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Inbreeding is practically impossible to avoid in the livestock breeding and it is particularly hard to keep it under control in the populations under a high selection pressure. The main reason is excessive usage of genetically superior sires. The study aimed to examine the effect of inbreeding on the birth weight of Saanen goat kids under the framework of the genetic animal model for maternal traits. All growth traits until weaning are not only influenced by the genes of the individual for growth (direct additive genetic effect), but also by the maternal genetic composition (indirect maternal genetic effect) and by nongenetic environment provided by the dams (permanent environment effect). Ministry of Agriculture provided all the data used in the study. The birth weight (BW) was available for the 17990 among a total of 21118 animals in the pedigree. The estimated ratios of variance components for direct genetic effects, indirect maternal genetic effects, maternal permanent environment, and herd were 0.127, 0.026, 0.163, and 0.373, respectively. According to the estimated coefficient of inbreeding (F), 60% percent of the animals in the pedigree were inbred to some degree. However, the majority of the inbreds (81%) had a really long path (F0.20) was determined in only 5% of the inbreds. These frequencies, in addition to the average F (0.042 for inbreds and 0.025 for the entire population) implicate that mating of closely related individuals in this population is under control. Inbreeding did not statistically affect BW (= 0.0001 ; P>0.05) but generalization of this effect should be performed with great caution because inbreeding depression could have been masked by positive response to selection and imbalanced non-experimental data.

Pedigree analysis is an important tool for assessing genetic variability and detecting heritage patterns in domestic animals. This study aimed to 1) assess genetic variability, 2) estimate genetic parameters for daily milk yield (DMY), fat content (FC), and protein content (PC), and 3) estimate the impact of inbreeding on the aforementioned dairy traits in Istrian sheep breed. The generation interval was 3.8 years. The average family size per sire and dam was 13.5 and 1.6, respectively. There were 923 female and 282 male founders (f), 105 male and 137 female effective founders (fe), and 72 male and 95 female effective ancestors (fa). A total of 28 sires and 34 dams explained 50% of the genetic variability. The effective number of male and female founder genomes (fne) was 33 and 53, respectively. Low fe/f (0.37 and 0.15), high fe/fa (1.45 and 1.44), and low fne/fe (0.45 and 0.39) for males and females indicated overuse of a small number of animals in reproduction and substantial loss of founder alleles. The heritabilities of MY, FC, and PC were 0.09, 0.03, and 0.06, respectively. Genetic correlations between DMY and FC, DMY and PC, and FC and PC were −0.22, −0.27, and 0.70, respectively. Regression of phenotypes on inbreeding coefficient (F) within the animal genetic model revealed negligible inbreeding depression for all traits (p.05).

The Istrian sheep breed has been subjected to selection for dairy traits for more than two decades. However, a detailed study of some important population-specific parameters such as effective population size (Ne) and connectedness between flocks has never been carried out. The aim of the study was to examine the above parameters in dairy Istrian sheep subjected to a national selection program. The Ne was estimated as the mean rate of increase in coancestry, and connectedness was determined using four different statistics. The Ne was estimated at 73 animals with pedigree constraints imposed on 4 equivalent generations and 3 full generations. Analysis of ΔNe (“sliding window approach”) revealed a negative ΔNe indicating a progressive loss of genetic variability (ΔNeNEG≥4 = −6.6, p &lt, 0.01, ΔNeNFG≥3 = −4.9, p &gt, 0.05). The overall connectedness (r¯ ~ 0.0001) was below the acceptable level for unbiased ranking of the animals belonging to different flocks (ri,j&nbsp, = 0.05). OCS appears to be the best option for the long-term survival (self-sufficiency) of the breed, but genetic links between flocks need to be strengthened to allow unbiased ranking of the animals based on the estimated breeding values.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of parity and litter size on dairy traits in Istrian ewes. The following traits were analysed: lactation milk yield (LMY), daily milk yield (DMY), fat yield (FY), fat content (FC), protein yield (PY), protein content (PC), lactose yield (LY), and lactose content (LC). Lactation records (n=6481) collected on 2786 ewes were analyzed using a statistical model adjusted for unbalanced data structure accounting for all the available sources of phenotypic variability. Parity had a statistically significant effect on all the investigated traits (P

The study aimed to examine the effect of inbreeding on the birth weight (BW) of Saanen goat kids under the framework of the genetic animal model for maternal traits. The BW of the kids was analyzed as the inherent phenotypic trait of the kid, and not of their mothers (does) which means that the impact of the direct inbreeding (not maternal) was examined. The estimated ratios of variance components for direct genetic, indirect maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental, and herd effects were 0.127, 0.026, 0.163, and 0.373, respectively. The average coefficient of inbreeding (F) was 2.5%, and 4.2% among the inbreds. The results of the preliminary conducted glm ANCOVA analysis implicated statistically significant inbreeding depression for BW (βF=-0.0076, P0.05)., Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj uzgoja u srodstvu na porodnu masu jaradi sanske pasmine koza genetskim “animal” modelom za materinska svojstva. Pritom je svojstvo porodne mase promatrano kao inherentno svojstvo jaradi, a ne njihovih majki (koza) što znači da je analiziran utjecaj direktnog, a ne maternalnog uzgoja u srodstvu. Procijenjeni udjeli komponenti varijance za direktne genske učinke, indirektne materinske genske učinke, trajne materinske učinke te učinke stada bili su redom 0,127, 0,026, 0,163 i 0,373. Prosječni utvrđeni koeficijent uzgoja u srodstvu (F) bio je 2.5%, a inbirdiranih jedinki 4.2%. Rezultati preliminarno provedene glm ANCOVA analize upućivali su na postojanje statistički značajne inbriding depresije za porodnu masu jaradi (βF=-0,0076, P 0,05).

