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Streptococcus agalactiae is a gram-positive bacterium which has pili protein on its cell surface. It can cause pathogenic infections in the reproductive tract of women and newborns, resulting in premature births, meningitis, and pneumonia. Streptococcus agalactiae samples obtained from patients treated at Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Streptococcus agalactiae were cultured using biphasic brain heart infusion (BHI). The subjects were divided into 4 samples namely, the first pili cut sample, the second pili cut sample, the third pili cut sample and the whole Streptococcus agalactiae cells sample. Each group was tested for hemagglutination and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The analysis test result was seen based on the agglutination and the dominant color of the protein band using the EZ Gel-Biorad Gel Documentation System tool. The hemagglutination test showed that the second cut of Streptococcus agalactiae pili had the highest positive hemagglutination test at dilution of titer 64 (1/64). The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis test showed that the dominant bands were in the second pili cut sample at 35 and 53 kDa molecular weights. The pili Streptococcus agalactiae has high hemagglutination activity and dominant molecular weight, which can be used as vaccine candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria in Indonesia exceeds more than 300.000 cases in two consecutive years since 2016. Recently, a synthetic drug called chloroquine was used for the treatment. Unfortunately, the massive consumption of chloroquine gives rise to Plasmodium resistance. This research aims to determine the potency of endophytic bacteria obtained from cinchona plants root producing quinine compound and characterize its morphological properties. Quinine extraction starts with bacterial cultured in 7 mL Nutrient Broth inside vial supplemented with 140 µL (1:20) tryptophan. All bacteria cultures were incubated at 27 °C and agitated in a shaker with 120 rpm for 48 hours. The extraction process was carried out with additional 8.4 ml (1:1.2) chloroform to each sample. The qualitative measurement uses Thalleioquin test method with hydrochloric acid (HCl), Bromine-solution (KBr + KBrO3 + H2O), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as the main reagent. This screening test indicator is the color in the upper phase of the sample compared with the Green-Yellow color (5GY 8/6) from Munsell Color Chart. We found all isolates could produce quinine, and isolate a11 and a13 has the highest color strength. Both isolate a11 and a13 are classified as negative Gram, non-capsulated, and bacilli shape properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratinase is a specific proteolytic enzyme that degrades keratin. Keratinase has wide applications in global industries. Bacillus sp. MD24 has been reported to produce keratinase by solid-state fermentation method using chicken feathers as a sole substrate. Furthermore, keratinase production could be elevated by adding biomass waste (sugarcane bagasse, tofu waste, or rice husk) to chicken feathers. However, the ratio of biomass waste addition was unknown. The liquid by-product of keratinase production contains both carbon and nitrogen sources, which is potential as organic fertilizer. This study aimed to determine the effect of chicken feathers and an additional carbon source ratio toward keratinase production by Bacillus sp. MD24 and potential of its liquid by-products as organic fertilizer. This research was conducted in several stages: keratinase production, enzyme assay, testing liquid by-product on the growth of caisim, and plant morphological analysis. The results showed that the addition of tofu waste produced higher keratinase compared to other carbon sources. The optimal ratio between chicken feathers and tofu waste to produce optimal keratinase was 1:0,4 on the 6th day. Growth rates, the number of leaves, and chlorophyll a and b pigments increased significantly with 20-days irrigation at 1:5 and 1:10 (v/v) dilution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination caused by heavy metals such as Cr(VI) has become a serious problem in the aquatic environment in the world. Various kinds of research to avoid the destructive effects of pollution in multiple ecosystems are being investigated. One of the important efforts is to keep track of existence of heavy metals in aquatic environment. However, the monitoring of heavy metal existence meets several blockages, in this case due to the water stream of the river. This research was aimed to investigate the use of biofilm matrix as a biological agent to monitor water river quality and focused on Cr(VI) pollution in the Cokro River, Malang Regency. Cr(VI) concentrations in water and biofilm were investigated. The environmental parameters of Cokro River were also analyzed, there were temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and salinity. The summary of this study showed that the concentration of Cr(VI) in the biofilms was higher than in water. Based on the results of this research, the biofilm matrix was a potential agent to monitor Cr(VI) concentration in the lotic ecosystems especially in Cokro River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic fluid based on local iron sand using virgin coconut oil (VCO) as a natural surfactant is a magnetic fluid that has good biocompatible properties. Fe3O4/VCO preparation was successfully synthesized using the coprecipitation method. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles obtained were characterized by using XRD and SEM. The XRD results showed a particle size was 11.28 nm. These results were well confirmed using SEM characterization, which showed that the particle size was 11.34 nm. FTIR characterization shows the bond -CH-(CH2) with an asymmetric vibration model that experiences a shift in the peak vibration on the magnetic fluid sample, and it is a representation presence of oleic acid as one of the substances in the VCO surfactant. Furthermore, a new peak with the -COO- bond shows carboxylic acids as evidence of the combination of symmetrical bonding with surface molecular bonds. This indicates that the addition of VCO surfactants can reduce the agglomeration of magnetite nanoparticles. To determine the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value we used magneto-thermal characterization. From the analysis, SAR value of magnetic fluid indicates 1.659 and 2.021 W/g for the Fe3O4/VCO ratio of 1 : 3.5 and 1 : 4.5, respectively. From these results, the magnetic fluid of Fe3O4/VCO is a potential candidate as a material for hyperthermia therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estradiol decreases in postmenopausal women cause several changes in the physical, physiological, and psychological aspects. Consequently, various complaints emerged and affected women's quality of life (QoL). Vitamin D [25(OH)D] is an alternative to relieve menopausal complaints. This study aimed to examine the relationship between estradiol, 25(OH)D, and the QoL among postmenopausal women. This study applied a descriptive-analytic and consecutive sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were postmenopausal and physiological menopause women who were willing to participate in this study. The exclusion criteria were postmenopausal women with severe illness and under steroid treatments. ELISA, ECLIA, and MENQOL were used to examine 25(OH)D, estradiol, and QoL, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The results showed thirty-nine postmenopausal women participated in this study. The average estradiol level was 5.68 pg/mL (SD ± 2.20), ranged from 5 to 16.07 pg/mL. There was a significant correlation between estradiol levels and QoL (r = −0.349; p = 0.029), and 25(OH)D and QoL (r = −0.383; p = 0.016). In conclusion, estradiol and 25(OH)D have a notable role in postmenopausal complaints. The QoL is a maJor consideration in postmenopausal women's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to analyze the possible active