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[EN] Biscogniauxia species are known as fungal trunk pathogens on various tree species in the world. During a survey of trunk diseases of fruit trees conducted in Iran, a branch dieback was observed on almond trees in Kerman province (in the Southeast of Iran). Evaluation of symptomatic branches revealed wood discoloration in cross-sections and the presence of fruiting bodies of an ascomycete fungus on their bark. A total of 31 fungal isolates were obtained, 13 isolates recovered from necrotic wood tissues and 18 isolates from fruiting bodies. These isolates were subjected to morphological analysis as well as sequencing analysis of the partial ITS-rDNA and beta tubulin gene sequences. These fungal isolates were identified as Biscogniauxia rosacearum. Results of the pathogenicity tests showed that this species is pathogenic on almond shoots. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report of this species on almond trees in Iran and in the world.

[ES] La hernia, causada por Plasmodiophora brassicae es una enfermedad importante de la colza en Alemania. El patógeno induce malformaciones en las raíces que interrumpen la función de la raíz y reducen la absorción de nutrientes y agua. La función de la raíz deteriorada afecta los parámetros de las plantas y reduce el rendimiento. El estilo de vida biotrófico del patógeno hace que sea imposible obtener cultivos del patógeno en crecimiento activo, para estudiarlo in vitro, en ausencia de raíces o células hospedadoras vivas, por lo que es necesario el desarrollo de métodos alternativos para analizarlo. El trabajo sobre la comprensión de la biología de P. brassicae y el hospedador ha sido limitado desde un punto de vista tecnológico. Se han aplicado métodos de tinción para identificar patógenos, estructuras del huésped y cambios en la célula huésped tras la infección, aunque todavía no se ha logrado la tinción selectiva de P. brassicae en un contexto de células vivas. Por lo tanto, en esta investigación, se seleccionó una variedad de métodos de tinción que intentaron cuantificar o estimar la viabilidad de las esporas de P. brassicae. Se comparó cada tinción con su modo de acción diferente, un bioensayo y un método molecular reciente para determinar un buen método para evaluar la viabilidad de las esporas en reposo, lo que posiblemente ayudaría a aumentar la comprensión de la biología de P. brassicae y las estrategias de infección. Especialmente este estudio proporciona usos beneficiosos tales como evaluaciones de tratamientos físicos y desinfectantes químicos o fungicidas utilizados para inactivar las esporas en reposo como parte de los protocolos de desinfección de equipos destinados a prevenir la propagación de P. brassicae., [EN] Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an important disease of oilseed rape in Germany. The pathogen induces malformations on the roots which disrupt the root function and reduce the nutrient and water uptake. The impaired root function affects plants parameters and reduces the yield. The pathogen's biotrophic lifestyle makes it impossible to obtain actively growing cultures of the pathogen, to study it in vitro, in the absence of living host roots or host cells, which the development of alternatives methods to analyze it is needed. The work on understanding the biology of P. brassicae and host has been limited from a technological point-of-view. Staining methods have been applied to identify pathogen, host structures and changes to the host cell upon infection, although selective staining of P. brassicae has not yet been achieved in a live cell context. Therefore, in this research, it was selected a range of staining methods that attempted to quantify or estimate spore viability of P. brassicae. Each staining with its different mode of action, a bioassay and a recent molecular method was compared to determine a good method to assess resting spore viability, which would possibly help increase the understanding of P. brassicae biology and infection strategies. Especially it brings beneficial uses like evaluations of physical treatments, and chemical disinfectants or fungicides used to inactivate resting spores as part of equipment sanitization protocols aimed at preventing the spread of P. brassicae.

[EN] Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (FOC) is an important soil-borne fungus that causes vascular wilt disease in Brassica crops, resulting in severe losses in both yield and quality. However, crop rotation and fungicide application are not effective to manage this disease due to the difficulty of eradicating this pathogen from the soil. Therefore, breeding of resistant cultivar is essential for the disease control. So far, a Japanese cabbage cultivar (cv.) Anju (Brassica oleracea), which contains an Anju-allele that localized in a single dominant resistant gene FOC-Bo1, has showed an enhanced resistance to FOC, while resistance in oilseed rape (B. napus, OSR) is still not available. Since OSR is a natural interspecific hybrid between B. oleracea and B. rapa, different turnip rape forms were crossed to the cabbage cv. Anju to generate the resynthesized OSR. The parental lines and the resynthesized lines were used in present study. Due to the similarity in colonization, other two vascular pathogens Verticillium longisporum (VL) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (XCC) was used to assess the cross-resistance of tested plant materials. To improve the assessment systems, several inoculation methods and a molecular detection system were evaluated, as well. To setup the evaluation methods, greenhouse experiments were conducted, in which 4 isolates of 3 pathogens were tested on two reference OSR plants with contrasting resistance responses. For FOC treatment, root dipping with conidia suspensions and soil inoculation with chlamydospores were applied. Although no significant variations in disease severity (DS) and stable correlations among different inoculation methods and spore concentrations were found in FOC treated trials, root dipping with 105 cfu/ml conidia suspension showed an obvious contrasting symptom in reference plants. Compared to soil inoculation with microsclerotia of VL, plants inoculated by root dipping with 106 cfu/ml conidia suspension displ, [ES] Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (FOC) es un hongo importante del suelo que causa la enfermedad del marchitamiento vascular en los cultivos de Brassica spp., lo que resulta en graves pérdidas tanto en rendimiento como en calidad. Sin embargo, la rotación de cultivos y la aplicación de fungicidas no son efectivas para manejar esta enfermedad debido a la dificultad de erradicar este patógeno del suelo. Por lo tanto, la reproducción de cultivares resistentes es esencial para el control de enfermedades. Hasta ahora, una variedad de col japonesa (cv.) Anju (Brassica oleracea), que contiene un alelo Anju que se localiza en un solo gen resistente dominante FOC-Bo1, ha mostrado una resistencia mejorada a FOC, mientras que la resistencia en colza (B .napus, OSR) todavía no está disponible. Dado que OSR es un híbrido interespecífico natural entre B. oleracea y B. rapa, se cruzaron diferentes formas de colza con el cv. de repollo Anju, para generar el OSR resintetizado. Las líneas parentales y las líneas resintetizadas se utilizaron en el presente estudio. Debido a la similitud en la colonización, otros dos patógenos vasculares Verticillium longisporum (VL) y Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (XCC) se utilizaron para evaluar la resistencia cruzada de los materiales vegetales probados. Para mejorar los sistemas de evaluación, también se evaluaron varios métodos de inoculación y un sistema de detección molecular. Para configurar los métodos de evaluación, se llevaron a cabo experimentos de invernadero, en los que se probaron 4 aislados de 3 patógenos en dos plantas OSR de referencia con respuestas de resistencia contrastantes. Para el tratamiento con FOC, se aplicó inmersión de raíces con suspensiones de conidios e inoculación del suelo con clamidosporas. Aunque no se encontraron variaciones significativas en la gravedad de la enfermedad (DS) y correlaciones estables entre los diferentes métodos de inoculación y concentraciones de esporas en los ensayos tratados c

[ES] En este estudio, se obtuvo un ADN defectivo (DI) dominante de 1 kb de remolacha azucarera infectada (SB), utilizando un sistema de amplificación de círculo rodante. Este DI contenía la región conservada, así como algunas partes de los genes C1 y C4 del virus Beet curly top virus (BCTV). El siguiente paso después del aislamiento de un DI fue hacer un clon infeccioso, que es importante para caracterizar y manipular un virus a nivel molecular y biológico. El clon infeccioso permite la manipulación del genoma viral a voluntad, lo que permite un análisis genético sin precedentes y el uso de virus como vectores para varios propósitos. Puede administrarse a plantas / células hospedadoras utilizando un sistema Agrobacterium. Este es el primer estudio de obtención de DI de plantas infectadas a corto plazo (5-6 dpi) y DI de BCTV que se replica en Agrobacterium. Todos los estudios anteriores han obtenido DI de plantas infectadas a largo plazo y lo han utilizado solo para producir transgénicos, este estudio representa el primer esfuerzo para explorar su replicación y estabilidad. Debido a la limitación de tiempo, no se pudieron realizar más experimentos para analizar la capacidad de carga de DI como vector de entrega de genes. En el futuro, se pueden clonar genes estándar de diferentes tamaños en el MCS y los clones exitosos se pueden probar para determinar la expresión génica en plantas usando infiltración de agrobacterias., [EN] In this study, a dominant 1kb defective DNA (DI) was obtained from the infected sugar beet (SB) using rolling circle amplification system. This DI contained the conserved region as well as some parts of C1 and C4 genes of Beet curly top virus (BCTV). The next step after isolation of a DI was to make an infectious clone, which is important to characterize and manipulate a virus at the molecular and biological levels. The infectious clone enables manipulation of the viral genome at will, allowing unprecedented genetic analysis and the use of viruses as vectors for several purposes. It can be delivered into host plants/cells using an Agrobacterium system. This is the first report of obtaining DI from short-term infected plants (5-6 dpi) and DI from BCTV replicating in agrobacterium. All the previous studies have obtained DI from long-term infected plants and used it only to produce transgenics, this study is the first effort to explore its replication and stability. Due to time limitation, further experiments could not be performed to analyze the cargo capacity of DI as a gene delivery vector. In future, standard genes of different sizes can be cloned in the MCS and the successful clones can be tested for gene expression in plants using agrobacterium infiltration.

