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On propose dans cet article une caractérisation du verbe paraître, fondée sur l’interprétation de contraintes pesant sur l’emploi du verbe dans différents contextes. L’hypothèse développée est que toutes les occurrences de paraître peuvent être décrites à l’aide d’un schéma dans lequel une entité X, inaccessible en elle-même, est appréhendée par un sujet S, par l’intermédiaire d’un élément X’, second par rapport à X. Cette hypothèse est testée sur différentes acceptions du verbe, dont les emplois intransitifs du type Il parut en haut de l’escalier, les emplois causatifs tels que Il ne laissa rien paraître de son trouble, les emplois attributifs et impersonnels tels que Il paraissait sûr de lui et Il paraît qu’il a fait faillite. In this article we propose a characterization of the verb paraître, based on the interpretation of constraints on the use of the verb in different types of contexts. Our hypothesis is that all occurrences of paraître can be described with the help of a scheme where an entity X, inaccessible in itself, is apprehended by a subject S, through the perception of an element X’. This hypothesis is tested on various acceptions of the verb, including intransitive uses such as Il parut en haut de l’escalier; causative uses like Il ne laissa rien paraître de son trouble; attributive and impersonal utterances such as Il paraissait sûr de lui, and Il paraît qu’il a fait faillite.

Notre étude tente d’expliciter la possibilité d’un rapprochement entre en préfixe dans le modèle [(en)af [X] (Nlieu)]V et en préposition entrant dans la structure en + ∅ + [X] Nlieu. Loin d’introduire une simple localisation dans un lieu, en est un catalyseur permettant de valoriser un sème au détriment d’un autre. Il caractérise le statut de l’entité dite en X et spécifie l’activité, voire le processus relatifs à un lieu par opposition à d’autres. In this study, we try to highlight similarities between en prefix in the model [(en)af [X] (Nlieu)]V and en preposition represented by the structure en + ∅ + [X] Nlieu. Both introduce, more than a simple space location, an identity of the item said to be en X and the X characteristics’. En plays the role of a catalyst allowing to specify « Nlieu » and the activity or « process » relating to.

The volume proposes a corpus-driven study on the 14,000 occurrences of the verb “essere” (to be) in a corpus of Italian speech C-ORAL-ROM, in the light of the main proposals for the semantic interpretation of the verb. Thus, the very possibility of carrying out research that is strongly characterised in a theoretical sense on a large amount of oral data, generally not very inclined to a systematic taxonomic treatment, is put to the test. The observable datum therefore defines the explicandum of linguistic reflection and the analysis on corpus guarantees the observational adequacy with respect to the actual production data. The proposed results show that the wide semantic variation in the use of the verb is structured in broadly comprehensive macro-classes: the copula (attributive) uses, the identifying uses and the predicative uses with a locative basis. Within each of these classes, primary, consistent and productive variation lines are found.Il volume propone uno studio corpus driven condotto sulle 14.000 occorrenze del verbo essere nel corpus di parlato italiano C-ORAL-ROM, alla luce delle principali proposte di interpretazione semantica del verbo. Viene cosi messa alla prova la possibilita stessa di realizzare una ricerca fortemente connotata in senso teorico su una grande mole di dati orali, in genere poco inclini ad un trattamento tassonomico sistematico. Il dato osservabile definisce quindi l'explicandum della riflessione linguistica e l'analisi su corpus ne garantisce l'adeguatezza osservativa rispetto ai dati della produzione reale. I risultati proposti evidenziano che l'ampia variazione semantica nell'uso del verbo risulta strutturata in macroclassi ampiamente comprensive: gli usi copulari (attributivi), gli usi identificativi e gli usi predicativi a base locativa. All'interno di ognuna di tali classi si riscontrano linee di variazione precipue, coerenti e produttive.

