussion rates are likely attributable to increased identification and reporting. Additional research is needed to evaluate intended long-term impact of traumatic brain injury laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on prospective path toward safeguarding students' First Amendment free speech rights in K-12 schools and intersection of social activism and sports and the implications of this relationship for public school students and preservation of student freedom of expression rights.

The article reflects on the policy of the U.S. Department of Education regarding the protection of transgender students with the policies on interscholastic participation of transgender athletes under the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. It mentions that the varying state polices relating to transgender athletes with discriminatory policies. It also mentions that need of policy changes to protect transgender interscholastic athletes.

The article analyses the concept of partnership and specifically explores the significance for the operation of partnerships, in the areas of youth and community sport, of the perspectives that partners bring to these relationships. The general context for the analysis is the increasing use of partnerships by government for the achievement of its sport policy objectives. The article examines the triangular relationship between School Sport Partnerships (SSPs), National Governing Bodies of Sport (NGBs), and County Sport Partnerships (CSPs). The specific context for the analysis is the decision by the Secretary of State for Education to remove funding from SSPs and the impact that this had on the triangular relationship. The study uses data from a number of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires with CSP and NGB representatives to explore their interpretations of this change. The findings present agents’ perspectives in three discrete areas: the value and effectiveness of SSPs, the broader implications of the cut in funding SSPs for the sport policy community, and partners’ responses to the cut in SSP funding. The findings include: (a) that whilst NGBs regretted the loss of SSPs, CSPs were more equivocal; (b) whilst NGBs considered SSP development managers to be facilitators, CSPs were more likely to see them as gatekeepers; (c) both NGBs and CSPs saw the dramatic contraction of the SSP programme as detrimental to the achievement of their own objectives; and (d) inter-personal relationships and local political context significantly affected the perspectives that both NGBs and CSPs had of their partnership with SSPs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the reasons why Kentucky should reportedly enact a "Tebow Bill" which allows homeschoolers to participate in public school sports as of July 2014. According to the article, the "Tewbow Bill" is named after former National Football League quarterback Tim Tebow who was able to play on a public high school football team as a homeschooled student due to Florida's Craig Dickinson Act of 1996. Several state sports laws in places such as Louisiana and Tennessee are examined.

This paper analyzes three elements of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, with specific regard to athletics. Early implementation guidelines and practical materials are discussed, followed by a look at datasets available for public research on this topic, and finally a brief exploration of how Title IX anniversaries have been recognized by the government. The paper concludes by calling for a user-friendly portal of government publications and historic documents related to the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 7 of "The Yearbook of Education Law 2013" edited by Charles J. Russoi is presented. It reviews cases associated with sports in K-12 and higher education. It is noted that in 2012, total twenty-six K-12 and higher education sports-related cases, thirteen sports-related tort cases and eleven sport-related negligence claims were reported.

This paper looks at the participation of Muslim female students in sporting activities in Australian public high schools. Specifically, the study examines how Muslim female students interpret their participation in school sporting activities and how their Islamic background influences the way they perceive their engagement within the school environment. This paper also argues that Muslim girls' participation in school sporting activities is influenced by the struggle between their identity as Muslims, Islamic dress codes and the sporting requirements. Initially, the paper will examine the importance of sporting activities in the general development of adolescent students, as well as shows how Muslim students view their Islamic identity and what implication this view may have on their engagement in sports. Furthermore, the paper will discuss the struggle between the Islamic identity of female Muslim students and Australian school sporting requirements in light of two important Islamic teachings: (i) dress code and (ii) mixing or interaction with the opposite sex. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article deconstructs concerns about the idea of transgender athletes, particularly transgender women and girls, competing alongside non-transgender peers, even in elementary and secondary sports. It argues that transgender students in K-12 schools must be permitted to participate in athletics according to their gender identity. It discusses Title IX jurisprudence concerning the integration of females onto traditionally male teams.