[EN] Three phytopathogenic and one saprophytic fungi, as well as one bacterium strain, have been subject to our study for the sake of examining their ability to degrade the host nonspecific phytotoxin fusaric acid (FA) that is synthesized by numerous Fusarium spp. Despite the fact that its direct involvement in plant pathogenicity is still poorly understood, it is believed to contribute relatively to the virulence factor of Fusarium wilt disease in so many agricultural crops. Except for Fusarium graminearum, the rest of the fungal and bacterium strains were unable to transform FA that was incubated in minimal medium for three days. However, the HPLC-DAD analysis of culture from Fusarium graminearum FG71 strain incubated with FA in the minimal medium during 72 hours revealed the formation of a new compound accompanied by a proportional decrease of FA across time. The mass spectrometry analysis affirmed the metabolite as 5-butyl-2-pyridinemethanol, stated here as fusarinol, one less phytotoxic derivative of FA. Thus, F. graminearum FG71 strain might be a promising biological tool to detoxify FA and could be employed in Fusarium wilt control mechanisms. Nevertheless, further detailed studies are recommended and need to take place in the future in order to verify and confirm our findings., [ES] Tres hongos fitopatógenos y uno saprofito, así como una cepa de bacteria, han sido objeto de nuestro estudio con el fin de examinar su capacidad para degradar el ácido fusárico (FA), fitotoxina inespecífica del huésped, que es sintetizado por numerosos Fusarium spp. A pesar de que su participación directa en la patogenicidad de las plantas aún no se comprende bien, se cree que FA contribuye relativamente al factor de virulencia de la enfermedad del marchitamiento por Fusarium en muchos cultivos agrícolas. A excepción de Fusarium graminearum, el resto de las cepas de hongos y bacterias no pudieron transformar el FA que se incubó en un medio mínimo durante tres días. Sin embargo, el análisis por HPLC-DAD del cultivo de la cepa Fusarium graminearum FG71 incubada con FA en el medio mínimo durante 72 horas, reveló la formación de un nuevo compuesto acompañado de una disminución proporcional de FA a lo largo del tiempo. El análisis de espectrometría de masas confirmó el metabolito como 5-butil-2-piridinmetanol, indicado aquí como fusarinol, un derivado menos fitotóxico de FA. Por lo tanto, la cepa F. graminearum FG71 podría ser una herramienta biológica prometedora para desintoxicar la FA y podría emplearse en los mecanismos de control del marchitamiento por Fusarium. No obstante, se recomiendan más estudios detallados que deben realizarse en el futuro para verificar y confirmar nuestros hallazgos.

[EN] Viticulture is facing emerging challenges not only because of the effect of climate change on yield and composition of grapes, but also of a social demand for environmental-friendly agricultural management. Adaptation to these challenges is essential to guarantee the sustainability of viticulture. The aim of this review is to present adaptation possibilities from the soil-hidden, and often disregarded, part of the grapevine, the roots. The complexity of soil-root interactions makes necessary a comprehensive approach taking into account physiology, pathology and genetics, in order to outline strategies to improve viticulture adaptation to current and future threats. Rootstocks are the link between soil and scion in grafted crops, and they have played an essential role in viticulture since the introduction of phylloxera into Europe at the end of the 19th century. This review outlines current and future challenges that are threatening the sustainability of the wine sector and the relevant role that rootstocks can play to face these threats. We describe how rootstocks along with soil management can be exploited as an essential tool to deal with the effects of climate change and of emerging soil-borne pests and pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of diverse genetic strategies for rootstock breeding.

[ES] La podredumbre blanca o de cuello en lechuga, causada por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum y S. minor, es una de las enfermedades más importantes de la lechuga a nivel mundial, debido a las pérdidas que ocasiona y su difícil control. Estos dos hongos ascomicetos producen esclerocios, masas de hifas apelmazadas rodeadas por una capa de melanina resistente, que sirven tanto como estructuras de conservación y supervivencia como inóculo primario para cultivos de lechuga subsiguientes, consiguiendo así multiplicarse y diseminarse. Por ello, el control de los esclerocios, agentes causales de la podredumbre blanca, en suelo es esencial para la reducción del inóculo primario de estos hongos y, de este modo, reducir el nivel de infección inicial en parcelas de lechuga. Para este fin, existe un agente de control biológico, Coniothyrium minitans, que parasita los esclerocios de ambas especies. En este trabajo se ha usado una técnica de tamizado húmedo de suelo para la cuantificación de esclerocios de S. sclerotiorum y S. minor que permita determinar el número de esclerocios en suelos de campos comerciales de lechuga y se ha estudiado si la aplicación del agente de biocontrol C. minitans en un ciclo de cultivo de lechuga es efectivo para la disminución de las poblaciones de esclerocios viables de S. sclerotiorum y S. minor en suelo. Para ello, se realizaron experimentos con muestras procedentes de tres parcelas de cultivo de lechuga que habían sufrido infecciones de podredumbre blanca en años anteriores localizadas en Fuente Álamo (Murcia), Carnaxide (Lisboa) y en Algarrobina (Almería). Se marcaron dos subparcelas en cada parcela y en cada una de estas subparcelas se tomaron muestras de suelo para determinar la densidad de los esclerocios de S. sclerotiorum o S. minor, tras la primera recogida de muestras, una subparcela de cada parcela se trató con C. minitans y un año después se realizó la segunda toma de muestras. Tras dejar secar las muestras, se procedió a la recuperación de, [EN] Lettuce drop, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor is one of the most important diseases of lettuce worldwide, due to the losses it causes and its difficult control. These two ascomycete fungi produce sclerotia, masses of compressed hyfas, surrounded by a resistant layer of melanin, which serve as conservation and survival structures and as primary inoculum for subsequent lettuce crops, thereby they multiply and spread. Thus, the control of sclerotia, in soil is essential to reduce the primary inoculum of these fungi and, in this way, to reduce the initial level of infection in lettuce plots. For this purpose, a biological control agent exists, Coniothyrium minitans, which parasitizes the sclerotia of both species. In this paper a technique of moist sieved soil has been used for the quantification of S. sclerotiorum and S. minor sclerotia, that makes possible to determine the number of sclerotia in soils of lettuce crop fields. Moreover, it has been studied whether the application of the biocontrol agent C. minitans in a lettuce growing cycle is effective for the decrease of viable populations of S. sclerotiorum and S. minor sclerotia in soil. For that purpose, different experiments with samples of three different lettuce field, which suffered roteness infections previous years, placed in Fuente Álamo (Murcia), Carnaxide (Lisboa) and in Algarrobina (Almería), werw carried out. Two subplots were marked in each plot, and in each of these subplots different samples of soil were taken to determine the density of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum or S. minor, after the first sample collection, a subplot of each plot was treated with C. minitans , and a year after a second sample collection took place. After letting the samples dry, a sclerotia recovery in soil was made through the moist sieved technique, and their viability was studied. The results obtained showed that in all the soils of the three studied plots where C. minitans was applied, no significant di

[ES] El repilo, causado por el hongo Venturia oleaginea, es la enfermedad más importante del olivar español, tanto por su extensión como por los perjuicios que ocasiona en condiciones favorables para su desarrollo. El ataque de este hongo se ve favorecido por condiciones de lluvia, plantaciones densas y mal aireadas, y olivares próximos a zonas húmedas, pudiendo ocasionar graves defoliaciones que debilitan progresivamente al árbol y originan importantes pérdidas económicas. Venturia oleaginea es un patógeno que tiene una fuerte dependencia de las condiciones ambientales para su desarrollo. Actualmente tenemos un mayor conocimiento de la biología y epidemiología de la enfermedad, aunque todavía falta información, sobre todo ligada a su capacidad de esporulación en distintas condiciones climáticas. En este sentido, los objetivos de este trabajo son: (i) estudiar el desarrollo de las infecciones de repilo (sintomáticas y latentes) en un olivar de la comarca del Comtat durante la campaña de cultivo 2020-2021, (ii) estudiar la intensidad de la esporulación sobre esas lesiones, y (iii) validar el modelo epidemiológico disponible para repilo a través del sistema de ayuda a la toma de decisiones olivo.net. Para ello se realizó el seguimiento epidemiológico del repilo en una parcela de olivos de la variedad Blanqueta situada en la localidad de Alcocer de Planes, en la comarca del Comtat (Alicante), siguiendo un protocolo de monitoreo de la enfermedad. Se cogieron 100 hojas de 5 árboles, realizando muestreos quincenales en los que se valoró la incidencia y la severidad del repilo, las infecciones latentes mediante el método de la sosa, y la cuantificación de la esporulación de V. oleaginea en hojas con síntomas claros. Además, se recogieron datos de una estación climática situada en la zona que se utilizaron para comparar las salidas del modelo con los síntomas observados en campo. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán mejorar el conocimiento sobre la epidemiología del repilo e, [EN] Olive scab, caused by the fungus Venturia oleaginea, is the most important disease of the Spanish olive orchard, both for its extension and for the damage it causes under favorable conditions for its development. The attack of this fungus is favored by rainy conditions, dense and poorly aerated plantations, and olive groves close to humid areas, which can cause serious defoliation that progressively weaken the tree and cause significant economic losses. Venturia oleaginea is a pathogen that has a strong dependence on environmental conditions for its development. We currently have greater knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of the disease, although information is still lacking, especially related to its sporulation capacity in different climatic conditions. In this sense, the objectives of this work are: (i) to study the development of olive scab infections (symptomatic and latent) in an olive orchard of the Comtat region during the 2020-2021 growing season, (ii) to study the intensity of sporulation on these lesions, and (iii) validate the epidemiological model available for olive scab through the decision support system olivo.net. For this, epidemiological monitoring of the olive scab was carried out in a plot of olive trees of the Blanqueta variety located in the town of Alcocer de Planes, in the Comtat region (Alicante), following a disease monitoring protocol. Each two weeks 100 leaves were taken from 5 trees. In these leaves the incidence and severity of olive scab, and the presence of latent infections by the soda method, were evaluated. Moreover, the sporulation of V. oleaginea in leaves with clear symptoms was quantified. In addition, data were collected from a climatic station located in the area that were used to compare the outputs of the model with the symptoms observed in the field. The results obtained will improve the knowledge about the epidemiology of olive scab in the Valencian Community conditions and will allow to validate the epidemio