The objective of the study was to estimate genetic parameters and other estimable sources of phenotypic variability for daily milk yield (DMY), fat content (FC), and protein content (PC) in the Pag sheep breed reared in predominantly outdoor breeding environment. A total of 79,937 phenotypic records from 7132 ewes were used in the analysis. After pruning of the pedigree, a total of 7870 animals were included in the additive relationship matrix. Single – trait (ST) and multi – trait (MT) approaches were applied in the statistical analysis using fixed regression repeatability test–day model. Parity, litter size, season of lambing, flock, stage of lactation, and age at lambing were fitted as fixed effects, while additive genetic, permanent environment, and flock–test–day as random effects. The estimates of heritabilities with MT model were 0.32, 0.19, and 0.40 for DMY, FC, and PC, respectively. Repeatabilities for DMY, FC, and PC were 0.46, 0.21, and 044, respectively. Negative genetic correlations were found evident between DMY and FC (–0.35), and DMY and PC (–0.36), while positive between FC and PC (0.66). The average reliabilities of breeding values (BVs) for DMY, FC, and PC for ewes were 0.771, 0.788, and 0.846, and for rams 0.675, 0.677, and 0.708, respectively. Estimates of genetic parameters and reliabilities of BVs with ST approach were very similar to MT approach as well as ranking of the animals based on BVs. Rank correlations of BVs between examined approaches (ST and MT) for DMY, FC, and PC were 0.995, 0.987, and 0.999 for ewes, and 0.991, 0.984, and 0.998 for rams, respectively. The use of the MT approach provided small gain in accuracy of genetic evaluation, but we encourage its usage wherever possible, particularly taking into account small size of dairy sheep populations and negligible extra computational costs.

Factors affecting growth of young animals were examined in numerous studies relying on various experimental designs and statistical analyses of collected data. In order to provide truthful inferences of examined effect, statistical analysis of test day records must be conducted in a very specific way. The study aimed to exemplify the usage of the random regression coefficient approach in the analysis of the early growth of kids. A total of 3376 test-day body weights repeatedly collected on 644 Alpine and Saanen kids (raised under the same environmental conditions) were used in the statistical analysis. Fitting the age as quadratic regression within kids in the random part of the statistical model helped to determine the effects of gender, breed, and type of birth on growth rate of the kids. The post-fitting statistical analysis revealed that gender was most influential among the examined effects. Males exhibited significantly faster growth than females in practically all examined points of age. Type of birth only negligibly affected growth of experimental kids. Singletons were slightly heavier than twins immediately after birth while it was vice versa at the end of experiment. Breed did not affect growth performances of the kids at any stage of examined age. Along with the findings of the study, the intention of the authors was to initiate a widespread usage of the random regression coefficient approach in studies based on similarly structured data.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of parity and litter size on dairy traits in Istrian ewes. The following traits were analysed: lactation milk yield, daily milk yield, fat yield, fat content, protein yield, protein content, lactose yield, and lactose content. Lactation records (n = 6,481) collected on 2,786 ewes were analyzed using a statistical model adjusted for unbalanced data structure accounting for all the available sources of phenotypic variability. Parity had a statistically significant effect on all the investigated traits (P, Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj redoslijeda laktacije i veličine legla na svojstva mliječnosti istarskih ovaca. Analizirana su sljedeća svojstva: ukupna laktacijska količina mlijeka, prosječna dnevna količina mlijeka, prinos masti, sadržaj masti, prinos proteina, sadržaj proteina, prinos laktoze i sadržaj laktoze. Laktacijski zapisi (n = 6481) prikupljeni na ukupno 2786 ovaca su analizirani su pomoću statističkog modela prilagođenog neuravnoteženoj strukturi podataka uvažavajući sve raspoložive izvore fenotipske varijabilnosti. Utvrđen je statistički značajan utjecaj redoslijeda laktacije na sva istraživana svojstva (P

This study aimed to examine the impact of ewe’s age at first lambing (AFL) on days in milk (DIM), average daily milk yield (DMY), and total milk yield (TMY). Symmetrical bimodal distribution of AFL enabled classification of maidens in those mated in the first (47%) or second year of life (53%). After accounting for all available sources of phenotypic variability with the linear mixed model for repeated records, it was estimated that AFL had a statistically significant effect only on DIM (p &lt, 0.001). The litter size had a significant effect only on TMY (p &lt, 0.001), while the effect of the parity was significant for all the examined traits (p &lt, 0.001). The results of the study suggest that prolongation of age at first mating to the second year of life is not justified in dairy-orientated sheep farms. However, more evidence on this issue is needed for generalization, especially considering some other traits that can impact profitability of dual-purpose sheep farms (reproduction traits, growth rate of lambs, etc.).

Heavy metals cause serious problems in the environment, and they can be accumulated in organisms, especially in the higher fungi. The concentration of Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg in 10 species of edible mushrooms in Medvednica Nature Park, Croatia was therefore determined. In addition, the similarity between the studied species was determined by cluster analysis based on concentrations of the aforementioned metals in the fruiting bodies. The contents of nickel, chromium, lead, cadmium, and mercury in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms were obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The highest concentrations of Ni (3.62 mg kg(-1)), Cr (3.01 mg kg(-1)), and Cd (2.67 mg kg(-1)) were determined in Agaricus campestris. The highest concentration of Pb (1.67 mg kg(-1)) was determined in Macrolepiota procera, and the highest concentration of Hg (2.39 mg kg(-1)) was determined in Boletus edulis. The concentration of all heavy metals significantly differed (p 0.001) between examined saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Considering anatomical part of the fruiting body (cap-stipe), a considerably higher concentration of the analyzed elements was found in the cap for all mushroom species. According to calculated bioconcentration factors, all the examined species were found to be bioexclusors of Ni, Cr, and Pb and bioaccumulators of Cd and Hg. Cluster analysis performed on the basis of the accumulation of the studied metals revealed great phenotypic similarity of mushroom species belonging to the same genus and partial similarity of species of the same ecological affiliation.

