62 results
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2. Open-source micro-tensile testers via additive manufacturing for the mechanical characterization of thin films and papers.
- Author
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Nandy, Krishanu, Collinson, David W., Scheftic, Charlie M., and Brinson, L. Catherine
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THIN films , *PAPER , *TENSILE strength , *MECHANICAL behavior of materials , *GRAPHENE oxide - Abstract
The cost of specialized scientific equipment can be high and with limited funding resources, researchers and students are often unable to access or purchase the ideal equipment for their projects. In the fields of materials science and mechanical engineering, fundamental equipment such as tensile testing devices can cost tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars. While a research lab often has access to a large-scale testing machine suitable for conventional samples, loading devices for meso- and micro-scale samples for in-situ testing with the myriad of microscopy tools are often hard to source and cost prohibitive. Open-source software has allowed for great strides in the reduction of costs associated with software development and open-source hardware and additive manufacturing have the potential to similarly reduce the costs of scientific equipment and increase the accessibility of scientific research. To investigate the feasibility of open-source hardware, a micro-tensile tester was designed with a freely accessible computer-aided design package and manufactured with a desktop 3D-printer and off-the-shelf components. To our knowledge this is one of the first demonstrations of a tensile tester with additively manufactured components for scientific research. The capabilities of the tensile tester were demonstrated by investigating the mechanical properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) paper and thin films. A 3D printed tensile tester was successfully used in conjunction with an atomic force microscope to provide one of the first quantitative measurements of GO thin film buckling under compression. The tensile tester was also used in conjunction with an atomic force microscope to observe the change in surface topology of a GO paper in response to increasing tensile strain. No significant change in surface topology was observed in contrast to prior hypotheses from the literature. Based on this result obtained with the new open source tensile stage we propose an alternative hypothesis we term ‘superlamellae consolidation’ to explain the initial deformation of GO paper. The additively manufactured tensile tester tested represents cost savings of >99% compared to commercial solutions in its class and offers simple customization. However, continued development is needed for the tensile tester presented here to approach the technical specifications achievable with commercial solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Sub-picomolar lateral flow antigen detection with two-wavelength imaging of composite nanoparticles
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Benjamin S. Miller, Michael R. Thomas, Matthew Banner, Jeongyun Kim, Yiyun Chen, Qingshan Wei, Derek K. Tseng, Zoltán S. Göröcs, Aydogan Ozcan, Molly M. Stevens, Rachel A. McKendry, Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (E, and Royal Academy Of Engineering
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Bioinformatics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Biotin ,Metal Nanoparticles ,Biosensing Techniques ,Imaging ,0903 Biomedical Engineering ,Limit of Detection ,Electrochemistry ,ASSAY ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,Lateral flow ,Science & Technology ,1007 Nanotechnology ,Chemistry, Analytical ,General Medicine ,PERFORMANCE ,Chemistry ,Biosensors ,Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology ,Physical Sciences ,PAPER ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Nanoparticles ,Gold ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,0301 Analytical Chemistry ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Lateral flow tests, commonly based on metal plasmonic nanoparticles, are rapid, robust, and low-cost. However, improvements in analytical sensitivity are required to allow detection of low-abundance biomarkers, for example detection of low antigen concentrations for earlier or asymptomatic diagnosis of infectious diseases. Efforts to improve sensitivity often require changes to the assay. Here, we developed optical methods to improve the sensitivity of absorption-based lateral flow tests, requiring no assay modifications to existing tests. We experimentally compared five different lock-in and subtraction-based methods, exploiting the narrow plasmonic peak of gold nanoparticles for background removal by imaging at different light wavelengths. A statistical framework and three fitting models were used to compare limits of detection, giving a 2.0-5.4-fold improvement. We then demonstrated the broad applicability of the method to an ultrasensitive assay, designing 530 nm composite nanoparticles to increase the particle volume, and therefore light absorption per particle, whilst retaining the plasmonic peak to allow background removal and without adding any assay steps. This multifaceted, modular approach gave a combined 58-fold improvement in the fundamental limit of detection using a biotin-avidin model over 50 nm gold nanoparticles with single-wavelength imaging. Applying to a sandwich assay for the detection of HIV capsid protein gave a limit of detection of 170 fM. Additionally, we developed an open-source software tool for performing the detection limit analysis used in this work.
- Published
- 2022
4. A laser–plasma platform for photon–photon physics: the two photon Breit–Wheeler process
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G Pérez-Callejo, F C Salgado, Matthew Zepf, C. D. Murphy, C. Colgan, Y. Katzir, C. I. D. Underwood, Andreas Nürnberg, S. Bohlen, D Hollatz, S. J. Rose, H Harsh, Aaron Alejo, Christopher D. Gregory, Andreas Seidel, Kristjan Poder, Gianluca Sarri, M. J. V. Streeter, Jens Osterhoff, R. Watt, F. Roeder, S. Astbury, C Roedel, Sven Steinke, G. M. Samarin, John J. L. Morton, J. Hinojosa, P. W. Hatfield, Michael Campbell, B. Kettle, Alexander Thomas, P. P. Rajeev, Christopher Spindloe, E. Gerstmayr, C. D. Baird, Dominik Dannheim, Simon Spannagel, Stuart Mangles, Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC), Commission of the European Communities, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Photon ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Physics::Optics ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,ENERGY ,COLLIDER ,Two-photon excitation microscopy ,Physics in General ,law ,pixel ,strong field ,Focus on Strong Field Quantum Electrodynamics with High Power Lasers and Particle Beams ,photon-photon ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,two-photon ,Physics ,02 Physical Sciences ,QED ,collimator ,photon ,Breit–Wheeler ,wake field ,LIGHT ,Physical Sciences ,beam ,Particle Physics - Experiment ,Breit–Wheeler process ,Paper ,accelerator ,Fluids & Plasmas ,Physics, Multidisciplinary ,Other Fields of Physics ,bremsstrahlung ,photon–photon ,Nuclear physics ,Breit-Wheeler ,0103 physical sciences ,photon photon ,ddc:530 ,010306 general physics ,plasma ,laser–plasma ,Breit–Wheele ,Science & Technology ,hybrid ,scattering ,silicon ,Plasma ,laser-plasma ,Laser ,calibration ,Accelerators and Storage Rings ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph] ,laser ,Pair production ,pair production ,nonlinear ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,LWFA - Abstract
We describe a laser-plasma platform for photon-photon collision experiments to measure fundamental quantum electrodynamic processes such as the linear Breit-Wheeler process with real photons. The platform has been developed using the Gemini laser facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. A laser wakefield accelerator and a bremsstrahlung convertor are used to generate a collimated beam of photons with energies of hundreds of MeV, that collide with keV x-ray photons generated by a laser heated plasma target. To detect the pairs generated by the photon-photon collisions, a magnetic transport system has been developed which directs the pairs onto scintillation-based and hybrid silicon pixel single particle detectors. We present commissioning results from an experimental campaign using this laser-plasma platform for photon-photon physics, demonstrating successful generation of both photon sources, characterisation of the magnetic transport system and calibration of the single particle detectors, and discuss the feasibility of this platform for the observation of the Breit-Wheeler process. The design of the platform will also serve as the basis for the investigation of strong-field quantum electrodynamic processes such as the nonlinear Breit-Wheeler and the Trident process, or eventually, photon-photon scattering. We describe a laser–plasma platform for photon–photon collision experiments to measure fundamental quantum electrodynamic processes. As an example we describe using this platform to attempt to observe the linear Breit–Wheeler process. The platform has been developed using the Gemini laser facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. A laser Wakefield accelerator and a bremsstrahlung convertor are used to generate a collimated beam of photons with energies of hundreds of MeV, that collide with keV x-ray photons generated by a laser heated plasma target. To detect the pairs generated by the photon–photon collisions, a magnetic transport system has been developed which directs the pairs onto scintillation-based and hybrid silicon pixel single particle detectors (SPDs). We present commissioning results from an experimental campaign using this laser–plasma platform for photon–photon physics, demonstrating successful generation of both photon sources, characterisation of the magnetic transport system and calibration of the SPDs, and discuss the feasibility of this platform for the observation of the Breit–Wheeler process. The design of the platform will also serve as the basis for the investigation of strong-field quantum electrodynamic processes such as the nonlinear Breit–Wheeler and the Trident process, or eventually, photon–photon scattering.
- Published
- 2021
5. Digital printing of shape-morphing natural materials
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Changjin Huang, Jatin Kumar, Ze Zhao, Mohammed Shahrudin Bin Ibrahim, Nam-Joon Cho, Subra Suresh, Jingyu Deng, Young Kyu Hwang, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
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Paper ,Technology ,Engineering drawing ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials [Engineering] ,Natural materials ,Computer science ,business.industry ,hygromorphing ,natural materials ,Substrate (printing) ,sustainability ,Finite element method ,Natural Materials ,Morphing ,Engineering ,digital printing ,pollen ,Digital Printing ,Physical Sciences ,Scalability ,Computer Simulation ,Digital printing ,business - Abstract
Significance Most shape-morphing materials rely on nonrenewable fossil resources or finely extracted biomaterials, which need strict reaction control, elaborate processing equipment, or prefabricated templates to achieve controllable transformation. To circumvent these challenges, we developed an eco-friendly and scalable strategy for programmable shape evolution that integrates easy-to-process pollen biomass with cost-effective digital printing. Using this approach, specific geometrical features and architectures were customized to build complex materials with user-defined, shape-morphing abilities. These fabrication efforts were complemented by computational simulations to build quantitative and mechanistic insights into the biomaterial’s characteristics for creating complex shapes with methods that are suitable for scalable manufacturing., We demonstrate how programmable shape evolution and deformation can be induced in plant-based natural materials through standard digital printing technologies. With nonallergenic pollen paper as the substrate material, we show how specific geometrical features and architectures can be custom designed through digital printing of patterns to modulate hygrophobicity, geometry, and complex shapes. These autonomously hygromorphing configurations can be “frozen” by postprocessing coatings to meet the needs of a wide spectrum of uses and applications. Through computational simulations involving the finite element method and accompanying experiments, we develop quantitative insights and a general framework for creating complex shapes in eco-friendly natural materials with potential sustainable applications for scalable manufacturing.
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- 2021
6. Influence of biological origin on the tensile properties of cellulose nanopapers
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Koon-Yang Lee, Katri S. Kontturi, William W. Sampson, Eero Kontturi, Alexander Bismarck, Mitchell Jones, Imperial College London, University of Vienna, University of Manchester, Materials Chemistry of Cellulose, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Random networks ,Technology ,Polymers and Plastics ,Materials Science, Paper & Wood ,Polymers ,Materials Science ,MODELS ,Polymer Science ,02 engineering and technology ,ZERO ,HEMICELLULOSES ,010402 general chemistry ,Fibril ,01 natural sciences ,Tensile stiffness ,Tensile strength ,Bacterial cellulose ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ultimate tensile strength ,STRENGTH ,Hemicellulose ,Materials Science, Textiles ,Fiber ,Cellulose ,Composite material ,NANOFIBRILLATION ,0912 Materials Engineering ,Science & Technology ,0303 Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,BACTERIAL CELLULOSE ,0104 chemical sciences ,Amorphous solid ,chemistry ,Cellulose nanofibers ,Nanofiber ,DENSITY ,Physical Sciences ,PAPER ,0210 nano-technology ,GRAMMAGE - Abstract
Funding Information: KSK and AB acknowledge funding by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (EP/K014676/1). KSK also acknowledges Academy of Finland (Project number 310943). EK is grateful for the support by the FinnCERES Materials Bioeconomy Ecosystem. Funding Information: Open access funding provided by Aalto University. KSK and AB acknowledge funding by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (EP/K014676/1). KSK also acknowledges Academy of Finland (Project number 310943). Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. Cellulose nanopapers provide diverse, strong and lightweight templates prepared entirely from sustainable raw materials, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Yet the strength of CNFs has not been fully capitalized in the resulting nanopapers and the relative influence of CNF strength, their bonding, and biological origin to nanopaper strength are unknown. Here, we show that basic principles from paper physics can be applied to CNF nanopapers to illuminate those relationships. Importantly, it appeared that ~ 200 MPa was the theoretical maximum for nanopapers with random fibril orientation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the contrast in tensile strength for nanopapers prepared from bacterial cellulose (BC) and wood-based nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). Endemic amorphous polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) in NFC act as matrix in NFC nanopapers, strengthening the bonding between CNFs just like it improves the bonding between CNFs in the primary cell wall of plants. The conclusions apply to all composites containing non-wovenfiber mats as reinforcement.
