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In the Ottoman period, the first population census in a modern sense was conducted in 1831 with the aim of determining the number of soldiers and collecting taxes. This census only recorded the male population and aimed to address various tax inequalities and determine the number of Muslim men eligible for military service. In 1844, a census was conducted that included the female population. The last population census in the Ottoman Empire was conducted in 1914, revealing a total population of 18,520,016, with 15,044,846 Muslims and 3,475,170 non-Muslims. Erzurum Vilayet, consisting of the sancaks of Erzurum, Erzincan, and Beyazıt, accounted for 4.4% of the total population. Subsequent to wars, territorial losses, and migrations, significant demographic changes occurred, rendering the existing population data obsolete. With the establishment of the Republic, there arose a need to ascertain the country's population potential for planning and policymaking purposes. To this end, a directive was issued on April 25, 1926, through decree number 3517, leading to the establishment of the General Directorate of Statistics under the Prime Ministry. On June 2, 1926, a bill was presented to the parliament with the objective of determining the size and characteristics of the country's population. Following deliberations, the bill was accepted and passed into law. After completing the necessary preparations, the general population census took place on October 28, 1927, yielding essential information about various aspects of the country, including its social, cultural, and economic dimensions. In summary, this study provided information about the administrative structure of Erzurum Vilayet and the demographic characteristics throughout its historical development. It analyzed statistical results from the 1927 population census, shedding light on Erzurum Vilayet's population size, gender and age distribution, education levels, occupational profiles, ethnic composition, language usage, religious affiliations, marital status, and health status. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the region's demographics during that era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the relative development of the population of the District of Polatlı during the Republic Period. It also considers how change occurred in the neighborhood according to the spatial distribution of the population. This population is assessed in the study in terms of numbers, rate of increase, rural and urban conditions, age and gender structure, and the change of population density, according to neighborhood, due to twenty-five years of migration. The socioeconomic status of the population is also evaluated. Population figures in Polatlı between 1935 and 1960 were obtained from printed documents published by the State Institute of Statistics (SIS), and from data gathered from general censuses taken by TurkStat between 1965 and 2000. Data between 2010 and 2022 was obtained from the TurkStat (TurkStat, 2023) Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS). The quantitative data obtained was converted into charts using the Excel program and supported with graphics. Population density according to neighborhood was analyzed using the "Kernel Density Method", and maps were produced made using the program: ArcGIS 10.9. Due to consistent yearly population increase in Polatlı, as well as the district playing an increasingly important role in terms of the military, education, transportation, agriculture, industry, and trade, Polatlı has achieved provincial standards in socioeconomic terms. It is believed that the district will attract more immigrants in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kiğı Sanjak was among the classical Ottoman sanjaks subject to the province of Diyarbekir in 1514 within the Ottoman provincial organization. After being under the rule of the Karakoyunlu, Akkoyunlu and Safavid states respectively, Kiğı and its vicinity joined the Ottoman administration together with other sanjaks in the region after the War of Chaldiran between the Safavid State and the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Yavuz Sultan Selim. Until 1535, Kiğı Sanjak, which was affiliated to the Governor of Diyarbekir, was connected to the Governor of Erzurum with the establishment of the Governor of Erzurum in 1535. Due to its regional geographical features, Kiğı Sanjak was a sanjak that served as a living space for some tribes and communities. As a matter of fact, according to the 1518-1523 cadastral record books of Kiğı Sanjak, Shadlu, Disimlü, Abu Taliblü, Rükneddin, Okculu and İlbeğlü communities and tribes were located within the borders of the sanjak and each community had its own villages. In 1553, although the Abu Taliblü, Okculu, Shadlu and Rükneddin communities continued to exist in the sanjak, there is no data on the Disimlü community. As a matter of fact, this should be an indication that this community settled in a different sanjak or district. When the 1642 data is analyzed, it is determined that there are serious differences regarding the tribes and communities in Kiğı. In this context, in addition to the Disimlu and Shadlu communities, Suveydi, Çoburlu, Kara Çorlu, and Gamur/Kamur, whose traces were not found in Kiğı between 1518-1553, were recorded within the borders of the sanjak at this date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth has a significant impact on a country's economy. The importance of the relationship between population growth and economic growth is accepted by both growth theorists and development economists. However, the literature has no consensus on the relationship between population and economic growth. There are three different views on this issue. Some researchers argue that population positively affects economic growth, while others argue that the effect is negative. In some studies, no correlation was found between these two variables. In this article, the long-term and short-term correlation between population and economic growth, including life expectancy, inflation, and capital formation variables, is analyzed with ARDL bounds test analysis using annual data for the period 1968-2019, based on the case of Turkey. According to the research findings, while the population in Turkey affects economic growth negatively in the short term, it has a positive effect in the long term. The life expectancy and capital formation affect economic growth positively in the short and long run but the inflation variable has a negative effect in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kyustendil is a city in southwestern Bulgaria today. Bulgaria is located at the intersection of Serbia and Macedonia. Kyustendil was a Balkan city captured by Sultan Murad the First in 1372 without entering into war. Konstantin, who declared his allegiance to the Ottomans, ruled the location. Shortly after he died in 1395, the city became starboard of Rumelia. The 15th century was when Kyustendil started to gain its identity as a Turkish-Islamic city. Significant developments in architecture and public works took place in this century. This situation was influential in the city’s population growth as understood from the cadastral record books of the 15th century. By the end of the 16th century, the cadastral record books were replaced by the extraordinary tax record books. Although these record books do not provide as much descriptive data on the demographical and settlement characteristics as the cadastral record books for historical research, they give light to the present time in these areas by their various qualities such as exquisiteness and conciseness. In this study, the villages and neighborhoods connected to Kyustendil (Ilıca), Radomir, and Sirisnik counties under the Kyustendil Starboard in 1695 will be evaluated in terms of population-based on extra-ordinary tax record books. These record books will be compared with the book dated 1668, later found to be the previous extraordinary tax record book. Muslim and non-Muslim populations living in the neighborhoods and villages