The aim of this work was to study the intramuscular fatty acid profile of Mediterranean lambs using a meta-analysis. The database was created from five journal articles and one doctoral dissertation, and included lambs of the Talaverana, Comisana, Churra Tensina, Merino Branco and Pramenka breeds. All analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis and R statistical software. According to the overall pooled result, lambs of Mediterranean breeds included in our meta-analysis had 22.85 % of palmitic (C16:0), 14.78 % of stearic (C18:0) and 5.32 % of myristic acid (C14:0). The overall pooled result for oleic acid (C18:1) was 32.53 %, and it was 5.60 % for linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and 1.95 % for α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). Regardless of the proportions of the main fatty acids, Mediterranean lambs had 47.85 % of SFA (saturated fatty acid), 37.87 % of MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) and 11.50 % of PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid). The overall pooled result for the PUFA / SFA ratio was 0.23, and it was 2.22 for the n-6 /n-3 ratio. The results of our meta-analysis enabled us to gain an important scientific insight into the lipid profile of intramuscular fat in Mediterranean lambs. A systematic combination of quantitative data from several carefully selected studies provided estimates of greater statistical power and enabled a more truthful comparison of results originating from different independent studies than any previously published research on this issue.

The objective of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of genetic improvement via domestic selection and import for backfat thickness and time on test in a conventional pig breeding programme for Landrace (L) and Large-White (LW) breeds. Phenotype data was available for 25 553 L and 10 432 LW pigs born between 2002 and 2012 from four large-scale farms and 72 family farms. Pedigree information indicated whether each animal was born and registered within the domestic breeding programme or has been imported. This information was used for defining the genetic groups of unknown parents in a pedigree and the partitioning analysis. Breeding values were estimated using a Bayesian analysis of an animal model with and without genetic groups. Such analysis enabled full Bayesian inference of the genetic trends and their partitioning by the origin of germplasm. Estimates of genetic group indicated that imported germplasm was overall better than domestic and substantial changes in estimates of breeding values was observed when genetic group were fitted. The estimated genetic trends in L were favourable and significantly different from zero by the end of the analysed period. Overall, the genetic trends in LW were not different from zero. The relative contribution of imported germplasm to genetic trends was large, especially towards the end of analysed period with 78% and 67% in L and from 50% to 67% in LW. The analyses suggest that domestic breeding activities and sources of imported animals need to be re-evaluated, in particular in LW breed.

Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) contents in ten species of edible mushrooms in Trakoscan, Croatia were determined. In addition, the similarity between the studied species was determined by cluster analysis. The cap and stipe of the fruiting bodies were analysed separately. The analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The highest mean lead concentration in cap of 1.91 and 1.60 mg kg -1 was determined in cap and stipe of Macrolepiota procera. The highest mean concentration of cadmium (3.23 and 2.24 mg kg-1) was determined in cap and stipe of Agaricus campestris and of mercury (2.56 and 2.35 mg kg-1) in Boletus edulis. In terms of the anatomical part of the fruiting body (cap-stipe), a considerably greater concentration of the analysed elements was found in the cap for all mushroom species. According to calculated bio-concentration factors, all the examined species were found to be bio- accumulators of Cd and Hg. On the basis of the accumulation of the studied metals, great phenotypic similarity of mushroom species belonging to the same genus and partial similarity of species of the same ecological affiliation was obtained by cluster analysis.

The study was conducted on Saanen goats raised in Croatia. The object of the study was to determine the average litter size (LS), birth weight (BW) and total litter weight (TLW). The study included a total of 2 500 goats among which 1 786 were phenotyped. A total of 6 349 records for BW and 4 256 records for LS and TLW were used in descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Determined averages for LS, BW and TLW were 1.74 lambs, 3.27 kg and 5.65 kg, respectively. Twinning and tripling rates were 36.9% and 6.2%. Single-trait analysis under repeatability animal model was used in estimation of variance components and prediction of breeding values. Season (as year-month interaction), age at lambing (as quadratic regression) nested within parity and type of birth were treated as fixed, while herd-year, additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual were treated as random effects, respectively. Investigated environmental effects significantly affected all reproductive traits (p

The aim of the research was to estimate genetic parameters for litter size in Romanov breed reared in Croatia. A total of 10723 phenotypic records, and all available pedigree information (4097 individuals) were used to estimate variance components with the repeatability animal model. Age at lambing, parity, and season were fitted in the fixed part of the model, while herd, permanent (non genetic) effect of an animal, and direct additive genetic effect of the animal were fitted in the random part of the model. The estimated heritability (r2=0.06), and repeatability (r2=0.07) are in line with previous reports for this breed, and its crossbreds abroad.