- Published
- 2021
7. Towards a versatile and economic Chagas Disease point-of-care testing system, by integrating loop-mediated isothermal amplification and contactless/label-free conductivity detection
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Fabiana Stolowicz, Luciana Larocca, Carolina Carrillo, Federico Figueredo, Eduardo Cortón, Adrián Alberto Vojnov, and Wendell K. T. Coltro
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Computer science ,Very low volume ,RC955-962 ,02 engineering and technology ,Biochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Medical Conditions ,Limit of Detection ,Nucleic Acids ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Signal Amplification ,Gel Electrophoresis ,Protozoans ,Eukaryota ,Thermal Conductivity ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Diagnosis methods ,Infectious Diseases ,Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ,Point-of-Care Testing ,Physical Sciences ,Engineering and Technology ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,0210 nano-technology ,Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ,Computer hardware ,Research Article ,Neglected Tropical Diseases ,Paper ,Trypanosoma ,Trypanosoma cruzi ,Point-of-care testing ,Materials Science ,Material Properties ,Loop-mediated isothermal amplification ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Diagnostic system ,Electrophoretic Techniques ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Parasitic Diseases ,Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests ,Chagas Disease ,Label free ,Protozoan Infections ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organisms ,Electric Conductivity ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Biology and Life Sciences ,DNA, Protozoan ,Tropical Diseases ,Serum samples ,Parasitic Protozoans ,0104 chemical sciences ,Signal Processing ,business - Abstract
Rapid diagnosis by using small, simple, and portable devices could represent one of the best strategies to limit the damage and contain the spread of viral, bacterial or protozoa diseases, principally when they can be transmitted by air and are highly contagious, as some respiratory viruses are. The presence of antibodies in blood or serum samples is not the best option for deciding when a person must be quarantined to stop transmission of disease, given that cured patients have antibodies, so the best diagnosis methods rely on the use of nucleic acid amplification procedures. Here we present a very simple device and detection principle, based on paper discs coupled to contactless conductivity (C4D) sensors, can provide fast and easy diagnostics that are needed when an epidemic outbreak develops. The paper device presented here solves one of the main drawbacks that nucleic acid amplification tests have when they are performed outside of central laboratories. As the device is sealed before amplification and integrally disposed in this way, amplimers release cannot occur, allowing repetitive testing in the physician’s practice, ambulances, or other places that are not prepared to avoid cross-contamination of new samples. The use of very low volume samples allows efficient reagent use and the development of low cost, simple, and disposable point-of-care diagnostic systems., Author summary In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized Chagas Disease as a neglected tropical disease. Meanwhile the serological tests, recommended by WHO, can be performed for chronic disease diagnosis, the nucleic acid amplification tests must be performed for the detection of the acute phase of the disease. Although the existing laboratory diagnosis tests for Chagas Disease are sensitive and highly reproducible, they cannot be performed in rural, low infrastructure environments, where this disease prevails. In this sense, the use of simple and portable analytical devices may be able to offer an affordable solution to this problem, allowing fast sampling, diagnosis and treatment prescription in one simple and fast intervention, as the performed by short term medical missions. In this study we show for the first time a diagnosis test comprising low cost materials and employing a contactless and label-free conductivity detection system that is used to read the result of a nucleic acid amplification reaction. The test showed high sensitivity for Chagas Disease diagnosis showing the potential to be used in rural and low income places.
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- 2021
8. Paper-based microfluidics for DNA diagnostics of malaria in low resource underserved rural communities
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Edridah M. Tukahebwa, Julien Reboud, Zhugen Yang, Jonathan M. Cooper, Alice Garrett, Candia Rowell, Gaolian Xu, and Moses Adriko
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Paper ,Rural Population ,Adolescent ,Low resource ,Computer science ,low-resource settings ,Point-of-care testing ,Microfluidics ,Loop-mediated isothermal amplification ,malaria ,Medically Underserved Area ,02 engineering and technology ,Computational biology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,law.invention ,Engineering ,nucleic acid-based tests ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,Medical diagnosis ,Malaria, Falciparum ,Child ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Multidisciplinary ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Biological Sciences ,DNA, Protozoan ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,0104 chemical sciences ,Diagnosis of malaria ,PNAS Plus ,Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ,Physical Sciences ,Health Resources ,paper microfluidics ,0210 nano-technology ,point-of-care diagnostics ,Malaria - Abstract
Significance Populations living in remote rural communities would benefit from rapid, highly sensitive molecular, DNA-based diagnostics to inform the correct and timely treatment of infectious diseases. Such information is also becoming increasingly relevant in global efforts for disease elimination, where the testing of asymptomatic patients is now seen as being important for the identification of disease reservoirs. However, healthcare workers face practical and logistical problems in the implementation of such tests, which often involve complex instrumentation and centralized laboratories. Here we describe innovations in paper microfluidics that enable low-cost, multiplexed DNA-based diagnostics for malaria, delivered, in a first-in-human study, in schools in rural Uganda., Rapid, low-cost, species-specific diagnosis, based upon DNA testing, is becoming important in the treatment of patients with infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate an innovation that uses origami to enable multiplexed, sensitive assays that rival polymerase chain reactions (PCR) laboratory assays and provide high-quality, fast precision diagnostics for malaria. The paper-based microfluidic technology proposed here combines vertical flow sample-processing steps, including paper folding for whole-blood sample preparation, with an isothermal amplification and a lateral flow detection, incorporating a simple visualization system. Studies were performed in village schools in Uganda with individual diagnoses being completed in
- Published
- 2019
9. Searching for solar KDAR with DUNE
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DUNE Collaboration, Abud, A. Abed, Abi, B., Acciarri, R., Acero, M. A., Adames, M. R., Adamov, G., Adams, D., Adinolfi, M., Aduszkiewicz, A., Aguilar, J., Ahmad, Z., Ahmed, J., Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B., Alion, T., Allison, K., Monsalve, S. Alonso, Alrashed, M., Alt, C., Alton, A., Amedo, P., Anderson, J., Andreopoulos, C., Andreotti, M., Andrews, M. P., Andrianala, F., Andringa, S., Anfimov, N., Ankowski, A., Antoniassi, M., Antonova, M., Antoshkin, A., Antusch, S., Aranda-Fernandez, A., Ariga, A., Arnold, L. O., Arroyave, M. A., Asaadi, J., Asquith, L., Aurisano, A., Aushev, V., Autiero, D., Ayala-Torres, M., Azfar, F., Back, A., Back, H., Back, J. J., Backhouse, C., Baesso, P., Bagaturia, I., Bagby, L., Balashov, N., Balasubramanian, S., Baldi, P., Baller, B., Bambah, B., Barao, F., Barenboim, G., Barker, G. J., Barkhouse, W., Barnes, C., Barr, G., Monarca, J. Barranco, Barros, A., Barros, N., Barrow, J. L., Basharina-Freshville, A., Bashyal, A., Basque, V., Belchior, E., Battat, J. B. R., Battisti, F., Bay, F., Alba, J. L. Bazo, Beacom, J. F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Belver, D., Benekos, N., Montiel, C. Benitez, Neves, F. Bento, Berger, J., Berkman, S., Bernardini, P., Berner, R. M., Berns, H., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Rodríguez, A. Betancur, Bevan, A., Bezerra, T. J. C., Bhatnagar, V., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhuller, S., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biassoni, M., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blake, A., Blaszczyk, F. D. M., Blazey, G. C., Blucher, E., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bomben, L., Bonesini, M., Bongrand, M., Bonini, F., Booth, A., Booth, C., Boran, F., Bordoni, S., Borkum, A., Boschi, T., Bostan, N., Bour, P., Bourgeois, C., Boyd, S. B., Boyden, D., Bracinik, J., Braga, D., Brailsford, D., Branca, A., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brew, C., Brianne, E., Brice, S. J., Brizzolari, C., Bromberg, C., Brooijmans, G., Brooke, J., Bross, A., Brunetti, G., Brunetti, M., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., Butorov, I., Cagnoli, I., Caiulo, D., Calabrese, R., Calafiura, P., Calcutt, J., Calin, M., Calvez, S., Calvo, E., Caminata, A., Campanelli, M., Cankocak, K., Caratelli, D., Carini, G., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M. F., Carniti, P., Terrazas, I. Caro, Carranza, H., Carroll, T., Forero, J. F. Castaño, Castillo, A., Castromonte, C., Catano-Mur, E., Cattadori, C., Cavalier, F., Cavanna, F., Centro, S., Cerati, G., Cervelli, A., Villanueva, A. Cervera, Chalifour, M., Chappell, A., Chardonnet, E., Charitonidis, N., Chatterjee, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Chen, H., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Cheon, Y., Cherdack, D., Chi, C., Childress, S., Chiriacescu, A., Chisnall, G., Cho, K., Choate, S., Chokheli, D., Chong, P. S., Choubey, S., Christensen, A., Christian, D., Christodoulou, G., Chukanov, A., Chung, M., Church, E., Cicero, V., Clarke, P., Coan, T. E., Cocco, A. G., Coelho, J. A. B., Conley, E., Conley, R., Conrad, J. M., Convery, M., Copello, S., Corwin, L., Valentim, R., Cremaldi, L., Cremonesi, L., Crespo-Anadón, J. I., Crisler, M., Cristaldo, E., Cross, R., Cudd, A., Cuesta, C., Cui, Y., Cussans, D., Dalager, O., da