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Research in the field of behavioral ethics has traditionally viewed ethical decision making as rational and deliberate. However, some recent research has proposed a dual process model of ethical decision making that has both conscious and subconscious components (Reynolds, 2006). We extend current theory by using subconscious ethical and unethical priming to test the effects of subconscious processes on ethical behavior through an automatic process of schema activation and implicit association. Studies 1 and 2 extend self-concept maintenance theory (Mazar, Amir, & Ariely, 2008) by exploring the mediated process through which subconscious ethical and unethical primes trigger the activation of moral standards, thereby influencing categorization and subsequent responses to morally ambiguous situations. Study 3 demonstrates that both subconscious ethical and unethical priming reduce dishonesty even when participants are unmonitored and are given difficult performance goals that previously have been shown to lead to unethical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A second-order meta-analysis was conducted to assess the implications of using college student subjects in social science research. Four meta-analyses investigating response homogeneity (cumulative N > 650,000) and 30 meta-analyses reporting effect sizes for 65 behavioral or psychological relationships (cumulative N > 350,000) provided comparative data for college student subjects and nonstudent (adult) subjects for the present research. In general, responses of college student subjects were found to be slightly more homogeneous than those of nonstudent subjects. Moreover, effect sizes derived from college student subjects frequently differed from those derived from nonstudent subjects both directionally and in magnitude. Because there was no systematic pattern to the differences observed, caution must be exercised when attempting to extend any relationship found using college student subjects to a nonstudent (adult) population. The results argue in favor of, and emphasize the importance of, replicating research based on college student subjects with nonstudent subjects before attempting any generalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By use of path analysis on data from 600 shoppers, the authors explore the sequential relationships among several variables pertinent to retail crowding. Results furnish evidence that perceived crowding systematically affects shopping behavior and consumers' feelings about retail outlets and shopping trips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the topic of product management as it applies to the field of marketing. The author focuses on methods that can be employed by group product managers in order to strengthen their relationships with and influence on product managers and other marketing professionals. The author asserts that product managers can strengthen support for their product lines by strengthening their personal human relations skills. The results of a study focusing on the influence group product managers have on subordinate product managers are examined. The author also discusses the effectiveness of methods of personnel management that focus on the reward and punishment system.

Indirect (i.e., structured projective) questioning has been employed frequently in marketing and other social sciences to reduce social desirability bias, that is, systematic error in self-report measures resulting from tie desire of respondents to avoid embarrassment and project a favorable image 10 others. Yet little is known about the validity of indirect questioning in reducing social desirability bias. This article reports on three studies that examine indirect questioning as a technique to reduce social desirability bias on self-report measures. The effects of asking indirect (i.e., structured, projective) questions were compared with direct (i.e., structured, personal) questions. The pattern of results indicates that indirect questioning reduces social desirability bias on variables subject to social influence and has no significant effect on socially neutral variables. The social nature of the differences between direct and indirect questioning groups, and the attribution of an undesirable trait to an out-group but not an in-group target, supports the view that subjects projected their beliefs and evaluations in the indirect response situation. These results are consistent across several product categories and indirect question wordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tactile behavior is a basic communication form as well as an expression of interpersonal involvement. This article presents three studies offering evidence for the positive role of casual interpersonal touch on consumer behavior. More specifically, it provides initial support for the view that tactile stimulation in various consumer behavior situations enhances the positive feeling for and evaluation of both the external stimuli and the touching source. Further, customers touched by a requester tend to comply more than customers in no-touch conditions. Implications for consumer behavior theory and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of optimum stimulation level (OSL) in exploratory consumer behavior. The concept of OSL and its measurement are discussed, and the literature on exploratory consumer tendencies and their relationship with OSL is reviewed. Hypotheses are developed concerning the relationship between OSL and cognitive responses to ads, ad repetition, information search, variety seeking, decision making under risk, gambling, and innovative behavior, and these hypotheses are investigated in a series of experiments. Four well-known instruments are used to measure people's characteristic preference for stimulation, and OSL is operationalized as a weighted composite of a person's score on these scales. The results of the study indicate that consumers OSL is systematically related to curiosity-motivated consumer behaviors, variety seeking, and risk taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that disputants differ substantially in how they experience, or cognitively "frame," conflict--even the same conflict. We explored the influence of cognitive frames on negotiation processes and outcomes. Results suggest that such frames significantly influence the processes and outcomes of conflict along three specific dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research hypothesized that two social context conditions influence group members' evaluations of peer reporting of unethical behavior and their own inclination to report peers: the misconduct threatens the interests of group members and peer reporting is denned as a role responsibility of group members. Two scenario studies provided mixed support for the hypotheses, results differing in the two hypothetical settings. In both studies, however, when subjects perceived a peer reporter as highly ethical, they simultaneously evaluated him or her as unlikable. Results of a field survey provided some support for the generalizability of the findings to an actual work setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we develop a theoretical framework for understanding creativity in complex social settings. We define organizational creativity as the creation of a valuable, useful new product, service, idea, procedure, or process by individuals working together in a complex social system. The starting point for our theoretical development is provided by the interactionist model of creative behavior developed by Woodman and Schoenfeldt (1989). This model and supporting literature on creative behavior and organizational innovation are used to develop an interactional framework for organizational creativity. The theoretical framework is summarized by three propositions that can effectively guide the development of testable hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the social network approach -- its origins, key concepts, and methods. We argue for its use in organizational settings and apply the network approach in a comparative analysis of two organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author examines the effectiveness of role playing exercises in research, social work, counseling and other disciplines. The author notes that role playing exercises are defined as a dynamic process that involves participants assuming specified roles and acting out significant events. He discusses some pervious studies on role playing that found that participants expressed greater confidence in their opinions, that attitudes could be changed and that creativity could be bolstered by role playing.