The purpose of this study was to determine influence of sex, slaughter weight and slaughtering season on the physicochemical properties of meat of Lika Pramenka lambs raised in accordance with the traditional farming system in the Lika region. Male lambs had higher cooking loss (P≤0.05), higher proportions of linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids (P≤0.05), and n-6 PUFA (P≤0.05) and n-6/n-3 ratio (P≤0.01) than female lambs. An increase in slaughter weight significantly affected carcass weight (P≤0.01), dressing percentage (P≤0.01) and the parameter a* (P≤0.05) of the meat colour. The season significantly affected slaughter weight (P≤0.01), carcass weight (P≤0.01), meat colour parameters (P≤0.05) and fatty acid composition (P≤0.05). Lambs slaughtered at a similar age and reared under similar conditions will have very similar expressions of meat quality traits, regardless of gender. Apart from yield and the redness of the meat, it is expected that slaughter weight will not notably affect any other trait that could be of interest for buyers. The season affected almost all the investigated traits, which was primarily due to the different availability of forage., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj spola, tjelesne mase pri klanju i sezone na fizikalno-kemijska svojstva mesa janjadi ličke pramenke uzgajane u skladu s tradicijskim načinom na području Like. U trupovima muške janjadi utvrđen je značajno veći kalo kuhanja (P≤0,05), značajno veći udio linolne i α-linolenske masne kiseline (P≤0,05), n-6 PUFA (P≤0,05) i kvocijent n-6/n-3(P≤0,01) negoli u trupovima ženske janjadi. Povećanje tjelesne mase pri klanju značajno je utjecalo na klaoničku masu (P≤0,01), randman (P≤0,01) te a* pokazatelj boje mesa (P≤0,05). Sezona je značajno utjecala na tjelesnu masu pri klanju (P≤0,01), klaoničku masu (P≤0,01), sve pokazatelje boje (P≤0,05) i masnokiselinski sastav (P≤0,05) janjećeg mesa. Rezultatima predmetnog istraživanja je utvrđeno da janjad koju se uzgaja u podjednakim uvjetima i zakolje kod ujednačene dobi, neovisno o spolu, ima vrlo ujednačenu ekspresiju svojstava kakvoće mesa. Izuzev radmana i crvenila mesa, tjelesna masa pri klanju nije značajnije utjecala na ostala svojstva koja mogu biti od značajnijeg interesa za potrošače. Sezona je značajno utjecala na gotovo sva istraživana svojstva što se prvenstveno pripisuje različitoj dostupnosti krme.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi koncentracije teških metala Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb i Cd u određenim jestivim saprofitskim gljivama i supstratu na kojem rastu na tri lokaliteta uzorkovanja te prikladnost gljiva kao bioakumulatora navedenih elemenata. U istraživanju su korištene tri samonikle jestive gljive Agaricus macrocarpus (L) Fries, Clitocybe inversa (Scop. ex Fr.) Pat. i Macrolepiota procera (Scop. ex Fr.) Sing.,). Potpuno razvijena i zrela plodišta prikupljena su slučajnim odabirom na lokacijama Trakošćan, Jaska i Petrova gora. U isto vrijeme prikupljeni su uzorci supstrata tla gornjeg horizonta (0-10 cm). Analitički postupak za određivanje koncentracije teških metala u gljivama i supstratu tla proveden je metodom XRF – rendgenska fluorescentna spektrometrija. Dobiveni podaci su obrađeni statističkim programom SAS V9.2. Prosječne koncentracije ispitivanih metala značajno su se razlikovale (P < 0,05) između istraživanih vrsta gljiva i lokaliteta uzorkovanja. Najveća prosječna koncentracija (mg*kg-1) Zn (98,25), Cu (88,07), Ni (3,80), Pb (5,06) i Cd (4,12) utvrđena je u vrsti Agaricus macrocarpus, dok je najveća prosječna koncentracija Fe utvrđena u vrsti Macrolepiota procera (126,19 mg*kg-1). Provedenim istraživanjem ustanovljene su značajne razlike u prosječnoj distribuciji teških metala između anatomskih dijelova plodnog tijela gljiva. Sve istraživane vrste gljiva isključene su kao mogući bioakumulatori za metale Fe, Ni i Pb (BCF1). S obzirom na ustanovljene koncentracije teških metala u gljivama i supstratu tla, može se zaključiti da okoliš istraživanog područja nije onečišćen analiziranim teškim metalima te konzumacija ispitivanih vrsta gljiva ne predstavlja negativan učinak za zdravlje ljudi., The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb i Cd in certain edible species of saprophytic fungi and the substrate on three area of sampling, and to assess the role of individual species as biological indicators of environmental pollution. In this study were used three species of wild edible mushrooms (Agaricus macroarpus Bohus, Clitocybe inversa (Scop. ex Fr.) Pat. and Macrolepiota procera (Scop. ex Fr.) Sing.,). Completely developed and mature fruiting bodies were collected at random selection in localities of Trakošćan, Jaska and Petrova gora. At the same time, the substrate soil samples were collected from the upper horizon (0-10). Determination of heavy metals in mushrooms and the substrate soil were carried out by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. The data obtained were analysed by means of the statistical program SAS V9.2. Significant differences were found in the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd between analysed species of mushrooms and localities of sampling (P < 0.05). The highest mean concentrations (mg*kg-1) of Zn (98.25), Cu (88.07), Ni (3.80), Pb (5.06) i Cd (4.12) in Agaricus macrocarpus were determined, while the highest contents of Fe determined in Macrolepiota procera (126.19 mg*kg-1). The average distribution rates of investigated heavy metals in anatomical parts of the fruiting body were significantly different. All mushrooms species were biological exclusors of Fe, Ni and Pb (BCF1). The consumption of investigated mushrooms poses no toxicological risk to human health due to low concentrations analysed metals.

The aim of the study was to evaluate effects of sex, slaughter weight and season on carcass characteristics of Lika Pramenka lambs (30 males and 30 females). All lambs were reared traditionally on natural pastures within two seasons and were slaughtered at the age of five months. Male lambs had deeper chests and longer hind legs than females. Furthermore, male lambs had higher proportion of shoulder, hind legs, shank, head, and lower proportion of rack. Female lambs had lower bone and muscle proportions and higher fat proportions in individual cuts. Slaughter weight significantly affected hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, stomach with intestines, lungs with hearth, skin with feet, chest depth, proportion of belly, shank, kidney knob and channel fat. Season affected all slaughter traits, linear measurements and non-carcass components (except spleen and skin with feet). Furthermore, season affected proportion of neck, rack, hind legs, shank, belly, flank, and fat and bone proportions in the carcass i.e. fat proportion in shoulder, rack, loin, hind legs and belly, and muscle proportion in rack and belly. In order to provide more uniform lambs at the market it is necessary to assure typical feeds in unfavourable seasons and slaughter lambs at narrower weight ranges. Since typical and “natural” meat products are gaining popularity it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies with sensory evaluation and consumers included.

The study was conducted on 51,154 Holstein primiparous cows. The purpose of the study was to estimate the impact of time elapsed from last milking until scoring on the properties of udder conformation traits (fore udder attachment, rear udder height, rear udder width, udder depth, and central ligament). The purpose was also to consider the benefits of including this effect in statistical models for estimation of genetic parameters in dairy cattle. A significant (P, Istraživanje je provedeno na 51154 krava holštajn-frizijske pasmine. Cilj je bio istražiti utjecaj vremena proteklog od posljednje mužnje do ocjenjivanja na linearne ocjene vimena (vezanost prednjeg vimena, visinu stražnjeg vimena, širinu stražnjeg vimena, dubinu vimena i izraženost centralnog ligamenta). Cilj je također bio razmotriti prednosti uključivanja spomenutog utjecaja u statistički model za procjenu genetskih pokazatelja. Preliminarnom analizom su utvrđene veće prosječne ocjene svih svojstava koja su ocijenjena kasnije u odnosu na prethodnu mužnju. Utvrđena je statistički značajna (P