connected to the city center will be identified, and a comparative ratio will be specified between these two items. In this way, the religious structure of the population will be outlined. Civil and military people of residential areas will be identified and their rate in the city’s total population will be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important indicators of economic development is environmental quality. One of the most important sources of environmental pollution and climate change is greenhouse gas emissions. In this work, a new approach based on Gene Expression Programming (GEP) was used to forecast greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions depending on energy consumption, economic development (GDP), and population. The reliability of the GEP model was determined using several statistical indicators. In the relationship between energy consumption-GDP- population and GHG emissions, R2, MAPE, and RMSE values were found as 0.99337, 0.06987, and 7.1355, respectively. Sensitivity analysis seen that energy consumption have the highest effect on greenhouse gas emissions. The results obtained, it is showing that Gene Expression Programming can be successfully used to model greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the historical background of the Armenian population in Russia, and their demographic structure were analyzed. The main sources of this research are the census results in 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989 during the Soviet Period and the censuses carried out in 2002 and 2010 during the Russian Federation Period. These census results provide information about the total population of Armenians who live in Russia, their settlements, gender ratio, marital status, spoken languages and levels of education. This research aims to give detailed information about the demographic structure of Armenians officially living in Russia in the scope of these census results. As a result of this study, it is understood that the Armenian population was estimated at 195,410 in the first census which was conducted in the Soviet period in 1926. The Armenian population, which has increased yearly, reached 532,390 according to the 1989 census results. During the Soviet Period, the majority of Armenians had been living in urban regions. In addition, considering gender statistics, the number of males has been larger than females. In 2002, the first census of the Russian Federation, the Armenian population was recorded as 1,130,491. The majority of Armenians were living in big cities and the southern regions of the country. 904,892 out of 1,130,491 Armenians could speak Armenian, and 1,113,215 could speak Russian. According to census results in 2010, Armenians in Russia were estimated at 1,182,388. 816,375 of them were residing in urban areas, and 366,013 of them were living in rural areas. When the gender composition is considered, it is observed that 638,479 are male and 543,909 are female. Of the 1,182,388 Armenians, 1,165,256 can speak Russian. When the education level of the population is examined, it is seen that 212,690 people have higher education, 245,492 people have secondary education, 111,902 people have basic education, and 34,360people have primary education level based on data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes Michel Foucault's theorisation on life, body and population in referring to the concepts of biopolitics and sexuality. In doing so, the paper puts critical attention to the relation between the rationality of politics and power. Tracing this relationship, the paper basically develops a conceptual framework in which truth and discursive practices of the truth regime gain strategic and operational position to produce social norms and to impose these norms on the idealisations of population and humansubjects. By the end of this paper, this conceptual analysis offers a way through which the subject formation and biopolitical subjectivity are clarified. Relying on this new way, this paper puts forward that biopolitics with its mechanisms and instruments is a perspective in order to reveal power relations and political regulations in general; and is a light to realize boundaries of different sexualities. This analysis ends by questioning the resistance, counteract and power relations in the light of these concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the demographic structure of the Republic of Armenia between 1991 and 2020 was examined. Characteristics of the population such as settlement, gender, age, birth, death, marital status, ethnic structure, language, religion, education, and migration were touched upon. The main sources of the study are Demographic Handbooks and Population Census results published by the Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. The fact that these are both a primary sources and they contain important information on the demographic structure increases their value. The aim of this article is to reveal the demographic characteristics of the Republic of Armenia, which is a border neighbor of the Republic of Turkey. It is also another aim to explain how the demographic mobility in Armenia takes place. As a result of the study, it was determined that significant changes had occurred in the demographic structure of the Republic of Armenia. It has been observed that many people have left the country due to the economic difficulties, and therefore the population has decreased from year to year. In addition, the fact that the majority of the immigrants are men has led to an increase in the female population in Armenia. Another factor affecting the decrease in the population in Armenia is the decrease in birth rates and the increase in death rates. It has been observed that the religious diversity in Armenia is limited to the diversity of the nations living in the country. However, it has been understood through the data that Armenians, who constitute the majority in Armenia, are affiliated with the Apostolic Church, while the others adopt the beliefs of Evangelists, Catholics, Orthodox and Jehovah's Witnesses, which are representatives of other sects of Christianity. In addition, it has been determined that there are people who adopt Paganism belief among Armenians, albeit a small number. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Armenian began to be spoken more widely in Armenia. After Armenian, the most spoken language has been Russian for a long time. This shows that the Russian influence still continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital is considered as one of the most important factors in explaining development differences between countries, and as a unique source of long-run permanent economic growth. Therefore, increasing the accumulation of human capital has become an extremely important mission for economies. Theoretical and empirical literature emphasizes that public expenditures can play an important role in increasing human capital accumulation. Therefore, in this study, the effect of public expenditures on human capital accumulation for the case of Turkey was analyzed. Besides per capita income, unemployment and population variables were also included in the estimated model since they are considered as important determinants of human capital accumulation in the literature. Annual data for the period 1960-2019 were used in the analysis. The long-run cointegration relationship between the variables was determined and the long-run cointegration coefficients were obtained by applying FMOLS, DOLS and CCR estimators. Results show that public expenditures negatively affect human capital accumulation. Similarly, the increase in unemployment negatively affects human capital. However, per capita income and population are helpful to promote human capital. Probable causes of empirical outputs for the case of Turkey are further discussed in the study and policy strategies are recommended accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pristina in Central Balkans is the largest city and capital of today's Republic of Kosovo. The city that is home to a variety of ethnical