constituents present in the ethanolic extract of stem bark, leaves, and seeds of Sterculia quadrifida (Sterculiaceae). S. quadrifida is locally known as "Faloak" in East Nusa Tenggara Province and commonly used in traditional medicine to treat hepatitis. Its parts were collected from Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara province. Chemical compounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Fifteen compounds are identified in stem bark, twenty-one compounds in leaves, and fourteen compounds in seeds that can contribute to the medicinal quality of the plant. The prevailing compounds are Tributyl acetyl citrate (35.66%), 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene (20.64%) and Hexadecanoic acid (48.84%). A minor component, such as Vitamin E, is also present. Hexadecanoic (synonym - Palmitic acid) acid has been reported to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foraging behaviour of snake can be distinguished by their environments to be an aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial, or fossorial snakes. Here, we recorded not only a foraging behaviour of water snake but also other snakes that have habits to be near the water sources. Snakes at seven water sources in Malang are identified and grouped into Colubridae Family and Elapidae Family. Water snakes are usually found hang on branches and wide leaves over the slowly-flowed stream. We found a Fowlea melanzostus that active during the day, and eating Fejervarya limnocharis. The most common species was Fowlea melanzostus piscator and it is active during the day and night. Two of the four species found are arboreal snake, they are Dendrelaphis pictus and Ahaetulla prasina. Both arboreal snakes are found not only during the night but also during the day. We found one individual of Ahaetulla prasina that was hanging on a bamboo stick while eating Chalcorana chalconota during the day. Most of the water sources in Malang have been dominated by Chalcorana chalconota. It makes Bungarus candidus and Coelognathus flavolineatus also found within this ecosystem. Besides preying on the frog, this snake also preys other's snake and mouse which are also found in nocturnals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance of free radicals in the cells and is one of the causes of various diseases in humans. One method that is thought to reduce oxidative stress is calorie restriction or fasting. However, its effects remain unclear. This study was conducted to determine the effect of intermittent fasting and prolonged fasting on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker in the liver and plasma of New Zealand White rabbits. Fifteen of New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups (intermittent fasting (IF), prolonged fasting (PF), and control). MDA was measured in plasma and liver homogenate using spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA test. The liver MDA level was decreased in the IF group, but not significant. However, there was a significant increase in plasma MDA levels both in the IF and PF groups. Moreover, liver MDA level was increased in PF group, although it was not significant. In conclusion, intermittent and prolonged fasting could increase plasma MDA levels significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ladybugs "Oteng-oteng" (Epilachna sparsa) are often found in eggplant fields and eat eggplant leaves. This condition causes stunted growth of eggplants and material loss for farmers. Although quite effective, synthetic pesticides can pollute the environment, be resistant to the pest, and harm human health. To overcome it, natural pesticides or biopesticides are used. Citrus hystrix leaves is one of plants used as antifeedant. This preliminary study aims to determine effectiveness of Citrus hystrix leaves extract as antifeedant against Epilachna sparsa. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of farnesol, caryophyllene oxide, nerodilol, citronellol, and citronellal as known insect repellents. The chloroform extract of C. hystrix leaves was smeared on the eggplant leaves, observed for 3 days, and analyzed to know the effectiveness of the treatment. As a result, the C. hystrix leaves extract was less effective of being used as an antifeedant against E. sparsa with eating inhibition value (%PM) of 32.35% based on the weight of the leaves eaten by E. sparsa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We considered a mathematical model of the spread of the HIV-AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromedisease). The model is of the type of SIA (Susceptible, Infected, AIDS cases). The total population was subdivided into three compartments, that is, S (Susceptible group), I (Infected group) and A (AIDS cases group), as the name suggests, in order to form the SIA model. We used the fourth order Runge-Kutta method for solving the model. We took secondary data available in the literature for parameters and initial conditions that we used in our simulations. The resulting Runge-Kutta solutions provided behaviour and prediction of the spread of the HIV-AIDS disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is a high risk of heart disease and stroke, which is caused by vasoconstrictive arteries due to angiotensin II binds to angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Treatment of hypertension using the drugs angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) causes side effects of headaches, constipation, and diuretics. Phenolic compounds (10-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-gingerol) from red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) were used for hypertensive herbal medicines. This study aims to predict the potency of 10-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-gingerol as AT1R antagonist by bioinformatics approach. This research was conducted using physicochemical properties, Pa test, pharmacokinetic test, and molecular docking of the three gingerol compounds and Losartan as drug control. The results show that 10-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-gingerol have good oral bioavailability, good vasodilator potential (Pa >7), hepatoprotective potential, vasoprotective potential, and antioxidant potential. Based on pharmacokinetic absorption, distribution, and excretion test, the three gingerol compounds showed higher results compared to the Losartan. The toxicity of the gingerol compounds is low, not hepatotoxic, whereas Losartan is hepatotoxic. Molecular docking showed that the three gingerol compounds and the Losartan were on one side of the binding to AT1R. The conclusion of this study is red ginger has potency as a candidate for oral drug hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) local rice cultivar Beak ganggas is rice with functional food because of anthocyanin content. A long harvest time of Beak ganggas makes the rice to be rarely planted by local farmers. The introduction of the early flowering gene OsMADS18 through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation can be done to solve the drawback of Beak ganggas. A. tumefaciens as a transformant agent had been inserted in Beak ganggas genome. The result shows that from 50 calluses infected sprout up 42 calluses in hygromycin selection, 35 calluses regenerate into shoots and 20 plantlets. The calculation of transformation efficiency is 84%, while regeneration efficiency is 83%. Confirmation of Beag ganggas OsMADS18 is used hptII primer and OL13/14 primer, which produces 500 and 742 bp DNA fragment constitutively. So that, OsMADS18 has been successfully inserted in Beak Ganggas genome using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) is a severe disease that reduces rice crop yields. It is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo). The BLB disease can be manage through some ways, such as the adoption of BLB resistant varieties. It is necessary to investigate this disease because of the BLB outbreak cases in several regions in Indonesia, especially in West Java as the center of rice production. This study aimed to identify the Xoo from ten