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj spola, tjelesne mase pri klanju i proizvodne sezone na vrijednosti pH, boju, gubitak mesnog soka i osnovni kemijski sastav mesa janjadi ličke pramenke. Janjad ličke pramenke je uzgojena na obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gos- podarstvu u Ličko-senjskoj županiji tijekom 2010. i 2011. godine. Odabrana janjad je bila ujednačene zastupljenosti po spolu i zaklana s navršenih 5 mjeseci. Statistički značajne razlike između muške i ženske janjadi ličke pramenke utvrđene su samo u gubitku mesnog soka (p < 0,05) čije su znatno veće vrijednosti utvrđene u mišićnom tkivu muške janjadi. Povećanje tjelesne mase pri klanju statistički je značajno utjecalo (p < 0,05) samo na vrijednost a* pokazatelja boje janjećeg mesa. Proizvodna sezona je statistički značajno utjecala (p < 0,05) na L*, a* i b* vrijednosti pokazatelja boje janjećeg mesa., The goal of this research was to determine the eYect of sex, slaughter weight and production season to pH value, color, drip loss and basic chemical composition of the meat of Lika Pramenka lambs. The lambs of Lika Pramenka were raised on a family farm in Lika- -Senj County during the years of 2010 and 2011. The chosen lambs were equally represented by sex and slaughtered at the age of 5 months. Statistically signi>cant diYerences between ram and ewe lambs of Lika Pramenka were determined only in drip loss (pcantly higher values were determined in muscle tissue of ram lambs. The increase in body weight at slaughter signi>- cantly in6uenced (pcant in6uence (p, Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, den Ein6uss des Geschlechtes, der Körpermasse beim Schlachten und der Herstellungssaison auf Werte pH, Farbe Verlust des Fleischsaftes und chemische Grundzusammensetzung des Fleisches der Lämmer der Rasse „Lička pra-menka“ , zu bestimmen. Die Lämmer wurden auf landwirtschaftlichem Familienhof in der Ličko-Senjska-Gespannschaft in den Jahren 2010 und 2011 gezüchtet. Die ausgewählten Lämmer waren gleichmäßig weiblichen und männlichen Geschlechtes, geschlachtet im Alter von 5 Monaten. Statistisch relevante Unterschiede zwischen den männlichen und weiblichen Lämmern von „Lička pramenka“ wurden nur beim Verlust des Fleischsaftes (p, Lo scopo di questa ricerca è stato confermare l’in6uenza del genere, della massa corporea durante la macellazione e la stagione pro- duttiva sui valori del pH, colore, perdita dei succhi della carne e la componente chimica di base della carne di agnello di tipo Pramenka della Lika. Gli agnelli della Pramenka della Lika sono stati allevati in un’economia agricola famigliare nella regione della Lika e di Senj durante il 2010 e il 2011. Gli agnelli selezionati erano di uguale numero per entrambi i sessi e macellati a 5 mesi compiuti. DiYerenze statistiche signi>cative tra gli agnelli maschi e femmine della Pramenka della Lika si sono riscontrate nel tessuto muscolare degli ag-nelli maschi. L’aumento della massa corporea durante la macellazione ha in6uito statisticamente in modo signi>cativo (p < 0,05) solo sui valori a* degli indicatori del colore della carne d’agnello. La stagione produttiva ha in6uito statisticamente in modo signi>cativo (p< 0,05) sugli indicatori L*, a* e b* del colore della carne d’agnello., El objetivo principal de este estudio fue detectar la in6uencia del sexo, la masa corporal en el momento de la matanza y de la tempora-da de producción en el valor pH, el color, la pérdida del jugo de carne y la composición química básica de la carne de cordero de la raza pramenka de Lika. Los corderos de la raza de pramenka de Lika fueron criados en una granja familiar de la provincia Lika-Senj durante los años 2010 y 2011. El número de los machos y hembras entre los corderos escogidos fue uniforme y fueron degollados al cumplir 5 meses. Las diferencias estadísticamente signi>cantes entre las hembras y los machos fueron identi>cadas solamente en la pérdida del jugo de carne (P < 0,05) considerablemente más alta en los tejidos musculares de los machos. El aumento de la masa corporal en el momento de la matanza tuvo una in6uencia estadísticamente signi>cante (P < 0,05) solamente sobre los valores de los indicadores a* para el color de la carne de los corderos. La temporada de producción tuvo una in6uencia estadísticamente signi>cante (P < 0,05) sobre los valores de los indicadores L*, a* y b* para el color de la carne de los corderos.