factors has been dominated by many powers throughout history such as the Roman Empire, the Serbian Kingdom, and the Ottoman Empire. The city that was a non-Muslim residence area until mid-15th Century started to adopt a different demographical structure with Ottoman sovereignty. In this study, Pristina's demographical change in the almost hundred years from the second half of the 15th Century to the second half of the 16th Century is discussed and how the city gained its identity as an Turkish-İslamic city is assessed. In this scope, Muslim-Turkish residences built in the city shall be discussed along with new mosque and masjid established in Pristina, neighborhoods that emerged around the places of worship, connections of neighborhoods with each other, and demographics of residents in the neighborhood. Also, localization of Muslim neighborhoods in physical structure shall be presented based on recorded documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ottoman State spreading over three continents with conquests, set policies in order to manage this vast geography well and thus consolidate its domination. One of these policies is the conduct of censuses to evaluate population and economic resources, necessary for the state's planning. Detailed taxation and accounting icmal registers between 16th and 17th centuries, avarız and jizya registers kept in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the Temettuat books of the 19th century assessed periodically cash and real wealth of the Ottoman Empire. These registers are a wealth of information for historical studies as they contain significant data in terms of settlement and population.This study, based on these data, aims to examine information about the population, settlement and the continuity of these settlements in Arhavi between the years 1583-1681/1682. For this purpose, the study compared data with regard to Arhavi's administrative status in 1583 and estimated population to the Avârız register of1681/1682. Combined with information from the mühimme registers it is apparent that the struggle of the ottoman empire with the the Celali Revolts in addition to the ongoing wars in Europe and the Caucasus resulted into significant population and status changes between the years 1583-1681/1682 in the region of Fındıklı, Arhavi, Hopa and Gonio districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, which discussed the change in the demographic structure of Rodoscuk in historical process, after giving information on the history and general structure of Rodoscuk, current demographic structure in this city was focused. In this context firstly; avarız, nüzul hane and census records were determined, then the data obtained from these records were digitized and tabulated separately by centuries. As a result of these data; it has been determined that Rodoscuk, which was originally a settlement belonging only to Greeks, gradually lost its identity and turned into a cosmopolitan structure where Turks, Greeks, Armenians and Jews lived together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the history, Diyarbekir has left significant socio-cultural marks to its region in terms of including different ethnic groups as well as its historical characteristics and it has also been a region of interest socially, since the city is a place where Muslims and Non-Muslims have commercial and cultural interactions and share the same streets, bazaars, and markets. Although the Muslim population, the Christian and Jewish populations lived together, the status of the non-Muslim population in religious and social life was different from that of Muslims under Ottoman Laws. Armenians and Assyrians, who constituted the majority of the non-Muslim population living in the city of Diyarbekir had also a significant voice on the city's trade sector. Non-Muslims having better life standards compared to the most of the Muslim population, begun to demonstrate their influence in administrative management units in Diyarbekir as of the first half of the 19th century. Thus, they have importantly affected in the socio-economic and management life of the region. In this study, social and legal characteristics of non-Muslims living in Diyarbekir will be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the state of the Persians living in Eskişehir from the mid 19th century until the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Home to immigrants from Crimea, Caucasia and Rumelia in the past, the town of Eskişehir did also host the Iranian subjects for a while. Some of the Persians coming to Anatolia as part of the process of migration to neigboring countries around mid 19 th century settled in the town of Eskişehir for trade. The story of these Persian can be followed through Ottoman archival documents. These documents, however, are classified under two categories, one dealing with the consulate responsible for commercial affairs (shahbandar), the other assigned to internal affairs such as a marriages, debts and loans and other transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of immigration is a drama that occurred especially towards Anatolia in terms of the Turks and Muslims. This situation continued until the Lausanne Peace Treaty was signed. After the Lausanne Peace Treaty, it started to happen both ways: 'towards and from' Anatolia. With this new situation, migrations acquired a new formation. In this new formation, many non-Muslims were taken out of the borders due to the goal of becoming a nation-state and with the concern of security. The deportation of these people who lived here in peace for hundreds of years and who had a crucial role in the economy in terms of trade, craft and industry caused a gap in economic and social manners. The leading groups, whose goal was a homogeneous and national structure, commenced a great struggle. Niğde was one of the important cities where this struggle was experienced. With this aspect, Niğde was a city that needed immigrants. One of the most important and urgent tasks to correct economic and social deterioration as soon as possible was the resettlement of immigrants. An important part of the 16000 inhabitants in Niğde and its surroundings was composed of farmers. This situation was clearly seen in field distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tahrir Registers are records of all kinds of income and taxes collected in the Ottoman Classical Age. These registers of land and tax records may also contain information about the Ottoman socio-economic structure. Besides land and tax records, they contain information about the characteristics of the population (married, single, elderly, disabled), religious affiliation, population mobility, regional diversity of agricultural and industrial production, and tax exemption status by profession. In addition, they give information about professions and according to production which professions were more in the forefront. This study evaluates the professions of the Armenian population in Anatolia in the 16th century based on Tahrir Registers. Data from the Tahrir Registers of the sanjaks and kazas of Adana, Adilcevaz, Ankara, Arabgir, Ayntab, Bargiri, Bayburd, Behisni, Beriyyecik, Birecik, Bitlis, Bozok, Canik, Çapakçur, Çemişgezek, Çermik, Divriği, Diyarbekir, Elbistan, Erciş, Ergani, Erzincan, Erzurum, Harput Hınıs, Hısn-ı Mansur, Karahisar-ı Şarkî, Kars-ı Maraş, Kayseri, Kemah, Kiğı, Malatya, Maraş, Mardin, Niğde, Pasin, Ruha, Sis, Sivas, Siverek, Sultanönü, Şelve, Tarsus, Trabzon, Tokat, Van were taken into account. The paper made a general evaluation of the professions of Armenians in the Mid-East Anatolia and analyzed the data according to regional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of our border provinces, Ardahan, has been a settlement that draws attention due to the migration patterns it shows both before and during the republic period. Ardahan province that had been experiencing continuous population growth since the first census until 1975 has sustained rapid decrease of population following that period due to movement of migration. The decrease of population has continued