districts in West Java by applying diagnostic molecular markers for Xoo (XO, Xoo4009, and Xoo2976) using colony PCR and assess the virulence level of in vivo pathogenicity test using resistant varieties (IRBB7 and Conde) and susceptible varieties (IR64 and TN 1). The bacterial isolation resulted 50 isolates and detected four positive Xoo isolates i.e. Xoo-6 (Cicalengka, Bandung), Xoo-17 (Sindang Karya, Karawang), Xoo-19 (Rawamerta, Karawang), and Xoo-21 (Teluk Jambe, Karawang) and showed 98% similarities. The highest level of virulence of isolates was found in Xoo-6 and the lowest level was found in Xoo-21 isolates. The BLB disease intensity in the vegetative phased plants was higher than generative phased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of LCS in Indonesia was recorded at 1,100,000 million tons in 2018. The decrease in the corrosion rate is inhibited by the lignin-inhibition method. This study was conducted on the effectiveness of Borassus flabellifer fiber lignin extract as a green inhibitor of corrosion in LCS. Literature review using relevant articles based on bibliometric and molecular designs simulation method omits was used. The molecular design simulation shows that inhibition of LCS by lignin occurs through an electron exchange reaction between oxygen atoms in aromatic rings of lignin and the d-orbitals of Fe atoms on the LCS surface in acidic media. The lignin coats LCS and blocks oxygen atom from direct contact, so the corrosion rate decreases by up to 37.5% compared with untreated LCS. Borassus flabellifer fiber is widely distributed in Indonesia that is not utilized and rich in lignin content. It is estimated that 93,000-186,000 tons of Borassus flabellifer fiber are produced 17,670-35,340 tons of lignin every day, which can coat 476.16-952.32 million m2 LCS. This is high to be developed as a prevention method of LCS corrosion in the future because of (1) high raw material reduction, (2) high lignin extraction product from Borassus flabellifer fiber, (3) inhibitor application in LCS, and (4) its inhibitory power against high corrosion rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperglycemia is the main hallmark of DM, which is caused by elevated levels of Advanced Glycation-End Products (AGE) and Receptor for AGE (RAGE) interaction. AGE-RAGE interaction further develops a progressive diabetic complication due to excessive free radical production. Hydrogen-rich water (HW) are known to have a beneficial effect on health as an antioxidant and anti-inflammation. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of HW on the AGE-RAGE expression in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Rats divided randomly into five groups: N (healthy rats); DM (STZ + High-fat diet (HFD)) without additional treatment); DM + Met (DM + metformin dose 45 mg/kg BW); DM + HW (DM + Hydrogen-rich water); and DM + MH (DM + combination metformin and hydrogen-rich water). Rats were treated with HW or metformin for fourteen days and given per orally per day. At the end of treatment, rats were sacrificed and the pancreas was collected. AGE-RAGE expression was determined using the immunohistochemistry method. Our result suggested that either HW or HW combined with metformin declines AGE-RAGE expression significantly (p < 0.05) compared to DM rats. HW is expected to delayed organ damage by improves AGE-RAGE expression in STZ-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) has a complex immunological response that leading to a variety of lung pathology, as reflected on Chest X-ray (CXR) imaging. Tumor Necrosis Factor- a (TNF-α) and Interleukin-17 (IL-17) are also pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted as a response of MTb infection. Both have pleiotropic effects and excessive expressions are associated with lung damage. This study aims to determine the correlation between levels of TNF-α and IL-17 based on lung damage from CXR in paediatric TB. This is a cross-sectional study. The subjects include 38 TB patients divided into 3 groups; mild, moderate, and severe lung damage based on CXR, from January 2019 to July 2020. Plasma TNF-α and IL-17 levels measured using ELISA then compared to each group. There is a significant difference in TNF-α levels between mild vs moderate (p = 0.002), mild vs severe (p = 0.000), and moderate vs severe lung damage (p = 0.001). A positive correlation was also found between TNF-α levels and lung damage (p = 0.000, r = 0.796), whereas IL-17 shows no significant difference (p = 0.538). Increasing TNF-α level, but not IL-17, is associated with severity of lung damage in paediatric TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity remains a national and global problem because its prevalence still increases, leading to various dangerous degenerative diseases. One way to tackle obesity is by taking drugs that can reduce fat and carbohydrate intake, such as orlistat and acarbose. However, both of these drugs have unwanted side effects, so a safer exploration of anti-obesity herbal is still needed to replace them. Previous studies have shown that ethanol extracts of cucumber mesocarp can inhibit pancreatic lipase. In this study, the hot water extract of cucumber mesocarp powder was tested as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor in vitro and an α-amylase inhibitor in silico. The results show that cucumber mesocarp powder has been successfully produced by freeze-drying method; TPC and TFC value of brewed cucumber mesocarp powder are 0.0218 % and 0.0278 %, respectively. At the same mass of powder, brewed cucumber mesocarp powder has inhibition power against pancreatic lipase 3.44 times higher than orlistat. In comparison, in silico test result shows that pinocembrin and cucurbitacin A contained in cucumber able to bind to the active site of the α-amylase enzyme, so the cucumber mesocarp powder has great potential as anti-obesity agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipase is an industrially important enzyme and is usually obtained from microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi, producing it in a high amount. The method commonly used to produce lipase from filamentous fungi is Submerged Fermentation (SmF) with agitation. However, agitation requires energy and high production cost. Hence, reducing the use of agitation is needed. This research aims to observe the influence of agitation speed toward colony growth, lipase productivity, and nutrient absorption from Indonesian Aspergillus aculeatus Ms.11 in broth medium. Aspergillus aculeatus Ms.11 was inoculated into 50 mL fermentation medium, which contains 1% of olive oil and glucose mixture with 1:1 comparison. Incubation was done using varied agitation speed (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 rpm) at 30 °C for 96 h. Relative activity lipase productivity, enzyme-specific activity, and glucose and nitrogen consumption were determined after the incubation. The results show that the highest lipase activity (6.33 U/mL) and lipase specific activity (0.10 U/mg) are observed at 0 rpm, while the highest lipase productivity (0.43 U/mg) is observed at 50 rpm. We concluded that maximum lipase production from Ms. 11 can be obtained using low agitation speed. Further study to optimize carbon and nitrogen sources is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to compare the growth and fertility of Samia cynthia in phenotypes variations (body colour). An experimental design under laboratory condition with 15 replications was employed. The body color is Yellow Plain (YP), Green Plain (GP), White Plain (WP), and Blue Plain (BP) were arranged into four groups. Larval length and weight, cocoon weight, fecundity, and hatchability were compared. The results showed there were significant differences in larval length and weight, cocoon weight, fecundity, and hatchability. The highest larvae length is BP (5.511) followed by YP (5.209), WP (5.191) and GP (5.097). The heaviest larvae are BP (5.3), followed by YP (4.986), GP (4.717) and WP (4.608). The heaviest cocoon weight is cocoon from BP (3.2), then YP (2.73), GP (2.67) and WP (2.53). The most eggs are