The article discusses U.S. high school athletics age limit regulations, disabled high school athletes, and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) individualized waiver assessments following the 2001 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the case PGA Tour Inc. v. Martin. The court in the Martin case deals with disabled professional golfer Casey Martin and individual assessments for golf cart usage.

The article examines the values that should go into the formation of policies of inclusion of transgender student-athletes and sex-segregated sport for intercollegiate and interscholastic athletic programs. It examines the reliance of educational athletics on sex and gender as an organizing principle and describes the policies and positions developed by organizing bodies. It discusses the role of law and science in policy development and examines the educational values transmitted by scholastic and collegiate athletics programs to promote participation.

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The passage of Title IX, the 1972 Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act, expanded high school athletic opportunities to include girls, revolutionizing mass sports participation in the United States. This paper analyzes high school athletic participation in the United States and how sports offerings for boys and girls changed subsequent to the passage of this legislation. Girls' sports participation rose dramatically both following the enactment of Title IX and subsequent to enhancements to its enforcement. Approximately half of all girls currently participate in sports during high school; however, there remains a substantial gap between girls and boys participation in many states. States' average education level and social attitudes regarding Title IX and women's rights are correlated with this remaining gender gap. Examining individual high school students, sports participation is seen more frequently among those with a privileged background: white students with married, wealthy, educated parents are more likely to play sports. This finding points to an overlooked fact--while Title IX benefited girls by increasing the opportunity to play sports, these benefits were disproportionately reaped by those at the top of the income distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Title IX, the 1972 federal law that guarantees girls and young women access to scholastic sporting opportunities, has been the catalyst for explosive growth in female athletics. Despite evidence that Title IX has opened doors for female athletes without closing them to boys, the law continues to be a source of controversy. This research explores the ways stories in U.S. regional and national newspapers framed Title IX issues between 2002 and 2005, critical years for the civil-rights legislation because of political and legal activity at the national level. Content analysis found that although most stories avoided negative framing devices, stories about the Title IX Commission during 2002 and 2003 more often used negative framing that could perpetuate misunderstanding about the law. Further, paper size, placement of stories and reporter gender were factors in the way stories framed and sourced Title IX coverage. This study points to the need of journalists for a better understanding of the law and its impact on high school and collegiate athletics. Journalists also need to better understand Title IX's relationship with the fiscal hierarchy of collegiate athletics in U.S. universities so "blame the victim" mythology is not reinforced. Journalists should reject patriarchal frames and report about Title IX in ways that benefit public discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores why educational institutions in the U.S. are dropping men's non-revenue sports teams in order to comply with the participation requirement of Title IX, explains why institutions should not be allowed to take such action, and suggests a method for reviewing the dropping of sports teams. Methods of compliance with the participation requirement of Title IX and unintended consequences; Methods by which Title IX, its regulations and the policy interpretation can be improved

Schools are faced with a growing body of case law outlining the legal limits regulating the participation of students with disabilities in interscholastic sports. This article provides a systematic synthesis, including jurisdictional differences, of the agency and court rulings that apply Section 504, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to interscholastic athletics. This comprehensive framework also provides insight into how these federal statutes likely pertain to the participation of students with disabilities in other extracurricular activities. The article concludes with recommendations for prudent professional practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the decision of the Ninth Circuit court in the court case 'Ollier v. Sweetwater Union High Sch. Dist.' Topics discussed include retaliation laws, laws governing complaints regarding gender inequities in athletics is a protected activity; and the school's liability to provide equal and adequate opportunities to female athletes.

The article elaborates on the birth and growth of Title IX, which was signed into law by U.S. President Richard Nixon in June 1972, with the federal financial assistance as its key, as well as examines how Title IX impacted intercollegiate and interscholastic athletics. Topics discussed include Title IX as effective in producing change in U.S. athletics. Also mentioned are gender equity, and the controversy surrounding Title IX due to the methodology of its implementation.