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This document uses the Phillips and Sul (2009) test to assess the hypothesis of convergence on educational achievement of public and private schools, at the municipal level, for the period 1980-2014. Even though the normativity and provision of public education is homogeneous across the country, we find that the educational attainment of the municipalities do not show evidence of global convergence. However, we find the existence of six convergence clubs. The first two clubs, which include the municipalities with the best performance, are mainly private institutions in the major metropolitan areas, while the latter three clubs are composed primarily for public institutions located on the Pacific coast and in the Caribbean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory aquatic biomonitoring in Latin America and the Caribbean is still in the initial stage. This article reviews the experiences registered by researchers and those interested in the subject, who attended the survey disseminated by the Macrolatinos@ network, in addition to expanding the information through consultation with different sources. Most of the experiences have been developed since 2010, mainly in Mexico and Colombia. Mainly are investigations and consulting requirements. It is important to consolidate strategic alliances, which generate solidity and credibility for funding agencies. Once stability and recognition is achieved, and participation of academics, scientists, managers, and citizens must maintain the maximum technical-scientific rigor. Stakeholders should highlight the potential of freshwater aquatic ecosystems, as well as their ecological and social importance, to democratize science and reduce the gap with society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Palliative care development requires the intervention of multiple dimensions of public health, including the availability of health services, essential medicines, and educational programs. In Colombia, several changes have been made in public policy to promote the care of people with palliative needs. Objective: To empirically evaluate existing public policies on palliative care and their implications for the availability of services, opioids, and educational programs during the years 2010 to 2019 in Colombia. Materials and methods: A mixed sequential exploratory study was designed in three phases: identification of empirical indicators of national policies, palliative care situational diagnosis, and qualitative assessment of the results of policy implementation in seven regional nodes in Colombia. Results: Seven standards were reviewed, yielding 12 empirical indicators for assessment, six of which had no sources of information. The national diagnosis shows a gradual increase in services and opioid use during the landmark years of policy development. Forty-four palliative care professionals perceive a positive effect of public policy on opioid use and low outcomes for service and education domains. Conclusions: There is a positive relationship between public policy and opioid use, a positive quantitative relationship with palliative care services, and a negative quantitativequalitative relationship with educational programs. This indicates a low operational status of policies designed to alleviate the pain and suffering associated with advanced chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social determinants of health are the social characteristics in which people's lives and work develop, giving them the capacity to act in specific contexts and are responsible for the health conditions of individuals and populations. Recent World Bank data show that Colombia has made modest progress in terms of social equity. These data reveal that neonatal mortality in remote areas of the country is similar to that found in Sub-Saharan Africa. In these regions, there is no access to specialized neonatal health services. As for anesthesia services, this age group has the highest mortality and perioperative complication rates related to prematurity, the quality of health services and, especially, the expertise of the anesthesiologist. In Colombia, efforts to implement formal university programs for sub-specialization in pediatric anesthesiology have not received governmental support. Meanwhile, the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (S.C.A.R.E.), through its Committee of Pediatric Anesthesiology, has created ongoing education opportunities, which, although important, are insufficient to meet the needs of the country. For this reason, a State policy is required, aimed at meeting its social debt and that considers the specialized training of human resources as a pillar for the promotion of equity in health, so that the surgical neonate does not have to travel in the procurement of services, but rather have the State bring those services to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of transfers from the General Participations System (SGP) on Colombian municipal development indicators during 2003-2017. A Municipal Development Index is proposed, considering indicators of educational achievement, health coverage, and crime rates. This index is studied in the municipal context using spatial autocorrelation techniques. A panel-type econometric model was estimated to evaluate the effect of transfers on the index. The results suggest that increases in education, health, culture, and recreation transfers generate positive, differential effects on the index. Transfers to the health sector have the most significant impact on the index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the education of the Colombian Armed Forces in the context of the post-happening phase of the Havana (Cuba) peace agreement and whether this has been assimilated by the members of the Military and Police Forces to propose guidelines for the transformation of the Armed Forces based on the educational and doctrinal training of its members. In this sense, the education of the Colombian Public Force will be approached from the jus post bellum, based on three fundamental aspects: in the first place, the implications of the jus post bellum in the members of the Public Force and the challenges posed by education, for which descriptive and quantitative techniques were used, such as the survey to investigate military personnel of senior officers (Army, Navy, and Air Force), who are taking their related training courses for the immediately superior promotion grade. Secondly, with a proposal of strategies for the transformation of the Armed Forces through education in a jus post