produced by imago from GP (230), followed by BP (216), YP (166) and WP (158). The highest hatchability of larvae WP (58%), BP (55%), GP (51%) and YP (46%). Based on the results, the body color of the larvae affects growth and fertility. The choice of body color can be used as consideration for the rearing of eri silkworms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current agricultural production depends on the large-scale use of chemical fertilizers. However, excessive use of fertilizer can cause harmful effects on the environment. Against this issue, current agricultural practice is moving towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. Modern strategies increasing agricultural productivity emphasize the importance of biofertilizers in realizing their objective. Endophytic bacteria is known as the most promising and effective biofertilizers. Various types of endophytes and their potential can be obtained from various plants and studied to determine the potential in promoting plant growth. This study aims to determine the Cinchona plant (Cinchona ledgeriana Moens.) root's endophytic bacteria in producing Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) hormone and analyze its concentration IAA hormone production. IAA-producing bacteria activity test is done qualitatively and quantitatively. IAA assay was measured by using spectrophotometry technique with a wavelength of 530 nm. The results showed that all 23 isolates of the Cinchona plant endophytic bacterial roots could produce IAA hormone. The hormone production from 23 bacterial isolates showed that the average IAA production amount 10.60 ppm. The results showed that isolates a15 able to produce the highest IAA amount of 68.35 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by abnormalities in the pancreas due to impaired insulin secretion or the inability to use the insulin produced effectively, which treats hyperglycemia. Indonesia ranks 4 in the world with the highest number of diabetes mellitus sufferers, namely 8.4 million people, and will continue to increase to 21.2 million people in 2030. α-Amylase (alpha-1,4glucan-4-glucanohydrolase) is a catalyst hydrolyzing Alpha-1,4-glycosidic polysaccharides of starch become oligosaccharides then digested further to produce glucose. In controlling glucose in people with DMT2, it is necessary to consider the choice of oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) because of their many side effects. The anti-diabetic activity of Sapodilla leaf extract (Manilkara zapota) has been proven to show real antidiabetic activity by showing a hypoglycemic effect. Phenolic compounds have biological activity as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic. This study aimed to obtain a prediction of the antidiabetic potential of the phenolic compounds of Sapodilla leaf extract (Manilkara zapota) in inhibiting the α-Amylase enzyme in type 2 DM patients. The method used in this study was to predict the pharmacokinetics of ADMET using the online pkCSM webserver. At the outset, we downloaded a copy of the test of compound SMILES using the PubChem webserver, Molecular docking using PyRx 0.8, PyMol, and Discovery Studio software. The findings suggested that the phenolic group compounds are predicted to have good absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity values, and the combination of free energy values of phenolic compounds produced a synergistic effect. The bond between sitagliptin and the α-amylase enzyme was the most stable domain compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of yogurt are influenced by the concentration of the starter and incubation time. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in starter concentration and incubation time on the characteristics of yogurt. To achieve this objective, the study was carried out through several stages, namely sample preparation (pasteurization of cow's milk); incubation of cow's milk yogurt with variations in starter concentration and incubation time; characterization of the physical and chemical properties of yogurt. The physical properties were investigated through organoleptic tests of color, aroma, taste, and texture, along with pH and viscosity tests. In contrast, the chemical properties were analyzed from the total acid levels and protein levels. The results show that the variation in the treatment of yogurt production significantly affects the physical and chemical characteristics of the yogurt produced. The produced yogurt's pH is in the range of the standard value set by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). Besides, the amount of produced yogurt's total acid and protein concentration in this study are also met in the standard value set by the Indonesian national standard of yogurt. Moreover, the Mann-Whitney test results show excellent characteristics of yogurt produced. It has a soft texture, a distinctive aroma of yogurt, sour flavor, and white color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and COVID-19 diseases are still global problems. One of the causes of DM, mainly type 2 is unhealthy eating habits, including white sugar, which contains almost no active compounds except sucrose. The active compounds in sugarcane juice such as ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-Hydroxy benzoate acid, and vanillic acid, which are suspected besides alpha-amylase inhibitors, also have potential as anti COVID-19. The purpose of this research is to extract secondary metabolites from sugarcane juice, determine TPC and TFC, and to know in silico activity of the active compounds in sugarcane juice as an alpha-amylase inhibitor and binding position to the active site of the spike protein. The results have shown that TPC and TFC in sugarcane juice are 0.5501% and 0.4480%. The in silico analysis has proven that the ferulic acid compound is bonded to the alpha-amylase binding site as acarbose did. Gallic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, and vanillic acid compounds are bonded to RBD of S protein COVID-19 as chloroquine did, with various binding affinity. These results indicate that phenolic and flavonoids in sugarcane juice have the potential as an alpha-amylase inhibitor and anti COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protease is one of the industrial enzymes which is capable of hydrolyzing peptide bonds in proteins. Many industries often require protease that is tolerant at high salt concentration. Indonesia is a country that has high microbial biodiversity, including halophiles, which naturally live in high salt environments such as salt concentrating ponds. We investigated proteases produced by halophilic microbes isolated from salt concentrating pond at Pasuruan, East Java. This research was conducted in several stages, namely isolation and selection of bacteria, gram staining and homogeneity tests, the stability of isolated bacteria at various NaCl concentrations, determination of optimal protease production time, characterization of proteases by pH, temperature, and the effect of salt concentration. The result shows that six isolates were obtained from salt concentrating pond at the highest concentration of 8.4%. No colonies grew from saltwater at higher salt concentrations. All colonies were indicated as rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria. Two of the isolates, namely TG-6 and TG-3, were selected for further investigation due to their high proteolytic index. The selected isolates show the highest production time of 3 days at 43 °C, optimum pH of 8 and 9, and crude extract activity of 2.475 and 4.809 U/mL, respectively. They grow at a moderate salt concentration (up to 10% of NaCl), and the enzyme has the potential for industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine whether IFN-τ concentrations differed in pregnant cows versus cows with repeat breeding syndrome. This study used six adult Aceh cows with aged 3 - 5 years old and 50 - 250 kg of body weight. All Aceh cows were divided into two groups, namely RB1 (pregnant) and RB2 (failed pregnancy) of Aceh cow groups where each group consist of three cows. A 