even though Ardahan's official status has been changed from district to province in 1992, whereas it has been the 3rd province having the least population according to the data of 2018. Rapid movements of migration have influenced the socio-cultural characteristics along with the numerical values of population, whereas they particularly caused the young population average to remain under that of the country and the rate of elderly population to increase. The distribution of population of Ardahan does not exhibit significant difference throughout the province due to its natural environmental conditions, however, the locations closer to water sources and to transportation means draw attention as being the locations with slightly denser population. The settlement that can be considered as a single city settlement is Ardahan city centrum, whereas the population of central district has been found to be 22.169 according to the data of 2018. With this value, Ardahan city centrum bears the feature of being the settlement with the least central district population amongst 81 provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the publications of the Second Constitutional period, there was an agenda that the Ottoman population has generally decreased, the age of first marriage has increased, the rate of marriage fell and the family structure began to deteriorate. This agenda played an important role in shaping the policies of Union and Progress government on population and family and marriage as a topic became a public matter to be discussed on. In 1911, Yusuf Cemil Bey established The Office of Facilitating Marriage and Family Formation to promote marriage and family establishment in Çemberlitaş, Istanbul. In its published program, the Office claimed that it is performing its national duty by referring to the incentive population and marriage promotion policies of the Union and Progress government and evaluated its initiative as a private enterprise, which is the achievement of the Second Constitutional era. Ottoman political authorities, on the other hand, described this institution, which they cannot define as a community (cemiyet), as a kind of commercial club. This article examines the establishment, status and working manner of the Office of Facilitating Marriage and Family Formation by focusing on the writings and documents issued by political authorities and the Program published by the Office to introduce itself to the audience. In this context, it claims that although the Office legitimized its establishment according to the policy of facilitating marriage to increase population, the Office operated as a commercial enterprise that turned the search for marriage into a market in the atmosphere of Second Constitutional period and thus introduced the Ottoman society to a new practice of seeking marriage. • [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bozkır district, one of the southern districts of Konya, located in the Central Anatolia Region, is located in the Mediterranean Region. The Bozkır district has been continuously decreasing in population since 2000. The number, quality, and elevation of a district that emigrates to the outside are of geographical importance. Many factors play a role in the distribution of the population. By detailing the relationship between population and elevation, this district was chosen as a research site. This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of elevation, which is one of the topographic parameters, on the distribution of the population. In this study, which was created using Geographical Information Systems and data from the Turkish Statistical Institute, the distribution of settlements in the Bozkır district according to the ascending steps was revealed. The district, which has the status of Konya Metropolitan Municipality, has 52 neighborhoods (49 of which are rural neighborhoods). It has been concluded that permanent settlements are scattered in the range of 1.100 - 1.700 m. At an elevation of 1.700 m, plateau settlements are visible. The 1.100-1.200 m range covers an area of 70 km² and has a population of 8.545 as of 2019. The highest density of the population in the district constitutes the elevation range. The 1.600-1.700 m range covers an area of 32 km² and has 793 inhabitants. In this elevation range, the number of settlements decreased and the population decreased accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article it is aimed to analyze the socioeconomic situation of the three districts of Bursa based on 1845 Temettuat Registers. The study is, firstly, going to deal with the period in which Temettuat registers were implemented. This part of the study deals with the question of why Ottoman statesmen implemented these surveys. Then the contents of the registers are briefly introduced. The following part will be about the significance of the registers for the social and economic history of the Ottoman Empire. The last and crucial part of the study is devoted to the comparative analysis of the three districts, Timurtaş Paşa, Veled-i Kurt and Bulgarlar, which respectively populated with Muslim, Armenian and Greek people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isparta which has been known since ancient times and referred as "Seperde" or "Sparda" or "Isparada" in the sources; was the centre town of Hamid Sanjak in the Ottoman Empire in XV. and XVI. century. In this study, the "population" and "settlement" structure of the town will be examined in the light of the three mufassal deed tahrir registry of 1478, 1522 and 1568, in which the Isparta Town was recorded, and the impact of the population situation on settlement will be examined as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Ottoman law, non-Muslim people living within the borders of the country were identified as zimmî and a tax called jizyah was taken from them in exchange for the security and protection provided to them. The group of registries, where the Jizyah taxpayers are registered according to the neighborhood, village, juridical district and province in which they live, was called jizyah registries. Thanks to the data obtained from these registries, it is possible to be informed about the population and economic status of non-Muslims in the settlements. The present research is based on the data obtained from the 3 jizyah registries belonging to the Province of Diyarbekir, which are preserved in the Ottoman Archive reserve of Registers of Circulars from the Finance Office (MAD.d). These registries belonging to the end of the 17th century contain data on the city center of Diyarbekir and juridical districts within the province however this research focuses only on the data of the city center. As a matter of fact, the Amid juridical district, which is the center of the Diyarbekir Province, was also the province's largest city and qualified also as the sanjak of pasha in the mentioned period. The information regarding how much non-Muslim population existed in the Diyarbekir city center, where the non-Muslim population was known to live commonly until the late 19th century, the impact of political, administrative and economic changes on the demographic structure, and in which neighborhoods the non-Muslims resided can be reached from the data obtained from these registries. With the present study, the class statuses of the non-Muslims were aimed to be determined based on their demographic structure and spatial positioning in Diyarbekir at the end of the 17th century and the categories of the taxes they paid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1927, when the first census of the Republic period was made, the population of Rize was determined to be 171,667 and it was ranked as the 37th in the provinces. Although the natural population growth of Rize is generally parallel with the national average, the real population growth has always been low due to the high migration from the economic weakness. The migration which declined in the 1950s with the effect of tea farming accelerated again in the 1960s. In the ninety one-year-period from 1927 to 2018, the population of Rize