Motta, H., Peres, L. Da Silva, David, C., David, Q., Davies, G. S., Davini, S., Dawson, J., De, K., Debbins, P., De Bonis, I., Decowski, M. P., de Gouvêa, A., De Holanda, P. C., Astiz, I. L. De Icaza, Deisting, A., De Jong, P., Delbart, A., Delepine, D., Delgado, M., Dell'Acqua, A., De Lurgio, P., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, DeMuth, D. M., Dennis, S., Densham, C., Deptuch, G. W., De Roeck, A., De Romeri, V., De Souza, G., Devi, R., Dharmapalan, R., Dias, M., Diaz, F., Díaz, J. S., Di Domizio, S., Di Giulio, L., Ding, P., Di Noto, L., Distefano, C., Diurba, R., Diwan, M., Djurcic, Z., Doering, D., Dolan, S., Dolek, F., Dolinski, M. J., Domine, L., Douglas, D., Douillet, D., Drake, G., Drielsma, F., Duarte, L., Duchesneau, D., Duffy, K., Dunne, P., Durkin, T., Duyang, H., Dvornikov, O., Dwyer, D. A., Dyshkant, A. S., Eads, M., Earle, A., Edmunds, D., Eisch, J., Emberger, L., Emery, S., Ereditato, A., Erjavec, T., Escobar, C. O., Eurin, G., Evans, J. J., Ewart, E., Ezeribe, A. C., Fahey, K., Falcone, A., Fani, M., Farnese, C., Farzan, Y., Fedoseev, D., Felix, J., Feng, Y., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Menendez, P. Fernandez, Morales, M. Fernandez, Ferraro, F., Fields, L., Filip, P., Filthaut, F., Fiorentini, A., Fiorini, M., Fitzpatrick, R. S., Flanagan, W., Fleming, B., Flight, R., Forero, D. V., Fowler, J., Fox, W., Franc, J., Francis, K., Franco, D., Freeman, J., Freestone, J., Fried, J., Friedland, A., Robayo, F. Fuentes, Fuess, S., Furic, I. K., Furmanski, A. P., Gabrielli, A., Gago, A., Gallagher, H., Gallas, A., Gallego-Ros, A., Gallice, N., Galymov, V., Gamberini, E., Gamble, T., Ganacim, F., Gandhi, R., Gandrajula, R., Gao, F., Gao, S., B., A. C. Garcia, Garcia-Gamez, D., García-Peris, M. Á., Gardiner, S., Gastler, D., Gauvreau, J., Ge, G., Gelli, B., Gendotti, A., Gent, S., Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z., Giammaria, P., Giammaria, T., Gibin, D., Gil-Botella, I., Gilligan, S., Girerd, C., Giri, A. K., Gnani, D., Gogota, O., Gold, M., Gollapinni, S., Gollwitzer, K., Gomes, R. A., Bermeo, L. V. Gomez, Fajardo, L. S. Gomez, Gonnella, F., Gonzalez-Cuevas, J. A., Diaz, D. Gonzalez, Gonzalez-Lopez, M., Goodman, M. C., Goodwin, O., Goswami, S., Gotti, C., Goudzovski, E., Grace, C., Graham, M., Gran, R., Granados, E., Granger, P., Grant, A., Grant, C., Gratieri, D., Green, P., Greenler, L., Greer, J., Grenard, J., Griffith, W. C., Groh, M., Grudzinski, J., Grzelak, K., Gu, W., Guardincerri, E., Guarino, V., Guarise, M., Guenette, R., Guerard, E., Guerzoni, M., Guglielmi, A., Guo, B., Guthikonda, K. K., Gutierrez, R., Guzowski, P., Guzzo, M. M., Gwon, S., Ha, C., Habig, A., Hadavand, H., Haenni, R., Hahn, A., Haiston, J., Hamacher-Baumann, P., Hamernik, T., Hamilton, P., Han, J., Harris, D. A., Hartnell, J., Harton, J., Hasegawa, T., Hasnip, C., Hatcher, R., Hatfield, K. W., Hatzikoutelis, A., Hayes, C., Hayrapetyan, K., Hays, J., Hazen, E., He, M., Heavey, A., Heeger, K. M., Heise, J., Hennessy, K., Henry, S., Morquecho, M. A. Hernandez, Herner, K., Hertel, L., Hewes, V, Higuera, A., Hill, T., Hillier, S. J., Himmel, A., Hirsch, L. R., Ho, J., Hoff, J., Holin, A., Hoppe, E., Horton-Smith, G. A., Hostert, M., Hourlier, A., Howard, B., Howell, R., Hristova, I., Hronek, M. S., Huang, J., Hugon, J., Iles, G., Ilic, N., Iliescu, A. M., Illingworth, R., Ingratta, G., Ioannisian, A., Isenhower, L., Itay, R., Izmaylov, A., Jackson, C. M., Jain, V., James, E., Jang, W., Jargowsky, B., Jediny, F., Jena, D., Jeong, Y. S., Jesús-Valls, C., Ji, X., Jiang, L., Jiménez, S., Jipa, A., Johnson, R., Johnston, N., Jones, B., Jones, S. B., Judah, M., Jung, C. K., Junk, T., Jwa, Y., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A., Kadenko, I., Kakorin, I., Kalitkina, A., Kalra, D., Kamiya, Kaneshige, N., Karagiorgi, G., Karaman, G., Karcher, A., Karolak, M., Karyotakis, Y., Kasai, S., Kasetti, S. P., Kashur, L., Kazaryan, N., Kearns, E., Keener, P., Kelly, K. J., Kemp, E., Kemularia, O., Ketchum, W., Kettell, S. H., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Khvedelidze, A., Kim, D., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, J., Koehler, K., Koerner, L. W., Kohn, S., Koller, P. P., Kolupaeva, L., Korablev, D., Kordosky, M., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecký, V. A., Kothekar, K., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kropp, W., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V. 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X, Jiang, L, Jimenez, S, Jipa, A, Johnson, R, Johnston, N, Jones, B, Jones, S, Judah, M, Jung, C, Junk, T, Jwa, Y, Kabirnezhad, M, Kaboth, A, Kadenko, I, Kalra, D, Kakorin, I, Kalitkina, A, Kamiya, F, Kaneshige, N, Karagiorgi, G, Karaman, G, Karcher, A, Karolak, M, Karyotakis, Y, Kasai, S, Kasetti, S, Kashur, L, Kazaryan, N, Kearns, E, Keener, P, Kelly, K, Kemp, E, Kemularia, O, Ketchum, W, Kettell, S, Khabibullin, M, Khotjantsev, A, Khvedelidze, A, Kim, D, King, B, Kirby, B, Kirby, M, Klein, J, Koehler, K, Koerner, L, Kohn, S, Koller, P, Kolupaeva, L, Korablev, D, Kordosky, M, Kosc, T, Kose, U, Kostelecky, V, Kothekar, K, Krennrich, F, Kreslo, I, Kropp, W, Kudenko, Y, Kudryavtsev, V, Kulagin, S, Kumar, J, Kumar, P, Kunze, P, Kuruppu, C, Kus, V, Kutter, T, Kvasnicka, J, Kwak, D, Lambert, A, Land, B, Lande, K, Lane, C, Lang, K, Langford, T, Langstaff, M, Larkin, J, Lasorak, P, Last, D, Lastoria, C, Laundrie, A, Laurenti, G, Lawrence, A, Lazanu, I, Lazur, R, Lazzaroni, M, Le, T, 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Matthews, J, Mauger, C, Mauri, N, Mavrokoridis, K, Mawby, I, Mazza, R, Mazzacane, A, Mazzucato, E, Mcaskill, T, Mccluskey, E, Mcconkey, N, Mcfarland, K, Mcgrew, C, Mcnab, A, Mefodiev, A, Mehta, P, Melas, P, Mena, O, Menary, S, Mendez, H, Mendez, P, Menegolli, A, Meng, G, Messier, M, Metcalf, W, Mettler, T, Mewes, M, Meyer, H, Miao, T, Michna, G, Miedema, T, Mikola, V, Milincic, R, Miller, G, Miller, W, Mills, J, Milne, C, Mineev, O, Miranda, O, Miryala, S, Mishra, C, Mishra, S, Mislivec, A, Mladenov, D, Mocioiu, I, Moffat, K, Moggi, N, Mohanta, R, Mohayai, T, Mokhov, N, Molina, J, Molina Bueno, L, Montagna, E, Montanari, A, Montanari, C, Montanari, D, Montano Zetina, L, Moon, J, Moon, S, Mooney, M, Moor, A, Moreno, D, Morris, C, Mossey, C, Motuk, E, Moura, C, Mousseau, J, Mouster, G, Mu, W, Mualem, L, Mueller, J, Muether, M, Mufson, S, Muheim, F, Muir, A, Mulhearn, M, Munford, D, Muramatsu, H, Murphy, S, Musser, J, Nachtman, J, Nagu, S, Nalbandyan, M, Nandakumar, R, Naples, D, Narita, S, Nath, A, Navas-Nicolas, D, Navrer-Agasson, A, Nayak, N, Nebot-Guinot, M, Negishi, K, Nelson, J, Nesbit, J, Nessi, M, Newbold, D, Newcomer, M, Newhart, D, Newton, H, Nichol, R, Nicolas-Arnaldos, F, Niner, E, Nishimura, K, Norman, A, Norrick, A, Northrop, R, Novella, P, Nowak, J, Oberling, M, Ochoa-Ricoux, J, Del Campo, A, Olivier, A, Olshevskiy, A, Onel, Y, Onishchuk, Y, Ott, J, Pagani, L, Pakvasa, S, Palacio, G, Palamara, O, Palestini, S, Paley, J, Pallavicini, M, Palomares, C, Palomino-Gallo, J, Panduro Vazquez, W, Pantic, E, Paolone, V, Papadimitriou, V, Papaleo, R, Papanestis, A, Paramesvaran, S, Parke, S, Parozzi, E, Parsa, Z, Parvu, M, Pascoli, S, Pasqualini, L, Pasternak, J, Pater, J, Patrick, C, Patrizii, L, Patterson, R, Patton, S, Patzak, T, Paudel, A, Paulos, B, Paulucci, L, Pavlovic, Z, Pawloski, G, Payne, D, Pec, V, Peeters, S, Pennacchio, E, Penzo, A, Peres, O, Perry, J, Pershey, D, Pessina, G, Petrillo, G, Petta, C, Petti, R, Pia, V, Piastra, F, Pickering, L, Pietropaolo, F, Plunkett, R, Poling, R, Pons, X, Poonthottathil, N, Poppi, F, Pordes, S, Porter, J, Potekhin, M, Potenza, R, Potukuchi, B, Pozimski, J, Pozzato, M, Prakash, S, Prakash, T, Prest, M, Prince, S, Psihas, F, Pugnere, D, Qian, X, Queiroga Bazetto, M, Raaf, J, Radeka, V, Rademacker, J, Radics, B, Rafique, A, Raguzin, E, Rai, M, Rajaoalisoa, M, Rakhno, I, Rakotonandrasana, A, Rakotondravohitra, L, Ramachers, Y, Rameika, R, Ramirez Delgado, M, Ramson, B, Rappoldi, A, Raselli, G, Ratoff, P, Raut, S, Razakamiandra, R, Rea, E, Real, J, Rebel, B, Reggiani-Guzzo, M, Rehak, T, Reichenbacher, J, Reitzner, S, Rejeb Sfar, H, Renshaw, A, Rescia, S, Resnati, F, Reynolds, A, Ribas, M, Riboldi, S, Riccio, C, Riccobene, G, Rice, L, Ricol, J, Rigamonti, A, Rigaut, Y, Rivera, D, Robert, A, Rochester, L, Roda, M, Rodrigues, P, Rodriguez Alonso, M, Rodriguez Bonilla, E, Rodriguez Rondon, J, Rosauro-Alcaraz, S, Rosenberg, M, Rosier, P, Roskovec, B, Rossella, M, Rossi, M, Rott, C, Rout, J, Roy, P, 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Muether M., Mufson S., Muheim F., Muir A., Mulhearn M., Munford D., Muramatsu H., Murphy S., Musser J., Nachtman J., Nagu S., Nalbandyan M., Nandakumar R., Naples D., Narita S., Nath A., Navas-Nicolas D., Navrer-Agasson A., Nayak N., Nebot-Guinot M., Negishi K., Nelson J.K., Nesbit J., Nessi M., Newbold D., Newcomer M., Newhart D., Newton H., Nichol R., Nicolas-Arnaldos F., Niner E., Nishimura K., Norman A., Norrick A., Northrop R., Novella P., Nowak J.A., Oberling M., Ochoa-Ricoux J.P., Del Campo A.O., Olivier A., Olshevskiy A., Onel Y., Onishchuk Y., Ott J., Pagani L., Pakvasa S., Palacio G., Palamara O., Palestini S., Paley J.M., Pallavicini M., Palomares C., Palomino-Gallo J.L., Panduro Vazquez W., Pantic E., Paolone V., Papadimitriou V., Papaleo R., Papanestis A., Paramesvaran S., Parke S., Parozzi E., Parsa Z., Parvu M., Pascoli S., Pasqualini L., Pasternak J., Pater J., Patrick C., Patrizii L., Patterson R.B., Patton S.J., Patzak T., Paudel A., Paulos B., Paulucci L., Pavlovic Z., Pawloski G., Payne D., Pec V., Peeters S.J.M., Pennacchio E., Penzo A., Peres O.L.G., Perry J., Pershey D., Pessina G., Petrillo G., Petta C., Petti R., Pia V., Piastra F., Pickering L., Pietropaolo F., Plunkett R., Poling R., Pons X., Poonthottathil N., Poppi F., Pordes S., Porter J., Potekhin M., Potenza