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This article explores the acrimonious relationship between three high profile, well-known Irishmen--a journalist, a newspaper editor, and a medical doctor--that played out in Buenos Aires newspapers in 1894. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes how relevant issues regarding Paraguay's condition after the Triple Alliance War (1870–1876) were used as a tool in political fight between nationalists and autonomists during Argentinean presidential campaign of 1873 and 1874. It mentions that the conflict, Paraguay's occupation and remained issues from that incident were used by autonomist faction as a strategy in the electoral local fight against nationalism; and newspapers from Buenos Aires have been consulted, once they were the main channel of political debates and promoters of representations.

From the theoretical and methodological perspective, in the present paper we intend to contribute with the debates pertinent to the History of the historiography of the brazilian Seventh Art. We problematize hermeneutically the book Classic historiography of Brazilian movie: methodology and pedagogy (1995) by the movie critic Jean-Claude Bernardet. We take into consideration the reflections of Michel de Certeau (2007) on the social, political, economic and cultural place of historians, especially one of its primordial elements, the "not said", as well the proposals of the German theorist Jörn Rüsen (2010) regarding the hermeneutic method applied in the production of historical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first decade of independent existence, Guyana went through a phase of alignment with the US and another phase of socialism. In this article, I analyze the Brazilian diplomatic documentation produced at the Itamaraty, signed by the foreign ministers and dispatched with their respective presidential generals, in order to problematize the foreign policy of Guyana and its search for better paths of international insertion. It is an unpublished documentation, precious way to understand the history of that country. I conclude that, with autonomy in alignment with the US, Brazil was able to face Guyana in a professional manner, ensuring the maintenance of its sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this text will be to reconstitute the process of institutionalization of university teaching of History at the University of Paraná (current Federal University of Paraná) between 1938 and 1971, emphasizing the process of curricular change that the Geography and History course has undergone until they became autonomous in the early 1960s. Between 1938 and 1961, the History course was unified to that of Geography, a process similar to what happened in São Paulo (University of São Paulo) and Rio de Janeiro (University of Brazil, current Federal University of Rio de Janeiro). The sources that supported this research were the Yearbooks of the FFCL/UFPR, the diaries and classbooks, and the Minutes of the History course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the historiography on political exiles in the social context of southern Latin American dictatorships. It is referenced on three works published between 2007 and 2013, and aims to highlight the most used ways with which historians inserted and gave visibility to the subject of exile in their agenda from the perception and (re)discovery of the magnitude of the events. Respecting that, it carries out a debate around the following proposing guidelines: how the referenced works helped to consolidate the "exile" object concerning a systematic pattern of interpretation; and which ways were used to formalize an interdisciplinary and transnational network of scholars whose experience with the problematic of research showed to be fundamental to renew theme-related theoretical, historiographical and methodological meanings. The article concludes that such interventions ended to give a status of heuristic legitimacy to the investigations about the exiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims at analyzing the approaches taken on the participation and importance of the leaders Farrapos in the 1957 Revolt in the Southwest of Paraná, which resulted in the defeat of the land companies and the government of Moysés Lupion who practiced land fraud in the lands of the Missões lands and part of Chopim territories. In the historical approaches of the revolt, the exaltation of the urban leaders who operated from 1951 to October 1957, as well as in the aftermath of the lupionista defeat, prevailed as they became political leaders and considered "heroes" of the October 1957 uprising, because the victory would have occurred without the shedding of blood. However, the references of the Farrapos leaders in the frontier area with Argentina, especially of Pedro Santin, were in the background or as a negative example to be followed and recalled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a research project developed between 2014-2020 related to the didactic narratives of history in Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay and relevant to the Guerra Guasu content (1864-1870) are presented. Although there has been a significant historiographical advance on the subject, these narratives have a traditional, descriptive profile, with a focus on the achievements of those considered as "great men". In the case, above all, of the Brazilian narratives, different