has increased by 2.3 times, and the increase in the country's population has been six times. The population of the province reached up to 348.608 in 2018 and was ranked as the 56th in the provinces. Within the scope of this study, the reasons of the increase and decrease in population in Rize were examined and tried to be revealed by discussing the population change of Rize in the Republican period. It is not enough to obtain only the census results of the relevant region in the studies to be carried out on the population. It is necessary to investigate the administrative, geographical, social, economic, and cultural aspects of the region well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the current status of the accountancy profession, which is a respected career profession and which plays an important role in terms of enterprises and society, is investigated by focusing on the distribution of the members of the profession by province. Firstly, with the progress in the accounting profession, the titles used in the profession, requirements and detailed information about the members of the profession are given. In the research part, the density of the occupational members authorized to act as independent accountants, independent accountants, and certified public accountants on a provincial basis is determined. In the proportional analysis part of the research, the average density of the members of the profession in terms of population and taxpayers is determined. The provinces with the highest and lowest distributions per occupational member are listed and presented in tables. According to the results of the research, it is found that in the ratio analysis of the provinces with the highest number of professionals, the number of population and taxpayers per profession differs. As an important result, those provinces having the highest taxpayers per profession member are identified. Among these provinces, it is seen that the population is relatively low and the number of occupational members is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, natural, demographic, cultural, economic and political factors are effective on the preferences of people for a residence area. It is determined that certain groups are concentrated and clustered in certain areas under these factors as a result of conscious, compulsory and incidental choices; and this is defined as Spatial Segregation. In the present study, the Spatial segregation traces were searched in the metropolitan districts of Samsun Province by analyzing the datasets presented by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) at the district level as age, gender, educational status, residence registered in the registry office, and parliamentary election results. As a result, it was determined that there were significant differences in the population between the metropolitan districts according to the characteristics given above, especially in Atakum and Canik districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population and land destructions were registered in the Ottoman Empire for a long time. The records were made to see the tax potential in the country especially in connection with the manorial system, and as a result of these studies, the registery books were arranged. When the manorial system lost its former importance, the avariz tax, which was collected as a tax in case of need, turned into regular tax in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the avariz records were kept regularly. With the new developments in the 19th century, the nature of the counting processes began to change. The male population in the country was tried to be determined through a general census in 1830 and 1831. Counts were made first in Istanbul and then across the country. Within the scope of these censuses, the population census of Tarsus and Kusun townships was made. Tarsus sanjak consisted of three sub-districts in 1519; the center of Tarsus, Kusun and Ulaş. Some changes were observed in the administrative division of the sanjak in the 19th century. Earlier this century, Tarsus Sanjak consisted of Tarsus center, Kusun, Ulaş, Kuştemür, Gökçeli, Elvanlı, Namrun and Tekeli districts. It is determined that a census containing Muslim neighborhoods and villages was recorded in the "Kaza-i Tarsus and Kusun Population Book" registered in NFS.d: 3694 dated 9.12.1247 (1832), which belongs to the Tarsus and Kusun townships in the borders of Mersin (Icel). There are 14 Muslim Neighborhoods where Muslims reside and a non-Muslim neighborhood where Muslims and non-Muslims reside together in Tarsus. In addition, the Muslim group residing in Tarsus gardens and 11 villages of Tarsus and 17 villages of Kusun district were registered. A total of 3,699 people were registered as Muslims in the Population book of Tarsus and Kusun. In this study, the information about the population in the book of Tarsus and Kusun will be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the most significant changes in the demographical structure of Anatolia have occurred in the last 150 years. In the last two centuries of the Ottoman Empire, the territories began to shrink as a result of the weakening of the Empire, losing wars and thus, losing significant portions of lands. The region that was affected most from this territorial shrinking process was Anatolia, which was considered as a safe haven at the nucleus of the Ottoman Empire. It is a commonly held view that the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878 (the War of '93) was a critical point for the demographic structure of Anatolia. As a result of the disastrous defeat suffered at the hands of the Tsarist Russia the Muslim populations of the Balkans immigrated en masse to the Anatolian territories. This immigration wave left lasting effects on the demographic structure of the Ottoman Empire while at the same time creating the opportunity for the Balkan nations to constitute their nation-states. The independence movements in the Balkans were followed by the political changes in the Caucasian region and the Muslims of Crimea and Caucasia began to flood into Anatolia in large numbers beginning in the 1860s. The new "national" Turkish state, founded after the War of National Struggle in the first quarter of the 20th century, has been well established on a sociological basis in terms of nation-building with the integration of the Muslim refugees from the Balkans and the Caucasus with the native Muslim population of Anatolia. This nation-building process of modern Turkey during the first half of the 20th century was closely examined by the American officials who compiled a social and demographic map of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of population growth and the R&D investment on employment in Turkey. The impact of R&D investments and the population growth on employment in Turkey, were analyzed by Eviews 8.0 program. Annual R&D investments, population and employment data for Turkey, were obtained from the Turkey Statistical Institute for the years 1998-2017. According to the model which established with the help of OLS method, the 1% increase in population leads to a positive and significant increase in employment by 2.77%. However, R&D investments do not significantly affect employment. According to Granger causality test it is revealed that population and R&D investments are the reasons of employment. However, no causal relationship has been found from employment to population and R&D investments. In case of increasing R&D investments and the population, employment is expected to increase in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine whether the coups d'état in Turkey had impacts on population policy beginning from 1923 till up to the 2000s. The study is a literature review and covers the periods between 1923-1961, 1961-1982 and 1982-2000. The study asserts that global forces and coups d'état are determinant on population which is a contemporary debate topic and possessing strategic importance alongside with security-economic-political-sociological dimension. The external intervention of the population-oriented