The major hypothesis explored by this paper is that managers of large enterprises--public or private, in any context --have an increasingly urgent socio-humanistic responsibility to create self-actualizing organizations which will assure to the maximum extent possible, the transcendence of human values. The major thesis of the paper is that general systems insights, cybernetic science and computer technology provide the basis for achievement of this paramount objective. Over two decades ago Norbert Wiener depicted the human degredation potentially inherent in the cybernetic approach to organizational and institutional design. The substance of such concerns may perhaps now be encapsulated by the question: Are we presently pursuing a witless decision path where the sole parameter is "What is possible technologically?" as we yesterday appeared only to ask, "Does it make sense economically?" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online multi-object tracking aims at estimating the tracks of multiple objects instantly with each incoming frame and the information provided up to the moment. It still remains a difficult problem in complex scenes, because of the large ambiguity in associating multiple objects in consecutive frames and the low discriminability between objects appearances. In this paper, we propose a robust online multi-object tracking method that can handle these difficulties effectively. We first define the tracklet confidence using the detectability and continuity of a tracklet, and decompose a multi-object tracking problem into small subproblems based on the tracklet confidence. We then solve the online multi-object tracking problem by associating tracklets and detections in different ways according to their confidence values. Based on this strategy, tracklets sequentially grow with online-provided detections, and fragmented tracklets are linked up with others without any iterative and expensive association steps. For more reliable association between tracklets and detections, we also propose a deep appearance learning method to learn a discriminative appearance model from large training datasets, since the conventional appearance learning methods do not provide rich representation that can distinguish multiple objects with large appearance variations. In addition, we combine online transfer learning for improving appearance discriminability by adapting the pre-trained deep model during online tracking. Experiments with challenging public datasets show distinct performance improvement over other state-of-the-arts batch and online tracking methods, and prove the effect and usefulness of the proposed methods for online multi-object tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo presenta las opiniones del autor sobre el papel de la naturaleza humana en la promoción del proceso educativo. Diversos temas discutidos incluyen la diferencia en la naturaleza de todo ser humano, su educación, antropología de la educación humana, el concepto de la naturaleza humana, el concepto del ser humano y el uso apropiado de la fuerza humana.