Sažetak Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi klaoničke pokazatelje, odlike trupova, boju i pokazatelje kapaciteta vezanja vode mišićnog tkiva krčke janjadi. Cilj je također bio ispitati utjecaje tjelesne mase janjadi pri klanju i spola na istraživana svojstva. U tu svrhu zaklano je ukupno 202 janjadi krčke ovce (111 muške i 91 žensko). Neposredno nakon klanja i klaoničke obrade obavljena su mjerenja trupova pojedinih organa. Boja mesa je utvrđena na dvije mišićne regije M. rectus abdominis (MRA) i M. semitendinosus (MS). Prosječna tjelesna masa krčke janjadi pri klanju bila je 17,45 kg, masa trupa 9,34 kg, a randman 53,53 %. Istraživanjem nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike (P>0,01) u klaoničkim pokazateljima između muške i ženske janjadi. Tjelesna masa janjadi pri klanju značajno je utjecala na masu trupa, želuca i crijeva, pluća, srca, slezene, jetre i kože (P0,01). Od mjera tjelesne razvijenosti jedino su se duljina trupa i duljina stražnje noge značajno razlikovali između spolova (P0,01). Utvrđena boja na mišićnim regijama MRA i MS nije se značajno razlikovala između spolova (P>0,01). Vrijednosti L* i b* pokazatelja utvrđene na MS-u je bila značajno niža (P, The aim of this study was to determine slaughter traits, carcass characteristics, color and water binding capacity of muscle tissue of Krk-breed lambs. The aim was also to examine the effects of slaughter weight and gender on above mentioned traits. For that purpose, 202 of Krk-breed lambs were slaughtered (111 male and 91 female). After slaughter and standard procedures of processing, the carcasses and investigated organs were measured. Indicators of meat color were determined in two muscle regions, M. rectus abdominis (MRA) and M. semitendinosus (MS). The average live slaughter weight was 17.45 kg, carcass weight 9.34 kg and dressing percentage 53.53%. Slaughter traits were not significantly different between male and female lambs (P>0.01). Live slaughter weight significantly affected weights of carcass, stomach and intestines, lungs, heart, spleen, liver and skin (P0.01). Among measures of body development, carcass length and hind limb length significantly differed between males and females (P0.01). The color of muscle regions of MRA and MS were not significantly different between males and females (P>0.01). Values L* and b* determined on MS were lower (P, Zusammenfassung Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, Schlachthöfeindikatoren, Rumpfvorzüge, Farbe und Kapazitäten der Wasserbindung des Muskelgewebes von Lämmern aus Krk zu bestimmen. Das Ziel war auch, die Einflüsse des Geschlechtes und der Körpermasse von Lämmern beim Schlachten auf untersuchte Eigenschaften zu prüfen. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden 202 Lämmer von Schafen aus Krk geschlachtet (111 männlich und 91 weiblich). Unmittelbar nach dem Schlachten und diesbezüglicher Verarbeitung wurden die Rümpfe von verschiedenen Organen gemessen. Die Fleischfarbe wurde auf zwei Muskelregionen M. rectus abdominis (MRA) und M. semitendinosus (MS) festgestellt. Die durchschnittliche Körpermasse der Lämmer aus Krk war beim Schlachten 17,45 kg, die Körpermasse war 9,34 kg, Randman 53,53 %. Bei der Untersuchung wurden keine statistisch relevante Unterschiede (P>0,01) zwischen männlichen und weiblichen Lämmern festgestellt. Die Körpermasse der Lämmer hatte einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf Masse von Rumpf, Magen, Därme, Lungen, Herz, Milz, Leber und Haut (P0,01). Von den Maßen der körperlichen Entwicklung unterschieden sich bedeutend nur die Länge des Rumpfes und des hinteren Beines zwischen den Geschlechtern (P0,01). Die vorgefundene Farbe auf Muskelregionen MRA und MS unterschied sich nicht in Bezug auf das Geschlecht (P>0,01). Indikatorenwerte L* und b* festgestellt auf MS war bedeutend niedriger (P, Sommario L’obiettivo di questa ricerca era di determinare gli indicatori di macellazione, le qualità delle carcasse, il colore e gli indici di capacità di legare l’acqua nel tessuto muscolare degli agnelli di Krk. L’obiettivo era anche di esaminare l’influsso del peso corporeo alla macellazione e del sesso sulle caratteristiche osservate. A tale scopo sono stati macellati 202 agnelli della pecora di Krk (111 maschi e 91 femmine). Direttamente dopo la macellazione e l’elaborazione sono state effettuate le misurazioni delle carcasse e degli organi particolari. Il colore della carne è indicato sui muscoli delle due regioni, M. rectus abdominis (MRA) e M. semitendinosus (MS). La media del peso degli agnelli di Krk alla macellazione era 17,45 kg, il peso delle carcasse 9,34 kg e randman il 53,53%. La ricerca non ha indicato le differenze statisticamente rilevanti (P>0,001) degli indicatori di macellazione tra i maschi e le femmine. Il peso corporeo degli agnelli alla macellazione ha avuto un effetto significativo sul peso della carcassa, dello stomaco e degli intestini, dei polmoni, del cuore, della milza, del fegato e della pelle (P0,01). Tra le misure dell’accrescimento corporeo solo la lunghezza della carcassa e la lunghezza delle gambe posteriori sono differenti rispetto al sesso (P0,01). Gli agnelli del peso corporeo più grande hanno avuto una validità inferiore degli indicatori L* e b* indicati sulla regione MS (P

The concentration of Fe, Zn and Cu in ten edible mushrooms in Medvednica Nature Park was determined. The similarity between the studied species was deterimend by cluster analysis based on concentrations of the aforementioned metals in the fruit bodies. The analyses of heavy metals were carried out by X – ray fluorescence spectormetry. The highest concentration of Fe (153.96 mg kg–1) was determined in Tricholoma portentosum, and the highest concentration of Zn (90.60 mg kg–1) was determined in Tricholoma terreum. The highest concentration of Cu was determined in Macrolepiota procera (78.18 mg kg–1). The concentrations of Zn and Cu significantly differed (p, Predmetnim istraživanjem utvrđivana je koncentracija Fe, Zn i Cu u deset samoniklih jestivih vrsta gljiva Parka prirode Medvednica. Sličnost između ispitivnih vrsta gljiva ustanovljena je klaster analizom na temelju koncentracije navedenih metala u plodnom tijelu gljiva. Analiza teških metala provedena je metodom XRF – rentgenske fluoroscentne spektrometrije. Najveća koncentracija Fe od 153.96 mg kg–1 utvrđena je u Tricholoma portentosum, dok je najveća koncentracija Zn od 90.60 mg kg–1 ustanovljena u vrsti Tricholoma terreum. Najveća koncentracija Cu utvrđena je u vrsti Macrolepiota procera (78.8 mg kg–1). Analizom teških metala u gljivama ustanovljene su značajne razlike (p

Study of litter size (LS), birth weight (BW) and litter weight (LW) over successive parities was conducted on diary Alpine goats reared in Croatia. Statistical analysis was performed on records obtained out of 46 722 parturitions from 18 546 goats of different ages and parities. Twining and tripling rates were 27% i.e. 1%. Unadjusted averages for LS, BW and LW were 1.46 lambs, 3.29 kg, and 4.75 kg, respectively. Univariate analysis (repeatability animal model) was used in estimation of variance components and prediction of breeding values. Season (as year- month interaction), age at lambing (as quadratic regression) nested within parity and type of birth were treated as fixed, and herd- year, additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual were treated as random effects, respectively. All investigated effects were statistically significant (P