5 mL dose of PGF2α was used to synchronize the cow reproductive cycles, consisting of a double injection pattern of 11 days interval, before artificial insemination. Evidence of pregnancy and/or embryo mortality was evaluated using trans rectal ultrasonography on the 25th day following artificial insemination. The concentration of IFN-T was measured with an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) method using a bovine interferon ELISA kit. The IFN-τ concentration of RB1 vs RB2 was 12.52 ± 0.69 vs 32.76 ± 2.31 pg/mL. Furthermore, IFN-t concentrations of RB1 vs RB2 on day 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 were 11.37 ± 1.02 vs. 29.66 ± 3.77; 14.58 ± 0.56 vs. 25.07 ± 3.37; 11.71 ± 0.56 vs. 24.05 ± 3.00; 13.07 ± 1.01 vs. 58.51 ± 6.24; and 11.90 ± 0.95 vs. 26.53 ± 3.80 pg/mL, respectively. Based on the results of the study, IFN-τ levels were shown to have no significant impact on the success of pregnancy and/or embryo mortality in RB1 and RB2 with RB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation is the initial stage of liver fibrosis-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Also, HCC is a global disease resulting from several etiological factors. HCC incidence can be triggered by alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), viral hepatitis B (HBV), viral hepatitis C (HCV), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liver chronic inflammation significantly correlates to TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α) and IL-6 (interleukin 6) expression. This laboratory work aimed to investigate the effect of green material Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on the expression of both pro-inflammatory cytokines. A semi-quantitative approach quantified the expression of TNF-α and IL-6. This research was conducted using an animal model induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 solution. The results showed that green material Moringa oleifera could reduce IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Importantly, MOLP exposure can decrease the pro-inflammatory cell population in the liver parenchymal area. Hence, the application of green material Moringa oleifera might be potential as the local bioresources agent against liver inflammation-linked fibrosis. The exploration of MOLP in the future drug discovery model may significantly contribute to the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, diabetes mellitus (DM) still become the top health problem worldwide. Several reports showed the incidence and death number of this disease are increasing every year. Therefore, the strategy to overcome DM is crucially needed. Another possible way to minimize the adverse effect of DM is by understanding the immunological activities and properties, which lead us to have another option or insight to treat DM. Thus, in this present study, we aim to evaluate the production of granzyme by CD8 T cells and NK.1.1 natural killer (NK) cells after treated by the combination of Momordica charantia and Averrhoa bilimbi extract in streptozotocin (STZ) induced mice. The animal mice model was firstly induced by STZ, then followed by the Momordica charantia and Averrhoa bilimbi extract treatment. Finally, the expression number of granzyme from CD8 T cells and NK1.1 NK cells was evaluated using flow cytometry (FACS CaliburTM). According to our observation, we found that the granzyme is not produced by both CD8 T cells and NK1.1 NK cells, even after treated by the Momordica charantia and Averrhoa bilimbi extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunting is known as impaired growth and development due to malnutrition, chronic inflammation, and psychosocial stimulation. Malnutrition may cause by inadequate intake, poor quality intake, or a combination of both. An in vivo study on inadequate protein levels shows stunting, decreased muscle mass, weight loss, suppressed immune function, and growth hormone. This study aims to analyze the differences in protein intake levels in the stunted and non-stunted toddlers in subdistrict Pujon, Malang. The design of this research was an observational analytic case-control study. The population were toddlers in Pujon Malang, 24 - 59 months (5 years) whose parents were willing to sign an informed consent to be respondent. Measurement of height/age was classified as stunted if the z-score -3 SD (standard deviation) until < -2 SD for case group and z-score -2 SD until 2 SD for control group that consist of 37 toddlers stunted and 37 toddler non-stunted. Protein intake was obtained from the food recall 1 × 24 hours method, while height variables were obtained from measurement. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. The results show that a higher protein intake of 75.7% in non-stunted toddlers are observed than stunted toddlers by 51.4%, with a significant difference. Stunted toddlers aged 24 - 59 months in subdistrict Pujon, Malang, had protein intake lower than the non-stunted toddler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesian government has committed to increase exploration of wasters potential. Microalgae is an excellent water organism which high potential converted to biodiesel. Moreover, microalgae have a better photosynthetic ability than ordinary plants. Thus, microalgae can take part in preventing global warming by reducing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Recent research has successfully isolated several microalgae isolates from water area in East Java. However, they had not been characterized yet. Therefore, the aim of this research was to characterize two of those isolates in terms of potential as a feedstock of biodiesel production. The results showed that based on phenotype analysis, it could be concluded that Kelp I and Kelp IV were Prochloron sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. Prochloron sp. grew up optimally within 16-18 days, while Chlamydomonas sp. had an optimum growth at 13-18 days. The lipid yield of dried microalgae is 31.85% and 46.86% for Prochloron sp. and Chlamydomonas sp., respectively. Fatty acids composition in both Prochloron sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. were dominated by palmitic acid, which is very good for biodiesel synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower seeds are one of the fourth most widely used sources of edible oil production in the world. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in these oils reaches almost 85%. A previous report showed that a fatty acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause infections which are mostly caused by the nature of bacterial resistance. This study focused on the antibacterial activity of sunflower seed oil derivatives; namely K-salt (K-soap), free fatty acids (FFAs), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The fatty acids in sunflower oil is linoleic (49.57%), 11-octadecenoic acid (39.09%), palmitic (9.06%), and stearic (2.28%) acids. The as-synthesized K-soap is solid, white, melting point 167-184 °C, soluble in water and methanol. FFAs are yellow, liquid, boiling point 201 °C, density 0.94 g.cm−3, refractive index 1.46, viscosity 57.30 cSt, soluble in methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane, acid value 171.35, saponification value 176.73, and ester value 5.38. The FAMEs are yellow, liquid, boiling point 185 °C, density 0.89 g.cm−3, refractive index 1.45, viscosity 4.34 cSt, soluble in chloroform and n-hexane. The acid, saponification, and ester values of K-soap, FFAs, and FAMEs are 0.98, 210.96, and 202.98 respectively. They are potential as antibacterial against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-two clinically healthy fat-tailed sheep that include rams, pregnant lambs, suckling lambs, post-weaning, ewe lamb, and lactating sheep were used to evaluate physiological status on biochemicals parameters. The results revealed that the albumin, globulin, ratio Albumin/Globulin (A/G), creatinine, phosphor inorganic (Pi), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), triglycerides, and cholesterol were affected by physiological