bellum environment in Colombia, and thirdly, with guidelines to define a graduate profile for the military and police, in the framework of the post-agreement, from the educational processes of the different Forces, in alignment with the Education Policy for the Public Force (Pefup). The document has a socio-legal approach, for which the documentary review model was applied in its construction, supported by the inductive method, through the analysis and description of constitutional texts and some jurisprudential developments, especially those of the Constitutional Court. Likewise, fieldwork (surveys) was considered, a contact established with a determined population of senior officers of the Colombian Military Forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to analyze the practices of youth and adult education of social movements related to land in Brazil, the MST (Movement of Landless Rural Workers) and in Colombia, the CNA (Coordinador Nacional Agrario), based on the thematization of multiple historical, social, political and cultural determinations present in the Latin American context and popular education practices committed to the emancipation of subjects. For this, a survey of bibliographic productions on the Brazilian and Colombian context was carried out, as well as a survey of documents from Latin American bodies to understand the dynamics of structuring social movements, as well as the way in which it was constituted over the years until nowadays. As a theoretical basis, Critical School Psychology with a Marxist base is used from historical-dialectical materialism. That said, what is shown is that in moments of disruption of public policies with the neoliberal advance, social movements play a fundamental role in the educational social struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adjusting therapeutic efforts is an evidence-based clinical decision that aims to avoid medical futility. Varied factors that can influence this decision-making have been pointed out, related to the patient, the medical professional who makes the decisions, system barriers, culture, and the economy, among others. The present study aims to identify those factors that help the specialists working in a cancer referral institution in Colombia to plan actions that improve the approach to decision-making regarding the adequacy of therapeutic efforts in cancer patients. Methodology: This qualitative design is based on 13 in-depth interviews with Colombia's National Cancer Institute specialists. Results: Three women and ten men participated, with an average age of 36 years; seven belonged to the specialty of adult oncology, two to pediatric oncohematology, one to adult intensive care, and three to pediatric intensive care. The factors found were grouped into four categories: 1) knowledge, 2) aspects related to decision-making, 3) the decision-maker, and 4) the type of decision made. These categories were clustered into themes that allude to the factors swaying specialists' decision-making to adjust therapeutic efforts. Conclusion: Adjusting therapeutic actions is vital to avoid futile medical procedures that prolong suffering. Some factors that influence the specialists' decision-making were noted: lack of preparation of health professionals on end-of-life decision-making, reduced use of scales to improve prognostic information, and ignorance about advance directives. These factors must be strengthened to improve the approach to this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the results on the incidence of the public educational policies of Colombia, of the National Plan of Information and Communication Technologies (PNTIC), in the didactic strategies used by teachers belonging to the official educational institutions of the municipality are shown. of Sincelejo. The research approach was of an evaluative type, considering relevant elements of public policies that involve ICTs, correlation calculations were made. The participants were teachers and students (between 14 and 18 years old), belonging to official (public) educational institutions of the municipality of Sincelejo (Sucre). Various sociodemographic aspects are shown, in the same way dissimilar variables are described regarding the use and application of ICT in teaching practices, perceived by students. Among some of the conclusions of the study, it is highlighted that, despite the fact that most of the students are unaware of the actions of the State of a national and territorial order, regarding these referents, they consider the importance of ICT in their training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

it is evident how technology has involved in recent years at an ever-increasing rate, impacting different areas of society, including education. To recognize the incidence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Colombian schools, it is valuable to identify the research trends in the 21st century (2000 - 2021) that address this field. In this way, in the present state of the art, because of doctoral research, a search for academic articles is carried out in different databases which addresses the ICT basic and secondary school relationship in Colombia. Subsequently, a qualitative and documentary analysis is carried out from the Grounder's theory perspective in three coding moments: open, axial, and selective. Finally, as a result of the analysis of the documentary corpus, made up of forty-six documents, six research trends can be glimpsed: historical approaches to ICTs at school; ICT teacher training, digital divide, school reconfigurations, youth and teacher subjectivity, "and factors of use of ICTs at school". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the current processes of subjectivation of the government of freedoms, analyzed through the discourse of teaching excellence in the educational field. In this sense, fundamental problematization nodes were located, which, from the perspective of the history of the present time, allow us to think about the conditions of possibility that have led to the work of the teacher subject having a central place as part of the economic growth project. From the notion of governmentality, the transformations in the processes of subjectivation of teachers in the context of current policies of teaching excellence in Colombia were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of an analysis on how the educational level of those who graduate from college, influences their social and cultural conditions, this article presents a detailed review of the main laws and policies that, have been promoted in Colombia since the early 1980’s. The purpose of this review has been to gather the laws, plans and policies that have guided the educational processes to improve the quality of life and wellness of the people. For this, we have included documents on education for the last 40 years. After conducting a preliminary review, the following were selected; The National Development Plans, the Decennial Plans, the Washington Consensus, The 2000 Dakar Forum on Education, the ECLAC proposal of 1992 and the International Wisemen Committee of 2019. Also included in this review are the Law 115 and Law 30 that focuses on higher education. After the corresponding analysis, we can conclude that public policies in Colombia have been consistent in having Education in the center of their foundations for social transformation, but there have also been inefficiency while executing them and inability to get to further territories. In addition, they have been unable to guarantee equality and equity for all. Another important finding has to do with the lack of clarity and continuity on the initiatives and adjustments made based on global changes and trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with the methodologies linked to the Ethical Training of the Administrator, which aims to analyze the methods used in the curricular design of the Bachelor of Administration. This study seeks a way to favor the actions developed by organizations offering and demanding human talent, in this case, the higher education subsystem and the productive sector, taking into account the existence of a labor market strongly marked by competitiveness. The research was carried out under a qualitative approach, and was oriented to investigate everything related to the new learning demands of the 21st century, based on information and communication technologies, as well as on the new approaches of the Colombian educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la caracterización de la educación en el área de la filosofía en el departamento de Norte de Santander en Colombia, a través de la respuesta a la pregunta ¿cómo los profesores los colegios de la zona Pamplona enseñan filosofía en el Norte de Santander?, desde un método de investigación mixto. Estos resultados de investigación parciales en la zona Pamplona que se presentan solo se enfocan en las generalidades del quehacer filosófico dentro del aparato investigativo desarrollado en 33 colegios de la región nortesantandereana. Los cuales pretender abarcar el diseño del perfil docente de filosofía actual que existe en la región, el cual sigue el orden de edad, género, título obtenido en pregrado, cuáles estudios de posgrado ha cursado, el estatuto docente a que pertenece, si es un docente nombrado o provisional, si ha hecho el ejercicio de publicación de textos, y la motivación para la escritura y publicación. En donde la principal conclusión de esta investigación demuestra que se debe fortalecer la enseñanza de la filosofía en los colegios del Norte de Santander, a través de diferentes estrategias que parten de la academia como la formación en un perfil profesional en filosofía, la creación de posgrados en esta temática, además de alimentar la importancia de la cultura investigativa como proceso de mejora de la enseñanza filosófica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venezuelan migration to Colombia has mobilized nearly 1.8 million Venezuelans and Colombian returnees to Colombia. Using a data panel with fixed effects, we estimate the difference in the contribution to productivity of the migrant and non-migrant population for two periods, 2013-2019 and 2015-2019, considering educational level, geographic department, and economic sector. In 2015-2019, migrant with a higher level of education contributed more to productivity than the non-migrant population with a low level of education. There is a self-selection bias given that migrants sought to work in departments with the higher levels of productivity. This bias is corrected with an instrumental variable that exploits the regional variation of the migrant networks existing in 2005 and the timing and intensity of the Venezuelan economic crisis. This analysis shows that Venezuelan migration positively affects Colombian labor productivity in the short term and works as an input to develop migratory policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research project is the product of the master's thesis and it focuses on proposing the guidelines for a new organizational management model that incorporates a strategic planning methodology capable of guaranteeing satisfaction and comprehensive provision of quality educational service. The initial analysis focuses on the current management model of the Colombian Ministry of National Education. It analyzes the main elements of planning and organizational strategy of the last two governments 2014-2018 and 2018-2022 where gaps, dysfunctions and inconsistencies between the components such as mission, vision, objectives, strategies, services and products are identified, and which respond to the causes of the serious educational crisis in Colombia. The analysis of the management model provides alternative solutions that are addressed in six innovation proposals for the institution. It presents the approach of a strategic planning methodology for the educational sector adapted to the educational needs of society and adopting education as a factor in continuous growth and expansion. An open, collaborative, comprehensive and intelligent management model is then proposed where Science, technology and innovation act as the potential of education in society, digital transformation and artificial intelligence are tools of technological innovation that open spaces and scenarios for true citizen participation. The innovation in institutional management will allow the Ministerio de Educación Nacional to recover governance, legitimacy and manage to contribute public value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to establish the Traceability of the ethnic component as a link in Colombian higher education. After conducting a literature review with high-impact authors, finding references and decrees that managed ethnic learning from the edge of inclusion and meaningful learning with quality, establishing public policies aimed at strengthening higher education institutions in times of pandemic. Finally, it could be inferred that the State, making a hilarity with the ONU, implement strategies to provide training, adopting resilient teachers and students, technologies as a vital tool to develop their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia, after spending more than 50 years in a dynamic of internal war with insurgent groups, manages to sign a peace agreement with the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) guerrilla in 2016, starting a post-conflict scenario that brings I get a social reintegration program, which allows demobilized people to reintegrate into civil society. The purpose of this article is to analyze how entrepreneurship education becomes a challenge for the peace strategy established by the national government for the reincorporated from the FARC located in the municipality of Fonseca, La Guajira. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to assess teachers' depression symptoms in public schools in Envigado-Colombia and their association with burnout-syndrome and social and job characteristics. Participants were 194 teachers selected by proportionate stratified random probability sampling. SCL-90-R to evaluate depression symptoms, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and a demographic survey were also used. The results show that 65,8% teachers have depression symptoms and multivariate model identified that burnout syndrome emotional exhaustion component increases the depression symptoms in teachers (OR=4,0, IC=1,67-9,58). The study concluded that the depression is in teachers of high prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this study explores the perception of basic and high school students about the Home Learning ("Aprende en Casa") strategy implanted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Math class by the School "la Aurora ie", morning shift, located in Bogotá-Colombia. It involved an inductive qualitative content analysis with 174 students and data were collected through a learning guide handout. Both positive and negative perceptions were grouped as academic (Self-developing handouts + ict, competences, processes, actors and infrastructure), social (compliance with rules, considering others, sharing with the family, lack of socialization) and personal (health issues and free-time activities). The results allow teachers to reconfigure their practice to improve in the aspects that influenced negative perceptions, and educational institutions to start the path of digital transformation with the use of ICT to improve the educational processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the uses of social networks in secondary and middle school students. It is a quantitative research and was carried out through the application of an online survey to students from institutions in Cúcuta - Colombia, and measured variables of temporality, spatiality and exploration, to determine the rewards that adolescents obtain when navigating these. Among the most relevant results, the most widely used networks are WhatsApp, YouTube and Facebook. Also, that only 4.7 percent of adolescents use these networks to expose their feelings. In conclusion, social networks are currently assumed by students, as tools that enhance not only their interpersonal relationships and recreational or entertainment activities, but also the exchange of educational material and the formation of academic work groups, as well as learning and the communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, new trends and methodologies have emerged that greatly favor the education sector. E-learning as an alternative to regular teaching and learning processes has transformed the educational dynamics thanks to the inclusion of MOOCs, personal learning environments, allowing the educational process to be carried out at a personalized level where the focus is on learning styles and the profile of the student. This article presents a review of current works around machine learning mechanisms to make recommendations in the educational environment, where it is found that besides the discovery of the student's learning style, it is important to know their level of knowledge and learning speed, in addition to the tools used by the student to carry out their studies. Finally, the opportunity for implementation and research of these issues in Colombia is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents (SRPA) in Colombia is a differentiated criminal system based on resocialization, restitution of rights, and educational inclusion. This article discusses the education processes at the Hogares Claret Foundation, operator of SRPA, in Santander. It should be noted that the educational process requires its own pedagogical model according to the profile of young people, as well as the revision of the selection criteria and the quality of teachers and educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research is to investigate the relationship of a group of high school students with video games, regarding two main aspects: students' expectation level regarding such entertainment and its possible interference with other academic or not academic activities. For this, an open survey was carried out to identify the likes and consumption reasons of video game among students. The survey was applied to 330 elementary and middle school students from the Educational Institution General Santander in the municipality of Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colombia. The results show that Bartlett's test of Sphericity was significant (3969.493, gl 171, Sig. 0.001) and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was very good (0.943). The instrument's total alpha reliability, Cronbach's alpha, calculated was (0.939), and the existence of 4 factors. In conclusion, the questionnaire's efficacy, evaluated through factor analysis of the respondent's answers, indicated that the survey had 3 main factors. Through the survey, it was also found that the student, by knowing many video games, also becomes an expert player in each one of them, and this represents an addiction that leads to forgetting their academic duties and even those that they must develop in their family environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanizing education constitutes a pillar for bioethical formation of nursing professionals in intercultural contexts, which guides the transformative sense of the vision of disciplinary care. It was sought to understand the senses that the training actors grant bioethics from the training practices in an intercultural context. For this, a descriptive qualitative investigation with a hermeneutical epistemic approach is proposed, the data analysis was carried out from the grounded theory. Data were collected through: documentary review, semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, field diaries and focus groups. Participants