Scenario-driven requirement specifications are widely used to capture and represent high-level requirements. Timed Use Case Maps (TUCM) is a high-level scenario based modeling technique that can be used to capture and integrate behavioral and time-related aspects at a high level of abstraction. The Timed Use Case Maps language assumes durational semantics which introduces semantic variation points when dealing with concurrent flows. In this paper, we introduce three AsmL-based operational semantics, making the semantic variation points of TUCM concurrent behavior explicit. The proposed semantics are illustrated using an example.

En este artículo se presenta la variación verbal desde un enfoque sociolingüístico, desde esta perspectiva de análisis las particularidades sociales, históricas y etnográficas del habla de una región se manifestarían en el uso de la lengua tanto en el nivel morfológico, sintáctico y semántico. En el marco de la investigación acerca de la variación lingüística en Magallanes se presenta la variación sintáctico-semántica de los verbos considerados como variantes patrimoniales de la comunidad de habla magallánica: crecer (lo)-caer(lo)- pasar a caer (¡o) .Desde un punto de vista teórico, estos verbos reflejarían procesos sintácticos de ergativización, es decir, aquellos procesos lingüísticos que se caracterizan por expíicitar el agente de ¡a acción expresada en la estructura gramatical del verbo. A su vez, en el plano semántico este proceso se manifiesta a través de la atribución de un significado particular a los verbos utilizados por los hablantes. Entre las conclusiones principales, podemos señalar que el significado de estos verbos es reconocido por la totalidad de los hablantes encuestados, sin embargo, su uso está determinado por las variables de edad y escolaridad. Igualmente, podemos señalar que la variación sintáctico-semántica de los verbos en estudio se encontraría en un proceso inicial de cambio lingüístico (Labov, 1983) y que correspondería a aquellos usos lingüísticos que presentan menor concentración en ciertos grupos sociales. In this article verbal variation is presented from a sociolinguistic approach. From this perspective of analysis, social, historie and ethnographic peculiarities of speech of a región are manifested in the use of the language at a morphological, syntactic and semantic level. In the context of the investigation about linguistic variation in Magallanes it is presented the syntactic-semantic variation of the verbs that are considered patrimonial variants of the Magellan community: crecer(ío) - pasar a caerr - caer(ío). From a theoretical point of view, these verbs would reflect syntactic processes of ergativity, that is to say, those linguistic processes that are characterized by making exphcit the subject of the action mentioned in the grammatical structure of the verb. At the same time, at a semantic level this process is manifested by giving a particular meaning to the verbs used by the speakers. Among main conclusions, we can say that the meanings of these verbs are recognized by all the people polled, however the use is determined by the variables of age and schooling. Likewise, we can also say that the syntactic-semantic variations of the verbs being studied are in an initial process of linguistic change (Labov, 1983) and that would correspond to those linguistic uses that present less concentration in certain social groups.

Similarly to simple words, compounds and other multi-word units (MWUs) are subject to in?ection. A correct and exhaustive treatment of this issue has an important impact on natural language applications. However it raises some nontrivial questions such as: the role of separators in MWUs, morphological non-compositionality of MWUs, their syntactic and semantic variation, huge sizes of in?ection paradigms in highly in?ected languages, etc. Due to such problems, the in?ectional description of MWUs must be, at least partly, lexi- calized. We present a comparative review of eleven lexical approaches to this issue, with respect to linguistic properties of those units. The review is based on case studies of several natural languages. It allows us to put forward some recommendations for a cross-language standard morphological description of MWUs.

Sixteen 4 to 6-year-old Danish children were video-recorded, while interacting spontaneously with their family in their homes. The mental state talk of the children was identified and analysed with respect to three mental domains: desire, feeling and cognition, and was compared to data from a similar study carried out with Canadian families (Jenkins et al., 2003). Our results suggest some cross-cultural differences in children’s mental state talk. First, Danish children produce a larger variation of mental state talk words than Canadian children do, and second, the distribution of mental state talk across the three domains differed for the two language groups. Semantic variation between Danish and English was identified in the study, which may partly explain the findings. Furthermore we present a usage-based approach to the investigation of children’s development of psychological categories in language as well as cross-linguistically.