status (p < 0.05). However, the highest albumin was 4.11 ± 0.20 g/dL in the suckling lambs. The globulin was significantly highest in the lactating sheep (4.01 ± 0.82 g/dL). Ratio of A/G was higher (p < 0.05) in the lactating sheep (1.19 ± 0.33) and post-weaning (1.20 ± 0.14) than in other physiological status. The highest creatinine (1.45 ± 0.29 mg/dL) and Pi (17.63 ± 4.05 mg/dL) were found in ram. The highest HDLs were found in the suckling lambs (52.75 ± 7.44 mg) and the lactating sheep (53.33 ± 11.15 mg). The highest low-density lipoprotein (LDLs), triglycerides, and cholesterol were found in suckling ewe lambs that were 39.25 ± 21.76, 28.63 ± 13.22, and 91.50 ± 21.53 mg/dL, respectively. The urea, total protein (TP), calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were not affected significantly by the different physiological status of the fat-tailed sheep. It is concluded that the effect of physiological status was significantly manifested in blood biochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of Aedes aegypti larvae using chemical insecticides has a negative impact such as environmental pollution and targeted insect resistance. Alternatively, a botanical larvicide can be used. Carica pubescens plants function as insecticides. The purpose of this study is to determine the mortality and effective concentration of C. pubescens leaf and petiole extracts against 3rd instar A. aegypti larvae. C. pubescens leaves were taken from Cangar-Batu, East Java, Indonesia. Leaf and petiole samples of C. pubescens was made from dried simplicia. Extraction was done by the maceration method with methanol as a solvent. Extract concentrations in experiments were 0, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm and repeated six times. Larval death was observed every 24 hours for three days. The results show that the leaf and petiole extracts of C. pubescens cause mortality of 3rd-instar A. aegypti larvae. The higher the extract concentration, the higher the mortality of A. aegypti larvae. The effective concentration of papaya leaf extract (LC50) is 579.095 ppm, and the petiole extract of C.pubescens is 400.332 ppm. Based on the results of the study, the leaves and petiole extract of C. pubescens can be used as a botanical larvicide against 3rd-instar A. aegypti larvae and have the same activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays gout is still a problem, both nationally and globally. The most widely used commercial drug to treat gout is allopurinol, which act as xanthin oxidase inhibitor, thus inhibiting uric acid synthesis. However, the use of allopurinol in a relatively long time can cause various unwanted side effects. Previous studies have shown that ethanol extract of sugar apple, which is rich flavonoids can inhibit the xanthine oxidase enzyme, but the structure of flavonoid in this fruit is still unknown yet. The aims of this study are to obtain ethanol extracts from the flesh of sugar apple, purify the extract by partitioning techniques using n-hexane and chloroform solvents, test inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase and identify the flavonoid content using LC-MS/MS analysis. The results have shown that from 800 g the fruit flesh can be obtained 106 g of concentrated ethanol extract. After purification by partitioning using hexane and chloroform purified ethanol extract ed contained flavonoids, with TPC value of 16.11 ± 0.72 (mgGAE/g) and TFC value of 36.79 ± 2.96 (mgQE/g), in the same volume (0.01 mL) has xanthine oxidase inhibitory power by 75.17% compared to 1 mL of allopurinol 100 ppm and one of the dominant flavonoid compound contained was 3',4',7-trimethoxyflavan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesat River, where a lot of garbage dumps from upstream residents. This study aims to provide information about the diversity of cyanobacteria microalgae in the Mesat river. This type of research is survey research, conducted in February-April 2020. Microalgae samples were taken from 3 different stations following the river flow. Based on the identification and analysis, the Cyanobacteria found in the Mesat River in Lubuklinggau City consisted of 1 class, 3 orders, 4 families, 4 genera, and 5 species. The highest diversity value was at station 1 at 0.18 and the lowest was at station 3 at 0.14. The highest dominance value at station 1 is 0.001 and the lowest is at station 2 at 0.0003. The highest uniformity value at station 1 was 0.166 and the lowest at station 3 was 0.088. Measurement of the abiotic factors in the Mesat river consisted of: an average temperature of 26.87 °C, an average oxygen level of 45.63 mg/L, an average acidity of 6.6 and an average brightness of 17.56 cm. The conclusion of this study is the diversity of the distribution of cyanobacteria microalgae in the Mesat river, the city of Lubuklinggau, in the medium category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunbathing activity could convert pro-vitamin D into vitamin D to maintain pancreas for controlling blood glucose. This study aimed to determine the effect of sunbathing therapy in the morning to reduce blood glucose levels in men and women aged over 40 years. This study recruited 30 respondents who were over 40 years old using simple random sampling in Kutisari Village, Surabaya city, East Java Province, Indonesia. Respondents were divided into two groups: control group without sunbathing therapy and treatment group with sunbathing therapy in the morning for 10 minutes throughout seven days. Capillary blood glucose levels were taken using Point of Care Testing on 1st day before therapy began and on 7th day after therapy finished. The analysis unveiled that on treatment group was able to decrease blood glucose levels from 241.93 ± 132.84 to 173.13 ± 86.91 mg dL-1 with a significance p-value = 0.001. Meanwhile, on control group was able to increase from 209.47 ± 118.89 to 249.27 ± 152.10 mg dL-1 with p-value = 0.098. Therefore, sunbathing therapy in the morning for 10 minutes significantly reduces blood glucose levels effectively on respondents aged over 40 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Gegas is one of the attractive tourist destinations in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. There are quite a lot of tourists visiting Lake Gegas. This can disturb the life of the fauna there, one of which is waterbirds. In addition, it is feared that land clearing and hunting of waterbirds will reduce waterbirds and loss of habitat in Lake Gegas. The background of this research is the data related to the diversity of aerial bird species in Lake Gegas, so data collection is needed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the height level of birds in Lake Gegas. The research method used is the roaming technique. Cruising is carried out along the shores of Lake Gegas and to the other side by boat. Data collection is done by collecting techniques through collection sheets. Data level analysis using the Shannon Wiener formula. The results found 11 species of waterbirds consisting of 4 families with a contribution value of 2.21 in the "medium" category. "Habitat" by bird habitat. The conclusion of this study is that the results of research on waterbirds in Lake Gegas are included in the "medium" category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephrotic syndrome, the most common kidney disease in children, has been associated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α). This study aimed to assess the role of vitamin D3 supplementation to TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SNRS). This research was an experimental study involving 32 subjects divided into two groups. Each group was given a placebo and vitamin D3 for four weeks. Peripheral blood was taken before and after treatment. In the placebo group, there were significant decrease in 25(OH)D, increase in TGF-β1, and increase in TNF-α after treatment (p < 0.05). In the vitamin D3 supplementation group, there were significant increase in 25(OH)D, decrease in TGF-β1, and decrease in TNF-α (p < 0.05). The increase in 25(OH)D had correlation with the decrease in TGF-β1 (r = -0.593; p = 0.000) and the decrease in TNF-α (r = -0.782; p = 0.000). 