R., Potukuchi B.V.K.S., Pozimski J., Pozzato M., Prakash S., Prakash T., Prest M., Prince S., Psihas F., Pugnere D., Qian X., Queiroga Bazetto M.C., Raaf J.L., Radeka V., Rademacker J., Radics B., Rafique A., Raguzin E., Rai M., Rajaoalisoa M., Rakhno I., Rakotonandrasana A., Rakotondravohitra L., Ramachers Y.A., Rameika R., Ramirez Delgado M.A., Ramson B., Rappoldi A., Raselli G., Ratoff P., Raut S., Razakamiandra R.F., Rea E., Real J.S., Rebel B., Reggiani-Guzzo M., Rehak T., Reichenbacher J., Reitzner S.D., Rejeb Sfar H., Renshaw A., Rescia S., Resnati F., Reynolds A., Ribas M., Riboldi S., Riccio C., Riccobene G., Rice L.C.J., Ricol J., Rigamonti A., Rigaut Y., Rivera D., Robert A., Rochester L., Roda M., Rodrigues P., Rodriguez Alonso M.J., Rodriguez Bonilla E., Rodriguez Rondon J., Rosauro-Alcaraz S., Rosenberg M., Rosier P., Roskovec B., Rossella M., Rossi M., Rott C., Rout J., Roy P., Roy S., Rubbia A., Rubbia C., Rubio F.C., Russell B., Ruterbories D., Rybnikov A., Saa-Hernandez A., Saakyan R., Sacerdoti S., Safford T., Sahu N., Sala P., Samios N., Samoylov O., Sanchez M.C., Sandberg V., Sanders D.A., Sankey D., Santana S., Santos-Maldonado M., Saoulidou N., Sapienza P., Sarasty C., Sarcevic I., Savage G., Savinov V., Scaramelli A., Scarff A., Scarpelli A., Schaffer T., Schellman H., Schifano S., Schlabach P., Schmitz D., Scholberg K., Schukraft A., Segreto E., Selyunin A., Senise C.R., Sensenig J., Seoane M., Seong I., Sergi A., Sgalaberna D., Shaevitz M.H., Shafaq S., Shamma M., Sharankova R., Sharma H.R., Sharma R., Kumar R., Shaw T., Shepherd-Themistocleous C., Sheshukov A., Shin S., Shoemaker I., Shooltz D., Shrock R., Siegel H., Simard L., Simon F., Sinclair J., Sinev G., Singh J., Singh L., Singh V., Sipos R., Sippach F.W., Sirri G., Sitraka A., Siyeon K., Skarpaas K., Smith A., Smith E., Smith P., Smolik J., Smy M., Snider E.L., Snopok P., Snowden-Ifft D., Soares Nunes M., Sobel H., Soderberg M., Sokolov S., Solano Salinas C.J., Soldner-Rembold S., Soleti S.R., Solomey N., Solovov V., Sondheim W.E., Sorel M., Sotnikov A., Soto-Oton J., Sousa A., Soustruznik K., Spagliardi F., Spanu M., Spitz J., Spooner N.J.C., Spurgeon K., Staley R., Stancari M., Stanco L., Stanley R., Stein R., Steiner H.M., Steklain Lisboa A.F., Stewart J., Stillwell B., Stock J., Stocker F., Stokes T., Strait M., Strauss T., Striganov S., Stuart A., Suarez J.G., Sullivan H., Summers D., Surdo A., Susic V., Suter L., Sutera C.M., Svoboda R., Szczerbinska B., Szelc A.M., Tanaka H.A., Tapia Oregui B., Tapper A., Tariq S., Tatar E., Tayloe R., Teklu A.M., Tenti M., Terao K., Ternes C.A., Terranova F., Testera G., Thakore T., Thea A., Thompson J.L., Thorn C., Timm S.C., Tishchenko V., Todd J., Tomassetti L., Tonazzo A., Torbunov D., Torti M., Tortola M., Tortorici F., Tosi N., Totani D., Toups M., Touramanis C., Travaglini R., Trevor J., Trilov S., Tripathi A., Trzaska W.H., Tsai Y., Tsai Y.-T., Tsamalaidze Z., Tsang K.V., Tsverava N., Tufanli S., Tull C., Tyley E., Tzanov M., Uboldi L., Uchida M.A., Urheim J., Usher T., Uzunyan S., Vagins M.R., Vahle P., Valdiviesso G.A., Valencia E., Vallari Z., Vallazza E., Valle J.W.F., Vallecorsa S., van Berg R., van de Water R.G., Varanini F., Vargas D., Varner G., Vasel J., Vasina S., Vasseur G., Vaughan N., Vaziri K., Ventura S., Verdugo A., Vergani S., Vermeulen M.A., Verzocchi M., Vicenzi M., Vieira de Souza H., Vignoli C., Vilela C., Viren B., Vrba T., Wachala T., Waldron A.V., Wallbank M., Wallis C., Wang H., Wang J., Wang L., Wang M.H.L.S., Wang Y., Warburton K., Warner D., Wascko M.O., Waters D., Watson A., Weatherly P., Weber A., Weber M., Wei H., Weinstein A., Wenman D., Wetstein 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F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Belver, D., Benekos, N., Benitez Montiel, C., Bento Neves, F., Berger, J., Berkman, S., Bernardini, P., Berner, R. M., Berns, H., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Betancur Rodriguez, A., Bevan, A., Bezerra, T. J. C., Bhatnagar, V., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhuller, S., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biassoni, M., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blake, A., Blaszczyk, F. D. M., Blazey, G. C., Blucher, E., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bomben, L., Bonesini, M., Bongrand, M., Bonini, F., Booth, A., Booth, C., Boran, F., Bordoni, S., Borkum, A., Boschi, T., Bostan, N., Bour, P., Bourgeois, C., Boyd, S. B., Boyden, D., Bracinik, J., Braga, D., Brailsford, D., Branca, A., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brew, C., Brianne, E., Brice, S. J., Brizzolari, C., Bromberg, C., Brooijmans, G., Brooke, J., Bross, A., Brunetti, G., Brunetti, M., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., Butorov, I., Cagnoli, I., Caiulo, D., Calabrese, R., Calafiura, P., Calcutt, J., Calin, M., Calvez, S., Calvo, E., Caminata, A., Campanelli, M., Cankocak, K., Caratelli, D., Carini, G., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M. F., Carniti, P., Caro Terrazas, I., Carranza, H., Carroll, T., Castano Forero, J. F., Castillo, A., Castromonte, C., Catano-Mur, E., Cattadori, C., Cavalier, F., Cavanna, F., Centro, S., Cerati, G., Cervelli, A., Cervera Villanueva, A., Chalifour, M., Chappell, A., Chardonnet, E., Charitonidis, N., Chatterjee, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Chen, H., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Cheon, Y., Cherdack, D., Chi, C., Childress, S., Chiriacescu, A., Chisnall, G., Cho, K., Choate, S., Chokheli, D., Chong, P. S., Choubey, S., Christensen, A., Christian, D., Christodoulou, G., Chukanov, A., Chung, M., Church, E., Cicero, V., Clarke, P., Coan, T. E., Cocco, A. 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J., Domine, L., Douglas, D., Douillet, D., Drake, G., Drielsma, F., Duarte, L., Duchesneau, D., Duffy, K., Dunne, P., Durkin, T., Duyang, H., Dvornikov, O., Dwyer, D. A., Dyshkant, A. S., Eads, M., Earle, A., Edmunds, D., Eisch, J., Emberger, L., Emery, S., Ereditato, A., Erjavec, T., Escobar, C. O., Eurin, G., Evans, J. J., Ewart, E., Ezeribe, A. C., Fahey, K., Falcone, A., Fani, M., Farnese, C., Farzan, Y., Fedoseev, D., Felix, J., Feng, Y., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Fernandez Menendez, P., Fernandez Morales, M., Ferraro, F., Fields, L., Filip, P., Filthaut, F., Fiorentini, A., Fiorini, M., Fitzpatrick, R. S., Flanagan, W., Fleming, B., Flight, R., Forero, D. V., Fowler, J., Fox, W., Franc, J., Francis, K., Franco, D., Freeman, J., Freestone, J., Fried, J., Friedland, A., Fuentes Robayo, F., Fuess, S., Furic, I. K., Furmanski, A. P., Gabrielli, A., Gago, A., Gallagher, H., Gallas, A., Gallego-Ros, A., Gallice, N., Galymov, V., Gamberini, E., Gamble, T., Ganacim, F., Gandhi, R., Gandrajula, R., Gao, F., Gao, S., Garcia, B. A. C., Garcia-Gamez, D., Garcia-Peris, M. A., Gardiner, S., Gastler, D., Gauvreau, J., Ge, G., Gelli, B., Gendotti, A., Gent, S., Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z., Giammaria, P., Giammaria, T., Gibin, D., Gil-Botella, I., Gilligan, S., Girerd, C., Giri, A. K., Gnani, D., Gogota, O., Gold, M., Gollapinni, S., Gollwitzer, K., Gomes, R. A., Gomez Bermeo, L. V., Gomez Fajardo, L. S., Gonnella, F., Gonzalez-Cuevas, J. A., Gonzalez Diaz, D., Gonzalez-Lopez, M., Goodman, M. C., Goodwin, O., Goswami, S., Gotti, C., Goudzovski, E., Grace, C., Graham, M., Gran, R., Granados, E., Granger, P., Grant, A., Grant, C., Gratieri, D., Green, P., Greenler, L., Greer, J., Grenard, J., Griffith, W. 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M., Illingworth, R., Ingratta, G., Ioannisian, A., Isenhower, L., Itay, R., Izmaylov, A., Jackson, C. M., Jain, V., James, E., Jang, W., Jargowsky, B., Jediny, F., Jena, D., Jeong, Y. S., Jesus-Valls, C., Ji, X., Jiang, L., Jimenez, S., Jipa, A., Johnson, R., Johnston, N., Jones, B., Jones, S. B., Judah, M., Jung, C. K., Junk, T., Jwa, Y., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A., Kadenko, I., Kalra, D., Kakorin, I., Kalitkina, A., Kamiya, F., Kaneshige, N., Karagiorgi, G., Karaman, G., Karcher, A., Karolak, M., Karyotakis, Y., Kasai, S., Kasetti, S. P., Kashur, L., Kazaryan, N., Kearns, E., Keener, P., Kelly, K. J., Kemp, E., Kemularia, O., Ketchum, W., Kettell, S. H., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Khvedelidze, A., Kim, D., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, J., Koehler, K., Koerner, L. W., Kohn, S., Koller, P. P., Kolupaeva, L., Korablev, D., Kordosky, M., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecky, V. A., Kothekar, K., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kropp, W., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V. 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S., Pozimski, J., Pozzato, M., Prakash, S., Prakash, T., Prest, M., Prince, S., Psihas, F., Pugnere, D., Qian, X., Queiroga Bazetto, M. C., Raaf, J. L., Radeka, V., Rademacker, J., Radics, B., Rafique, A., Raguzin, E., Rai, M., Rajaoalisoa, M., Rakhno, I., Rakotonandrasana, A., Rakotondravohitra, L., Ramachers, Y. A., Rameika, R., Ramirez Delgado, M. A., Ramson, B., Rappoldi, A., Raselli, G., Ratoff, P., Raut, S., Razakamiandra, R. F., Rea, E., Real, J. S., Rebel, B., Reggiani-Guzzo, M., Rehak, T., Reichenbacher, J., Reitzner, S. D., Rejeb Sfar, H., Renshaw, A., Rescia, S., Resnati, F., Reynolds, A., Ribas, M., Riboldi, S., Riccio, C., Riccobene, G., Rice, L. C. J., Ricol, J., Rigamonti, A., Rigaut, Y., Rivera, D., Robert, A., Rochester, L., Roda, M., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez Alonso, M. J., Rodriguez Bonilla, E., Rodriguez Rondon, J., Rosauro-Alcaraz, S., Rosenberg, M., Rosier, P., Roskovec, B., Rossella, M., Rossi, M., Rott, C., Rout, J., Roy, P., Roy, S., Rubbia, A., Rubbia, C., Rubio, F. C., Russell, B., Ruterbories, D., Rybnikov, A., Saa-Hernandez, A., Saakyan, R., Sacerdoti, S., Safford, T., Sahu, N., Sala, P., Samios, N., Samoylov, O., Sanchez, M. C., Sandberg, V., Sanders, D. A., Sankey, D., Santana, S., Santos-Maldonado, M., Saoulidou, N., Sapienza, P., Sarasty, C., Sarcevic, I., Savage, G., Savinov, V., Scaramelli, A., Scarff, A., Scarpelli, A., Schaffer, T., Schellman, H., Schifano, S., Schlabach, P., Schmitz, D., Scholberg, K., Schukraft, A., Segreto, E., Selyunin, A., Senise, C. R., Sensenig, J., Seoane, M., Seong, I., Sergi, A., Sgalaberna, D., Shaevitz, M. H., Shafaq, S., Shamma, M., Sharankova, R., Sharma, H. R., Sharma, R., Kumar, R., Shaw, T., Shepherd-Themistocleous, C., Sheshukov, A., Shin, S., Shoemaker, I., Shooltz, D., Shrock, R., Siegel, H., Simard, L., Simon, F., Sinclair, J., Sinev, G., Singh, J., Singh, L., Singh, V., Sipos, R., Sippach, F. W., Sirri, G., Sitraka, A., Siyeon, K., Skarpaas, K., Smith, A., Smith, E., Smith, P., Smolik, J., Smy, M., Snider, E. L., Snopok, P., Snowden-Ifft, D., Soares