processes is not welcomed from the social point of view and the implementation of such policies affecting the whole society by coups d'état instead of civil politics has created a separate problem area. Since the society was not accepted the population policies that the coup administrations want to implement right after the disappearance of the civil administration which provides the connection between the people and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the demographic structure of The Adaklı (Bingol) district in the Upper Euphrates Section of the Eastern Anatolia region was evaluated. For this purpose Turkey Statical İnstitute (TUİK) population data were dowloaded between 1935 and 2018 and dowloaded from the Turkish Statistical İnstitute database. These data were digitized and mapped in Excellan ArcGIS environment. In the study, demographic dynamics of the population of Adaklı district such as the changes experienced during the Republican period,, age and gender structure of the population and migration were discussed. In order to make the development of the population over the years more holistic and comprehensible, population data was tried to be analyzed by separating three circuits. Adaklı districts is located at the intersection area of the Sancak Uzunpazar Fault Zone parallel to the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). Therefore, the field is very active in terms of tectonics and is affected negatively at times by earthquakes and related mass movements. The effects of this situation force people to migrate. In addition to this, especially after the 1980s, the terrorist incidents caused of the migration movement to increase. Undoubtedly this has negatively affected the development of the population of the district and has had significant effects on its socioeconomic structure. As the research area is rough and has elevation values (1500 m), the adversities caused by physical environmental conditions and the restrictive elements of the socioeconomic structure lead to the intensive migration movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research field covers Haymana district of Ankara. Haymana which is one of the densely populated districts of Ankara in 19th century was surrounded by Sivrihisar in the west, Bala in the east, and Akşehir in the south. This study aims to examine the population and settlement characteristics of 19th century Haymana district in historical development process. In the research process, the findings of the studies dealing with the population of the area and conducted between 1831 and 1893 are combined and compared, and new findings are reached as result of the evaluations. A method for historical geography regarding 19th century Haymana district sample was produced and applied. A wide literature review regarding 19th century Haymana district and its environment was conducted to present the conceptual foundations of the study. Literature review was generated by compiling and evaluating the monographic studies on Haymana district. Maps were drawn in the light of the findings gathered from the archive research and field studies and in the next step, by making a general evaluation, significant information regarding the social history of district was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kiğı, a district of Bingöl which was dominated by many states throughout history, was conquered by the Ottomans in 1514. After this date, many township and villages and settlement attached to these townships were formed as a liva/sanjak. As it is known, the registers of Tapu Tahrir and Maliyeden Müdevver are among the important archival materials with firsthand sources for the researches to be conducted especially in the field of social and economic history of Ottoman history. The part of Kiğı, which is registered in the Ottoman Archives at 5152 and dated 1052/1642, which is on the pages 1046-1120 of the registers of Maliyeden Müdevver constitutes the source of this study. In this study, Muslim and non-Muslim population living in the center and villages of Kiğı town, households with and without tax, timar owners, sipahizâdeler, sayyids, imams, foundation officials, some congregations and tribes were identified and information about these books. it is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of the settlements is constantly on the move. ın the process, the population of some settlements is increasing while some of them are decreasing. This situation reveals the human and physical geography features of that place. One of the districts that have a tendency to increase the population is Saruhanlı, which is the subject of research. Saruhanlı is a district of Manisa province which is located within the boundaries of the Aegean Region of the Aegean Region. The purpose of the study is to reveal the population values of Saruhanlı after the administrative status of the district and to explain the reasons of the population losses in the district. For this purpose, we tried to complete the study by taking advantage of the values obtained from the General Population Census with the ABPRS. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the district suffered constant population loss. It was determined that most of these losses occurred due to economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kayacık and its environs, which were seen among the districts of Saruhan Sanjak during the Ottoman Empire period, have been witnessed the settlements from ancient times, and entered the sovereignty of Turkish with Saruhanoğulları Principality. In our study, the settlements of Kayacık district and its population and foundation Works are examined comparatively in the light of the cadastral recordbooks with their features of the first and second half of the XVI. century. In the second half of the XVI. century, the population in the citycenter has increased approximately twice, while the population of the ruralareas is beginning to decline. In the firsthalf of the XVI. century, the number of villages with more than forty villages in the rural part of Kayacık district continued in these condhalf. In the district with a population of 5146 people in 1531, it was understood that there was an increase of 55 persons in 1575 and the population rose to approximately 5201. However, we also understand that the population decline in rural areas of Kayacık district has accelerate dover time and the town has lost its status and became a village today. It is believed that the study will contribute to the population and settlement history of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Kayacık district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, in accordance with the EU acquis, Regional Statistical Unit Classification was established in 2002 based on the NUTS criteria. All public institutions, especially Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) have started to structure their organizational chart according to the NUTS system. NUTS region systematics, which was developed in the European countries after 1970s, is a relatively new concept for Turkey. Therefore, the discussions related to the issue still remain on the agenda. Names and boundaries of the geographical regions and divisions in Turkey have always been a matter of debate. However, the NUTS implemented in 2002 expanded the scope of these discussions considerably. In this study, the concept of region has been analyzed in terms of content and scope on the basis of geographical terminology of IBSS and NUTS implementation in Turkey. In the ABPRS results, the following questions have been put forward: 1. What is the definition and scope of the region classification encountered in NUTS Level-1, NUTS Level-2 and NUTS Level-3? 2. Why was such a classification needed? 3. How were the IBBS boundaries determined? 