0ur data indicated that vitamin D3 supplementation could increase 25(OH)D, decrease TGF- β1 and TNF-α. The decrease in TGF-β1, and TNF-α was negatively correlated with the increase in 25(OH)D in SRNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to identify the potential of soursop leaves simplicia as a mouthwash to hinder mouth infection caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. This study used a quasi-experimental laboratory with a post-test group design. The research sample was soursop leaves simplicia with the particle size of 1.36 µm produced by high energy ball milling (HEM) technique and extracted into 20 µm of soursop leave infusion. The soursop simplicia and infusion tests were carried out using 21 sterile tubes, consisting of 15 tubes as an antibacterial test with a concentration of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. Three positive control tubes containing 0.2% of Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and three negative control tubes of sterile aquadest were maintained. The bacterial isolates of Streptococcus mutans were gram stain identification, catalase, oxidase, and optochin susceptibility tests. The average colony number of Streptococcus mutans identified on 60% soursop leaves infusion is 681.7 and gets lower by 120.3 for 100% concentration. Meanwhile, its average colony number on 60% soursop leaves simplicia is 575.0 and reduces by 31.3 for 100% concentration. There is a substantial difference among 100% concentration soursop leaves infusion with CHX (p = 0.005), while there is no significant difference among 100% soursop leaves simplicia with CHX (p = 0.249). Therefore, a 100% concentration of soursop leaves simplicia can obstruct mouth infection and have the potential for mouthwash since it has no meaningful difference with CHX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-streoidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used despite their known gastrointestinal adverse effects. Centella asiatica (CA) is widely used for its anti-inflammatory due to its active components. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of CA ethanolic (CAE) extracts in gastric ulcer by measuring COX-2 expression. The effects of CAE were identified in mice (Rattus norvegicus) used as peptic ulcer models induced with Indometachin at 30 mg/kg BW. The experimental groups were divided into five groups: negative control group, positive control group day 8, and the treatment groups receiving three different doses of CAE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW). CAE was administered once daily for seven days. The experimental models were sacrificed 24 hours after the last CAE administration, and COX-2 expression in the gastric mucosal layer was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to examine gastric mucosal damage. There was a consistent significant decrease in COX-2 expression in all treatment groups compared to control groups (p = 0.006). The results showed that CAE displayed anti-inflammatory effect. CAE extracts could decrease COX-2 expression in all three treatment groups compared to control models. CAE has a potential to be anti-inflammatory herbal therapy for gastric ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) prescriptions have increased over the past decade to treat inflammatory diseases. Indomethacin is a non-selective NSAID that can cause gastric mucosal damage and often leads to acute gastric ulcers. TNF-α is a proinflammatory cytokine overproduced in gastric ulcers. Centella asiatica is a herb commonly found in Indonesia that have anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of Centella asiatica ethanolic extracts (CAE) on TNF-α expression in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model. This study had six experimental groups: negative control (C), positive control day-1 (P1), positive control day-8 (P8), treatment group 1 (CAE 100), 2 (CAE 200), and 3 (CAE 400). P1, P8, CAE 100, CAE 200, and CAE 400 groups were given 30 mg/kg BW of Indomethacin orally to induced gastric ulcer. Treatment groups were given CAE 8-hours following indomethacin administration at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. Gastric mucosal damage was examined with HE staining and TNF-α expression evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Indomethacin has proven caused acute gastric ulcers in the histopathological evaluation and significantly upregulated TNF-α expression (p = 0.003). CAE has proven to have anti- inflammatory effects by downregulating TNF-α expression significantly in all treatment groups with the optimum dose at 100 mg/kg BW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatic heart disease (RHO) is a sequela of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) caused by the delayed immune response after group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) infection. It is the most frequent etiology of permanent heart valve damage in pediatrics, especially in the mitral valve. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is cytokines that associate with the pathogenesis of RHO. Repeated exposure to GAHBS with an excessive Th17 response is thought to trigger inflammation, which will increase the severity of valve damage in RHO. This study aims to determine how circulating IL-17 level plays a part in the progression of mitral regurgitation (MR) in pediatric patient with RHO. The cross-sectional study included children 5-18 years diagnosed with ARF and RHO divided into 4 groups: mild, moderate, severe MR, and ARF without heart valve damage. ELISA method was employed to observe IL-17 levels, and comparison was made in each group. The levels of circulating IL-17 had a significant difference compared to each group of MRs (p = 0.000). Increasing IL-17 level associated with worse degree of MR with a strong positive correlation (p = 0.000, r = 0.638). There was a positive correlation of circulating IL-17 level and progression MR in the pediatric patient with RHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that causes blood glucose to increase above normal (hyperglycemia), which results in an increased level of free radicals. Antioxidants can fight the effects of free radicals. The combination of purple sweet potato (PSP) and black soybean tempeh (BST) is expected to increase antioxidant levels. This study aims to determine antioxidants levels, phenolics, and flavonoids from PSP and BST extract as antidiabetic candidates. Extraction was carried out by the maceration method using ethanol. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method, phenolic determination using the Folin-Ciocalteau (F-C) addition method, and the determination of flavonoid levels using quercetin as a standard. The spectrophotometer determined the IC50 of antioxidants, phenol, and flavonoid at 517, 740, and 510 nm, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity test results were obtained from the combination of BST and PSP (1 : 3), the IC50 value was 50.6 µg/mL, and the total phenol was 45.21 mgGAE/g extract. The most considerable total flavonoid level was found in the combination of BST and PSP ratio (3 : 1), 358.805 mgQE/g of extract. Our result suggested that the combination of BST and PSP has high antioxidant content and can be used as an alternative to antidiabetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic ecosystems have biotic and abiotic components that can be essential resources in development. One of these components is the minerals in the water, such as salt (NaCl). Salt is a valuable commodity that is extensively used for consumption and industrial purposes. This commodity is widely produced in various regions in Indonesia. One of the main factors that determine the success of salt production is the salt location suitability. Therefore, the innovation of technology to evaluate the suitability of salt production is fundamentally essential. This study analyzes the suitability of the salt production sites in Tuban Regency (i.e., Palang District and Tambakboyo District) as