In this paper I intend to establish that the semantics of third-person pronouns is cross-linguistically variable, and in particular, that not all languages possess thirdperson pronouns which are definite, in the sense of displaying familiarity effects. I will argue for this on the basis of data from St’at’imcets (Lillooet Salish). I will then account for the St’at’imcets data in terms of independently-established differences between St’at’imcets and more familiar languages such as English. First, some background. In English, third-person pronouns like she, it or they are definite. In Heim’s (1982) and Kamp’s (1981) frameworks, pronouns are necessarily familiar: they introduce variables which are already present in Dom(F) or the DRS. Many have proposed that pronouns, on at least some of their uses, are disguised definite descriptions; see Cooper (1979), Heim (1990), Neale (1990), von Fintel (1994), Chierchia (1995), Sauerland (2000), among others. And some have claimed that third-person pronouns are in fact definite determiners; see Postal (1966), and more recently Elbourne (2001, 2005), who argues that (1a) has ‘an LF almost or precisely identical to’ that of (1b) (Elbourne 2005:42).

In this investigation, we conduct a contrastive corpus analysis into the usages of the ‘get’ periphrastic construction focusing on semantic variation. Our primary interest is in standard Singapore English (SE), and British English (BE) and New Zealand English (NZE) were used for comparative purposes. The investigation found that, generally, SE use of the ‘get’ periphrastic construction was similar to that for BE and NZE. However, after conducting a search for paradigmatic parallels, we also found that in certain functional environments, typically filled by the ‘get’ causative in the other two dialects, SE may have gone further in evolving a competing form - the use of speech act verbs, especially ‘ask’ used in a causative sense.

В настоящей статье рассматривается потенциал семантического варьирования и деривационного развития лексемы работать как основной. Все лексемы в гнезде находятся в Словаре сербскохорватского литературного языка Матицы сербской (РМС) и в Словаре сербскохорватского литературного и на родного языка Сербской академии наук и искусств (РСАНУ). Анализ показы вает что в деривационном гнезде является 60 первостепенных, 65 второстепенных, 29 третьестепенных и 2 четверостепенных лексем. Метонимия, метафора, платисемия (широкозначность) и регулярная полисемия как семантические варьирования осуществляются у основной лексемы и у первостеппеных дериватов. У раду се разматрају могућности творбеног сегментирања и семантичког варирања лсксема које улазе у састав деривационог гнезда глагола радити.

Les discours juridique et medical sont revelateurs de pluralite. La specificite de ces matieres commande, en effet, une multiplicite d'intervenants. Un terme unique peut ainsi, selon l'interlocuteur, contenir plusieurs significations. Tel est defini le mot a sens multiples. La securite juridique induit cependant un encadrement strict des conditions de sa mise en application. La comprehension de la pensee est des lors facilitee, les assimilations abusives, nuisibles a la clarte du discours juridique, evitees. Toutefois, les regles de droit ne sont pas immuables et s'adaptent aux evolutions de la societe. La pluralite peut dans ce cas etre l'instrument de la mutation semantique. De fait, un mot a sens multiples est tantot source de progres, tantot source de dispersion juridique. La presente contribution propose d'apprehender les effets de la pluralite en droit medical anglais, en particulier dans le cadre de la loi regissant la maternite de substitution.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung erläutert aufgrund detaillierter Valenzanalysen von vier deutschen Kognitionsverben (glauben, denken, wissen und erkennen), wie das semantische Prinzip der Koerzion (“coercion”, J. Pustejovsky) und verbale Monosemie miteinander in Einklang gebracht werden können. Es wird gezeigt, dass das in einem spezifischen Satzmuster (“argument structure construction”) realisierte Verb jedesmal auf eine lexikalische Kernbedeutung (“unitary meaning”) zurückgeht. Die Bedeutung des Verbs ändert sich nicht dadurch, dass die syntaktische und lexikalische Umgebung eine andere ist; was variiert, ist die Redebedeutung (E. Coseriu), die nicht mit der sprachlichen Bedeutung des Verbs verwechselt werden darf, sondern sich vielmehr aus der Bezeichnung bzw. der Interpretation ergibt. Die Untersuchung leistet einen Beitrag zur Analyse der Multifunktionalität von Valenzträgern, wobei sowohl Bedeutungsinvarianz als auch semantische Variation ("polysemy") gebührend berücksichtigt werden.