[ES] En el presente estudio se realizó un ensayo para el control de necrosis producidas por hongos en tallos de tomate, en un invernadero situado en la provincia de Almería, donde cada vez se exigen ciclos de cultivos más largos, aumentando de esa manera la producción por planta e intentando conseguir mayores beneficios. Una de las principales problemáticas que se presenta en este sistema de cultivo son las infecciones causadas por hongos en tallos. Éstas pueden hacer disminuir la producción si no se controlan, siendo una fuente de inoculo dentro del invernadero. Es por ello que este problema aumenta su importancia cuando alargamos los ciclos de cultivo. En este trabajo se compararon cuatro tratamientos curativos de heridas en tallo. Uno de los tratamientos consiste en la eliminación de la parte afectada sin realizar ningún tratamiento adicional (tratamiento control). En los tratamientos restantes, después de la eliminación de la parte afectada en los tallos, se realizó la aplicación de una pasta de arcilla y sílice, una pasta de cal con cobre, o un aerosol con imazalil. Para el ensayo se utilizaron 12 capillas de un invernadero, haciendo tres repeticiones en capillas distribuidas aleatoriamente por cada tratamiento. El número total de plantas con las que contó el estudio fueron 29.520. Los resultados de los tratamientos se evaluaron a partir del seguimiento semanal de los tallos sintomáticos tratados o no tratados durante 12 semanas, anotando para cada tratamiento el número de plantas en los que éste fue efectivo para el control de la enfermedad. Los resultados de plantas no recuperadas para cada uno de estos tratamientos supusieron una media de 8.80 % de plantas no recuperadas respecto a las plantas tratadas en el tratamiento control, un 7.14% para la aplicación de la pasta de arcilla y sílice, un 19.87% para cal con cobre, y un 2.53% para el tratamiento con imazalil. El análisis estadístico demostró la existencia de diferencias significativas en el tratamiento de, [EN] In the present study, a test was carried out for the control of necrosis produced by fungi in tomato stems, in a greenhouse located in the province of Almeria, where longer and longer crop cycles are increasingly required, thus increasing the production per plant and trying to achieve greater benefits. One of the main problems that arises in this culture system are infections caused by fungi in stems. They can reduce production if they are not controlled, this being a source of inoculum within the greenhouse. That is why this problem increases its importance when we lengthen the cultivation cycles. In this paper, four treatments for stem wound healing were compared. One treatment consisted of the removal of the affected part without performing any treatment (control). In the remaining treatments, after the removal of the affected part in the stems, the application of a clay and silica paste, a lime paste with copper, or an aerosol with imazalil was performed. For the trial, 12 chapels from a greenhouse were used, making three repetitions in chapels randomly distributed for each treatment. The total number of plants in the study was 29520. Treatment results were evaluated from weekly follow-up of treated or untreated symptomatic stems during 12 weeks, noting in each case the number of plants in which the treatment was effective for disease control. The results of non-recovered plants for each one of these treatments represented an average of 8.80% of non-recovered plants with respect to the plants treated in the control treatment, 7.14% for de application of a clay and silica paste, 19.87% for lime with copper and 2.53% for the treatment with imazalil. The statistical analysis showed the existence of significant differences in the treatment of lime and copper, which was the least effective compared to the others. The statistical analysis also showed that between the control treatment, the application of clay and silica paste, and imazalil there were no statistic

[ES] El patógeno Phaeomoniella chlamydospora es el agente causal de la enfermedad de Petri en plantas jóvenes de vid y de la Yesca en plantas adultas. Su forma de reproducción es asexual, dando lugar a conidios en conidióforos y también en picnidios. Éstos son dispersados principalmente por la lluvia y el viento, penetrando en la planta mediante las heridas de poda. En este estudio, se evalúa la efectividad de las cubiertas vegetales en viñedos actuando como barrera física a fin de evitar la dispersión del inóculo aéreo de P. chlamydospora, además de la influencia de las condiciones ambientales (temperatura, humedad y precipitación) sobre su dispersión. El experimento se localizó en un viñedo situado en Villar del Arzobispo (Valencia) y el periodo de estudio comprendió desde noviembre de 2019 hasta abril de 2020. Se instalaron capturadores de esporas en dos áreas de muestreo de las subparcelas con y sin cubierta vegetal. Además, se inocularon varios fragmentos de madera con el patógeno y fueron colocados en la zona central de cada área como fuente de inóculo. Los capturadores de esporas consistieron en cintas de plástico Melinex® impregnadas con silicona y fijadas en portaobjetos de vidrio, siendo situadas cerca de la fuente de inóculo y cerca de las plantas. Los capturadores se reemplazaron semanalmente y se llevaron al laboratorio donde se llevó a cabo la extracción de ADN de cada muestra para detectar el patógeno. Para ello se realizó una PCR anidada, realizando en la segunda ronda de la reacción una PCR a tiempo real (qPCR) utilizando cebadores específicos de P. chlamydospora. Con los datos obtenidos, se analizó el efecto de las cubiertas vegetales en la concentración de ADN del patógeno. Los resultados mostraron que el patógeno se detectó en un número mayor de semanas en los capturadores situados próximos a la fuente de inóculo. El análisis estadístico de los datos no mostró un efecto significativo de la presencia de cubierta vegetal en la concentración de ADN, [EN] The fungal pathogen Phaeomoniella chlamydospora causes Petri disease in young vine plants and Esca in adult plants. Its form of reproduction is asexual, giving rise to conidia in conidiophores and also in pycnidia. These are dispersed mainly by rain and wind, penetrating the plant through pruning wounds. In this study, the effectiveness of plant covers in vineyards is evaluated, acting as a physical barrier in order to avoid the dispersion of the aerial inoculum of P. chlamydospora, in addition to the influence of environmental conditions (temperature, humidity and rain events) on its dispersion. The experiment was located in a vineyard located in Villar del Arzobispo (Valencia) and the study period ranged from November 2019 to April 2020. Spore capturers were installed in two sampling areas of the subplots with and without plant cover. In addition, several wood fragments were inoculated with the pathogen and were placed in the central zone of each area as a source of inoculum. The spore catchers consisted of Melinex® plastic tapes impregnated with silicone and fixed on glass slides, being placed near the inoculum source and near the plants. The trappers were replaced weekly and taken to the laboratory where DNA extraction was carried out from each sample to detect the pathogen. To do this, a nested PCR was performed, performing in the second round of the reaction a real-time PCR (qPCR) using specific primers for P. chlamydospora. With the data obtained, the effect of plant covers on the DNA concentration of the pathogen was analyzed. The results showed that the pathogen was detected in a greater number of weeks in the trappers located close to the inoculum source. The statistical analysis of the data did not show a significant effect of the presence of vegetation cover on the DNA concentration of the detected pathogen. An increase in the DNA concentration of the detected pathogen associated with periods of increased rainfall and with average temperatures recor

[EN] Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are some of the most pressing threats to grape production worldwide. While these diseases are associated with several fungal pathogens, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum are important contributors to esca and Petri diseases. Recent research has linked grapevine xylem diameter with tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora in commercial rootstocks. In this study, we screen over 25 rootstocks for xylem characteristics and tolerance to both Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. minimum. Tolerance was measured by fungal incidence and DNA concentration (quantified via qPCR), while histological analyses were used to measure xylem characteristics, including xylem vessels diameter, density, and the proportion of the stem surface area covered by xylem vessels. Rootstocks were grouped into different classes based on xylem characteristics to assess the potential association between vasculature traits and pathogen tolerance. Our results revealed significant differences in all the analyzed xylem traits, and also in DNA concentration for both pathogens among the tested rootstocks. They corroborate the link between xylem vessels diameter and tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora. In Pm. minimum, the rootstocks with the widest xylem diameter proved the most susceptible. This relationship between vasculature development and pathogen tolerance has the potential to inform both cultivar choice and future rootstock breeding to reduce the detrimental impact of GTDs worldwide.

[EN] A field survey conducted on asymptomatic grapevine propagation material from nurseries and symptomatic young grapevines throughout different regions of Algeria yielded a collection of 70 Phaeoacremonium-like isolates and three Cadophora-like isolates. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of I3-tubulin (tub2) and actin, five Phaeoacremonium species were identified including Phaeoacremonium minimum (22 isolates), Phaeoacremonium venezuelense (19 isolates), Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (17 isolates), Phaeoacremonium australiense (8 isolates), and Phaeoacremon bun ira nianu m (4 isolates). The latter two species (P. australiense and P. iranianum) were reported for the first time in Algeria. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, tub2, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and morphological features, allowed the description of the three isolates belonging to the genus Cadophora (WAMC34, WAMC117, and WAMC118) as a novel species, named Cadophora sabaouae sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on grapevine cuttings cultivar Cardinal. All the identified species were pathogenic on grapevine cuttings.

[EN] Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are one of the main biotic stress factors affecting this crop. The use of tolerant grapevine cultivars would be an interesting and sustainable alternative strategy to control GTDs. To date, most studies about cultivar susceptibility have been conducted under controlled conditions, and little information is available about tolerance to natural infections caused by GTD fungi. The objectives of this study were: (i) to identify tolerant cultivars to GTD fungi within a Spanish germplasm collection, based on external symptoms observed in the vineyard; and (ii) to characterize the pathogenic mycoflora associated with symptomatic vines. For this purpose, a grapevine germplasm collection including 22 white and 25 red cultivars was monitored along three growing seasons, and their susceptibility for esca foliar symptoms was assessed. Fungi were identified by using morphological and molecular methods. Cultivars such as, 'Monastrell', 'Graciano', 'Cabernet Franc', 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Syrah', 'Moscatel de Alejandria', 'Sauvignon Blanc', and 'Airen' displayed high susceptibility to GTDs, whereas others such as 'Petit Verdot', 'Pinot Noir', 'Chardonnay', and 'Riesling' were considered as tolerant. The prevalent fungal species isolated from symptomatic vines were Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (27.9% of the fungal isolates), Cryptovalsa ampelina (24.6%), and Dothiorella sarmentorum (21.3%).

[EN] Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are a big threat for global viticulture. Without effective chemicals, biocontrol strategies are developed as alternatives to better cope with environmental concerns. A combination of biological control agents (BCAs) could even improve sustainable disease management through complementary ways of protection. In this study, we evaluated the combination of Bacillus subtilis (Bs) PTA-271 and Trichoderma atroviride (Ta) SC1 for the protection of Chardonnay and Tempranillo rootlings against Neofusicoccum parvum Bt67, an aggressive pathogen associated to Botryosphaeria dieback (BD). Indirect benefits offered by each BCA and their combination were then characterized in planta, as well as their direct benefits in vitro. Results provide evidence that (1) the cultivar contributes to the beneficial effects of Bs PTA-271 and Ta SC1 against N. parvum, and that (2) the in vitro BCA mutual antagonism switches to the strongest fungistatic effect toward Np-Bt67 in a three-way confrontation test. We also report for the first time the beneficial potential of a combination of BCA against Np-Bt67 especially in Tempranillo. Our findings highlight a common feature for both cultivars: salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defenses were strongly decreased in plants protected by the BCA, in contrast with symptomatic ones. We thus suggest that (1) the high basal expression of SA-dependent defenses in Tempranillo explains its highest susceptibility to N. parvum, and that (2) the cultivar-specific responses to the beneficial Bs PTA-271 and Ta SC1 remain to be further investigated.