Sažetak Kakvoća janjećeg mesa je vrlo kompleksna i višeznačna osobina. Od brojnih čimbenika većina autora ističe važan, a neki od njih i presudan utjecaj boje na kakvoću mesa. Do danas su razvijene brojne metode instrumentalnog mjerenja boje mesa kojima se može mjeriti različit raspon spektra boja. U novije vrijeme, najčešće se koriste uređaji poput Minolte ili Labscana koji prema referentnoj metodi mjere boju mesa L*, a* i b* vrijednostima. Boja svježeg mesa uglavnom je rezultat zastupljenosti mišićnih pigmenata, prvenstveno mioglobina. Osim kemijskog oblika u kojem se mioglobin pojavljuje, boja mesa ovisi i o njegovoj količini koja je pod utjecajem vrste životinje, pasmine, spola, tjelesne mase prije klanja, načina uzgoja i hranidbe te anatomske pozicije mišića. Pri procijeni kakvoće janjećeg mesa osim boje treba uzeti u obzir i druga svojstva koja utječu na cjelokupni dojam od strane potrošača (zamašćenost trupa, količina vidljivo otpuštenog mesnog soka, miris). Svakako ne treba zanemariti i činjenicu da osim spomenutih čimbenika kakvoće kriteriji odabira janjećeg mesa mogu biti uvjetovani tradicijom, običajima i navikama potrošača., Quality of lamb meat is a very complex and multifaceted characteristic. Out of many factors, most authors emphasize the important, according to some even crucial effect of color to meat quality. Up to this day there have been developed numerous methods of instru- mental measuring of meat color which can be used to measure different spans of range of colors. Lately, the most frequently used are devices like Minolta or Labscan, which measure meat color by L*, a* and b* values according to the reference method. The color of fresh meat is mostly the result of share of muscle pigments, mostly myoglobin. Except for the chemical form which myoglobin appears in, meat color also depends on its share which is under the influence of animal species, breed, sex, body weight at slaughter, breeding manner and feeding, as well as anatomical position of muscle. At evaluation of quality of lamb meat, other characteristics should be taken into account, those which influence the total impression by the consumers (fattiness of carcass, share of visibly released meat juice, odor). There certainly shouldn’t be neglected the fact that, except for the abovementioned factors of quality, the criteria of cho- osing lamb meat can be influenced by tradition, customs and consumer habits., Zusammenfassung Die Qualität des Lammfleisches ist eine sehr komplexe und mehrdeutige Eigenschaft. Viele Autoren heben von zahlreichen Faktoren den Einfluss der Farbe als Indikator für Fleischqualität hervor, u.zw. betonen manche Autoren, dass dies ein bedeutender und sogar ein entscheidender Faktor ist. Bis heute wurden zahlreiche Methoden für instrumentale Messung der Fleischfarbe entwickelt, womit verschiedene Spannweite des Farbenspektrums gemessen werden kann. In der neueren Zeit werden am häufigsten Einrichtungen wie Minolta oder Labscana benutzt, die nach der referenten Methode die Fleischfarbe mit L*, a*und b* messen. Die Farbe des frischen Fleisches ist hauptsächlich das Resultat der vertretenen Muskelpigmente, in erster Linie Mioglobin. Außer der chemischen Form, in welcher Mioglobin erscheint, hängt die Fleischfarbe auch von dessen Menge ab, die unter dem Einfluss der Tiersorte, der Rasse, des Geschlechtes, der Körpermasse beim Schlachten, Art der Zucht und Futter, sowie der anatomischen Position der Muskel steht. Bei der Schätzung der Qualität des Lammfleisches müssen außer Farbe auch andere Eigenschaften in Betracht gezogen werden, die auf den Gesamteindruck beim Verbraucher einen Einfluss haben (Fettigkeit, die Menge des sichtbar ausgelösten Fleischsaftes, Ge- ruch). Auf jeden Fall darf auch die Tatsache nicht vergessen werden, dass außer der erwähnten Faktoren in Bezug auf die Qualität, die Wahl des Lammfleisches die Tradition, die Sitten und die Gewohnheiten des Verbrauches bedingen., Sommario La qualità di carne d’agnello è una caratteristica molto complessa e multiforme. La maggior parte di autori tra gli indicatori numerosi sottolinea l’influsso di colore alla qualità di carne, perché lo ritengono molto importante, ed alcuni di loro lo considerano cruciale. Fino ad oggi sono stati sviluppati i metodi numerosi di misurazione strumentale del colore di carne con i quali è possibile misurare diverse parti dello spettro di colori. Ultimamente vengono usati gli apparecchi tipo Minolta e Labscan che rispetto al metodo di riferi- mento misurano il colore della carne con i valori L*, a* e b*. Il colore della carne fresca è prevalentemente il risultato di percentuale dei pigmenti muscolari, soprattutto la mioglobina. Salvo la forma chimica in cui si presenta la mioglobina, il colore della carne dipende anche dalla quantità della carne stessa, influenzata dalla specie di animale, la razza, il sesso, il suo peso corporeo nel momento di macellazione, il modo d’allevamento, la nutrizione e dalla posizione anatomica dei muscoli. Durante la valutazione di qualità della carne d’agnello non basta prendere in considerazione solo il colore, ma anche le altre caratte- ristiche che influiscono l’impressione intera del consumatore (pinguedine animale, quantità del succo di carne notevolmente uscito, odore). Anzi, bisogna aver cura che, salvo i suddetti indicatori di qualità, i criteri di scelta della carne d’agnello sono (spesso) condizio- nati dalla tradizione, costumi e abitudini dei consumatori.