correspond to students, teachers and directors of the nursing program of a university in southwestern Colombia, practice tutors and care subjects who were attended by the students. The results allow us to conclude that the main nonsense in formation lies in a problem of coloniality of being and knowing, because the curriculum continues to privilege technical knowledge over a human formation. Weaving intercultural bioethics from pedagogical reflection in intercultural contexts allows developing a critical training regarding what does not favor the harmony of human being with territory and that leads the professional future to be aware of their responsibility with health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of a Master's in Geography thesis written in the University of Chile, titled Residential Segregation and Inequality in the Access to Collective Education, Culture, and Recreation Services in Bogotá-Colombia. It carries out a critical discussion of the factors that influence the socio-spatial segregation of the population and their effects on accessibility to urban services faculties. On the basis of a territorial and statistical analysis, it shows how the characteristics of Bogotá's urban model have led to a strong correlation between spatial patterns of high socioeconomic segregation and low quality of life. This segregation reinforces the low-income population's negative conditions, deriving from unequal access to collective services, mainly education, culture, and recreation, which are spaces theoretically recognized due to the production of social capital and, therefore, of social integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The armed conflict in Colombia brought with it different types of human rights violations, including the forced displacement of millions of people. One of the most recurrent causes of conflict is the increase in poverty, promoted by low educational levels. This research seeks to know the behavior of access to different levels of schooling, forcibly displaced people. The methodology is based on an exploration of the main indicators on education, taken from the Open Data Portal of the Colombian government, together with a normative analysis that allows to identify the evolution of the public policy on displacement, it was found that the primary level accesses the 8%, at the secondary level 5% and at the level of higher education, no more than 2% of people are admitted in conditions of forced internal displacement. It is concluded that, since only 15% of the displaced persons access formal education, there is a great vulnerability of these population groups, which prolongs intergenerational poverty, increasing the possibilities of generating social unrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Education in Colombia has been established as a fundamental constitutional right guaranteed by the state. Education and its implementation are a shared responsibility in which regional and municipal governments, as well as educational institutions and grassroots social organizations participate to contribute from their field of action to the quality of schooling in their municipalities and rural areas. Aims: To identify the different processes of rural development and associativity implemented to strengthen public education in the indigenous community of Ébera Katio of Santa Teresa's village and the tri-ethnic community of the city of Santa Cecilia in Pueblo Rico, Risaralda. Methodology: The study is descriptive and cross-sectional, and it was conducted using a qualitative approach. Four study variables, including education-pedagogy, assistance-technical support, actors-allies, and participation spaces, were established to understand executed actions and the aspects to be improved in the development strategies of rural areas. Results: Among the most important findings, we were able to establish the vitality of promoting theoretical and practical knowledge processes in rural areas through the implementation of participative methodologies designed to invigorate the resources of the territory and to facilitate the participation of the Dokabú and Kemberde communities in a municipality in Pueblo Rico, Risaralda. Conclusions: By encouraging theoretical and practical knowledge processes in rural areas, it was possible to complement the required strategies to strengthen education and rural development in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work will realize the relationship between education and human rights, conceived as a formative basis for a political subject. The methodology carried out is critical analysis. It is concluded that the formation of the political subject in and for democracy in Colombia implies an interdependent relationship between human rights and education that is inserted into the fabric of society as a whole from a teaching-learning logic immersed in the daily life, institutional designs and in each of the socializing fields, in such a way that it generates active and present subjectivities for cultural transformations. In this way, strengthening human rights education would strengthen democracy and reduce violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to identify the educational practices of Pakapoo teachers around the ideal construction of peace scenarios at the Minitas, Pueblo Nuevo, Laguna Colorada and Barranco Minas Guainía Colombia communities. This study done with students of Licenciatura en Educación Básica of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica in Colombia, is a qualitative approach with systematic design of grounded theory. An interview was applied to 12 men and women teachers during their training, with categories of life stories and pedagogical practices of Peace. The results showed that teachers considered the school as a scenario of peace, where they are directed to live together and peace is promoted. They also propose strategies in the ideal construction of peaceful coexistence through the formation of values. Although they have not been yet victims of the armed conflict indirectly, they have lived together with victimizing events like ideological differences, guerrilla, sowing of coca and paramilitarism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the role of the educator in this new stage for Colombia, which demands a special effort, dynamism and commitment from all the actors involved. To achieve this reintegration phase, strategic programs must be developed that guarantee not only the training of all stakeholders, but also inclusion mechanisms that promote peace in educational contexts. For this reason, a descriptive/quantitative