[ES] El sulfoxaflor es un nuevo insecticida a base de sulfoximina que se ha introducido recientemente en la Unión Europea (UE), mientras que el acetamiprid es el único neonicotinoide que queda en el mercado de la UE después de la prohibición de otros cuatro neonicotinoides. Tanto el sulfoxaflor como la acetamiprid son agonistas de los receptores nicotínicos de acetilcolina del sistema nervioso central del insecto. La necesidad de investigar sus posibles riesgos frente a organismos no objetivo, sigue la recomendación de la Comisión Europea (CE). En este estudio, se evaluaron los efectos de la exposición crónica de dosis subletales de sulfoxaflor y acetamiprid (como sustancias activas de estándares analíticos) en los organismos modelo no objetivo, como el abejorro Bombus terrestris y el colémbolo Folsomia candida, que representan los polinizadores y organismos del suelo, respectivamente. El impacto de las dosis subletales contra los abejorros se probó en una solución de azúcar (5 ppb), mientras que las concentraciones realistas en campo de ambos insecticidas se probaron contra los colémbolos en suelo natural. Los resultados indicaron que acetamiprid no tuvo un impacto negativo significativo en el crecimiento de la colonia de abejorros, el número promedio de reinas, zánganos y obreras, mientras que las colonias que tuvieron acceso a sulfoxaflor produjeron un número promedio reducido de obreras. Ambas sustancias no provocaron cambios en la frecuencia respiratoria de los abejorros después de 28 días. Además, las muestras de suelo natural expuestas a acetamiprid (475,73 µg a.i./kg DW de suelo natural a 18 ° C) causaron un número reducido de colémbolos supervivientes a los 28 días después del tratamiento en comparación con el control no tratado. El número de colémbolos supervivientes no fue significativamente diferente entre los individuos expuestos a sulfoxaflor (228,35 µg a.i./kg DW de suelo natural a 18 ° C) y el control. Por lo tanto, las colonias de abejorros expuesta, [EN] Sulfoxaflor is a novel sulfoximine insecticide that has been recently introduced in the European Union (EU), while acetamiprid is the only neonicotinoid left in the EU market after four neonicotinoids were banned. Both sulfoxaflor and acetamiprid are agonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the insect¿s central nervous system. The need to investigate their possible risks against the non-target organisms follows the recommendation of the European Commission (EC). In this study, the effects of chronic exposure of sublethal doses of sulfoxaflor and acetamiprid (as active substances from analytical standards) on the non-target model organisms, such as the bumblebee Bombus terrestris and the springtail Folsomia candida, representing the pollinators and the soil organisms, respectively, were assessed. The impact of sublethal doses against the bumblebees was tested in sugar solution (5 ppb), while field-realistic concentrations of both insecticides were tested against the springtails in natural soil. Results indicated that acetamiprid had no significant negative impact on the bumblebee¿s colony growth, the average number of queens, drones, and workers, while colonies that had access to sulfoxaflor produced a reduced average number of the workers. Both substances did not cause changes in the respiration rate of the bumblebees after 28 days. Moreover, natural soil samples exposed to acetamiprid (475.73 µg a.i./kg DW of natural soil at 18°C) caused a reduced number of surviving springtails at 28 days after treatment compared to the untreated control. The number of surviving springtails was not significantly different between individuals exposed to sulfoxaflor (228.35 µg a.i./kg DW of natural soil at 18°C) and the control. Thus, bumblebee colonies exposed to sublethal doses of sulfoxaflor produced fewer workers, while field-realistic concentrations of acetamiprid caused a significant reduction in the surviving springtail in soil. Overall, this study provides d

[PT] A podridão de carvão causada por Macrophomina phaseolina é uma das principais doenças do feijão-caupi, causando perdas substanciais para os produtores. Na região semiárida do Brasil, o feijão-caupi é uma das alternativas utilizadas para rotação de culturas durante a entressafra do melão. Isso favorece a multiplicação de Macrophomina, uma vez que ambas as culturas são hospedeiras desse patógeno. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a patogenicidade em caupi de Macrophomina phaseolina e M. pseudophaseolina em caupi. Isolados de Macrophomina spp. obtidos das raízes de Trianthema portulacastrum e Boerhavia diffusa, espécies de plantas daninhas prevalentes em áreas de produção de melão no Nordeste brasileiro foram utilizadas neste estudo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação. Plantas de feijão-caupi 'Paulistinha' foram inoculados com 30 isolados de M. phaseolina, 30 isolados de M. pseudophaseolina e um isolado de referência de M. phaseolina obtido de raízes de feijão-caupi. Todos os isolados de Macrophomina foram patogênicos ao feijão-caupi, não havendo diferenças estatísticas entre as duas espécies de Macrophomina em relação à incidência e severidade da doença. Além disso, 65,2 e 100,0% dos isolados de M. phaseolina, e 56,2 e 92,8% dos isolados de M. pseudophaseolina, obtidos de T. portulacastrum e B. diffusa, respectivamente, foram tão severos ao feijão-caupi quanto o isolado de referência. Esses resultados enfatizam a necessidade de estabelecer práticas de manejo visando o controle de T. portucalastrum e B. diffusa nas áreas de produção de feijão-caupi, pois podem atuar como fontes de inóculo e sobrevivência para Macrophomina spp., [EN] Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is a major cowpea disease causing substantial losses to growers. In the semi-arid region of Brazil, cowpea is one of the most widely used alternatives for crop rotation during the off-season of melon. This favors Macrophomina multiplication because both crops are hosts of this pathogen. The objective of this study was to verify the pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina on cowpea. The Macrophomina spp. isolates used were obtained from the roots of Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhavia diffusa, weed species prevalent in melon production areas in North-east Brazilian The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. Cowpea plants cv. Paulistinha' were inoculated with 30 M. phaseolina isolates, 30 M. pseudophaseolina isolates and a reference isolate of H. phaseolina obtained from cowpea roots. All Macrophomina isolates were able to cause disease on cowpea and there were no statistical differences between both Macrophomina species regarding disease incidence and severity. Moreover, 65.2 and 100.0% of the M. phaseolina isolates, and 56.2 and 92.8% of the M. pseudophaseolina isolates, obtained from T. portulacastrum and B. diffusa, respectively, were as severe to cowpea as the M. phaseolina reference isolate from cowpea. These results emphasize the need to establish management practices aiming to control T. portucalastrum and B. diffusa from cowpea production areas, as they can act as potential sources of inoculum and survival for Macrophomina spp.

[EN] In this study, five new recently described Monosporascus species, M. brasiliensis, M. caatinguensis, M. mossoroensis, M. nordestinus, and M. semiaridus, which were found on weeds collected from cucurbit cultivation fields in northeastern Brazil, are characterized regarding mycelial growth at different pH levels and salinity (NaCl) concentrations, their pathogenicity to selected cucurbit species, and their sensitivity to fungicides with different modes of action. Our results reveal great variability among the representative isolates of each Monosporascus spp. All of them showed a wide range of tolerance to different pH levels, and NaCl significantly reduced their in vitro mycelial growth, although no concentration was able to inhibit them completely. In pathogenicity tests, all seedlings of cucurbits evaluated, melon, watermelon, cucumber, and pumpkin, were susceptible to the five Monosporascus spp. In greenhouse experiments using artificial inoculation of roots. Moreover, all Monosporascus spp. were highly susceptible to the fungicides fludioxonil and fluazinam. Our findings provide relevant information about the response of these new Monosporascus spp. to environmental factors, plant genotypes and fungicides.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Castro, G, Perpiñá, G, Esteras, C, Armengol, J, Picó, B, Pérez-de-Castro, A. Resistance in melon to Monosporascus cannonballus and M. eutypoides: Fungal pathogens associated with Monosporascus root rot and vine decline. Ann Appl Biol. 2020; 177: 101¿ 111, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12590. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving., [EN] The fungal species Monosporascus cannonballus and M. eutypoides have been described as the causal agents of Monosporascus root rot and vine decline disease (MRRVD), which mainly affects melon and watermelon crops. Resistance to M. cannonballus has been reported in some melon cultivars (ssp. melo). Moreover, melon ssp. agrestis accessions have proven to be better resistance sources. This is the case of the Korean accession 'Pat 81', highly resistant under field and artificial inoculation. The objective of the work here presented was the evaluation of the resistance to MRRVD of different accessions representing the variability of Cucumis melo ssp. agrestis, against both, M. cannonballus and M. eutypoides, in a multiyear assay under different infection conditions. In general, M. eutypoides was less aggressive than M. cannonballus in the different environmental conditions. There was a strong influence of temperature on MRRVD, with more severe symptoms with higher temperatures and with variable effect of infection on plant development depending on the fungal species considered. Resistance to MRRVD has been confirmed in 'Pat 81' and in its derived F1 with a susceptible Piel de Sapo melon. Among the new germplasm explored, African accessions (both wild agrestis and exotic cultivated acidulus) showed good performance in artificial inoculation assays and in field conditions. These sources do not present compatibility problems with commercial melons, so they can be introduced in backcrossing programs. The accession assayed of the wild relative Cucumis metuliferus, also resistant to Fusarium wilt and to root-knot nematode, was highly resistant to MRRVD. The interest of this accession mainly relies in its advantages as a rootstock for melon.

[EN] Juglans regia L. (English walnut) trees with cankers and dieback symptoms were observed in two regions in the Czech Republic. Isolations were made from diseased branches. In total, 138 fungal isolates representing 10 fungal species were obtained from wood samples and identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular methods: Cadophora novi-eboraci, Cadophora spadicis, Cryptovalsa ampelina, Diaporthe eres, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora, Eutypa lata, Ewypella sp., Peroneutypa scoparia, and Phaeoacremonium sicilianum. Pathogenicity tests conducted under field conditions with all species using the mycelium-plug method indicated that Eutypa lata and Cadophora spp. were highly virulent to woody stems of walnut. This is the first study to detect and identify fungal trunk pathogens associated with diseased walnut trees in Europe.

[EN] Survey and identification of fungi associated with grapewine trunk diseases. A survey and identification of fungal species associated with grapevine trunk diseases was conducted in vineyards located at Lanzarote island. Fifteen samples of grapevine plants showing typical symptoms of fungal trunk diseases were collected in different vineyards. Fungal isolations were performed from these samples and, subsequently, the identification of the colonies was completed by molecular methods based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with universal oligonucleotides and sequencing of different gene regions. The results confirmed the presence of: Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium minimun and Pm. parisiticum. This study reports for the first time these fungi in grapevine plants showing trunk disease symptoms on the island of Lanzarote and, in general, in the Canary Islands., [ES] Se ha realizado un muestreo e identificación de hongos asociados a las enfermedades de la madera de la vid en Lanzarote. Para ello, se recogieron 15 muestras de plantas de vid que presentaban síntomas característicos de estas enfermedades en viñedos de diferentes localizaciones y variedades. Se realizaron aislamientos fúngicos y, posteriormente, se realizó la identificación de las colonias obtenidas mediante métodos moleculares basados en la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) con oligonucleótidos universales y la secuenciación de diferentes regiones génicas. Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron la presencia de: Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium minimun y Pm. parisiticum. Este estudio cita por primera vez estos hongos en plantas de vid con síntomas asociados a enfermedades de la madera en Lanzarote y, en general, en las Islas Canarias.