categories of historical sources were incorporated, however the subordinate subjects listed for this analysis: women, children, indigenous people and the freed and enslaved blacks remain invisible by the writing of an official didactic narrative and that reverberates the canons of the winner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the representations of women in a selection of textbooks used in Paraguayan schools during the period 1989-2020, with the aim of analyzing the historical role attributed to women in school stories about the War of the Triple Alliance. (1864-1870). It is argued that despite the process of reviewing the school curriculum and educational policy initiated with the democratic transition in 1989, the hegemonic representations of women linked to nationalism persist, consolidating traditional gender roles within the framework of a patriarchal society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to analyze the political uses of Elisa Lynch, who had an affective relationship with the Paraguayan president Francisco Solano López and was an important character in the Triple Alliance War (1864-1870). A central episode in the History of Paraguay, the war and its main characters were thoroughly studied. It was not different with Lynch: her trajectory was reconstructed in several biographical works. Characterized, at the end of the conflict, as a vile and manipulative woman, in the 20th century, during the Stroessner regime, Elisa Lynch was elevated as national heroine, along with her partner. This research reflects on the potential political interests behind this rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how and why the Guasu War or the Triple Alliance War remains in the memory of Paraguayans as part of their national identity. Starting from the idea that Paraguay had to go through a process of symbolic reconstruction after the defeat of 1870, the different resignifications of the myths consecrated by the revisionists throughout the 20th century are analyzed, in order to identify how these myths permeated political and cultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paraguayan War is one of the great themes that circulate in the epistolary space of the paraguayan historian Juan E. O'Leary and his uruguayan counterpart Luis A. de Herrera. The extended correspondence that they cultivated between 1905 and 1926, which houses the respective personal archives, is examined in this work to analyze the thought of the two historians while building, as a workshop of their writing on the war and as eventual stages of his major productions aimed at the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the origins and developments of Historiographical Revisionist thinking concerning the Paraguayan War, highlighting the work of Argentine politician and writer Juan Bautista Alberdi as a key player in the genesis of this movement. Without devaluing the role of historical revisionists such as Juan O'Leary and Cecilio Baéz, we argue that, in the writings of Alberdi, we find the most well-defined genesis of a revisionist movement that would take on various argumentative political colors throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. We conclude that, by interpreting the Paraguayan War as a continuation of Argentina's intestine wars, Alberdi inaugurated an interpretive model that has been explored to the point of exhaustion, defining Paraguay as the victim of excessive aggression and a stronghold of the American cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about the 150th anniversary of the end of the Triple Alliance War (Guasu War, War against the Triple Alliance or War of Paraguay. It mentions about the political, social, economic, cultural and cultural life history of the Plata region; and plastered accounts of the political and military histories of yore. It mentions that the outbreak of the war was the result of a series of ties, agreements and alliances between local producers, traders and politicians; and state coercion and capital mechanisms were not yet fully established before of the War.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the connections between the formation of the Plata subsystem and the outbreak of the Triple Alliance War (or War of Paraguay). Marked by specific dynamics and pre-national characteristics, as well as weaknesses in the mechanisms of coercion and capital, the political units of the region experienced a complex external environment, which would result in the war. Therefore, the discussion will focus on the problem of interpreting how regional conditions, linked to the process during the formation of national structures, decisive for the chain of causes and conditions, particularly noting Brazil's role in that context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the expansion of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina between 1880 and 1930, focusing especially on the border areas of the city that mixed both rural areas with suburban development. It considers how Argentine literature during the same period focused on creating novels as compared to the previously popular essays and poetry. Some of the topics explored include literature and history, nationalism in literature, and transitional spaces. A discussion of quintas, defined as either established country houses or mansions of the nouveau riche, is presented. Authors considered include Atilio Chiáppori, Roberto Arlt, and Vicente G. Quesada.