Six decades of JCR research on negotiation and mediation are celebrated in this article. Starting with the earliest articles on these topics, we trace the development of recurring themes. The themes serve to organize a review of findings reported in the journal. The research on negotiation covers processes and conditions that occur prior to, during, and at the end of negotiation. The work on mediation provides insights into mediator approaches and impacts. This article concludes with suggestions for integrating and better understanding of the negotiation and mediation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding antibiotics of the general population. Methods: The study sample consisted of adult subjects who consulted general practitioners at health centers in Serbia and agreed to complete the questionnaire. A total of 668 questionnaires were distributed; 500 respondents completed the entire questionnaire (response rate 74.85%). Results: The average age was 51.65 ± 16.56 years, 60.80% of the respondents were women. The median antibiotic knowledge score was 9. Predictors of adequate antibiotic knowledge were higher education level and a family member whose ocuppation was related to health-care. Overall, 58.4% of respondents believed that antibiotics could be used to treat common cold. Around a half of the respondents (47.2%) self-medicated with antibiotics at least once during their life-time, and around a quarter (24.2%) during the last treatment of infection. Patients with inadequate knowledge had 3 times higher chances of self-medicating with antibiotics compared to those with adequate knowledge. Although 98.20% of respondents claimed that antibiotic treatment should be started after a visit to a doctor and receiving a prescription, only 65.8% obtained antibiotics with prescription from a doctor during the last infection. Conclusions: Although these results demonstrate that respondents had a relatively adequate level of knowledge regarding antibiotics use, some areas of misconceptions and improper behavior were identified. Therefore, further rationalization should be focused on educational campaigns targeting the behavior of patients with regard to antibiotic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the social dynamics of crime by means of evolutionary game theory, and we model the choice of boundedly rational potential victims to privately self-protect against prospective offenders. Negative externalities from self-protection, as the socially transmitted fear of victimization, can influence the strategic choices of victims even with constant or declining crime rates, and this circumstance may lead to Pareto inefficient equilibria with excessive expenses for private protection. Providing higher levels of public security (or of appropriate social care) financed through discriminatory taxation of private defensive behaviors can prevent crime and reduce superfluous self-protection, thus driving the social dynamics toward a more efficient equilibrium. Public policy can therefore be effective in implementing the social optimum. This article extends previous work by Cressman, Morrison, and Wen by increasing the range of possible dynamics and the scope for public intervention. Consequently, in our model, public policy can deter crime and improve the welfare of victims by addressing the intangible aspects of crime, that is, the social dynamics of fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the theoretical proposition, put forward by Yukl et al. (2002), that the leadership constructs of transformational and transactional leadership, laissez-faire, consideration, and initiating structure can be arranged into three meta-categories of leadership, namely, relations, task, and change-oriented leadership.Design/methodology/approach After a comprehensive literature search, 1,402 correlations from 286 sources were obtained which referred to the above mentioned leadership constructs and outcome criteria of effective leadership.Findings It was found that three meta-categories of leadership (i.e. relations, task, and change-oriented leadership) were sufficient to explain the leadership constructs of transformational and transactional leadership, laissez-faire, consideration, and initiating structure. Moreover, it was also found that change-oriented leadership was most effective in predicting the job satisfaction of followers. In contrast, relations-oriented leadership accounted for most of the variance in both commitment and job performance.Research limitations/implications In combination, these results allow for a more comprehensive, integrative description of effective leadership behavior.Practical implications The results have implications for leadership assessment and development as well as leader selection and feedback.Originality/value Applying Occam’s razor, and in contrast to the majority of prior leadership studies, the present meta-analytical study provided evidence that three categories of leadership behaviors allow for a precise and comprehensive description of effective leadership behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss role of emotion in determining social behavior. They state that a research on the topic conducted by Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, and mention use of laboratory-controlled settings or real-life situations in the research. They note significance of human-environment interaction and highlights individual social behavior.

The aim of the paper is to present the results of our research regarding the role of emotions in local struggles. Focusing on the analysis from below, we have paid special attention to the emotions felt by ordinary people. Our research shows that emotions are useful in order to understand struggles because they are present in every phase and every aspect of protest. We have seen that emotions play an important role in the day-to-day practices of the groups we have studied and that they interact with cognition in determining an individual's behavior. Emotions not only motivate individuals but they might change their beliefs, too. In conclusion, we have seen that emotions play an important role in the protest. They not only influence the emergence and maintenance, but also affect some outcomes of the protest at the micro-level, like empowerment. Our research is based on in-depth interviews and narrative analysis of the biographical material, and the analysis gives special attention to the different labels we have assigned to different emotions, feelings, and moods that play an important role in the protest. We will present some results based on the analysis of four specific case studies: the insurgency of Oaxaca, Mexico (in 2006) and three resistances against dams in Spain and Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aristotle is routinely blamed for several errors that, it is supposed, held science back for centuries - among others, a belief in distinct, homogenous and unchanging species of living creatures, an essentialist account of human nature, and a suggestion that slavery was a natural institution. This paper briefly examines Aristotle's own arguments and opinions, and the perils posed by a contrary belief in changeable species. Contrary to received opinion even amongst some of his followers, Aristotle was not a species essentialist and his ethical theory, properly expanded, provides arguments against bioengineering human and other species without a clear view of what should count as beauty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA") has long protected employees' rights to engage in "concerted activity" for their mutual aid or protection. Enacted in 1935, the NLRA could not have foreseen the twenty-first century collision between employment law and social media. When evaluating social media cases, the National Labor Relations Board ("NLRB") has had difficulty determining when an employee's social media post is an individual complaint or a protected concerted activity. This Note examines the NLRA and its protection of employees who have faced employment consequences for their social media activities. It argues that the NLRB should modify its approach in social media cases to account for the intent of the employee and the public nature of a social media post. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the negative influences of misunderstanding human behavior on the criminal justice system in the U.S., and a story of the trial and execution of a pig named Wilbur for killing a child. Topics discussed include the Eight Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the criminal prosecution of animals, and the relationship between free will and the law.