[EN] Two hundred and twenty-fiveDiaportheisolates were collected from 2005 to 2019 in almond orchards showing twig cankers and shoot blight symptoms in five different regions across Spain. Multilocus DNA sequence analysis with five loci (ITS,tub,tef-1 alpha,calandhis), allowed the identification of four knownDiaporthespecies, namely:D. amygdali,D. eres,D. foeniculinaandD. phaseolorum. Moreover, a novel phylogenetic species,D. mediterranea, was described.Diaportheamygdaliwas the most prevalent species, due to the largest number of isolates (85.3%) obtained from all sampled regions. The second most frequent species wasD. foeniculina(10.2%), followed byD. mediterranea(3.6%),D.eresandD. phaseolorum, each with only one isolate. Pathogenicity tests were performed using one-year-old almond twigs cv. Vayro and representative isolates of the different species. Except forD. foeniculinaandD. phaseolorum, allDiaporthespecies were able to cause lesions significantly different from those developed on the uninoculated controls.Diaporthe mediterraneacaused the most severe symptoms. These results confirmD. amygdalias a key pathogen of almonds in Spain. Moreover, the new species,D. mediterranea, should also be considered as a potential important causal agent of twig cankers and shoot blight on this crop.

[EN] A qPCR-based method was developed to detect and quantifyPodosphaera pannosa, the main causal agent of peach powdery mildew. A primer pair was designed to target part of the ITS region of the fungal ribosomal DNA, which proved to be highly specific and sensitive. A minimum of 2.81 pg mu L(- 1)ofP. pannosaDNA and 6 conidia mL(- 1)in artificially-prepared conidia suspensions were found to be the limit of detection. Moreover, a quantification of conidia placed on plastic tapes commonly used in volumetric air samplers was performed. Regression equations on conidia quantification obtained either from aqueous conidia suspensions or conidia placed on plastic tapes were similar. The protocol was further validated in field conditions by estimating the number ofP. pannosaconidia obtained with an air sampler, by both microscopic and molecular quantification. Both techniques detected the peaks of conidia production during a 4-month sampling period, and a significant correlation (r = 0.772) was observed between both quantification methods. Additionally, the molecular method was applied to detect latent fungal inoculum in different plant parts of peach trees. The pathogen was detected mainly on the bark of affected twigs, and to a lesser extent, in foliar buds. The method developed here can be applied in the study ofP. pannosaepidemiology and can help in improving the management of this pathogen through its early detection and quantification.

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Negreiros, Andréia Mitsa Paiva, Naama Jéssica de Assis Melo, Hohana Lissa de Sousa Medeiros, Fernando Henrique Alves Silva, Josep Armengol, and Rui Sales Júnior. 2020. "Characterization of Adaptability Components of Brazilian Isolates of Macrophomina Pseudophaseolina". Journal of Phytopathology 168 (7-8). Wiley: 490-99. doi:10.1111/jph.12927. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.", [EN] Macrophomina pseudophaseolina is a new Macrophomina species reported on different crop and weed species in Brazil, India and Senegal, but to date there are no studies about its adaptability components. In this work, a collection of 62 M. pseudophaseolina isolates obtained from roots of the weed species Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhavia diffusa collected in Northeastern Brazil, was used to: (a) study the effect of temperature and salinity on mycelial growth, (b) to determine their sensitivity to the fungicide carbendazim and (c) to assess their aggressiveness on melon and watermelon seedlings. Results showed variability among M. pseudophaseolina isolates. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth ranged between 26.4 and 38.1oC. NaCl reduced the in vitro growth of all isolates, which were also highly sensitive to the fungicide carbendazim, exhibiting EC50 values ranging from 0.013 to 0.089 mg/L a.i. Disease severity values on melon and watermelon seedlings showed that M. pseudophaseolina isolates were more aggressive in melon than in watermelon. Information about adaptability components of M. pseudophaseolina obtained in this study could be incorporated on breeding programs for melon and watermelon crops.

[EN] Neofusicoccum australe is one of the most important Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens occurring on fruit and vine crops. This fungus was recently taxonomically reassessed, identifying N. stellenboschiana as a separate species. Previous pathogenicity studies used N. stellenboschiana and N. australe isolates as N. australe, so assessment of the pathogenicity of these two species on grapevine and other hosts was required. A pathogenicity trial was conducted on detached shoots of grapevine, plum, apple, olive and Peruvian pepper tree. Shoots were individually inoculated with 11 N. australe and eight N. stellenboschiana isolates originally isolated from grapevine, plum, apple, olive, Peruvian pepper and fig. Both species formed lesions on all five hosts and were reisolated 5 weeks post-inoculation. In general, the largest lesions were formed on plum and smallest on Peruvian pepper. Isolate host origin did not influence ability to cause lesions on other hosts. Isolates of N. australe and N. stellenboschiana differed in virulence on the various hosts, ranging from those that caused the largest lesions, a group causing intermediate lesions, and another causing lesions similar to uninoculated controls. The study demonstrates that N. australe and N. stellenboschiana isolates originating from various fruit hosts can infect alternative hosts including grapevine and other major fruit crops.

[EN] Branch and trunk canker diseases have become prevalent on nut crops in Iran. During 2015 to 2018, extensive field surveys were conducted on 58 almond, 43 pistachio and 80 walnut orchards in Iran to study fungal pathogens associated with symptomatic trees. One hundred and fifty-six representative fungal isolates were selected and identified based on morphological characteristics and by phylogenetic comparison of DNA sequence data. Fungal species found were Collophorina hispanica, Pleurostoma richardsiae, nine species of Phaeoacremonium (namely P. angustius, P. cinereum, P. italicum, P. fraxinopennsylvanicum, P. minimum, P. parasiticum, P. scolyti, P. tuscanum and P. viticola), 11 species of Botryosphaeriaceae (namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia gallae, D. mutila, D. seriata, Dothiorella plurivora, Do. sarmentorum, Do. viticola, Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. mahajangana, L. theobromae and Neofusicoccum parvum), four species of Diatrypaceae (namely Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis, Diatrype whitmanensis, Eutypella citricola and E. vitis) and two non-identified Eutypella spp. (Eutypella sp. 1 and Eutypella sp. 2). Some of these species represent new reports in Iran and/or are reported for the first time in their respective hosts. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that most of these fungi were pathogenic to inoculated almond, pistachio and walnut shoots. Therefore, more importance should be given to fungal trunk pathogens in Iran, and specific management strategies should be included within the nut crops IPM management programs, with the aim of improving their sustainability.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Berbegal, M., Ramón¿Albalat, A., León, M. and Armengol, J. (2020), Evaluation of long¿term protection from nursery to vineyard provided by Trichoderma atroviride SC1 against fungal grapevine trunk pathogens. Pest. Manag. Sci., 76: 967-977, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5605. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving., [EN] BACKGROUND Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) represent a threat to viticulture, being responsible for important economic losses worldwide. Nursery and vineyard experiments were set up to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 to reduce infections of GTD pathogens in grapevine planting material during the propagation process and to assess the long-term protection provided by this biocontrol agent on grapevine plants in young vineyards during two growing seasons. RESULTS Reductions of some GTD pathogen incidence and severity were found on grapevine propagation material after nursery application of T. atroviride SC1 during the grafting process, and also after additional T. atroviride SC1 treatments performed during two growing seasons in young vineyards, when compared with untreated plants. CONCLUSION Trichoderma atroviride SC1 showed promise to reduce infections caused by some GTD pathogens in nurseries, and also when establishing new vineyards. This biological control agent could possibly be a valuable component in an integrated management approach where various strategies are combined to reduce GTD infections.

[ES] En el presente trabajo se presenta un ensayo para observar el efecto del tratamiento con un producto de control biológico que contiene Trichoderma, en plantas jóvenes de vid injertadas en vivero. Se realizaron tratamientos en los siguientes momentos: fase de hidratación, fase de formación del callo basal y antes de la plantación de las plantas injertadas en el campo de enraizamiento. Se compararon plantas tratadas y no tratadas, analizándose la presencia de hongos de la madera en la zona de la raíz, en la base del portainjerto y en la zona del injerto. Asimismo, se analizó el porcentaje de plantas brotadas y que presentaron un buen desarrollo. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron un efecto favorable del tratamiento con Trichoderma tanto sobre el porcentaje de plantas brotadas como en la reducción de la presencia de infecciones causadas por hongos de la madera, [EN] In this work we present a study to determine the effect of the treatment with a biological control product that contains Trichoderma, in young grapevine plants grafted in nursery conditions. Treatments were carried out at the following times: during hydration phase, at the basal callus formation phase and before planting of the grafted plants in the rooting field. Treated and untreated plants were compared, analyzing the presence of grapevine trunk fungi in the root zone, at the base of the rootstock and in the grafting area. The percentage of sprouted plants that showed good development was also analyzed. The results of this study showed a favorable effect of Trichoderma treatment both on the percentage of sprouted plants and on the reduction of the presence of infections caused by fungal grapevine trunk pathogens.