Nunes, M., Sobel, H., Soderberg, M., Sokolov, S., Solano Salinas, C. J., Soldner-Rembold, S., Soleti, S. R., Solomey, N., Solovov, V., Sondheim, W. E., Sorel, M., Sotnikov, A., Soto-Oton, J., Sousa, A., Soustruznik, K., Spagliardi, F., Spanu, M., Spitz, J., Spooner, N. J. C., Spurgeon, K., Staley, R., Stancari, M., Stanco, L., Stanley, R., Stein, R., Steiner, H. M., Steklain Lisboa, A. F., Stewart, J., Stillwell, B., Stock, J., Stocker, F., Stokes, T., Strait, M., Strauss, T., Striganov, S., Stuart, A., Suarez, J. G., Sullivan, H., Summers, D., Surdo, A., Susic, V., Suter, L., Sutera, C. M., Svoboda, R., Szczerbinska, B., Szelc, A. M., Tanaka, H. A., Tapia Oregui, B., Tapper, A., Tariq, S., Tatar, E., Tayloe, R., Teklu, A. M., Tenti, M., Terao, K., Ternes, C. A., Terranova, F., Testera, G., Thakore, T., Thea, A., Thompson, J. L., Thorn, C., Timm, S. C., Tishchenko, V., Todd, J., Tomassetti, L., Tonazzo, A., Torbunov, D., Torti, M., Tortola, M., Tortorici, F., Tosi, N., Totani, D., Toups, M., Touramanis, C., Travaglini, R., Trevor, J., Trilov, S., Tripathi, A., Trzaska, W. H., Tsai, Y., Tsai, Y. -T., Tsamalaidze, Z., Tsang, K. V., Tsverava, N., Tufanli, S., Tull, C., Tyley, E., Tzanov, M., Uboldi, L., Uchida, M. A., Urheim, J., Usher, T., Uzunyan, S., Vagins, M. R., Vahle, P., Valdiviesso, G. A., Valencia, E., Vallari, Z., Vallazza, E., Valle, J. W. F., Vallecorsa, S., van Berg, R., van de Water, R. G., Varanini, F., Vargas, D., Varner, G., Vasel, J., Vasina, S., Vasseur, G., Vaughan, N., Vaziri, K., Ventura, S., Verdugo, A., Vergani, S., Vermeulen, M. A., Verzocchi, M., Vicenzi, M., Vieira de Souza, H., Vignoli, C., Vilela, C., Viren, B., Vrba, T., Wachala, T., Waldron, A. V., Wallbank, M., Wallis, C., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M. H. L. S., Wang, Y., Warburton, K., Warner, D., Wascko, M. O., Waters, D., Watson, A., Weatherly, P., Weber, A., Weber, M., Wei, H., Weinstein, A., Wenman, D., Wetstein, M., White, A., Whitehead, L. H., Whittington, D., Wilking, M. J., Wilkinson, C., Williams, Z., Wilson, F., Wilson, R. J., Wisniewski, W., Wolcott, J., Wongjirad, T., Wood, A., Wood, K., Worcester, E., Worcester, M., Wret, C., Wu, W., Xiao, Y., Xie, F., Yandel, E., Yang, G., Yang, K., Yang, S., Yang, T., Yankelevich, A., Yershov, N., Yonehara, K., Young, T., Yu, B., Yu, H., Yu, J., Yuan, W., Zaki, R., Zalesak, J., Zambelli, L., Zamorano, B., Zani, A., Zazueta, L., Zeller, G. P., Zennamo, J., Zeug, K., Zhang, C., Zhao, M., Zhivun, E., Zhu, G., Zilberman, P., Zimmerman, E. D., Zito, M., Zucchelli, S., Zuklin, J., Zutshi, V., Zwaska, R., Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, The DUNE collaboration, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and DUNE
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dark matter: interaction ,neutrino: solar ,Dark matter theory ,energy resolution ,dark matter theory ,neutrino detectors ,neutrino: flux ,Particle identification ,Physics, Particles & Fields ,High Energy Physics - Experiment ,Neutrino detector ,High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex) ,Demand Assignment Multiple Access ,High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph) ,[PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex] ,Neutrino detectors ,QC ,QB ,Weakly Interacting Massive Particles ,Physics ,Range (particle radiation) ,Annihilation ,SUN ,hep-ph ,Nuclear & Particles Physics ,CAPTURE ,Dark matter theory, Neutrino detectors ,High Energy Physics - Phenomenology ,Physical Sciences ,0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics ,astro-ph.CO ,Neutrino ,Particle Physics - Experiment ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics and Astronomy ,Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) ,530 Physics ,Dark matter ,FOS: Physical sciences ,dark matter: signature ,Astronomy & Astrophysics ,NO ,PE2_2 ,neutrino: energy ,0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences ,Angular resolution ,High Energy Physics ,Particle Physics - Phenomenology ,neutrino/mu: particle identification ,Science & Technology ,Muon ,DUNE ,background ,hep-ex ,paper ,Astronomy ,Física ,dark matter: annihilation ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Detector ,neutrino nucleus: interaction ,angular resolution ,[PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph] ,Experimental High Energy Physics ,High Energy Physics::Experiment ,particle identification ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,Energy (signal processing) ,experimental results - Abstract
This document was prepared by the DUNE collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. This work was supported by CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG and FAPESP, Brazil; CFI, IPP and NSERC, Canada; CERN; MŠMT, Czech Repub lic; ERDF, H2020-EU and MSCA, European Union; CNRS/IN2P3 and CEA, France; INFN, Italy; FCT, Portugal; NRF, South Korea; CAM, Fundación “La Caixa”, Junta de Andalucía FEDER, and MICINN, Spain; SERI and SNSF, Switzerland; TÜBİTAK, Turkey; The Royal Society and UKRI/STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. We are grateful to Xerxes Tata for useful discussions. C. Rott acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of Korea., The observation of 236 MeV muon neutrinos from kaon-decay-at-rest (KDAR) originating in the core of the Sun would provide a unique signature of dark matter annihilation. Since excellent angle and energy reconstruction are necessary to detect this monoenergetic, directional neutrino flux, DUNE with its vast volume and reconstruction capabilities, is a promising candidate for a KDAR neutrino search. In this work, we evaluate the proposed KDAR neutrino search strategies by realistically modeling both neutrino-nucleus interactions and the response of DUNE. We find that, although reconstruction of the neutrino energy and direction is difficult with current techniques in the relevant energy range, the superb energy resolution, angular resolution, and particle identification offered by DUNE can still permit great signal/background discrimination. Moreover, there are non-standard scenarios in which searches at DUNE for KDAR in the Sun can probe dark matter interactions., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) No. DE-AC02-07CH11359., CNPq, CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG y FAPESP, Brasil, CFI, IPP y NSERC, Canadá, CERN, MŠMT, República Checa, FEDER, H2020-UE, MSCA, Unión Europea, CNRS/IN2P3 y CEA, Francia, INFN, Italia, FCT, Portugal, NRF, Corea del Sur, CAM, Fundación "La Caixa", Junta de Andalucía FEDER, y MICINN, España, SERI y SNSF, Suiza, TübİTAK, Turquía, La Real Sociedad y UKRI/STFC, Reino Unido, DOE y NSF, Estados Unidos de América
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- 2021
10. Mapping cisplatin-induced viscosity alterations in cancer cells using molecular rotor and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
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Maria M. Lukina, Elena V. Zagaynova, A. A. Gulin, Ismael López-Duarte, Nicolas J. Brooks, Margarita V. Gubina, Marina K. Kuimova, Miguel Paez-Perez, Irina N. Druzhkova, Liubov E. Shimolina, Marina V. Shirmanova, and Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)
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Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy ,Cell ,cisplatin ,01 natural sciences ,Imaging ,Cell membrane ,0903 Biomedical Engineering ,Neoplasms ,Membrane fluidity ,TEMPERATURE ,INDUCED APOPTOSIS ,PLASMA ,Viscosity ,Chemistry ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,1113 Opthalmology and Optometry ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Membrane ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Physical Sciences ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,MEMBRANE-FLUIDITY ,Paper ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,0205 Optical Physics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biochemical Research Methods ,010309 optics ,Biomaterials ,Microviscosity ,SINGLE-CELL ,0103 physical sciences ,Organelle ,medicine ,cancer ,CYCLE ,MODULATION ,Fluorescent Dyes ,fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy ,Organelles ,Science & Technology ,drug resistance ,Optics ,MODEL ,PHOSPHOLIPIDS ,microviscosity of plasma membrane ,Microscopy, Fluorescence ,Cancer cell ,fluorescent molecular rotors ,Biophysics ,RESISTANCE - Abstract
Significance: Despite the importance of the cell membrane in regulation of drug activity, the influence of drug treatments on its physical properties is still poorly understood. The combination of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) with specific viscosity-sensitive fluorescent molecular rotors allows the quantification of membrane viscosity with high spatiotemporal resolution, down to the individual cell organelles. Aim: The aim of our work was to analyze microviscosity of the plasma membrane of living cancer cells during chemotherapy with cisplatin using FLIM and correlate the observed changes with lipid composition and cell’s response to treatment. Approach: FLIM together with viscosity-sensitive boron dipyrromethene-based fluorescent molecular rotor was used to map the fluidity of the cell’s membrane. Chemical analysis of membrane lipid composition was performed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Results: We detected a significant steady increase in membrane viscosity in viable cancer cells, both in cell monolayers and tumor spheroids, upon prolonged treatment with cisplatin, as well as in cisplatin-adapted cell line. ToF-SIMS revealed correlative changes in lipid profile of cisplatin-treated cells. Conclusions: These results suggest an involvement of membrane viscosity in the cell adaptation to the drug and in the acquisition of drug resistance.