The economics depends on the concept of human nature very strongly. The concepts of human nature can be understood as a set of assumptions made about the individual (on diff erent levels: behaviour, motives, meaning) and his interactions with other people, with groups and diverse institutions. It corresponds with the image of world people have. Th e models of human nature build foundations of economics and impact on the fi eld of the economics. Th erefore if those images of men change, the way of thinking about economics and their elements adjust to those changes as well. Th e goal of the pape r is to present the impact of these alterations of image of man on the economics. This impact will be illustrated on the example of the evolutionary economics, which is contrasted with the orthodox concept of human nature persisting in the neoclassical economics - homo economicus. The method applied to this research is, among others, a content analysis of the most important texts developed within neoclassical and evolutionary economics. To reach this goal the definition of the concept of human nature will be introduced, accompanied by the main dimensions and levels of this concept. Th en the variations of the concept of human nature at those levels and dimension will be compared between neoclassical and evolutionary economics. Diff erences in understanding of the fi eld between those two schools will be explained as resulting from the diverse concepts of human nature. Th e analysis proved that the main diff erences in those economic schools might be explained by the changed assumptions about the human nature and the image of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, rare, influential, unexpected, catastrophic events with widespread significant long-term effects such as societal collapse, wars, revolutions, natural disasters, disease pandemics, droughts, famines, and financial crises have impacted humanity at large. These events seem to occur infrequently in a random manner that makes their prediction difficult. I examined closely the seemingly “random” occurrence of these events and observed a peculiar pattern: they occur at Fibonacci intervals and exhibit the irregular regularity of fractal phenomena. I identify three unique sets of patterns, to which I refer as cycles: (1) the Kuwae Cycle, (2) the Tambora Cycle, and (3) the Deflationary Cycle. They closely align with significant historical events, disease pandemics, famines, revolutions and warfare in England and the United States, and link to anomalous weather patterns induced by volcanism, heat, cold, rain and drought, all of which influence harvests dating back to the 6th century. These patterns also correlate with commodity price changes for which we have good data to study their behavior. Using commodities data, I show that, not only are commodity price changes closely associated with large historical events, but that they also occur at Fibonacci intervals in a complex cyclical and fractal manner. Short-term price cycles are part of larger fractal price waves which are themselves part of higher order fractals that measure the rise and fall of civilizations. I develop an algorithm that defines the cyclical nature and importance of Fibonacci intervals and advance a “Fractal Cycle Turning Point Theory” that explains historical price patterns and makes predictions about future price cycles, disease pandemics, warfare, financial crises and other influential events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans constantly adjust their social relationships and choose new partners of good reputations, thereby promoting the evolution of cooperation. Individuals have to pay a cost to build a reputation, obtain others' information and then make partnership adjustments, yet the conditions under which such costly behaviors are able to evolve remain to be explored. In this model, I assume that individuals have to pay a cost to adjust their partnerships. Furthermore, whether an individual can adjust his partnership based on reputation is determined by his strategic preference, which is updated via coevolution. Using the metaphor of a public goods game where the collective benefit is shared among all members of a group, the coupling dynamics of cooperation and partnership adjustment were numerically simulated. Partner-switching behavior cannot evolve in a public goods game with a low amplification factor. However, such an effect can be exempted by raising the productivity of public goods or the frequency of partnership adjustment. Moreover, costly partner-switching behavior is remarkably promoted by the condition that the mechanism of reputation evaluation considers its prosociality. A mechanism of reputation evaluation that praises both cooperative and partner-switching behaviors allows them to coevolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with antisocial behavior place a great physical and economic burden on society. Deficits in emotional processing have been recognized as a fundamental cause of antisocial behavior. Emerging evidence also highlights a significant contribution of attention allocation deficits to such behavior. A comprehensive literature search identified 12 studies that were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis, which compared 291 individuals with antisocial problems and 247 controls. Signed Differential Mapping revealed that compared with controls, gray matter volume (GMV) in subjects with antisocial behavior was reduced in the right lentiform nucleus (P < 0.0001), left insula (P = 0.0002) and left frontopolar cortex (FPC) (P = 0.0006), and was increased in the right fusiform gyrus (P < 0.0001), right inferior parietal lobule (P = 0.0003), right superior parietal lobule (P = 0.0004), right cingulate gyrus (P = 0.0004) and the right postcentral gyrus (P = 0.0004). Given the well-known contributions of limbic and paralimbic areas to emotional processing, the observed reductions in GMV in these regions might represent neural correlates of disturbance in emotional processing underlying antisocial behavior. Previous studies have suggested an FPC role in attention allocation during emotional processing. Therefore, GMV deviations in this area may constitute a neural basis of deficits in attention allocation linked with antisocial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