approach is used to analyze the perception of families and employers of official bodies of the role of the educator in this post-conflict period. Reflections and discussion on the intervention programs at the current time in education institutions at the national level, are presented. One of the findings is that the community considers teaching to be key to peace building. The main conclusion is that teachers are agents of transformation, provided that they have the support and guidance of institutional and state policies for peace building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Latin America and the Caribbean have reduced the maternal mortality rates. However, some of these countries still have high rates, which indicates the inequity in the access to the health services. The human resource training competent in primary health care is one of the main strategies to approach this problem. Objective: To describe the experience of planning, implementing and evaluating a training program in maternal health in countries of this region (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Haiti and Peru). Methodology: Between 2016 and 2019, the Department of Health Systems and Services and the Human Resource Unit of the Pan-American Health Organization, together with some collaborative centers, universities and the Latin-American Center for Perinatology and Women's Health, carried out a survey on training needs, developed a formation plan and implemented the training among both professional and non-professional staff in relation to maternal health. Results: The training needs identified were Health Leadership, Prenatal Care, Labor, Postpartum Care, Obstetric Emergencies, and Family Planning. These needs are addressed both in the online and in-person training with 71 trainers from seven countries, who reproduced them for more than 4000 people. The evaluations were very positive and the health impact in future Project is yet to be determined. Conclusions: It is crucial to identify the needs and to do collaborative work in order to carry out the pertinent training in our countries. This would allow to count on the human talent, motivated and competent, in order to increase the access and coverage of high quality maternal health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the concept of education as a crisis of animist thought and the essay as a manifestation of modernity from the volume of essays La sombrilla planetaria (The Planetary Umbrella) by Fernando Cruz Kronfly. Methodologically, the main essays of this author, in which the concept of crisis is stated, will be taken to later analyse the enlightenment and the rupture of thought that is presented through some essay and literary postulates. An approach to the formal emergence of philosophy in Colombia is generated, taking as reference the social, political and clerical context. The paper concludes with a reflection on the incidence of illustrated thought in the consolidation of an idea of modernity, and through the understanding of the work in human terms and with a perception of its multidimensionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contents of eighth and ninth grade textbooks on the natural sciences, published in Colombia during the years from 2000 to 2010, are analyzed in this article. They can be interpreted as scientific racism within the framework of science teaching, the context, and cultural diversity and difference. The results discussed in this article are part of a doctoral dissertation entitled "Scientific Racism in School Textbooks on the Natural Sciences in Colombia". A qualitative methodology was used, and content analysis was the methodological design. Scientific racism was apparent in 14 of the 30 texts analyzed, due to legitimizing the biological concept of human races, using racist biological representations and naturalizing eugenics through the contents of genetics, evolution, taxonomy, human populations and biodiversity, with genetic content being the most frequent. The specific contents with manifestations of scientific racism are those related to inheritance and hereditary characteristics, the human genome, the species and variability, natural selection, adaptations, cultural biodiversity and demographic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this article is to review articles from indexed journals, dissertations, books and book chapters that deal with the issue of emotions, but more specifically, the topic of emotions in teaching. It takes into account the most important studies that were conducted worldwide from 1993 to 2016. An approach to the term "emotion" is presented based on contemporary theoretical referents and different fields of knowledge, such as neuroscience, psychology, sociology and philosophy. Then, the emotional work and the emotional geography of teaching are examined. The conclusion emphasizes that emotions play a key role in the teaching process, since the teacher's willingness to instruct depends on them. Moreover, emotions are mediators in the teacher's decision-making with respect to educational action. This work is part of "La ira, la alegría y la tristeza de los profesores: una mirada desde la enseñanza" ("Teachers' Anger, Joy and Sadness: Explored from the Standpoint of Teaching"), a study developed for a master's degree in education at the Universidad Católica de Manizales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public choice theorists argue that political and administrative decentralization increases the efficiency in the delivery of public services in local communities. This paper departs from a critical stand of this perspective in studying the phenomenon of poor school performance. The Department of Atlántico is a case that deviates from the assumptions of public choice scholars, and hence its analysis serves to open an ontological and practical discussion on how to study processes of primary and secondary educational decentralization in Colombia. The use of a realist paradigm as a methodological backup to analyse a set of individual and group interviews at different levels of the government helps to unveil many of these implications. Themes identified in this study include the limited capacity of local authorities to design and administrate educational policies, the lack of clarity among the actors of different levels of the national education system about the use of state examinations, and the difficulty experienced by school directors of public educational institutions to access promptly to educational quality resources. These findings are all indicative of policy complexities omitted in