Sažetak U cilju stvaranja što ujednačenije ponude nekog proizvoda na tržištu neophodno je postojanje zakonski reguliranog sustava pomoću kojeg se obavlja njegova klasifikacija. Zbog navedenog, u sektoru ovčjeg mesa u zemljama EU i Hrvatskoj postoje zakonski klasifikacijski standardi koje se nastoji provoditi što učinkovitije. Pri klasifikaciji laganih trupova (trup < 13 kg) u obzir se uzimaju tri pokazatelja: klaonička masa, boja mesa i stupanj prekrivenosti trupa masnim tkivom. U EU je za trupove lakše od 13 kg dodatno prihvaćena metoda ocjenjivanja prekrivenosti trupova masnim tkivom prema fotografskim standardima. Ovisno o težinskom razredu, boji i stupnju zamašćenosti lagane trupove se razvrstava dodatno u dvije klase. Teže trupove (trup > 13 kg) se klasira po "S.E.U.R.O.P“ klasifikaciji. Za razliku od Hrvatske, u zemljama EU pri klasifikaciji trupova težih od 13 kg dodatno se uzima u obzir i stupanj prekrivenosti trupova masnim tkivom. Za kontrolu ocjenjivanja trupova i polovica na linijama klanja je u EU odgovorna svaka zemlja članica, odnosno akreditirana klasifikacijska i inspekcijska tijela. U Hrvatskoj je za navedenu kontrolu odgovorna Hrvatska poljoprivredna agencija (HPA) i Ministarstvo poljoprivrede. Klasifikacija janjećih i ovčjih trupova i formiranje cijene u nekim zemljama EU pa tako i u Hrvatskoj, s obzirom na postojeću zakonsku regulativu, nije u potpunosti provediva. Sukladno tome nastoje se nadopuniti pa čak i izmijeniti pojedine stavke zakona kako bi se uvažile specifičnosti u proizvodnji i trgovini janjećim (ovčjim) mesom., In order to obtain uniform offer of any product on the market it is necessary to develop legislative system for its classification. Due to mentioned, in production and trade of ovine meat in EU countries, as well as in Croatia there are legislated classification rules that should be conducted as effectively as possible. Classification of lighter carcasses (< 13 kg) is based on three factors: slaughter weight, meat colour and fat cover. In EU for carcasses lighter than 13 kg there is additionally accepted method for assessment of fat cover with photographic standards. Depending on weight class, colour and fat cover, light carcasses are additionally segregated into two classes. Heavy carcasses (> 13 kg) are classified under “S.E.U.R.O.P“classification. Compared to Croatia, in classification of carcasses heavier than 13 kg in EU countries there is additionally considered a degree of fat cover. Within EU, each country itself, i.e. accredited assessors and inspectors are amenable for control of carcass assessments on slaughter lines. In Croatia, the aforementioned classification is accredited by Croatian Agriculture Agency which is under jurisdiction of Ministry of Agriculture. Regarding to current law regulation, classification of lamb and sheep carcasses and pricing in some EU countries as well as in Croatia is hard to accomplish. Therefore, great efforts are made into augmentation and in some cases even substitution of current laws that regulate ovine meat production and trade of ovine meat., Zusammenfassung Mit dem Ziel, ein ausgeglichenes Angebot eines bestimmten Erzeugnisses auf dem Markt zu machen, ist es nötig ein gesetzlich reguliertes System zu schaffen, mit dessen Hilfe die Klassifizierung desselben durchgeführt werden kann. Deshalb bestehen im Sektor des Lammfleisches in den EU Ländern und in Kroatien gesetzliche Klassifizierungsstandarde, die man möglichst effizient durchzuführen versucht. Bei der Klassifizierung leichter Kadaver (Kadaver < 13 kg) werden drei Indikatoren in Betracht gezogen: Schlachtmasse, Fleischfarbe und Grad der Überdeckung des Kadavers mit Fettgewebe. In den EU-Ländern ist für die Kadaver leichter als 13 kg zusätzlich die Bewertungsmethode der Überdeckung des Kadavers mit Fettgewebe nach Fotostandarden angenommen. Abhängig von der Gewichtklasse werden leichte Kadaver nach Farbe und Fettigkeitsgrad zusätzlich in zwei Klassen geordnet. Schwerere Kadaver (Kadaver > 13 kg) werden nach "S.E.U.R.O.P.“ klassiert. Zum Unterschied zu Kroatien wird in den EU-Ländern bei der Klassifizierung der Kadaver schwerer als 13 kg zusätzlich auch Grad der Überdeckung des Kadavers mit Fettgewebe in Betracht gezogen. Für die Kontrolle der Bewertung von Kadavern und Hälften an den Schlachtlinien ist in EU jeder Mitgliedstaat verantwortlich, bzw. akkreditierte Klassifizieruns- und Inspektionskörper. In Kroatien sind dafür die Kroatische Agentur für Landwirtschaft (HPA) und das Landwirtschaftsministerium verantwortlich. Die Klassifizierung von Lamm- und Schafskadavern und die Preisgestaltung sind in einigen EU-Ländern sowie auch in Kroatien, in Bezug auf das gesetzliche Regulativ, nicht in Ganzheit durchführbar. In diesem Sinne strebt man, einzelne Gesetzabsätze zu ergänzen oder zu ändern, damit spezifische Gegebenheiten in der Herstellung und im Handel mit Lammfleisch (Schafsfleisch) beachtet werden können., Sommario Per poter creare un’offerta quanto più equilibrata di un prodotto sul mercato, è necessario che esista un sistema regolato dalla legge con il quale si effetua la sua classifica. Per questo nel settore della carne di pecora nei paesi dell’Unione europea e in Croazia esistono gli standard legittimi di classifica che bisogna rispettare in maniera quanto più efficiente. Durante la classifica degli addomi leggeri (addome < 13 kg) si prendono in considerazione 3 indicatori: peso macellazione, colore di carne e grado del grasso di copertura dell’adome. Nell’Unione europea hanno accettato a posteriori un metodo di valutazione per gli addomi che pesano meno di 13 chiloghrammi con cui è possibile misurare il grasso di copertura dell’adome in accordo con gli standard fotografici. In dipendenza della categoria di peso, colore e grado di ingrassamento, gli addomi leggeri vanno divisi in due categorie: gli addomi più pesanti (addome > 13 kg) vanno categorizzati secondo la classifica “S.E.U.R.O.P.”. A differenza della Croazia, nei paesi dell’Unione europea durante la classifica degli addomi che pesano più di 13 chilogrammi si prende in considerazione anche il loro grasso di copertura. Per il controllo della valutazione degli addomi e dele mezzene sulle linee di macellazione è responsabile ogni membro dell’Unione europea , cioè i suoi organismi di classifica e ispezione. In Croazia per questo è responsabile Agenzia agraria di Croazia (HPA = AAC) e il Ministero delle politiche agricole. La classifica degli addomi d’agnello e di pecora, e la formazione del loro prezzo in alcuni paesi dell’Unione europea e così anche in Croazia, non è possibile eseguire completamente. Perciò ci sono delle trattative che in futuro completeranno e cambieranno certi punti della legge dando così importanza alle situazioni specifiche nel processo di produzione e nel commercio della carne d’agnello e la carne di pecora.