[ES] Desde diciembre de 2019 hasta mayo-junio de 2020, varetas de madera de vid, inoculadas artificialmente con los hongos Phaeoacremonium minimum y Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, dos de los principales hongos de la madera en cultivo de la vid que están asociados a la Yesca y la enfermedad de Petri, se dispusieron en dos viñedos situados en Villena y en Villar del Arzobispo. El objetivo era obtener información sobre la producción de peritecios de Pm. minimum y picnidios de Pa. chlamydospora en condiciones ambientales de campo. Para la inoculación de las varetas, éstas se autoclavaron en bolsas de plástico y, después, en cada bolsa se pipetearon 30 ml de suspensión de esporas de diferentes aislados de cada especie fúngica. En el caso de Pm. minimum, se utilizaron aislados sexualmente compatibles. Las bolsas se incubaron a 25º C en oscuridad durante cuatro semanas para facilitar la completa colonización de las varetas de madera. Las varetas se llevaron a campo a final de diciembre, con dos repeticiones por especie y aislado. Las varetas se recogieron regularmente aproximadamente cada 15 días, para estudiar la posible presencia de estructuras reproductivas y la supervivencia de los hongos, no observándose que desarrollaran ni peritecios de Pm. minimum ni picnidios de Pa. chlamydospora en las varetas de vid. También se realizaron aislamientos de hongos en estas mismas varetas a partir de la segunda fecha de muestreo, para así observar si los hongos permanecían vivos durante todo el transcurso del experimento , estos aislamientos confirmaron que Pm. minimum y Pa. chlamydospora sobreviven en madera infectada durante un largo periodo de tiempo, de al menos 6-7 meses, teniendo un porcentaje mayor de supervivencia la especie Pm. minimum que Pa. chlamydospora., [EN] From December 2019 to May-June 2020, grapevine cuttings, artificially inoculated with Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora fungi, two of the main grapevine trunk pathogens associated with esca and Petri diseases, were placed in two vineyards located in Villena and Villar del Arzobispo. The objective was to obtain information about the production of perithecia from Pm. minimum and pycnidia of Pa. chlamydospora under environmental field conditions. For the inoculation of the cuttings, they were autoclaved in plastic bags and, later, 30 ml of spore suspension of different isolates of each fungal species were pipetted into each bag. In the case of Pm. minimum, sexually compatible isolates were used. The bags were incubated at 25 ° C in the dark for four weeks to facilitate complete colonization of the cuttings. The inoculated cuttings were placed in the field at the end of December with two repetitions per species and isolate. The cuttings were regularly collected approximately every 15 days, to study the possible presence of reproductive structures and the survival of the fungi, not observing that there were perithecia of Pm. minimum or pycnidia of Pa. chlamydospora. Fungal isolations were also made in these same cuttings from the second sampling date, in order to observe if the fungi remained alive throughout the experiment, these isolations confirmed that Pm. minimum and Pa. chlamydospora survive in infected wood for a long period of time, at least 6-7 months, with the Pm. minimum species having a higher percentage of survival than Pa. chlamydospora.

[EN] Fusicladium eriobotryae is the causal agent of loquat scab, the main disease damaging fruit, leaves and young twigs of this crop. A two-growing season study (2015¿2016 and 2016¿2017) was carried out in two loquat orchards (cv ¿Algerie¿) to determine the inoculum sources of F. eriobotryae by direct observation of conidia, pathogen isolation on culture media and detection using a new real time PCR protocol developed in this study. One-year-old twigs, fruit peduncles and fruit mummies were randomly sampled three times per growing season on each orchard, and inflorescences only at flowering. Conidia of F. eriobotryae were not found and the isolation of the pathogen was neither possible from any sample in both seasons. Specific primers FUG2F and FUG2R, were designed to detect and quantify DNA of F. eriobotryae on plant material, with a limit of detection (LOD) established at 48.6 fg/¿l. The DNA of the pathogen was not detected by real time PCR in fruit mummies nor inflorescences. It was detected in fruit peduncles and twigs in the season 2016¿2017 with concentrations ranging from 50 to 2742 fg/¿l, confirming that this two loquat organs might act as potential inoculum sources for F. eriobotryae. The detection of F. eriobotryae only in this season agrees with the predictions of an epidemiological model for this pathogen. Our results indicate that in years with a high disease pressure, fruit twigs and peduncles might act as a source of inoculum of new infections the following year.

[EN] Although the fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora is the most commonly detected causal agent of Petri disease and esca, two important fungal grapevine trunk diseases, little is known about the dispersal patterns of P. chlamydospora inoculum. In this work, we studied the dispersal of P. chlamydospora airborne inoculum from 2016 to 2018 in two viticultural areas of eastern (Ontinyent) and northern (Logroño) Spain. The vineyards were monitored weekly from November to April using microscope slide traps, and P. chlamydospora was detected and quantified by a specific real-time quantitative (qPCR) method set up in this work. The method was found to be sensitive, and a good correlation was observed between numbers of P. chlamydospora conidia (counted by microscope) and DNA copy numbers (quantified by qPCR). We consistently detected DNA of P. chlamydospora at both locations and in all seasons but in different quantities. In most cases, DNA was first detected in the last half of November, and most of the DNA was detected from December to early April. When rain was used as a predictor of P. chlamydospora DNA detection in traps, false-negative detections were observed, but these involved only 4% of the total. The dispersal pattern of P. chlamydospora DNA over time was best described (R2 = 0.765 and concordance correlation coefficient = 0.870) by a Gompertz equation, with time expressed as hydrothermal time (a physiological time accounting for the effects of temperature and rain). This equation could be used to predict periods with a high risk of dispersal of P. chlamydospora

[ES] La enfermedad de Petri en planta joven y la Yesca en planta adulta son enfermedades fúngicas de la madera de la vid (EFMV) que han sido ampliamente estudiadas en los últimos años dadas las importantes pérdidas que causan en el cultivo. Ambas se asocian con diferentes patógenos fúngicos, entre ellos diversas especies de género Phaeoacremonium, siendo P. minimum (= P. aleophilum) la especie más frecuente en todo el mundo. Actualmente, no existen medidas eficientes para la completa erradicación de los hongos asociados a las EFMV, por lo que el objetivo fundamental es mejorar la calidad sanitaria del material de propagación e intentar reducir las infecciones causadas por estos patógenos en el viñedo. Estudios preliminares realizados con varios portainjertos comerciales comúnmente utilizados en España, han demostrado que existe variabilidad en la colonización de la madera de la vid por diferentes especies de hongos asociados a EFMV, resultando en diferencias significativas en el desarrollo vegetativo de los portainjertos. Estos resultados son prometedores y sugieren que nuevos estudios serían necesarios para determinar el potencial que el uso de diferentes materiales vegetales ofrece como estrategia de manejo de las EFMV. En el presente trabajo se caracterizará la resistencia de 26 portainjertos de vid comúnmente utilizados en programas de mejora, asociada a la colonización de P. minimum en plantas inoculadas. Para ello se procederá a la cuantificación de la biomasa del patógeno mediante PCR a tiempo real. Además, se obtuvo una curva patrón a partir de la cual se establecieron los parámetros de detección del patógeno en material vegetal. Los resultados del aislamiento y cuantificación, fueron muy variables, incluso entre varias repeticiones de un mismo material donde se detectar al patógeno y sin embargo el aislamiento no resulto ser positivo. Gracias a la cuantificación en fg/µl se encontraron varios materiales muy tolerantes a la infección por Pm. minimum puesto q, [EN] Petri disease in young plants and Esca in adult plants are grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) that have been widely studied in recent years given the significant losses they cause in grapevine crops. Both diseases are associated with different fungal pathogens, including various species of the Phaeoacremonium genus, with Pm. minimum (= P. aleophilum) being the most frequent one. Currently, there are no efficient measures for the complete eradication of fungi associated with GTD, so the main objective is to improve the sanitary quality of the propagation material and try to reduce the infections caused by these pathogens in the vineyard. Preliminary studies carried out with several commercial rootstocks commonly used in Spain, have shown that there is variability in the colonization of grapevine wood by different species of fungi associated with GTD, resulting in significant differences in the vegetative development of rootstocks. These results are promising and suggest that new studies would be necessary to determine the potential that the use of different plant materials offers as aged management strategy. In this work we studied the susceptibility of 48 vine rootstocks commonly used in breeding programs, associated with the colonization of Pm. minimum in inoculated plants. A quantification of the biomass of the pathogen was carried out by means of real-time PCR. In addition, a standard curve was obtained from which the pathogen detection parameters in plant material were established. The results of the isolation and quantification were very variable, even between several repetitions of the same material where the pathogen was detected and the isolation wasn’t positive. Thanks to the quantification in fg / µl several materials were found to be very tolerant to Pm minimum infection since fungal material was hardly found in them.