4. How is the formation and development phase of the NUTS implementation? In the light of these questions, it is aimed to compare the concept of region defined in the geographical methodology and the concept of NUTS region. Basic data of the research consist of EUROSTAT and TSI sources, laws and related literature. During the research process, a synthesis of literature review, content analysis and comparative approach were used accordingly. As a result, combining NUTS and IBSS implementation in Turkey on the basis of geographical terminology, a road map has been created for the interpretation and analysis of the population data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Registry NFS.d. 6445 in the Ottoman Archives that dates back to 1773 indicates provision of human power to the Ottoman-Russian War. This registry which includes neighbourhoods and the three districts of Hezargrad, is composed of 41 pages. This study examines the Divaneorman district, one of the three districts. In order to contribute to the defence of the Tutrakan city in 1773 against the Russians, a total number of 540 people were selected from the Divaneorman district and recorded in this registry. In this respect, the information belonging to the Divaneorman district is evaluated in two categories: First, the information in the registry is explored from a military standpoint. Second, the present data are evaluated in social, economic and cultural terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manisa has become demographically homogeneous in the duration following the Turkish conquest. However, we have seen that Greek, Armenian and Jewish population are also concentrated in the region besides Turks in the following centuries. Within this scope, Manisa was one of the settlements in this area where the Greek population in Anatolia was settled intensively especially in the late 19th century. This population, which was very poor when they came to Manisa and its villages, has firstly lived on by working in large agricultural fields in the region. In the following years, they have started to increase their wealth and have begun to purchase the fields where they have worked for paid employment in time. Thus, Manisa has become a very attractive place for the Greek immigrants. It is known that this Greek population, which has grown in terms of population and has become stronger economically, is very active in the field of education. By 19th century, they have founded schools and have continued their intellectual development not only in the center of Manisa but also in the nearby villages where the Greek population was located. Our study provides information on population and education in Manisa and its nearby villages depending on a source from this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 1905 a conflagration devastated Adrianople's intramural quartiers, the majority of whose inhabitants were non-Muslims. Post-disaster rumours and suspicions agreed by common consent that the fire was not due to natural causes. The Province of Adrianople had not been immune to the reverberations and consequences of the political and demographic turmoil originated in Macedonia, a contested territory who had for years witnessed various forms of violence, including massacre and incendiarism. This article searches for the possible sources of the said rumours and suspicions on grounds of intercommunal conflict and political violence, with an emphasis on the uses of arson as a means of terrorization, reprisal and de-territorialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antalya city is located in the Antalya section of the Mediterranean Region (Muratpaşa, Kepez, Döşemealtı, Aksu, and Konyaaltı). Antalya city, established and having flourishing in a very important area, stands out for its physical and human geographical features. The area and the periphery of Antalya city make considerable contributions to both the region and Turkey with its various functions and geographical characteristics. Over the last 35-40 years, the city has attracted growing attention in terms of its population and settlement features such as rich history, agriculture, industry, commerce, tourism, and transportation. Therefore, the city has come to suffer from such critical issues as disrupted agricultural areas, improper land use, disappearing water resources and natural vegetation, urban sprawl, and environmental problems. Its geographical location plays a decisive role in the identification of the human and physical characteristics of the research area. Thus, the population in Antalya city leads a life affected by the social, political, and economic characteristics arising from human and physical properties of the area. In the present study, field research has been carried out in various periods and down-to-ground conclusions have been drawn. For the purpose of the study, the maps were produced by ArcGIS10.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population, sex, age, occupation, belief, language and so many features of people are defined by censuses. The statistical data derived from censuses have vital importance in the process of making-policy. On the other hand, historical data are important sources for researchers those who are interested in social, economic and cultural features of the society .For this reason, the census data about the Ottoman period is one of the primary sources for historians studying in this field. The first modern census in the Ottoman State was conducted in 1831 during the reign of Mahmud II. In order to determine male population which were suitable for military service in the country, more comprehensive and detailed censuses were done in following years. In this paper, settlements, Yoruk tribes, administrative statues and demographic structures of the district of Erdemli in 19th century are identified. It is approached that Alata river, accepted as a border of two cities, has different social and economic features in this study. Especially, names of the settlement, Yoruk tribes, their population and distributions are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of this study is to analyse the present level of education in Çanakkale Province and to evaluate the effects of geographical factors in education. Education and geography are two terms corresponding to each other in our modern World. The reason behind this case is the fact that scientists mainly focus on a population which is the most dynamic factor of geography and the it's education. One of the major problems faced by the country's leading the World is to guarantee the number and quality of population that is vital for their future wellbeing. Taking this study into consideration, it would useful for our country to study on our educational geography so as to plan our future in terms of socio-economy. The aim of this study is to evaluate present condition of education with geographical factors in Çanakkale Province. Data from TUIK and data from local government of Çanakkale are used in this study. Besides, similar studies on the same topic are referred. According to the results of the study the average level of literate people and distribution to age groups in terms of education, the student number per classroom and teacher are above Turkey's rates. Finally with the data about literate population rate and it's distribution according to educational level, average students number per classroom which reflect educational level of the city have been studied and In terms of educational geography of Çanakkale province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population movements include changes in the population depending on migrations, births and deaths. Population movements are generally caused by natural events, and the mankind can maintain its existence by these movements. However, occasionally, major changes in the population might be caused by epidemics, wars and natural disasters. When the district of Gördes is analyzed in terms of population values; it is observed that the population growth is mostly due to births, and the declines in the population are due to the migrations. The district of Gördes, which is the subject of the study, is located within the borders of the Western Inner Part of the Aegean Region. It is within the administrative borders of Manisa province, and there are 1 district center and 64 neighborhoods (56 rural neighborhoods - villages) in the administrative