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- 2020
11. Smartphone-based colorimetric detection system for portable health tracking
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Alexander W. Koch, Oliver Hayden, Rosalia Moreddu, Martin Jakobi, Ali K. Yetisen, Samira Balbach, Xingchen Dong, Nan Jiang, Yixia Yin, Congyan Wang, Savas Tasoglu, Wolfgang Kurz, Haider Butt, Jie Dong, Martin Brischwein, Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC), Taşoğlu, Savaş (ORCID 0000-0003-4604-217X & YÖK ID 291971), Balbach, Samira, Jiang, Nan, Moreddu, Rosalia, Dong, Xingchen, Kurz, Wolfgang, Wang, Congyan, Dong, Jie, Yin, Yixia, Butt, Haider, Brischwein, Martin, Hayden, Oliver, Jakobi, Martin, Koch, Alexander W., Yetisen, Ali K., College of Engineering, and Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Technology ,Fold (higher-order function) ,Computer science ,General Chemical Engineering ,STRIPS ,CORONAVIRUS ,Color space ,Tracking (particle physics) ,Chemistry ,Food science and technology ,Spectroscopy ,Paper ,Point of care testing ,Smartphone ,Analytical Chemistry ,CAN bus ,law.invention ,Background noise ,OF-CARE DIAGNOSTICS ,law ,Limit of Detection ,0399 Other Chemical Sciences ,SENSORS ,Lighting ,Detection limit ,CONTACT-LENSES ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,Chemistry, Analytical ,General Engineering ,ddc ,Glucose ,Food Science & Technology ,Physical Sciences ,Colorimetry ,business ,Sensitivity (electronics) ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,0301 Analytical Chemistry ,Computer hardware - Abstract
Colorimetric tests for at-home health monitoring became popular 50 years ago with the advent of the urinalysis test strips, due to their reduced costs, practicality, and ease of operation. However, developing digital systems that can interface these sensors in an efficient manner remains a challenge. Efforts have been put towards the development of portable optical readout systems, such as smartphones. However, their use in daily settings is still limited by their error-prone nature associated to optical noise from the ambient lighting, and their low sensitivity. Here, a smartphone application (Colourine) to readout colorimetric signals was developed on Android OS and tested on commercial urinalysis test strips for pH, proteins, and glucose detection. The novelty of this approach includes two features: a pre-calibration step where the user is asked to take a photo of the commercial reference chart, and a CIE-RGB-to-HSV color space transformation of the acquired data. These two elements allow the background noise given by environmental lighting to be minimized. The sensors were characterized in the ambient light range 100-400 lx, yielding a reliable output. Readouts were taken from urine strips in buffer solutions of pH (5.0-9.0 units), proteins (0-500 mg dL(-1)) and glucose (0-1000 mg dL(-1)), yielding a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 units (pH), 7.5 mg dL(-1) (proteins) and 22 mg dL(-1) (glucose), resulting in an average LOD decrease by about 2.8 fold compared to the visual method., Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) New Investigator Award; Central Universities Fundamental Research Funds; KU-KAIST Joint Research Center; Sandooq Al Watan LLC (SWARD)
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- 2020
12. FullyPrinted Flexible Plasmonic Metafilms with Directional Color Dynamics
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Hyeon-Ho Jeong, Rohit Chikkaraddy, Jialong Peng, Qianqi Lin, Sohini Kar-Narayan, Michael Smith, Hsin-Ling Liang, Michael De Volder, Silvia Vignolini, Jeremy J. Baumberg, Peng, Jialong [0000-0002-3161-5855], Jeong, Hyeon-Ho [0000-0002-7029-9592], Smith, Michael [0000-0003-0270-9438], Chikkaraddy, Rohit [0000-0002-3840-4188], Lin, Qianqi [0000-0001-7578-838X], Liang, Hsin-Ling [0000-0001-9071-8355], De Volder, Michael FL [0000-0003-1955-2270], Vignolini, Silvia [0000-0003-0664-1418], Kar-Narayan, Sohini [0000-0002-8151-1616], Baumberg, Jeremy J [0000-0002-9606-9488], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY ,Technology ,General Chemical Engineering ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,Materials Science ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Nanoparticle ,Materials Science, Multidisciplinary ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,Electrochromic devices ,METASURFACES ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,Nanoimprint lithography ,law.invention ,Mode excitation ,nano‐ ,nano‐printing ,hybrid nanophotonics ,law ,General Materials Science ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,flexible plasmonics ,Plasmon ,printed metamaterials ,Science & Technology ,Full Paper ,business.industry ,active dichroism ,General Engineering ,Full Papers ,INKJET ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,ARRAYS ,TIME ,Chemistry ,printing ,LARGE-AREA ,Electrochromism ,Physical Sciences ,PAPER ,Optoelectronics ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,GENERATION - Abstract
Plasmonic metafilms have been widely utilized to generate vivid colors, but making them both active and flexible simultaneously remains a great challenge. Here flexible active plasmonic metafilms constructed by printing electrochromic nanoparticles onto ultrathin metal films (, Commercially available printing techniques offer fullyprinted flexible plasmonic metafilms, which show electrically‐tunable omni‐ or bi‐directional color dynamics engineered with structural geometries. Such activelycontrolled directional color dynamics in flexible plasmonics significantly unlocks the full potential of plasmonics for flexible/wearable devices.
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- 2020
13. Foldscope: Origami-Based Paper Microscope.
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Cybulski, James S., Clements, James, and Prakash, Manu
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ORIGAMI , *PAPER , *MANUFACTURED products , *LARGE scale systems , *FLUORESCENCE microscopy , *COST effectiveness - Abstract
Here we describe an ultra-low-cost origami-based approach for large-scale manufacturing of microscopes, specifically demonstrating brightfield, darkfield, and fluorescence microscopes. Merging principles of optical design with origami enables high-volume fabrication of microscopes from 2D media. Flexure mechanisms created via folding enable a flat compact design. Structural loops in folded paper provide kinematic constraints as a means for passive self-alignment. This light, rugged instrument can survive harsh field conditions while providing a diversity of imaging capabilities, thus serving wide-ranging applications for cost-effective, portable microscopes in science and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Pencil-paper on-skin electronics
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Zanyu Chen, Yangyang Chen, Fufei An, Yun Ling, Qihui Fei, Guoliang Huang, Shinghua Ding, Qing Cao, Zheng Yan, Zhe Zhang, Ganggang Zhao, Peijun Guo, Pai-Yen Chen, Yadong Xu, and Liang Zhu
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Paper ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Nanotechnology ,Equipment Design ,Pencil (optics) ,Wearable Electronic Devices ,Electric Power Supplies ,Ambient humidity ,Electrode ,Physical Sciences ,Humans ,Graphite ,Electronics ,Wearable Electronic Device ,Electrodes ,Diode ,Voltage ,Electronic circuit ,Monitoring, Physiologic ,Skin - Abstract
Pencils and papers are ubiquitous in our society and have been widely used for writing and drawing, because they are easy to use, low-cost, widely accessible, and disposable. However, their applications in emerging skin-interfaced health monitoring and interventions are still not well explored. Herein, we report a variety of pencil–paper-based on-skin electronic devices, including biophysical (temperature, biopotential) sensors, sweat biochemical (pH, uric acid, glucose) sensors, thermal stimulators, and humidity energy harvesters. Among these devices, pencil-drawn graphite patterns (or combined with other compounds) serve as conductive traces and sensing electrodes, and office-copy papers work as flexible supporting substrates. The enabled devices can perform real-time, continuous, and high-fidelity monitoring of a range of vital biophysical and biochemical signals from human bodies, including skin temperatures, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, alpha, beta, and theta rhythms, instantaneous heart rates, respiratory rates, and sweat pH, uric acid, and glucose, as well as deliver programmed thermal stimulations. Notably, the qualities of recorded signals are comparable to those measured with conventional methods. Moreover, humidity energy harvesters are prepared by creating a gradient distribution of oxygen-containing groups on office-copy papers between pencil-drawn electrodes. One single-unit device (0.87 cm(2)) can generate a sustained voltage of up to 480 mV for over 2 h from ambient humidity. Furthermore, a self-powered on-skin iontophoretic transdermal drug-delivery system is developed as an on-skin chemical intervention example. In addition, pencil–paper-based antennas, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) circuits with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and batteries, reconfigurable assembly and biodegradable electronics (based on water-soluble papers) are explored.