This article reexamines the legacies of Argentina's Conquista del Desierto (Conquest of the Desert, 1878–1884) by analyzing these expansionist campaigns through the lens of the ideology of manifest destiny in the United States. Using the racial, religious, and nationalist concepts constructed in the United States as part of the broader discourse of manifest destiny, I examine both the history of the Conquest of the Desert, focusing on how official narratives from the period created and sustained a notion of alterity, and more recent controversies over claims of "ownership" of the pampas and Patagonia, especially as they relate to ideas of originality and autochthony. The article draws on first-person accounts of the military expeditions of the late nineteenth century and situates these descriptions using literatures on whiteness, ethnicity, and nationalism in Argentina and the United States. I suggest that as a physical, discursive, and even religious space, the frontier became a critical site for national production in both countries. Further, "divine providence" played an integral role in justifying both the need for and the moral imperative of the state's expansionism. This combination of religion and territoriality raises questions about the place of the Indian/ el indio in the future imagined nation. I argue that reading these cases together provokes new [End Page 116] conversations about historical perspectives on the Conquista and contributes to debates on indigenous autochthony and authenticity and to the broader discussion of understandings of Argentine nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late nineteenth century, Argentine intellectual elites turned to world's fairs as a place to contest myths of Latin American racial inferiority and produce counternarratives of Argentine whiteness and modernity. This essay examines Argentine anthropological displays at three expositions between 1878 and 1892 to elucidate the mechanisms and reception of these projects. Florentino Ameghino, Francisco Moreno, and others worked deliberately and in conjunction with political authorities to erase the indigenous tribes from the national identity, even while using their bodies and products to create prehistory and garner intellectual legitimacy. Comparison of the three fairs also demonstrates how the representation of Amer-Indians and their artifacts shifted in accordance with local political needs and evolving international theories of anthropogenesis. The resulting analysis argues for the importance of considering the former colonies of the Global South in understanding the development of pre-twentieth-century anthropology and world's fairs, particularly when separating them from their imperial context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a series of propaganda speeches by Moritz Alemann, a Swiss journalist and entrepreneur based in Buenos Aires, who aimed to attract Germanic investors for large-scale projects in Patagonia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Moving beyond traditional discussions of Germanic farmers and artisans as agents of Argentine national construction, I argue that the author's refashioning of the Swiss mercenary for a modern business context reveals the practices of an elite group of transnational émigrés working for the advancement of their home and host countries and provides a more dynamic view of immigration in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines one aspect of the Argentinian financial issue linked to the Paraguay War: the mission that is entrusted to Norberto de la Riestra to obtain in London a loan of £2,500,000 to finance part of the costs of the conflict. This single event allows us to open a window into several closely related issues: external and internal Argentinian debt, ways of financing these debts and links with the ups and downs of the world economy at the beginning of the great international crisis of 1873/1876. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the late 18th century, the countryside of Buenos Aires had received considerable waves of migrants from other provinces though they were progressively superseded by those that originated in Europe. Even if there exist studies based on the general results of the first national census, rarely have the handwritten records been used to examine a given population. We therefore propose to analyze in this article the population that inhabited the countryside of Buenos Aires during the first phase of massive immigration to the area. By making use of a perspective that compares three villages: San Antonio de Areco in the northern zone, Mercedes in the center, and San Vicente in the south. We will pay particular attention to the composition of the population, its origins, the productive activities that its inhabitants carried out and the process of urbanization. The geographical location of the foreigners in the rural villages will also be analyzed, as well as the occupations they preferred to do and how their professional activities were eventually diversified based on respective nationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The War against Paraguay (1864-1870) was the most long-lasting, terrible and bloody conflict in the history of the region of the river Plate. The conflict had a deep