Русские предлоги о(б) и про : проблема семантического описания. В конструкциях типа говорить о войне / про войну предлоги о(б) и про. кажутся полными эквивалентами, если не считать стилистической отмеченности про. Однако внимательный анализ функционирования этих предлогов показывает, что это не так. Кроме того, про. не может быть заменено на о(б) в двух видах контекстов — «цитирующем» и «меронимическом». На основании данных современных русских текстов предлагается толкование этх предлогов с целью их семантического различения., Sakhno Serguei. Les prépositions russes o(b) et pro : entre « objet » et « propos ». In: Revue des études slaves, tome 74, fascicule 2-3, 2002. pp. 453-468.

Pierre Jalenques : Étude sémantique du préfixe RE en français contemporain : à propos de plusieurs débats actuels en morphologie dérivationnelle In this article, we study the semantic properties of the French prefix RE used with verbs. We are mainly dealing with two issues 1) what status should be granted to the intuition of native speakers, about the polysemy and the idiomaticity of such verbs as reconnaître, remarquer, regarder? We argue that these verbs should not be submitted to intuition but within utterances; 2) how can we account for the polysemy and the idiomaticity of verbs prefixed with RE, from a synchronical point of view? We argue that a dynamic analysis of the semantic relations between the prefix, the stem of the verbs and also the argument structure of the verbs can account for those data., Jalenques Pierre. Étude sémantique du préfixe RE en français contemporain : à propos de plusieurs débats actuels en morphologie dérivationnelle. In: Langue française, n°133, 2002. Le lexique, entre identité et variation, sous la direction de Jean-Jacques Franckel. pp. 74-90.

ReSUMe This work aims to show that the description and the interpretation of the characteristics of various lexical items, notably described as « slang » (mainly in the French an in the Wolof used by young rappers from Dakar and Saint-Louis) can only be achieved and completed by taking into account all the possible realizations of language. Indeed, it’s within the framework of the formal and the semantic variation that these lexical units draw their meanings.

Este artículo describe cómo se expresa, en el español culto costarricense, la noción de optatividad usando el presente de subjuntivo. Sigue, en general, los lineamientos para el estudio del habla culta propuestos en el "Proyecto de estudio coordinado de la norma lingüística culta de las principales ciudades de Iberoamérica y de la Península Ibérica".

Two kinds of speech symptoms observed in a jargon aphasic was reported ; “the iterative pattern of phonemic variation and semantic variation” . The former is the same as the stereotypic pattern of alliteration and assonance of neologism, which was described by Green (1969). The latter, which we described for the first time in this paper, is characterized by a series of several words which have closely semantic relations each other or belong to the same semantic category. So the iterative pattern of phonemic variation (=alliteration and assonance) is characteristic to neologistic jargon, as that of semantic variation is suggested to be characteristic to a certain type of the semantic jargon.

(1989). Semantic variation and sociolinguistics. Australian Journal of Linguistics: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 221-275.