area of the district. The research area is the district that has the 6th largest land zone in the province of Manisa, where it is administratively affiliated. It is also one of the least populated districts of the province. According to the address based population registration system, population of Gördes district was identified as 28,833 people in 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gerede, which is located in west part of Black Sea region, is in the administrative borders of Bolu Province. There have been increases and decreases in population because of both physical and socio-economic conditions throughout its history with different levels of interactions in rural and urban areas. Especially till the 1990s, rural population had been higher than urban one, then increase of urban population became higher. At the same time, it is an indicator of a migration from rural to urban. Total population of Gerede is 33445, 9377 of them live in rural areas and 24068 of them live in urban places according to the address-based population registration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kuruçay Basin, Eastern Anatolia Region, Upper Euphrates region, Inner Taurus Depressions region and Malatya Basin. The surface area of the basin is about 500 km2. The basin is naturally located on a road route. There are 6 settlements in the basin in 1560 and 13 settlements in 1935. This situation is due to the development of the population and the opening of new settlements. The population in the study area was 8914 in 1955, but rose up to 10708 in 1985 and declined to 7414 today. Population development is similar to those in the surrounding environment. In fact, settlements in the basin and their neighbors follow a similar pattern with the overall situation of the rural population in Turkey. In other words, the loss of population has become a common problem of rural settlements in Turkey. The distinctive feature of the research area in terms of population is the fact that migration is constantly on the agenda throughout its history. The migrations to Europe after 1960 and the inhabitants migrating within the country to begin in this period show that the population movement in the basin is excessive. This study tries to reveal the changes in the spatial distribution of the population in the basin with its rural characteristics, together with its causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eşrefoğulları Beylic is a Turkish beylic founded in the early 14th century, in Beyşehir and its surrounding regions. Beyşehir was founded and developed during Eşrefoğulları era and became an important center later on. The city, which developed architecturally and culturally around the social complex founded by Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey, advanced socio-economically by drawing the surplus of its hinterland as a commercial center of attraction. This development of Beyşehir city center went on during the Ottoman era as well. Beyşehir had a status of Sanjak center during the Ottoman era, which it preserved until 1842. Due to its potential Beyşehir manifested demographic development since the days of Eşrefoğulları. However, after it lost its status as a Beylic center and especially as a sanjak center population growth lost its momentum. It can be asserted that administrative, social and commercial issues played big roles in stopping of population growth. Such issues caused substantial population movements around Beyşehir and its surrounding regions. Those movements mainly composed of temporary and voluntary domestic migration movements which gained permanence later on, most of which were caused by economic factors. It has been seen that a substantial level of domestic migration took place from Beyşehir and its surrounding areas to big cities especially after mid-19th century. Futhermore, serious health issues caused by Beyşehir Lake during 19th and 20th centuries are considered to have led to important population movements. The current study deals with demographic development of Beyşehir since the days of Eşrefoğulları from social and economic angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Tokat situated in the inner parts of Middle black sea area was an important center providing educational services during the Ottoman Period. It was an attractive city for its economic vitality, cultural richness and social facilities for many students. The madrasahs of this city with its historical background up to the Turks’ entering Anatolia was still popular in the first half of XIXth century. There have been many academic publications about the architecture of madrasahs in Tokat and in Turkey, the importance of art history, relationships with the foundations (waqfs) and their importance in city life. Yet, there is no single essay on the students’ staying overnight at the madrasahs at a specific period and the characteristics of the madrasahs. In this study, it is aimed to have a look on the profiles of the students coming from other places to the madrasahs for educational purposes in Tokat in the middle of the XIXth century. With the help of the sources of Tokat Population Registers of XIXth century, this study aims to classify and analyze the students staying at madrasahs overnight, their ages, places of departure and destinations, and physical appearances. The subject has been examined with the help of five foreign Muslim sources compiled from 28 population and registered books of foreigners between the years of 1830-1850. From this point of view it has been aimed that population books had great impact on reflecting the role of the students having education in Ottoman madrasahs and information about the foreign students at local scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey rural population is divided into periods the general development of during the Republican period in Turkey, 1927-1945 periods of stable growth period, the 1945-1980 period dynamic growth and from 1980 to present, it is seen as a dynamic reduction period. Reaching the highest rural population in 1980 Turkey, but also in the rural and urban population rate is synchronized and corresponds to a rupture that turned against longer-term rural growth. In different branches of science, the focus of studies on Turkish villages is the "loss of population". There are a number of studies and recommendations to prevent the decline of the population in the villages. In this study was expressed first the process of declining the population in the villages was considered and then the distribution of the Turkish villages according to the population sizes. The main part of the study focuses on the villages with a tendency to decrease and increase population and their causes during the ABPRS period, between 2007-2012. Finally, it has been evaluated effective parameters and their results on the change of population in the villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, transportation is the most important activity that has gathered settlements in terms of economy and human. We cannot accept the transport activity as a factor existing only physically in one area. Because the transport activity produces huge effects on settlements in terms of human through the agency of both land and sea and air transports. The most considerable effect is settling – population. İstanbul, the biggest “Mega City” in our country, is conuenient for road haulage because of its topographical conditions. The D100 motorway and the TEM highway, extending from east to west across the city, affect the residential areas along their paths with regard to facilities such as industry, trade, settling and population. This interaction is significantly seen especially in Silivri, Büyükçekmece and Beylikdüzü of which the populations have started to increase rapidly, distanced approximately 60-80 kilometres from the city centre. At the same time, this study analysing the relationship between the countries located on the shares of the Marmara Sea with the highway route has been evaluated in the light of 15 years’ population data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]