[ES] La presencia de enfermedades causadas por hongos y oomicetos en los cultivos hortícolas es una de las principales causas de pérdidas de la cosecha, ya sea por muerte de la planta, o por disminución de la cantidad y calidad de su producción. Estas enfermedades no solo actúan durante el cultivo en plena producción, sino que su acción se puede iniciar desde la semilla y/o desde la plántula en el semillero, donde el patógeno puede multiplicarse y propagarse rápidamente a un gran número de plantas. Además, en algunos casos los síntomas de la enfermedad no se manifiestan durante la permanencia de las plántulas en el semillero; por tanto, la dispersión del patógeno a las áreas de cultivo de destino puede ser significativa. En este trabajo se realizó el seguimiento y diagnóstico de enfermedades causadas por hongos y oomicetos en un vivero de producción de cultivos hortícolas situado en El Perelló (Valencia). Para ello, se realizaron muestreos regulares de plantas de diferentes cultivos tales como cebolla, tomate, pimiento, sandía, etc., que presentaron síntomas de estas enfermedades. Estas muestras se analizaron en el laboratorio para diagnosticar los agentes causales mediante el uso de técnicas clásicas de aislamiento en medio de cultivo, seguido del estudio morfológico de las colonias obtenidas, y técnicas moleculares que incluyeron la secuenciación de diferentes regiones génicas. Se consiguieron aislar hongos y/u oomicetos fitopatógenos en 24 de las 49 muestras de plántulas hortícolas estudiadas, lo cual representa un porcentaje del 49% de muestras que fueron positivas para la presencia de hongos y/u oomicetos fitopatógenos. En las muestras positivas se detectaron los siguientes hongos y oomicetos: Alternaria sp., Botrytis cinerea, Bremia lactucae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, Phytium sp., P. cryptoirregulare, Rhizoctonia solani y Thielaviopsis basicola, que se presentaron con frecuencia variable dependiendo tanto del hospedante como del órgano afectado. Los, [EN] The presence of diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes in horticultural crops is one of the main causes of crop losses, either by plant death, or by decreasing the quantity and quality of its production. These diseases not only act during cultivation in full production, but their action can be initiated from the seed and/or the seedling in the nursery, where the pathogen can multiply and spread rapidly to many plants. In addition, in some cases the symptoms of the disease do not manifest during the permanence of seedlings in the seedbed; therefore, the dispersion of the pathogen to the target culture areas can be significant. In this work, the monitoring and diagnosis of diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes was carried out in a nursery producing horticultural crops located in El Perelló (Valencia). To do this, regular sampling of plants from different crops such as onion, tomato, pepper, watermelon, etc., which exhibited symptoms of these diseases, were conducted. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory to diagnose causal agents using classical isolation techniques in culture medium, followed by the morphological study of the colonies obtained, and molecular techniques that included sequencing of different gene regions. Fungi and/or oomycetes were isolated in 24 of the 49 samples of horticultural seedlings studied, representing a percentage of 49% of samples that were positive for the presence of fungi and/or oomycetes. The following fungi and oomycetes were detected in the positive samples: Alternaria sp., Botrytis cinerea, Bremia lactucae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, Phytium sp., P. cryptoirregulare, Rhizoctonia solani and Thielaviopsis basicola, which frequence was variable depending on both the host as well as the affected organ. The pathogens detected are common in horticultural plant production nurseries, except P. cryptoirregulare, of which there are no references about its presence in onion seedlings., [CA] La presència de malalties causades per fongs i oomicets en els cultius hortotícoles és una de les principals causes de pèrdua de cultius, ja sigui per la mort del vegetal, o per la disminució de la quantitat i qualitat de la seva producció. Aquestes malalties no només actuen durant el cultiu en plena producció, sinó que la seva acció es pot iniciar a partir de la llavor i/o de les plàntules en el planter, on el patogen pot multiplicar-se i estendre's ràpidament a un gran nombre de plantes. A més, en alguns casos els símptomes de la malaltia no es manifesten durant la permanència de plàntules en el planter; per tant, la dispersió del patogen a les zones de cultiu pot ser significativa. Per tant,en aquest treball el seguiment i diagnòstic de les malalties causades per fongs i oomicets es duu a terme en un planter de cultiushortícoles que es troba a el Perelló (València). Per a això, es varen prendre mostres regularment de les plantes de diferents cultius com la ceba, el tomàquet, el pebre, la síndria, etc., que exhibeixen símptomes d'aquestes malalties. Aquestes mostres van ser analitzades al laboratori per diagnosticar agents causals utilitzant tècniques d'aïllament clàssic en l medi de cultiu, seguida per l'estudi morfològic de les colònies obtingudes, i tècniques moleculars que incloïen seqüenciació de diferents regions gèniques. Fongs i/o oomicets phytopathogènics van ser aïllats en 24 de les 49 mostres de plantes hortícoles estudiades, representant un percentatge del 49% de mostres que eren positives per a la presència de fongs i/o oomicets phytopathogènics. Els següents fongs i oomycets van ser detectats en les mostres positives: Alternaria sp., Botrytis cinerea, Bremia lactucae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, Phytium sp., P. cryptoirregulare, Rhizoctonia solani i Thielaviopsis basicola, que sovint es varen trobar amb freqüència variable en funció del hoste, així com l'òrgan afectat. Els patògens detectats són comuns en les plantes hortícoles, a excep

[ES] Tomicus destruens y Orthotomicus erosus son dos especies de insectos pertenecientes a la subfamilia de los escolitinos, habitantes habituales de los montes. Estos coleópteros son considerados parásitos secundarios que no atacan árboles sanos y utilizan árboles debilitados como sustrato para reproducirse y aumentar su población. La escasez de lluvias de los últimos años está produciendo un debilitamiento generalizado de los pinares de la Comunidad Valenciana y, en consecuencia, un gran aumento de las poblaciones de estos insectos, convirtiéndolos en plagas. Se han estudiado dos pinares de Pinus halepensis, uno situado en la pedanía de Massarrojos, conocido como La Pedrera, y el otro comprende la pinada de la Devesa del Saler. La Pedrera sufrió en los últimos años un importante ataque de Tomicus destruens y Orthotomicus erosus que obligó a cortar numerosos pies con presencia de estos insectos o con signos de ataque. Sin embargo, no se observaron daños en los pinos de la Devesa. Para el seguimiento de los coleópteros forestales se instalaron trampas para insectos forestales tipo CROSSTRAP con colector seco y atrayentes cairomonales de Tomicus destruens. En este trabajo se ha estudiado comparativamente la abundancia y curva de vuelo de los coleópteros presentes en ambos pinares, a la vez que, con la captura de los coleópteros, se contribuía a disminuir el nivel de insectos. La abundancia de T. destruens en la Pedrera fue muy alta, mientras que apenas se capturaron especímenes de este insecto en la Devesa. El volumen de capturas de O. erosus también fue elevado, aunque la diferencia con T. destruens no fue tan marcada como en la Pedrera. El nivel de capturas de estos dos insectos estuvo correlacionado con el nivel de daños en las dos zonas. La especie Hylurgus micklitzi fue bastante abundante y la única que registró un número de capturas muy similar para ambas zonas. En general, el periodo de vuelo de los coleópteros forestales capturados (escolitinos y cerambícidos, [EN] Tomicus destruens and Orthotomicus erosus are two insect species pertaining to the Scolytinae subfamily, common inhabitants of the forests. These beetles are considered secondary parasites that don’t attack healthy trees, and use weakened trees as a substrate to reproduce and increase their population. The drought of the last years is producing a generalized weakening of the pine forests of the Valencian Community and, consequently, a great increase of the populations of these insects. The study area is a Pinus halepensis pine forest located in the district of Massarrojos (Valencia). In recent years this plot suffered an important attack of Tomicus destruens and Orthotomicus erosus, forcing to cut many trees with the presence of these insects or signs of their attack. Five CROSSTRAP forest insect traps with dry receptacle and Tomicus destruens cairomonal attractant ECONEX brand were installed on the perimeter for monitoring the plague. In this work the abundance and flight curve of the bark beetles has been studied and, in addition, their capture contributed to reduce the pests level. In view of the possibility that bark bettles were vectors of fungal pathogens that could contribute to the decay of the pine forest, in vitro fungal cultures by plating the insects in PDAS culture medium (potato, dextrose, agar and streptomycin) were made. The study focused on determining the possible presence of fungi belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family, and more specifically Sphaeropsis sapinea. This fungus causes different symptoms, among them the death of nursery seedlings, desiccation of shoots, stem and trunk cankers, and bluestaining of wood. In addition, certain factors such as insect pests and drought can induce special virulence and considerable damage. The knowledge of the bark bettles plague and their role as vectors of diseases allows designing control strategies to these insects that are key pests in the pine forests of Valencian Community.

[EN] During a survey of black foot disease in Algerian grapevine nurseries, a collection of 79 Cylindrocarpon-like isolates were obtained. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of histone H3 (his3), three species of Dactylonectria were identified including Dactylonectria torresensis (40 isolates), D. macrodidyma (24 isolates) and D. novozelandica (14 isolates). In addition, one isolate belonging to the genus Pleiocarpon was found and it is described here as a new species, Pleiocarpon algeriense, based on morphological features and DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), beta-tubulin (tub2), large subunit nrDNA (LSU) and histone H3 (his3). This is the first time that these species are reported in Algeria. Pathogenicity tests, were conducted with representative isolates from each species. All of them were able to induce typical necrosis symptoms on grapevine cuttings. These results emphasize the urgent need to implement an integrated management strategy for black foot disease in Algerian grapevine nurseries in order to reduce the incidence of this disease on grapevine planting material and to prevent that it spreads to new grapevine production areas.

[EN] A crop monitoring system was developed for monitor organic fertilization status of tomato plants at early stages. An automatic and nondestructive approach was used to analyze tomato plants with different levels of water-soluble organic fertilizer (3+5 NK) and vermicompost. The evaluation system was composed by a multispectral camera with five lenses: green (550nm), red (660nm), red edge (735nm), near infrared (790nm) + 16MP RGB and a computational image processing system. The water-soluble fertilizer was applied weekly in four different treatments: (T0: 0 ml, T1: 6.25 ml, T2: 12.5 ml and T3: 25 ml) and the vermicompost was added in the 1st (T0: 0ml; T1: 75 ml; T2:150ml; T3: 300 ml) and in the 5th week (T0: 0ml; T1: 237,5 ml; T2:475ml; T3: 950 ml). The trial was conducted in a greenhouse and 192 images were taken with each lens. An plant segmentation algorithm was developed and several vegetation indexes were calculated: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), Red-Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RENDVI), Nonlinear Vegetation Index (NLI), Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), Green Ratio Vegetation Index (GRVI), Simple Ratio (SR), Modified Simple Ratio (MSR), Structure Intensive Pigment Index 2 (SPI2) and Leaf Chlorophyll Index (LCI). Multiple morphological features were obtained through image processing and the results were compared between treatments using Tukey¿s HSD test with 1% of probability. The morphological features such as, Area, Filled Area, Convex Area, Perimeter, Major Axis Length, Minor Axis Length and Equivalent Diameter revealed to be feasible to distinguish between the control and the organic fertilized plants despite the vegetation indexes. The system was developed in order to be assembled in a precision organic fertilization robotic platform., [ES] Se ha desarrollado un sistema de monitoreo de cultivos para supervisar el estado nutricional de las plantas de tomate en las primeras etapas de desarrollo. Se utilizó un enfoque automático y no destructivo para analizar las plantas de tomate con diferentes niveles de fertilizante orgánico soluble en agua (3 + 5 NK) y humus de lombriz. El sistema de evaluación estaba compuesto por una cámara multiespectral con cinco lentes: verde (550nm), rojo (660nm), borde rojo (735nm), infrarrojo cercano (790nm) + 16MP RGB y un sistema de procesamiento de imágenes computacional. El fertilizante soluble se aplicó semanalmente en cuatro tratamientos diferentes: (T0: 0 ml, T1: 6.25 ml, T2: 12.5 ml y T3: 25 ml) y el vermicompost se añadió en la primera (T0: 0 ml; ml, T2: 150 ml, T3: 300 ml) y en la quinta semana (T0: 0 ml, T1: 237.5 ml, T2: 475 ml, T3: 950 ml). El ensayo se realizó en invernadero y se tomaron 192 imágenes con cada lente. Se desarrolló un algoritmo de segmentación y múltiples índices de vegetación fueron calculados: Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI), Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada Verde (GNDVI), Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada de Borde Rojo (RENDVI), Índice de Vegetación No Lineal (NLI), Índice de Vegetación Ajustado y Optimizado para el Suelo (OSAVI), Índice de Vegetación de Proporción Verde (GRVI), Proporción Simple (SR), Proporción Simple Modificada (MSR), Índice de Pigmento Intensivo de Estructura 2 (SPI2) e Índice de Clorofila de la Hoja (LCI). Adicionalmente al cálculo de índices, se obtuvieron múltiples características morfológicas a través del procesamiento de imágenes y los resultados se compararon entre los tratamientos utilizando la prueba HSD de Tukey con un 1% de probabilidad. Las características morfológicas tales como: Área, Área rellena, Área convexa, Perímetro, Longitud del eje mayor, Longitud del eje menor y Diámetro Equivalente se revelaron más útiles para distinguir entre el control y las plant