influence on the consolidation of Argentina as a national state, and caused deep public debates. Representatives of the other countries involved in the war should be underscored in the dispute. Current paper deals with the Uruguayan representatives in the debates in Buenos Aires and the manner they affected the identity of the Argentine Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article charts the emergence of several immigrant-run social welfare institutions in Argentina between 1880 and 1930. Using German-language organizations as an illustrative case study, it argues that immigrants played an important role in shaping the system of social welfare in Argentina over a long historical period. It focuses on the autonomy affluent immigrants sought to attain and the ideas about class, gender, and ethnicity they invoked in their pursuit of this goal. The cause of social welfare helped self-proclaimed leaders construct a specific image of their community, solidify gender and class hierarchies, and paternalistically organize workers under their leadership. These actions fostered a place for affluent immigrants within a broader system of social relations in Buenos Aires. In carving out a space for ethnic communities in a domain where the state, the Catholic Church, and Spanish-speaking philanthropists also had influence, German and other wealthy immigrants transcended the individual communities they aspired to care for and helped shape the relationship between community and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the last decades of the nineteenth-century, new products that were traditionally not considered for export, appeared -wheat, corn, linseed, frozen beef and lamb-. As a result, goods that were sold abroad after the Independence started a declination process. Nevertheless, we must point out to that some of them declined in absolute terms -salt meat, tallow and other cattle products-, while another group diminished it participation relatively in the whole export value -wool and hides-. In this paper, we propose the reconstruction of the trajectory of the dirty wool and different types of hides between 1890 and 1913. For such a purpose, we used a new trade series created by us, based on the correction of the official value. For the first time in the historiography the products are related to the destinies. Besides, as a complement, we work with unpublished diplomatic sources as Serie Diplomática y Consular from the Foreign Relations Ministry Archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship that La gran aldea (1884) proposes between the lower-middle classes and the Argentinean process of modernization in order to criticize the lack of progress due to socio-economic factors. The author, a member of the Generation of 1880, shows this criticism in the text in aspects such as education, the mix of social classes, family disintegration, the contrast between Buenos Aires in 1862 and 1882, immigration and the deficient role that the upper classes played in the development of a strong national industry and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consolidation of the Argentine Federal Government by the 1870s aimed to modernise local society, establish state institutions and reach political stabilisation. Building a modern schooling system articulated both utopia and bureaucracy by establishing the use of knowledge as an instrument of social intervention, vindicating and legitimising the concept of rational control. This approach established the formal and material bases for the constitution of a field of pedagogical knowledge on one hand, and a field of bureaucratic knowledge on the other. These two fields approached the articulation of regulating devices of the educational system in distinctive ways. While normalist pedagogical knowledge involved a set of instructions on schooling, the bureaucratic knowledge of inspectors resulted in regulation of the schooling process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay examines Julián Martel's novel "La Bolsa" (1891) as a contradictory response to Argentina's first wide-scale financial meltdown, the Baring Crisis of 1890. Through an analysis of this work, I show how novelistic form attempted to explain the causes and consequences of economic crisis. While most critics have accepted this novel's antifinancial stance at face value, this essay argues that "La Bolsa" endeavors to explain crisis in such a way as to shore up belief in the very market system that had created the disaster in the first place. In this manner, I argue, "La Bolsa" can be read as a "supplement" to economic ideology. At the same time, the essay points to ways in which economic ideology depends upon narrative structures to explain recurrent market failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the history of domestic services in the city of Córdoba, Argentina, from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries. The author comments on the influence of the modernization of the city on female domestic workers and housekeepers during this time period, including urbanization, economic growth, and general industrialization. He also examines the commercial evolution of housekeeping services, which transitioned into a more formal business structure based on contractual obligations.