People feel bad for inflicting harms upon others; this emotional state is termed interpersonal guilt. In this study, the participant played multiple rounds of a dot-estimation task with anonymous partners while undergoing fMRI. The partner would receive pain stimulation if the partner or the participant or both responded incorrectly; the participant was then given the option to intervene and bear a proportion of pain for the partner. The level of pain voluntarily taken and the activations in anterior middle cingulate cortex (aMCC) and bilateral anterior insula (AI) were higher when the participant was solely responsible for the stimulation (Self_Incorrect) than when both committed an error (Both_Incorrect). Moreover, the gray matter volume in the aMCC predicted the individual’s compensation behavior, measured as the difference between the level of pain taken in the Self_Incorrect and Both_Incorrect conditions. Furthermore, a mediation pathway analysis revealed that activation in a midbrain region mediated the relationship between aMCC activation and the individual’s tendency to compensate. These results demonstrate that the aMCC and the midbrain nucleus not only play an important role in experiencing interpersonal guilt, but also contribute to compensation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the creativity threshold requirements under intellectual property law in the U.S. in 2014. Topics include the exclusive rights of copyright holders, patentable subject matter, and the connection between incentives and behavior. Information is provided on utilitarianism in intellectual property.

By integrating insights from economic and sociological theories, this article investigates whether and through which mechanisms friends’ fertility behavior affects an individual’s transition to parenthood. By exploiting the survey design of the Add Health data, our strategy allows us to properly identify interaction effects and distinguish them from selection and contextual effects. We use a series of discrete-time event history models with random effects at the dyadic level. Results show that, net of confounding effects, a friend’s childbearing increases an individual’s risk of becoming a parent. We find a short-term, curvilinear effect: an individual’s risk of childbearing starts increasing after a friend’s childbearing, reaches its peak approximately two years later, and then decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author discussed the principles of human habitus. Topics discussed include the influence of social context on human habits and behavior, the compatibility of the conception of habitus in the social basis of human learning and freedom, and the role of neuroscience in the theory of human development and learning.

This exploratory article points out how armies differ in the performance of their daily military activities during a peacekeeping mission and analyses the role of contrasting perceptions of the mission operational environment in explaining this variation. As a first step, this article documents systematic variations in the way French, Ghanaian, Italian, and Korean units implement the mandate of the UN mission in Lebanon in their daily military activity. Second, it shows that the four armies also interpret or “construct” the operational environment differently and in a way that is consistent with their different military behavior. Third, preliminary evidence suggests that previous experiences of each army influence the way in which the operational environment is constructed. Data were collected combining participant observation in Southern Lebanon with questionnaires and interviews. This article thus builds on sociological works on different operational styles but takes a methodological approach closer to that in security studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article tries to answer the following questions: What types of individuals may be identified from 1944 to 1956 and from 1957 to 2000 in the field of Lithuania's politics of history? How did the behavior strategies of these personalities correlate with their chances to stay in the public discourse? What positive or negative deeds were these individuals able to accomplish during the Soviet epoch? How did these activities influence the processes of forming or deforming the historical memory of Lithuanian society during the Soviet period? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the significance of intranasal oxytocin (OXT) in cognitive emphatic ability improvement. They explore the compatibility of OXT beneficial effects on trust, affiliation and empathy with its anti-social effects. They point out that OXT's effect on human behavior are not based on absolute terms like antisocial or pro-social.