the diagnostics of the sector published in the mainstream literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of the investigation related to knowledge (Rapport au savoir) in students of basic education in three different grades (7°, 9° y 10°) in Santiago de Cali, Candelaria and the village of Cabuyal (Colombia), we have found the theories about school failure, in which context emerges the relationship with knowledge in a socialanthropological orientation, which is the referent theory in our research. This theory explains that the phenomenon has been produced just to classify different problems of the school system (basically, those related to students’ poor outcomes). Therefore, the aim of this article is to determine the school failure in its emergency context as well as in its sociological theories. Given the extent of the literature and the geographical areas, our interest is limited to the sociological theories of inequality and the transmission of knowledge in France, important branches of the educational sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In our country there is a figure called hotbed of research as a tool to encourage the comprehensive training of students, which aims to promote new talent in investigative areas that allow the generation of new knowledge. Additionally, the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (Colciencias) and Colombian universities have created multiple strategies to enhance research skills in their students. Objective: To reflect on the importance of research in undergraduate programs by using the hotbed of research teaching strategy in health areas. Reflection: This strategy allows improving students' training and making it more competitive at national and international level. However, these efforts are not enough because it lacks sufficient financial resources, flexible curricula and teachers trained in research; all these factors, along with deficient student interest, transform the task into a difficult goal to achieve. Conclusion: Hotbeds of research educate people in collaborative work, and also develop skills that allow the comprehensive training of students. [Romero CR, Quintero JF, Arroyave CD, García AM. Research for Medical undergraduate students: a university training experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to show the reasons which have led to consider the school as a privileged institution for the civilizing process. In particular understand the reasons which have led to argue that mathematical knowledge are key to the formation of the civilized individual parts. To account for this thesis was chosen in the history of Colombia the period 1873-1960, which have called period of "eugenic math" or "period of improving the race." In this period we are oriented to eliminate those features of our society seen as savage and barbaric speech. Also, this speech was accompanied with the idea of building a new republic from scientific educational devices. The most prominent figure in this period were the german physical and mathematical Julius Sieber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To implement and evaluate the utility of the Strategic prospective methodology to support the development of an education and health care service agreement between an Institution of the higher complexity level and a University School of Nursing. Method: Longitudinal exercise of Strategic Prospective developed in three phases: First, analysis of the nursing context and status in the Health Institution. Second, development of a prospective workshop to determine the Nursing Department's role in developing the Institution. Third, follow up of the workshop results for one year (September 24, 2012, to September 24, 2013) in order to evaluate the utility of the methodology for strengthening the education and health care service agreement between the Health Institution and the University - School of Nursing. Results: In the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC), Nursing want a change that will strengthen their ability to care. The Strategic prospective methodology facilitated the identification of seven strategic elements including care, education, research, systematization, management model, the development of human talent and social projection. These elements allowed us to determine the role of the Nursing Department within the INC as it was evidenced in the development of the teaching care agreement during a one year follow up. Conclusions: The Strategic prospective methodology proved to be useful, innovative and important to the development of a health care service agreement between the Health Institute on and the University School of Nursing, by working together with a shared vision that strengthens the interacting parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The culture of peace in Colombia is a structural context, according to the UN. This sustainability and research process for peace provides profound social, cultural and human consequences that must be approached from resignification and transformation scenarios and from educative institutions, especially in the higher education, because it influences many realities. Objective. To develop a third-level academic context to strengthen the scientific development in the education field. Results. The consolidation of the advanced academic programs is a way to form and educate a critical mass of teachersand professional who should be able to facilitate environments of social respect and human recognition. Conclusions. Within this scope, academic responses are evidently necessary to properly and pertinently assume the challenges demanded by society, leading the educative mission towards the search for a new human being that makes a difference and for the conflict in its multiplicity of visions, thus having a life opportunity for qualitatively advancing towards new intellectual, familiar, educative, cultural and politic growth scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this piece of research aimed to identify causal factors of trade sexual exploitation on children and adolescents in Colombia. For this purpose, three case studies were analyzed: Medellín, Sincelejo, and Magangué. Workshops were conducted and surveys were implemented in each of the cities in both governmental institutions, in charge of intervening the phenomenon and in some educational institutions, with the participation of officials, professionals, teachers, directors, and students. As for the data analysis, an explanatory matrix was carried out, with the participation of 4 judges. The categories of analysis were those related to