The article focuses on the history of Polish immigrants in Argentina. The author emphasizes that more Polish people immigrated to Argentina than any other Latin American nation, other than Brazil. The author discusses the role of political events in the migration of Polish political exiles to Argentina, including Poland's failed January Insurrection of 1863 to 1864 and the failed Polish November Uprising of 1830 to 1831. It is emphasized that many Polish immigrants obtained professional positions in the Argentinian government, and several joined the country's armed forces.

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Copyright of Revista Espanola de Antropologia Americana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo habla de las diferentes aproximaciones al tema de la cultura y su yuxtaposición con la pedagogía. Habla también del Modelo pampeano, en referencia al territorio de La Pampa argentina, que nació el mismo año que la Ley 1420, la Educación común, en 1885, que sirvió de base a ese modelo. Rememora igualmente sobre las escuelas de la pampa, rurales y urbanas, y a sus compañeros de escuela, hijos de inmigrantes europeos, e indios.

The article presents a historical analysis of the word "revolution" in political language dating from the period of the 1880 revolution in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The article relates the political climate and conflict within the country to disputes regarding who would replace Nicolás Avellaneda as president of the republic. It describes the political conflict that arose from debates pertaining to electoral freedom and concludes with an investigation into the role of the armed forces in political matters.

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Copyright of Desarrollo Económico is the property of Instituto de Desarrollo Economico y Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents a critical reflection on certain developments in educational historiography in Argentina, based on a study of the impact of the social, economic and political transformations of the final decades of the 19th century and the processes of appropriating European theories in the global scenario. The proposal is made to explore the forms and processes of constructing a common language in the academic field, in the framework of processes of academic globalization. The suggestion is to study individual, local uses of "universal" or "universalized" references, while recognizing the active role of the subject/researcher. Using a series of concepts (interpretative community, history of the present, and intellectual experience), the article analyzes the characteristics assumed by the production of knowledge, in a context that combines phenomena of the localization and transnationalization of knowledge, while describing and analyzing the situations and paradoxes presented by research on the history of education in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corpus of the texts selected were written from the Discovery and Conquest periods to the end of the 18th century. In our opinion, those texts are of an impressive narrative quality. Their value resides in their literary essence --they are tales more than chronicles--, and in the fact that their authors were constrained by the Crown of Castille to write them. Apart from the linguistic difficulty those writers faced to communicate the experience of an unknown world, they had a particular and prejudiced vision of the events which made them assume a peculiar position by the time they described the observable universe. Considering the conquerors' writings, it is interesting to point out that they wrote from a more subjective point of view in accordance to the new literary patterns of the Modern Age. For this reason, particular stories stood out against general, natural and moral tales. As a matter of fact, Inca Garcilaso's Comentarios reales provided an accurate example of this. Such a piece of art provided the literary ground for the tale and other brief genres --tradition, among them-- to be born. This kind of stories appeared throughout the next centuries and constituted a strong stream for the Latin American literature. As far as the Patagonian literature is concerned, we will focus our study on the period 1870-191 , when the modern Argentina was emerging. We will look for formal aspects in the texts and the understanding of what we consider to be our own. This presupposes the difficulty of building the Patagonian identity upon European statements and oscillating visions or representations of Otherness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the relationship between electoral processes, popular mobilisation, and revolutionary movements in Argentina at the end of the nineteenth century. Focusing on the revolution of 1880, it is argued that the fraud in favour of General Julio A. Roca, that was perceived to have occurred in the presidential election of that year, resulted in the mobilisation of vast sectors of the Buenos Aires population and the organisation of militias. By analysing the social composition, organisation, and sources of recruitment of these militias, the article claims that although personal allegiance, cientelism and coercion played a role in this mobilisation, these factors are not sufficient to explain the popularity of the movement. The revolution owed its wide and active support to the claims of its leaders, who centred their discourse on defending the purity of suffrage and the rights of citizens to bear arms in order to protect their rights and freedoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a notable intellectual from Argentina around the turn of the 20th century: Paul Groussac (Toulouse, 1848 - Buenos Aires, 1929). Groussac was a highly versatile character, serving as professor at distinguished educational institutions, director of the National Library, polemicist, editor of prominent publications, essayist, literary critic, and historian. Some of the unique characteristics of his career are hereby presented. [TRANSLATION]