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Rêgo, T.J.S., Elena, G., Correia, K.C., Tovar‐Pedraza, J.M., Câmara, M.P.S., Armengol, J., Michereff, S.J. and Berbegal, M. (2019), Genetic diversity and population structure of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from different hosts in northeastern Brazil and Mexico. Plant Pathol, 68: 930-938. doi:10.1111/ppa.12997 , which has been published in final form athttps://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12997. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving., [EN] Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the most frequent fungal pathogens associated with dieback, gummosis, leaf spot, stem-end rot and fruit rot symptoms in cashew, mango, papaya and grapevine. In this study, the variation in the genetic diversity of 117 L. theobromae isolates from northeastern Brazil (n = 100) and Mexico (n = 17), which were collected from these four crops, was analysed using microsatellite markers. The results revealed low genetic diversity among L. theobromae populations and the existence of two genetic groups. All Mexican isolates were grouped with Brazilian isolates, suggesting a low level of differentiation between these populations. Furthermore, no evident host or climate-based population differentiation was observed for L. theobromae in Brazil. The populations studied were mostly clonal, but additional studies are needed to better understand the mode of reproduction of the pathogen. The low genetic diversity of L. theobromae populations in northeastern Brazil suggests that resistant cultivars could be used as a durable management strategy to reduce the impact of the diseases caused by this pathogen.

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"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Negreiros, AMP, Sales Júnior, R, León, M, et al. Identification and pathogenicity of Macrophomina species collected from weeds in melon fields in Northeastern Brazil. J Phytopathol. 2019; 167: 326 337. , which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12801. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.", [EN] In this work, a collection of 94 Macrophomina isolates obtained from roots of two weed species, Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhavia diffusa, collected during surveys conducted during 2015 and 2016 in melon production fields in Northeastern Brazil, were characterized by using molecular techniques. Phylogenetic analysis of the EF1-alpha gene allowed the identification of 32 isolates as M. phaseolina and 62 isolates as M. pseudophaseolina. Results of a pathogenicity test performed on melon seedlings of the cv. "Gladial" revealed that all M. phaseolina isolates inoculated were able to cause disease to melon seedlings, but only some M. pseudophaseolina isolates were able to infect them. This study represents the first report of M. pseudophaseolina in both T. portulacastrum and B. diffusa weeds, which are prevalent in the main Brazilian melon producing and exporting regions. Information about the biology and epidemiology of M. pseudophaseolina is scarce because of its recent description; thus, further research is needed for a better understanding of this fungus as a potentially emerging pathogen of melon and other crops.

[ES] Phaeoacremonium minimum y Phaeomoniella chlamydospora son dos de los principales hongos de la madera de la vid asociados a la Yesca y la enfermedad de Petri en este cultivo. La información sobre la biología de estos hongos patógenos es todavía escasa. Por ejemplo, no se conocen las condiciones de temperatura que determinan la formación de la fase sexual (teleomorfo) de Pm. minimum y del sinanamorfo de Pa. chlamydospora. En este estudio se ha evaluado la formación de ambas estructuras reproductivas a las temperaturas de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 y 30 ºC durante un mes y medio de incubación bajo luz continua. Para todas estas condiciones, se determinó el tiempo en que tardan en desarrollarse los peritecios de Pm. minimum y los picnidios de Pa. chlamydospora, y su abundancia., [EN] Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora are two of the main fungal grapevine trunk pathogens associated with Esca and Petri diseases in this crop. Information on the biology of these pathogenic fungi is still scarce. For example, the temperature conditions that determine the formation of the sexual morph (teleomorph) of Pm minimum and of the sunanamorph of Pa. chlamydospora are not well known. In this study the formation of both reproductive structures has been evaluated at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ºC during a month and a half of incubation under conditions of continuous light. For all these conditions, the time it takes to develop the perithecia of Pm. minimum and the pycnidia of Pa. chlamydospora, and their abundance was determined.

[ES] La Yesca de la vid es una enfermedad producida por varios hongos que afectan a la madera, que penetran a través de heridas de poda y que provocan una desecación progresiva de la planta, que puede llegar a morir. Esta enfermedad se encuentra presente en todas las comarcas vitícolas españolas y en los últimos años ha habido un aumento notorio de su incidencia, provocando numerosas pérdidas en la producción. Esto supone un gran problema para los viticultores, ya que en la actualidad no existe ningún tratamiento químico que controle las enfermedades de la madera. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio para conocer la sensibilidad de diversos cultivares de vid al complejo fúngico de la Yesca. Para ello, se realizó el seguimiento de la enfermedad en nueve parcelas incluidas dentro de la producción de la Cooperativa La Viña, localizada en La Font de la Figuera, en las que se cultivan las variedades Cabernet Sauvignon, Malvasía, Monastrell, Syrah y Tempranillo. En cada una de estas parcelas se marcaron diez plantas en las que se siguió la progresión de los síntomas de la enfermedad desde el 5 de julio de 2018 hasta el 29 de agosto de 2018. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la presencia de esta enfermedad y de sus hongos asociados en la zona es relevante, ya que se observaron plantas sintomáticas en todas las parcelas, aunque con índices de daño variables. En cuanto a la sensibilidad de los cultivares estudiados, los más afectados fueron Monastrell, Syrah y Tempranillo., [EN] Esca disease of grapevine is a disease caused by several fungi that affect the wood, which penetrate through pruning wounds and cause a progressive drying of the plant, which eventually may dye. This disease is present in all Spanish grapevine growing regions and, in recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in its incidence, causing numerous losses in production. This represents a big problem for grapevine growers, since at present there is no chemical treatment to control trunk diseases. The objective of this work was to carry out a study to evaluate the sensitivity of different grapevine cultivars to the Esca fungal complex. For this purpose, the disease was monitored in nine vineyards included in the production of Cooperativa La Viña, located in La Font de la Figuera, where the varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Malvasía, Monastrell, Syrah and Tempranillo are cultivated. In each of these vineyards ten plants were marked. In them, the progression of the symptoms of the disease was monitored from July 5 to August 29, 2018. The results obtained showed that the presence of this disease and its associated fungi in the area is relevant, since symptomatic plants were observed in all the plots, although with variable damage indexes. Regarding the sensitivity of the cultivars studied, the most severely affected were Monastrell, Syrah and Tempranillo.

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Negreiros, AMP, Júnior, RS, Rodrigues, APMS, León, M, Armengol, J. Prevalent weeds collected from cucurbit fields in Northeastern Brazil reveal new species diversity in the genus Monosporascus. Ann Appl Biol. 2019; 174: 349 363. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12493, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12493. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.", [EN] Fungal species belonging to the ascomycete genus Monosporascus have no known asexual morph and the ascocarp is a globose perithecium where asci develop, containing from 1 to 6 spherical ascospores, depending on the species. Monosporascus cannonballus is the most well-known species of the genus, and an important root pathogen associated with the vine decline of melon and watermelon crops worldwide. The aim of the present study was to characterise a collection of 35 Monosporascus-like isolates recovered from roots of two weed species prevalent in cucurbit growing fields in Northeastern Brazil: Boerhavia diffusa and Trianthema portulacastrum. These isolates were identified based on DNA sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions (ITS) of the nuclear rDNA, part of the translation elongation factor gene (tef-1), part of the -tubulin gene (tub), part of the nuclear small subunit (SSU) rDNA and part of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA. Five Monosporascus species, namely Monosporascus brasiliensis, Monosporascus caatinguensis, Monosporascus mossoroensis, Monosporascus nordestinus and Monosporascus semiaridus, are newly described. Monosporascus brasiliensis, M. nordestinus and M. semiaridus were isolated from both weed species, while M. caatinguensis only from T. portulacastrum and M. mossoroensis only from B. diffusa. The present study confirms that Monosporascus spp. can colonise roots of very diverse hosts, even without causing noticeable disease symptoms, and reveals that the diversity of species in the genus Monosporascus is potentially greater than previously expected.

[ES] Las enfermedades fúngicas de la madera de la vid se han convertido en un grave problema para la sostenibilidad de este cultivo debido a que causan importantes pérdidas de producción y suponen costes económicos adicionales. Los hongos patógenos asociados a estas enfermedades causan síntomas similares y además es frecuente detectar en las vides la presencia de dos o tres o más de estas especies simultáneamente. En este trabajo se ha realizado un estudio de las diferentes especies de hongos que provocan enfermedades de madera en el viñedo de Lanzarote, del cual no hay estudios anteriores. Para ello, se han recogido muestras de viña que presentaban síntomas propios de enfermedades de madera en diferentes localizaciones de la isla. Dichas zonas se localizaban en La Geria (Parcelas: Bilbao, Palmeras, Chupadero y Tablero) y en Uga (Parcela: Las Peñas 1), ambas zonas pertenecientes al municipio de Yaiza en Lanzarote. Se realizaron aislamientos fúngicos de las muestras y, posteriormente, se realizó la identificación de las colonias obtenidas mediante métodos moleculares basados en la Reacción en Cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) con oligonucleótidos universales y la secuenciación de diferentes regiones génicas. Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron la presencia de hongos causantes de enfermedades de la madera en la mayoría de las muestras estudiadas., [EN] Fungal grapevine trunk pathogens have become limiting factor for the sustainability of this crop, resulting in significant losses of production and additional economic costs. The pathogenic fungi associated with these diseases cause similar symptoms and it is also common to detect in the vines the presence of two, three or more of these species simultaneously. In this work, a study of the different species of fungi that cause trunk diseases in the vineyard of Lanzarote has been carried out, of which there are no previous studies. To do this, samples from vineyards showing symptoms of these diseases in different locations on the island were collected. These vineyards were located in La Geria (Plots: Bilbao, Palmeras, Chupadero and Tablero) and in Uga (Plot: Las Peñas 1), both zones belonging to the municipality of Yaiza. Fungal isolations of the samples were made and, subsequently, the identification of the colonies obtained by molecular methods based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with universal oligonucleotides, and the sequencing of different gene regions was also carried out. The results obtained confirmed the presence of fungal trunk pathogens in most of the samples studied.