Communication in geography will be more successful if the ways in which we manipulate language are better understood. Recognition and understanding of normal mental set reduce its effect as an inhibitor of recognition of other unconscious behavior. Great semantic variation in geographic terms is masked by 1) contextual carrying of meaning in communication and 2) highly individual formulation of central meaning and range of meaning concepts that are rarely challenged. Language by language, vocabulary categories and grammar force some observations and inhibit others, affecting the isolates (and their attributes) from nature and experience that are observed and the manner of observing them. Phenomena of interest to geographers are continuously variable in time and space, but in non-mathematical communication a continuum is commonly represented as a series of static and discrete segments. Maps communicating in a new way, showing characteristic continuous variability, might shed light on current issues related to the massive end of geometric progressions. Context is a geographic dimension. Pattern recognition, assimilation by systems, and automatic data processing, called forth by the exponentially increasing volume of pertinent information, represent more or less new types of communication. New keyword indexing of publications and reliance on abstracts lend new importance to the wording of titles and condensation of messages. Automated instrumental observation and imaging of terrestrial phenomena from extra-terrestrial vantage points can provide comparable and repeatable worldwide observations and instant generalizations made directly from particulars with simultaneous sampling of particulars. This is a new medium of communication which we shall master more readily if we improve our understanding of language behavior and of the processes that tend to inhibit or facilitate our acceptance of pertinent new truth.

Action verbs have many meanings, covering actions in different ontological types. Moreover, each language categorizes action in its own way. One verb can refer to many different actions and one action can be identified by more than one verb. The range of variations within and across languages is largely unknown, causing trouble for natural language processing tasks. IMAGACT is a corpus-based ontology of action concepts, derived from English and Italian spontaneous speech corpora, which makes use of the universal language of images to identify the different action types extended by verbs referring to action in English, Italian, Chinese and Spanish. This paper presents the infrastructure and the various linguistic information the user can derive from it. IMAGACT makes explicit the variation of meaning of action verbs within one language and allows comparisons of verb variations within and across languages. Because the action concepts are represented with videos, extension into new languages beyond those presently implemented in IMAGACT is done using competence-based judgments by mother-tongue informants without intense lexicographic work involving underdetermined semantic description.

The present study sets out to investigate the meanings associated with the term practice across specialised domains and, particularly, the patterns of language use and aspects of semantic variation that distinguish the academic disciplines. A corpus of English research articles in various domains was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively, paying attention to lexical patterns and collocates of practice, with a focus on adjectives and verbal processes. The analysis of the collocational patterns with a prominently linking nature has highlighted the relational and highly context-bound meaning of practice, also reinforced by the adjectives modifying practice (e. g. cultural, social, etc.) that contribute to the semantic opacity of this word because of their shifting framework-related meanings. Moreover, a tension between a mainly concrete meaning and a conceptual one has been identified within the disciplines as each practice is characterized by the combination and overlapping of mechanical procedures and cognitive aspects. The main findings suggest that in academic discourse practice, far from being removed from theory, actually integrates it, pointing to a constant interplay between action and discipline-based knowledge. In line with the foundations of scientific enquiry, the main focus of all kinds of academic practice appears to be placed on the epistemological dimension, i. e., on the research, theory, method, interpretation and evaluation coming into play in any scientific study. The pedagogical implications are considered and it is suggested that a context-based lexical analysis of high-frequency words can yield significant insights into the epistemological frameworks of the disciplines.

IN CERTAIN circles-notably radio, sports, advertising, and motion pictures-one often does not pay the check, take a dive, tell a joke, or listen to swing music. Instead he pays the checkeroo, takes a diveroo, tells a jokeroo, and listens to swingaroo. Do such terms as these merely end with meaningless extra syllables? Sometimes they do, but not always. There is a perceptible semantic variation between the new forms with tails and the old acaudate ones. That is, it may not be quite so jarring to the playwright's sensibilities to read that his work is a flopperoo as to read that it is-tersely, bluntly, rudely-a flop. And the hapless sapperoo or bummaroo seems somehow less so than he used to be before the suffixion. Common as such new words are, little has been written about them.l Some fifty have come to my attention; no special search was made in the numerous likely sources particularized below. The eye, it cannot choose but see; we cannot bid the ear stop listening to the radio. And nearly thirty, or about a third of all the quotations below, were heard on the radio.