The article focuses on one of the Catholic intellectual plots conceived between 1900 and 1935 in the Diocese of Santa Fe, Argentina. Instead of the content of the discourse, the article examines the problematic relationship between Catholic intellectuals and the ecclesiastical authority. Based on the reconstruction of several scenarios and centered around the intervention of one of the plot participants in particular, the article explores tensions within the circles of power in the Catholic Church in Santa Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of a town's identity is a contemporary problematic. The process of economic globalization, far from devastating with the regional or national particularities seems to have exacerbated them. For that reason, to look for the bases of the national or regional identity in the present forces to dig in our own history to try to find out the real or mythical origins of the same. But the identity is not an easy or univocal concept or of an immediate apprehension. It was not in the past nor in the present. For that reason, this article aims to introduce the problematic of identity from the theory of the social representations and as case applied to the City of Mendoza, Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on political participation at the local level in the Department of San Rafael, Mendoza, and the tension between local and central provincial government (Mendoza, Argentina) at the beginning of the 20th century. The author considers local political participation in the context of the centralist policies initiated by Francisco Civit and later imposed by Mendoza's Constitution of 1900 and the autocratic provincial governments of Elías Villanueva and Carlos Galigniana Segura. She also cites the growth of San Rafael after the 1880 military campaigns against the Indians and the subsequent arrival and participation of foreign immigrants in the municipal government of the Department.

The article analyzes views of divorce related matters in doctoral legal dissertations completed at the Facultad de Derecho (Law School) of the University of Buenos Aires (Argentina) during the late 19th century. The author explores various aspects including the legal conceptualizations, generational values and legal interpretations of laws related to marriage and divorce. He considers the interpretation and critique of the Civil Law Code and the Laws of Civil Marriage during this period and reflects on their influence on later legislative and legal reforms.

The article studies some ngütram, oral narratives in Mapuzungun, produced by Mapuche Indians who belonged to the waizüfche or manzanera partiality, and collected by the German anthropologist Roberto Lehmann-Nitsche at the beginning of the 20th century. First, the waizüfche are set and biographical data about the narrators is provided emphasizing the adverse events they suffered in the awkan times. Then, the main issues in the narratives are described and some significant passages are analyzed. Thus, considerable historical facts that occurred in North Patagonia in the last quarter of 19th century are examined, focused from the point of view and expressed through the voices of those actually involved in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an analysis of the administration of justice as outlined in the 1873 Constitution of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It discusses the modifications to the province's judicial procedures and the various options lawyers and law makers had in the administrative decentralization of local government. It discusses the need to modify the function of the justice of the peace, a system that served administer justice in smaller provincial communities, and concludes with the political influences on several "gauchesco" works of literature, including "Martín Fierro," by José Hernández and "Hormiga Negra" by Eduardo Gutiérrez.

The article discusses the main elements of Argentine popular culture at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, with a focus on the transformation of Argentina due to a massive immigration and the process of modernization. It is the author's view that the popular culture of that time in Argentina had a strong presence of the so-called high culture, and was not homogeneous but a mixture of elements from dissimilar origins. Other topics discussed include populism, government politics regarding cultural issues, and the development of a concept of "people".

The conflict between Chilean, Peruvian, and Bolivian unskilled workers in the nitrate mining environment of the South American Pampas prior to the War of the Pacific was not primarily nationalist in nature.

The article explores the construction of national myths in Argentina at the time of the centenary, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The relationship between culture and institutions is looked at. Public conversation is one of the forms in which a culture creates ways to explain political, demographic, ethnic and social problems. The addresses of Leopoldo Lugones in the Teatro Odeón in 1913 (collected under the title "El Payador" in 1916) and the speech that Joaquín V. González gave in the Teatro Colón in 1911 to mark the hundredth birthday of Sarmiento, are used as points of entry into the article's content. The idea of a heterogeneous society is discussed, as well as gaucho literature.