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- 2020
15. In silico and in vivo investigations using an endocavitary photoplethysmography sensor for tissue viability monitoring
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Panayiotis A. Kyriacou, Mohamed A. Thaha, Subhasri Chatterjee, and Zaibaa Patel
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Male ,TK ,Biosensing Techniques ,Signal-To-Noise Ratio ,01 natural sciences ,0903 Biomedical Engineering ,PERFUSION ,Medicine ,Monte Carlo ,Continuous monitoring ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging ,Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ,OPTICAL-PROPERTIES ,Equipment Design ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Colorectal surgery ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,1113 Opthalmology and Optometry ,Physical Sciences ,Female ,Surgical incision ,Perfusion ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Monte Carlo Method ,Preclinical imaging ,Paper ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Adolescent ,0205 Optical Physics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biochemical Research Methods ,RC0254 ,010309 optics ,Biomaterials ,Young Adult ,In vivo ,Photoplethysmogram ,0103 physical sciences ,Humans ,Photoplethysmography ,Monitoring, Physiologic ,Tissue Survival ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,Mouth Mucosa ,Optics ,penetration depth ,Intensity (physics) ,Oxygen ,endocavitary sensor ,Sensing ,business ,RC ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE: Colorectal cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Surgical removal of the cancerous growth is the primary treatment for this disease. A colorectal cancer surgery, however, is often unsuccessful due to the anastomotic failure that may occur following the surgical incision. Prevention of an anastomotic failure requires continuous monitoring of intestinal tissue viability during and after colorectal surgery. To date, no clinical technology exists for the dynamic and continuous monitoring of the intestinal perfusion.\ud \ud AIM: A dual-wavelength indwelling bowel photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for the continuous monitoring of intestinal viability was proposed and characterized through a set of in silico and in vivo investigations.\ud \ud APPROACH: The in silico investigation was based on a Monte Carlo model that was executed to quantify the variables such as penetration depth and detected intensity with respect to the sensor-tissue separations and tissue perfusion. Utilizing the simulated information, an indwelling reflectance PPG sensor was designed and tested on 20 healthy volunteers. Two sets of in vivo studies were performed using the driving current intensities 20 and 40 mA for a comparative analysis, using buccal tissue as a proxy tissue-site.\ud \ud RESULTS: Both simulated and experimental results showed the efficacy of the sensor to acquire good signals through the "contact" to a "noncontact" separation of 5 mm. A very slow wavelength-dependent variation was shown in the detected intensity at the normal and hypoxic states of the tissue, whereas a decay in the intensity was found with the increasing submucosal-blood volume. The simulated detected-to-incident-photon-ratio and the experimental signal-to-noise ratio exhibited strong positive correlations, with the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient R ranging between 0.65 and 0.87.\ud \ud CONCLUSIONS: The detailed feasibility analysis presented will lead to clinical trials utilizing the proposed sensor.
- Published
- 2020
16. Ion concentration measurement using synthetic microfluidic papers
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Hiroki Yasuga, Norihisa Miki, and Haruka Kamiya
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Physiology ,Computer science ,Potassium ,Microfluidics ,02 engineering and technology ,Urine ,01 natural sciences ,Filter Paper ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Densitometer ,Measurement ,Multidisciplinary ,Sampling (statistics) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Body Fluids ,Laboratory Equipment ,Chemistry ,Blood ,Point-of-Care Testing ,Physical Sciences ,Engineering and Technology ,Medicine ,Fluidics ,Anatomy ,0210 nano-technology ,Biological system ,Research Article ,Chemical Elements ,Paper ,Sample (material) ,Science ,Densitometers ,Equipment ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Urinalysis ,Humans ,Saliva ,Measurement Equipment ,Filter paper ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Membranes, Artificial ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Urine sample - Abstract
Non-invasive diagnosis on biological liquid samples, such as urine, sweat, saliva, and tears, may allow patients to evaluate their health by themselves. To obtain accurate diagnostic results, target liquid must be precisely sampled. Conventionally, urine sampling using filter paper can be given as an example sampling, but differences in the paper structure can cause variations in sampling volume. This paper describes precise liquid sampling using synthetic microfluidic papers, which are composed of obliquely combined micropillars. Sampling volume accuracy was investigated using different designs and collection methods to determine the optimal design and sample collecting method. The optimized protocol was followed to accurately measure potassium concentration using synthetic microfluidic paper and a commercially available densitometer, which verified the usefulness of the synthetic microfluidic papers for precision sampling.
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- 2020
17. An inexpensive, high-throughput μPAD assay of microbial growth rate and motility on solid surfaces using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli as model organisms
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Alyssa Francesca Levy, Leslie D. Knecht, Anthony Labrador, and J. David Van Dyken
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Sucrose ,Microfluidics ,Yeast and Fungal Models ,02 engineering and technology ,Bacterial growth ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,Disaccharides ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Filter Paper ,law ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Agar ,Materials ,Fluids ,Multidisciplinary ,Microbial Viability ,Organic Compounds ,Chemistry ,Physics ,Pipette ,Eukaryota ,Software Engineering ,Equipment Design ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Laboratory Equipment ,Experimental Organism Systems ,Physical Sciences ,Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ,Engineering and Technology ,Medicine ,Fluidics ,Pathogens ,Organic Materials ,0210 nano-technology ,Research Article ,Pathogen Motility ,Paper ,Computer and Information Sciences ,States of Matter ,food.ingredient ,Virulence Factors ,Science ,Materials Science ,Carbohydrates ,Equipment ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Models, Biological ,Computer Software ,Saccharomyces ,Model Organisms ,food ,Escherichia coli ,medicine ,Chromatography ,Filter paper ,Petri dish ,Organic Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organisms ,Fungi ,Chemical Compounds ,Biofilm ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Reproducibility of Results ,Liquids ,Yeast ,0104 chemical sciences ,Waxes ,Animal Studies - Abstract
Many microbial phenotypes are differentially or exclusively expressed on agar surfaces, including biofilms, motility, and sociality. However, agar-based assays are limited by their low throughput, which increases costs, lab waste, space requirements, and the time required to conduct experiments. Here, we demonstrate the use of wax-printed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) to measure linear growth rate of microbes on an agar growth media as a means of circumventing the aforementioned limitations. The main production materials of the proposed μPAD design are a wax printer, filter paper, and empty pipet boxes. A single wax-printed μPAD allowing 8 independent, agar-grown colonies costs $0.07, compared to $0.20 and $9.37 for the same number of replicates on traditional microtiter/spectrophotometry and Petri dish assays, respectively. We optimized the μPAD design for channel width (3 mm), agar volume (780 μL/channel), and microbe inoculation method (razor-blade). Comparative analyses of the traditional and proposed μPAD methods for measuring growth rate of nonmotile (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and motile (flagellated Escherichia coli) microorganisms suggested the μPAD assays conferred a comparable degree of accuracy and reliability to growth rate measurements as their traditional counterparts. We substantiated this claim with strong, positive correlations between the traditional and μPAD assay, a significant nonzero slope in the model relating the two assays, a nonsignificant difference between the relative standard errors of the two techniques, and an analysis of inter-device reliability. Therefore, μPAD designs merit consideration for the development of enhanced-throughput, low-cost microbial growth and motility assays.
- Published
- 2020
18. Expert Elicitation on Wind Farm Control
- Author
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Steffen Raach, Irene Eguinoa, Tuhfe Göçmen, David Astrain, Eric Simley, Jennifer King, Paul Fleming, Katherine Dykes, Gregor Giebel, M. Iribas, Bart M. Doekemeijer, Johan Meyers, Carlo L. Bottasso, Konstanze Kölle, Michael J. Lawson, and J.W. van Wingerden
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Paper ,History ,Technology ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Energy & Fuels ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,Best practice ,Control (management) ,02 engineering and technology ,Systems and Control (eess.SY) ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Turbine ,Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control ,Field (computer science) ,Education ,Physics, Applied ,Engineering ,Electricity grid ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Production (economics) ,Green & Sustainable Science & Technology ,Reliability (statistics) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,DYNAMIC INDUCTION CONTROL ,Science & Technology ,Physics ,FIELD CAMPAIGN ,Expert elicitation ,Environmental economics ,Computer Science Applications ,ddc ,Engineering, Mechanical ,TUNNEL ,13. Climate action ,Physical Sciences ,Science & Technology - Other Topics - Abstract
Wind farm control is an active and growing field of research in which the control actions of individual turbines in a farm are coordinated, accounting for inter-turbine aerodynamic interaction, to improve the overall performance of the wind farm and to reduce costs. The primary objectives of wind farm control include increasing power production, reducing turbine loads, and providing electricity grid support services. Additional objectives include improving reliability or reducing external impacts to the environment and communities. In 2019, a European research project (FarmConners) was started with the main goal of providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in wind farm control, identifying consensus of research findings, data sets, and best practices, providing a summary of the main research challenges, and establishing a roadmap on how to address these challenges. Complementary to the FarmConners project, an IEA Wind Topical Expert Meeting (TEM) and two rounds of surveys among experts were performed. From these events we can clearly identify an interest in more public validation campaigns. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the mechanical loads and the uncertainties concerning the effectiveness of wind farm control are considered two major research gaps.