The article discusses various efforts to reduce corporate criminality in America as of January 2014, focusing on the work of business entities in regulating the employee behavior, as well as an analysis of the role of values in corporate culture. White collar crime and other business-related criminal behaviors are mentioned, along with regulatory strategies for combating criminal wrongdoing by employees. Legitimacy, power, and the effectiveness of sanctions and deterrence are examined.

A literary criticism of the play "Troilus and Cressida," by William Shakespeare is presented. Topics mentioned include the importance of interpersonal relations, the normative intellectual movement in England, and the social aspects of human behavior. Also mentioned are the importance character development and the social aspects of education.

A consensus has been forming among structural social psychologists that most Americans hold beliefs in both individualistic and structural explanations of inequality. Yet, even many who espouse structural beliefs nonetheless emphasize individual-level explanations of inequality to disproportionate extents. This study is aimed to identify common trends in the logic used by a conventional group of Americans – MBA students – to rationalize their more general political and economic beliefs. While a large number of studies have emphasized the prevalence of dominant ideology beliefs, and others have speculated theoretically on how such beliefs are reproduced, this study aims to bring these bodies of work together. I sought to build an initial understanding of how contradictions in Americans' political and economic ideologies are transmuted, and to identify heuristic concepts fundamental to this process. Findings suggest that particular assumptions about human nature serve to "fill" the cognitive "gap" which would otherwise present individuals with insurmountable ambiguities in their ideologies about economic justice. Respondents also reflected some level of awareness of the impact of ideology on their thought processes, even as they accept such processes, and the realities they constitute, as inevitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the attitudes and emotions of American judges as of October 2012, focusing on the potential impact of judicial anger against attorneys, parties, and witnesses on the integrity of the U.S. legal system. Angry behavior by judges is addressed in relation to Chief Judge Edith Jones of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and judicial decisionmaking. Other topics include human emotion studies, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, and modern psychology.

This article aims to analyze in greater detail the forms and kinds of violence, following the classifications made from Peace Research. In this paper we set out a summary of reasons, origins, forms, results, ambiguity of the word violence, but above all, the factors that determine the violent behavior of human beings: such as instinct, social learning, frustration, etc., which can be exploited as intellectual tools to induce human beings into understanding, harmony, and especially, the transformation of conflicts. Following Johan Galtung, we try to clarify the types of violence: direct (verbal, psychological and physical); structural (poverty, repression, pollution, alignment, etc.); cultural (from ideas, norms, values, tradition, etc.), and/or symbolic (demonstrations by acts or rituals that give recognition to direct and structural violence). Finally, noting that the central thesis of this paper is that "human being is conflictive by nature, but violent because of education and culture". This thesis is supported by defining three aspects: a) The meaning of violence (a typically human phenomenon, biologically free but psychologically voluntary); b) The manifestations of violence, and c) its possible taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social class reflects more than the material conditions of people's lives. Objective resources (e.g., income) shape cultural practices and behaviors that signal social class. These signals create cultural identities among upper- and lower-class individuals--identities that are rooted in subjective perceptions of social-class rank vis-à-vis others. Empirical studies find that perceptions of social-class rank influence patterns of contextual versus dispositional cognition and other- versus self-oriented affect and behavior that are consistent with objective resource-based measures of social class. Our theoretical conceptualization emphasizes the utility of measuring and manipulating perceptions of social-class rank to better understand how social class influences thought and action across diverse social domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marital delay, relationship dissolution and churning, and high divorce rates have extended the amount of time individuals in search of romantic relationships spend outside of marital unions. The scope of research on intimate partnering now includes studies of “hooking up,” Internet dating, visiting relationships, cohabitation, marriage following childbirth, and serial partnering, as well as more traditional research on transitions into marriage. Collectively, we know much more about relationship formation and development, but research often remains balkanized among scholars employing different theoretical approaches, methodologies, or disciplinary perspectives. The study of relationship behavior is also segmented into particular life stages, with little attention given to linkages between stages over the life course. Recommendations for future research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]