the environment, the family, and the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clinical simulation is used as a pedagogical tool that allows the nursing student participation in controlled clinical interventions, so that a meaningful learning situations in their professional role to play is obtained. Goal: To present the experience on clinical simulation in to de Nursing School of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia. Materials and Methods: The article systematizes the experience gained by strengthening the tools of clinical simulation in the laboratory procedures and nursing simulation, based on the logical framework as a tool for planning, implementation and evaluation of the management process developed by internal nursing during the second semester of 2014 at the school of nursing. Results: It is achieved through the proposed strategies for greater recognition of the simulation laboratory of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia, like implementing additional workshops to strengthen technical procedures for students, design guidelines for the development of simulation scenarios and management agreements agency to facilitate the development of extramural scenarios by nursing students. Discussion and Conclusions: It is consistent with other studies in which it is stated that clinical simulation allows for greater autonomy of students in clinical trials so that meaningful learning is achieved. Guidelines need to be implemented to ensure the replication of clinical scenarios for the development of specific clinical skills simulation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most recent data places Colombia as a highly corrupt country. Despite being a characteristic of Colombian society -and a very expensive one-, corruption has been a very little studied phenomenon. In order to contribute to the scholarship in this field, this article describes and analyzes the perceptions of corruption that inhabitants of the Colombian Coffee Region have. Through a quantitative design, this article measures and tests different typologies of corruption that scholars have suggested in the literature. The analysis of the collected data problematizes some of these typologies and, specifically, shows that corruption is a difficult phenomenon that resists a-priori definitions as it is strongly influenced by the individuals, perception about it. In addition, this data shows a strong relationship between perception of corruption and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade the discipline continued its consolidation as a new profession, its construction of an academic community and its ability to produce accumulative knowledge. Some highlights of these 10 years were the continued expansion of programs (at undergraduate and graduate levels), the creation of the Colombian Association of Political Science, the completion of three congresses and two disciplinary meetings, the expansion in the number of graduates and the acceptance of two Colombian journals to both ISI and Scopus. However, this expansion has also created challenges for the maintenance of the quality of teaching and expansion of new labor spaces. It is also important to further strengthen the methodological skills, given that the knowledge generated is eminently descriptive, qualitative, and not compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical literature on the impact of violent conflicts on educational outcomes has focused on the impact of violence on human capital accumulation, neglecting other relevant outcomes such as educational equity. Using the empirical implementation of Ferreira and Gignoux (2011) of Roemer (1998)'s conceptual framework of equality of opportunities, this paper estimates the impact of conflict intensity on educational equity in Colombia, as measured by the school performance in the Saber 11° test, for the period 1997-2010. To deal with potential biases due to reverse causality or omitted variables, we use the apprehension of murderers by the public force as a source of exogenous variation of violence in an instrumental variables estimation. The results suggest that conflict increases equality of opportunities in educational attainment. By increasing school dropout, conflict induces a positive selection in terms of ability and effort for the proportion of students who remain in the system. This suggests that caution is needed when interpreting patterns of educational equity based on outcomes rather than processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper appraises quantitatively the efficiency of public expenditure of 15 Latin American countries using cross-country data for averages between 2000 and 2009. For this purpose two non-parametric methods are used: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH). Selected output indicators in primary and secondary school are evaluated respect to public spending in education per student. As a study case, Colombia's efficiency scores are compared with the most efficient peers in each of the educational levels to identify best practices and achieve better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article made a historiografic balance on the public instruction in the Nueva Granada. Major works are cited in the last 60 years (1954-2010), relating to the subject, included the most important and frecuent aspects that contribute to the knowledge of the subject. This work joins the commemoration of the bicentennial of the Colombian Independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses four school trajectories of indigenous women who entered from different scenarios into multiple political and organizational processes. Eventually, they were recognized as leaders of political processes involving indigenous women in Colombia. As part of their personal experiences, symbolic cases of violence, racial and gender discrimination, but also the search for alternatives in order to change their socio--political conditions are highlighted, as well as, to their access to certain types of schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article characterizes the semiotic training provided to medical students at universities in the city of Cali, Colombia. A descriptive study was done to review information on the semiotics curriculum in medical studies at five institutions of higher education in Cali, using a hermeneutical approach. Objectives or skills, teaching strategies, didactic resources and forms of assessment were found to be homogeneous, as were credits, time intensity, curriculum content and sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]