one of East Java's main salt production areas using the Salt Suitability Index (SSI) method. The method evaluates the suitability of salt production sites by analyzing nine environmental parameters (rainfall, soil type, soil permeability, exposure time, humidity, wind speed, air temperature, evaporation rate and a saturation level of raw material water). This study shows that the SSI value of salt production site in Palang District and Tambakboyo District is 97% and 94%, respectively. These results suggest that the salt production sites in Tuban Regency are very suitable for salt production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of strontium (Sr2+) from seawater has been of concern to many researchers. Sr2+ extraction is one solution to secure Sr2+ resources to meet current and future industry demands. In this research, we used the Sr2+ extraction method from seawater of the South Coast, Gulf Prigi using Fe3O4/MnO2/humic acid (HA) nanocomposites. The examining regeneration and reusability of the three cycles showed an adsorption efficiency of 99%. The adsorption efficiency in the first cycle was 95.13% and decreased in the next cycle. In seawater samples, our nanocomposites showed Sr2+ extraction efficiency of 50.54% from their initial concentration of 6.43 mg/L at pH 6.8. At pH 10, nanocomposites showed an extraction efficiency rate of 62.52%. Coating Fe3O4/MnO2 nanocomposite with HA can be an alternative adsorbent for the extraction of Sr2+ from seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the tuberculosis investigation and screening process on the students, as the tuberculosis disease control in Pesantren Zainul Hasan Probolinggo, Indonesia. This study used an analytic correlation design with a survey method and action research approach, while its populations were all of the students. The 87 students were trained by the Probolinggo Public of Health Office to do tuberculosis observation and screening to detect the tuberculosis suspect. Then, the students were provided with health education, and a cadre was formed. The research results indicated a 0.967 (insignificant) correlation between students' role and case detection. Meanwhile, a significant correlation of 0.01 was observed between students' motivation and tuberculosis case detection, and the highest significant correlation of 0.001 had been found among students' attitude and tuberculosis case disclosure. Thus, students' attitude carries great contribution to the increase of tuberculosis case detection in Pesantren and facility provision and students' motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell has been successfully carried out using sonochemical methods. This research was conducted to investigate the crystal structure, functional groups, morphology, and antibacterial activity of Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell by varying the concentration of the ZnS precursor. The XRD characterization results showed that the addition of the ZnS composition resulted in a diffraction peak, representing the inverse cubic spinel (Fe3O4), and cubic sphalerite (ZnS) phases. Based on XRD data analysis, the average particle size of Fe3O4 was 7 - 21 nm, while the ZnS was 3 - 6 nm. The results of FTIR characterization indicated the presence of Fe-O functional groups in the wavenumbers range of 520.24 - 647.36 cm−1 for tetrahedra and 415.83 cm-1 for octahedral, linear to the cubic structure of Fe3O4. In addition, a ZnS functional group appeared at wave number of 959.09 - 1120.25 cm−1 and zinc acetate at wave number of 1548.51 - 1575.79 cm-1. The particle size distribution resulting from SEM characterization for Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell with variations of ZnS precursor concentrations of 1x and 2x were 88.36, 105.27, and 156.55 nm, respectively. The antibacterial inhibition of Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell was quite effective in preventing bacterial growth. The diameter of the antibacterial inhibitory capacity of Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell ranged from 3.6 - 7 mm. Thus, Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell is very potential to be applied as an antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxantene has many derivates. One of those is 9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-xanthene-1,8(5H,9H)-dione. This compound has been successfully synthesized from 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1,3-cyclohexanedione. This reaction has been catalyzed by lime and lemon juice under the free solvent condition. It is assumed that citric acid in both materials has a role in catalyzing this reaction. The advantages of using them as catalysts are biodegradable, environmentally safe, and cheap. Besides that, the synthesis of this compound only required one reaction stage, and the product was easily purified. The structure of the pure product was determined by FT-IR, H-NMR, and GC-MS. The antioxidant activity of this compound was investigated by the DPPH method. This compound had an antioxidant activity with inhibition percentage over 53.42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passiflora has beneficial value as a medicine plant. However, with its many morphological variations, it is difficult to identify and classify them. Therefore, observation of its morphological characteristic and the phenetic relationships between Passiflora species is essential. This study aims to determine the morphological variations of the genus of Passiflora in Probolinggo and their phenetic relationship based on morphological characteristics of generative organs. This explorative-descriptive study was conducted using the cruise methods in the Probolinggo area on 0-500 m asl. Identification of the morphological feature was conducted to the species level using the Backer dan Bakhuizen van der Brink identification key in their book entitled Flora of Java. Morphological characters of generative organs were selected, then the similarity index was calculated using the association coefficients. The results were analyzed using cluster analysis, then illustrated in the form of the dendrogram. This study shows that in the Probolinggo area, seven species of Passiflora are found, including Passiflora ligularis, Passiflora foetida L., Passiflora quadrangularis L., Passiflora edulis Sims, Passiflora caerulea-racemosa Sabine., Passiflora coccinea L., and Passiflora vitifolia H.B.K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension, a circulatory disturbance signed by high blood pressure levels, had become the leading cause of death worldwide. One way to maintain blood pressure levels is by inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE), which functions in converting angiotensin I to be angiotensin II. Reducing angiotensin II level prevents the vasoconstrictive effect and causes vasodilation so that blood pressure can be stable. ACE inhibition with certain herbal compounds is the main target of hypertension treatment. This study aimed to predict organosulfur compounds from single bulb garlic to inhibit ACE through molecular docking. The docking simulation was done with Pyrx and visualized with Pymol and Discovery Studio software. The results showed that the binding affinity of three single bulb garlic organosulfur compounds consisting of thiamine (-6.7 kcal/mol); allithiamine (-6.5 kcal/mol); and 3.5 diethyl 2.4 trithiolane (-5.7 kcal/mol), lower than that of captopril (-5.5 kcal/mol). Organosulfur compounds had more stable bonds than the control based on the chemical bond type. The types of bonds formed consisted of hydrogen bonds, pi-alkyl bonds, carbon-hydrogen bonds, and pi-sulfur bonds. ADMET test results showed that the organosulfur compounds were well absorbed by the digestive system, well distributed, and the three compounds did not cause toxicity to the liver. This study's decision was the three single bulb garlic organosulfur compounds could be recommended as oral drug candidates for hypertension medication and could be further proven through in vitro and in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]