- Published
- 2019
19. The r-Hunter-Saxton equation, smooth and singular solutions and their approximation
- Author
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Colin J. Cotter, Tristan Pryer, Jacob Deasy, Cotter, Colin J [0000-0001-7962-8324], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)
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Paper ,singular solutions ,GEODESIC-FLOW ,Work (thermodynamics) ,General Mathematics ,Mathematics, Applied ,HYPERBOLIC VARIATIONAL EQUATION ,Mathematics::Analysis of PDEs ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Piecewise linear function ,37K06 ,Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs ,0102 Applied Mathematics ,37K05 ,FOS: Mathematics ,Hunter–Saxton equation ,Applied mathematics ,Initial value problem ,Lie symmetries ,0101 mathematics ,nlin.SI ,math.AP ,Mathematical Physics ,Mathematics ,Science & Technology ,Nonlinear Sciences - Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems ,Physics ,Applied Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,4901 Applied Mathematics ,4904 Pure Mathematics ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Action (physics) ,Symmetry (physics) ,Physics, Mathematical ,010101 applied mathematics ,35Q53 ,Nonlinear Sciences::Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems ,nonlinear PDEs ,Physical Sciences ,49 Mathematical Sciences ,37K58 ,Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) ,Analysis of PDEs (math.AP) - Abstract
In this work we introduce the r-Hunter-Saxton equation, a generalisation of the Hunter-Saxton equation arising as extremals of an action principle posed in L_r. We characterise solutions to the Cauchy problem, quantifying the blow-up time and studying various symmetry reductions. We construct piecewise linear functions and show that they are weak solutions to the r-Hunter-Saxton equation., Revised after referee comments
- Published
- 2019
20. LSA-50 paper: An alternative to P81 phosphocellulose paper for radiometric protein kinase assays
- Author
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Rudra Kashyap, Johan Van Lint, Olivia Appelmans, Arnout Voet, Wim M. De Borggraeve, and Philippe Gilles
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Paper ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Cation exchange paper ,Biophysics ,Biochemistry ,Biochemical Research Methods ,Protein kinase ,Research community ,Alternative paper ,Luciferase ,Kinase activity ,Cellulose ,Radiometry ,Protein kinase A ,Molecular Biology ,Science & Technology ,Kinase ,Chemistry ,Chemistry, Analytical ,Cell Biology ,Radiometric kinase assay ,Physical Sciences ,Phosphocellulose paper ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Protein Kinases - Abstract
Radiometric assays have widely been used for measuring protein kinase activity for decades. In addition, several non-radiometric kinase assay formats have been developed over the years, including luciferase-based and fluorescence-based assays. However, radiometric assays are still considered as the "gold standard" for protein kinase assays, because of their direct readout, high sensitivity, reproducibility, reliability, and very low background signals. These radiometric assays rely on P81 phosphocellulose paper to capture the phosphorylated substrate and wash out unreacted [γ-32P] ATP. However, recently the production of P81 was discontinued by the manufacturer, causing major concern within the protein kinase research community. The advantages of radiometric assays over other kinase assay methods call for an urgent alternative to the discontinued P81 paper. In this report, we demonstrate that the LSA-50 paper is a worthy alternative for radiometric protein kinase assays originally using P81 phosphocellulose paper. ispartof: ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY vol:630 ispartof: location:United States status: published
- Published
- 2021
21. Video-rate remote refocusing through continuous oscillation of a membrane deformable mirror
- Author
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Carl Paterson, Terry Wright, Hugh Sparks, Christopher Dunsby, and British Heart Foundation
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Paper ,Microscope ,Field of view ,Deformable mirror ,law.invention ,Optics ,law ,Optical Imaging Components ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Adaptive optics ,deformable mirror ,ADAPTIVE OPTICS ,Physics ,Science & Technology ,STABILITY ,Oscillation ,business.industry ,Strehl ratio ,MICROSCOPY ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Numerical aperture ,Lens (optics) ,light-sheet fluorescence microscopy ,Light sheet fluorescence microscopy ,Physical Sciences ,remote refocusing ,EXTENDED DEPTH ,business - Abstract
This paper presents the use of a deformable mirror (DM) configured to rapidly refocus a microscope employing a high numerical aperture objective lens. An Alpao DM97-15 membrane DM was used to refocus a 40x/0.80 NA water-immersion objective through a defocus range of -50 to 50 microns at 26.3 sweeps per second. We achieved imaging with a mean Strehl metric of > 0.6 over a field of view in the sample of 200 x 200 microns over a defocus range of 77 microns. We describe an optimisation procedure where the mirror is swept continuously in order to avoid known problems of hysteresis associated with the membrane DM employed. This work demonstrates that a DM-based refocusing system could in the future be used in light-sheet fluorescence microscopes to achieve video-rate volumetric imaging. Keywords: adaptive optics, remote refocusing, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, deformable mirror
- Published
- 2021
22. Screen Printed Antennas on Fiber-Based Substrates for Sustainable HF RFID Assisted E-Fulfilment Smart Packaging
- Author
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Dimitri Adons, Marie Geiβler, Thomas Weissbach, Zander Henckens, Akash Verma, Katrin Kuehnoel, Mieke Buntinx, Lydia Tempel, Wim Deferme, Arved C. Hübler, Wouter Van Rompaey, Roos Peeters, Eleonora Ferraris, Jarne Machiels, Raf Appeltans, Elien Segers, Dieter Klaus Bauer, and Publica
- Subjects
Technology ,paper substrate ,Computer science ,Materials Science ,Active packaging ,Materials Science, Multidisciplinary ,e-fulfilment ,Substrate (printing) ,Article ,Physics, Applied ,antenna ,recyclability ,SYSTEMS ,transport simulation ,Radio-frequency identification ,General Materials Science ,Electronics ,Microscopy ,QC120-168.85 ,Science & Technology ,Inkwell ,Chemistry, Physical ,business.industry ,Physics ,QH201-278.5 ,screen printing ,cardboard ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Chip ,intelligent packaging ,TK1-9971 ,Chemistry ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,Physics, Condensed Matter ,visual_art ,Physical Sciences ,Screen printing ,PAPER ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TA1-2040 ,radio frequency identification (RFID) ,business ,RESISTANCE ,Computer hardware - Abstract
Intelligent packaging is an emerging technology, aiming to improve the standard communication function of packaging. Radio frequency identification (RFID) assisted smart packaging is of high interest, but the uptake is limited as the market needs cost-efficient and sustainable applications. The integration of screen printed antennas and RFID chips as smart labels in reusable cardboard packaging could offer a solution. Although paper is an interesting and recyclable material, printing on this substrate is challenging as the ink conductivity is highly influenced by the paper properties. In this study, the best paper/functional silver ink combinations were first selected out of 76 paper substrates based on the paper surface roughness, air permeance, sheet resistance and SEM characterization. Next, a flexible high frequency RFID chip (13.56 MHz) was connected on top of screen printed antennas with a conductive adhesive. Functional RFID labels were integrated in cardboard packaging and its potential application as reusable smart box for third party logistics was tested. In parallel, a web-based software application mimicking its functional abilities in the logistic cycle was developed. This multidisciplinary approach to developing an easy-scalable screen printed antenna and RFID-assisted smart packaging application is a good example for future implementation of hybrid electronics in sustainable smart packaging. ispartof: MATERIALS vol:14 issue:19 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published
- Published
- 2021
23. Entropy and information causality in general probabilistic theories.
- Author
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Barnum, Howard, Barrett, Jonathan, Clark, Lisa Orloff, Leifer, Matthew, Spekkens, Robert, Stepanik, Nicholas, Wilce, Alex, and Wilke, Robin
- Subjects
- *
EQUALITY , *PAPER , *ELEMENTARY schools , *PHYSICS , *PHYSICAL sciences - Abstract
In this addendum to our paper (2010 New J. Phys. 12 033024), we point out that an elementary consequence of the strong subadditivity inequality allows us to strengthen one of the main conclusions of that paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Intraoperative hyperspectral label-free imaging: from system design to first-in-patient translation
- Author
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Iain Yardley, Philipp Führnstahl, Sebastien Ourselin, Eli Nabavi, José Miguel Spirig, Tom Vercauteren, Shakeel R Saeed, Yijing Xie, Mazda Farshad, Robert Bradford, Jonathan Shapey, Armando Hoch, A. David Edwards, Michael Ebner, Florentin Liebmann, University of Zurich, and Vercauteren, Tom
- Subjects
Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,3104 Condensed Matter Physics ,Acoustics and Ultrasonics ,hyperspectral imaging ,Computer science ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Special Issue on Translational Biophotonics ,610 Medicine & health ,DIAGNOSIS ,01 natural sciences ,Physics, Applied ,010309 optics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,first-in-patient ,0103 physical sciences ,Visual assessment ,3102 Acoustics and Ultrasonics ,Computer-Assisted Intervention ,medicine ,TECHNOLOGY ,Medical physics ,In patient ,Label free ,exoscope ,Science & Technology ,medical device ,Physics ,2508 Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,2504 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Hyperspectral imaging ,computer assisted interventions ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Workflow ,translational research ,Physical Sciences ,Imaging technology ,Systems design ,10046 Balgrist University Hospital, Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Center ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Despite advances in intraoperative surgical imaging, reliable discrimination of critical tissue during surgery remains challenging. As a result, decisions with potentially life-changing consequences for patients are still based on the surgeon's subjective visual assessment. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides a promising solution for objective intraoperative tissue characterisation, with the advantages of being non-contact, non-ionising and non-invasive. However, while its potential to aid surgical decision-making has been investigated for a range of applications, to date no real-time intraoperative HSI (iHSI) system has been presented that follows critical design considerations to ensure a satisfactory integration into the surgical workflow. By establishing functional and technical requirements of an intraoperative system for surgery, we present an iHSI system design that allows for real-time wide-field HSI and responsive surgical guidance in a highly constrained operating theatre. Two systems exploiting state-of-the-art industrial HSI cameras, respectively using linescan and snapshot imaging technology, were designed and investigated by performing assessments against established design criteria and ex vivo tissue experiments. Finally, we report the use of our real-time iHSI system in a clinical feasibility case study as part of a spinal fusion surgery. Our results demonstrate seamless integration into existing surgical workflows., Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 54 (29), ISSN:0022-3727, ISSN:1361-6463
- Published
- 2021
25. Paper-based plasma sanitizers
- Author
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Subrata Roy, Qiang Chen, Aaron D. Mazzeo, Jingjin Xie, Poornima Suresh, and James F. White
- Subjects
Paper ,010302 applied physics ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Plasma Gases ,Nanotechnology ,Atmospheric-pressure plasma ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,02 engineering and technology ,Plasma ,Substrate (printing) ,Dielectric barrier discharge ,Conformable matrix ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Forced convection ,Disinfection ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,Physical Sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,Escherichia coli ,0210 nano-technology ,Porosity - Abstract
This work describes disposable plasma generators made from metallized paper. The fabricated plasma generators with layered and patterned sheets of paper provide a simple and flexible format for dielectric barrier discharge to create atmospheric plasma without an applied vacuum. The porosity of paper allows gas to permeate its bulk volume and fuel plasma, while plasma-induced forced convection cools the substrate. When electrically driven with oscillating peak-to-peak potentials of ±1 to ±10 kV, the paper-based devices produced both volume and surface plasmas capable of killing microbes. The plasma sanitizers deactivated greater than 99% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and greater than 99.9% of Escherichia coli cells with 30 s of noncontact treatment. Characterization of plasma generated from the sanitizers revealed a detectable level of UV-C (1.9 nW⋅cm−2⋅nm−1), modest surface temperature (60 °C with 60 s of activation), and a high level of ozone (13 ppm with 60 s of activation). These results deliver insights into the mechanisms and suitability of paper-based substrates for active antimicrobial sanitization with scalable, flexible sheets. In addition, this work shows how paper-based generators are conformable to curved surfaces, appropriate for kirigami-like “stretchy” structures, compatible with user interfaces, and suitable for sanitization of microbes aerosolized onto a surface. In general, these disposable plasma generators represent progress toward biodegradable devices based on flexible renewable materials, which may impact the future design of protective garments, skin-like sensors for robots or prosthetics, and user interfaces in contaminated environments.
- Published
- 2017
26. RECYCLING THE PAPER TRAIL.
- Author
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Galus, Pamela
- Subjects
PAPER recycling ,EARTH science education ,WASTE recycling ,ENVIRONMENTAL sciences ,CONSERVATION of natural resources ,WASTE management ,SCIENCE education ,SLURRY ,PHYSICAL sciences ,PAPER - Abstract
The article describes an activity that can be used to teach students in an Earth science course about things that they can do to reduce their personal impact on the production of municipal solid waste. The activity involves showing students how paper can be easily recycled. It includes the creation of slurry, the addition of texture and color to paper, and the drying of recycled paper. As per the author's experience, the activity can be effective in encouraging students to engage in recycling at home.
- Published
- 2002
27. Oligonucleotide-templated lateral flow assays for amplification-free sensing of circulating microRNAs
- Author
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Phillip R. Bennett, Suraj Pavagada, Vasso Terzidou, David A. MacIntyre, Robert B. Channon, Sung Hye Kim, Jason Y. Chang, and Sylvain Ladame
- Subjects
Paper ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,BIOMARKERS ,Oligonucleotides ,Catalysis ,Fluorescence ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Materials Chemistry ,Humans ,NUCLEIC-ACIDS ,Circulating MicroRNA ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ,CELL-FREE MICRORNAS ,Science & Technology ,Oligonucleotide ,Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Metals and Alloys ,RNA ,General Chemistry ,DNA ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Biochemistry ,Physical Sciences ,Ceramics and Composites ,Nucleic acid ,Biomarker (medicine) ,03 Chemical Sciences ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) ,PNA - Abstract
Herein we demonstrate the first example of oligonucleotide-templated reaction (OTR) performed on paper, using lateral flow to capture and concentrate specific nucleic acid biomarkers on a test line. Quantitative analysis, using a low-cost benchtop fluorescence reader showed very high specificity down to the single nucleotide level and proved sensitive enough for amplification-free, on-chip, detection of endogenous concentrations of miR-150-5p, a recently identified predictive blood biomarker for preterm birth.
- Published
- 2019
28. Cellulose fibers enable near zero-cost electrical sensing of water-soluble gases
- Author
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Matteo Soprani, Andrea Ponzoni, Firat Güder, Max Grell, Giandrin Barandun, Michael Kasimatis, Kwan Lun Chiu, Sina Naficy, and Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)
- Subjects
PH ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,0903 Biomedical Engineering ,Limit of Detection ,TIME-TEMPERATURE INTEGRATORS ,Process engineering ,Instrumentation ,INDEX ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Moisture ,Fishes ,Food Packaging ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Food packaging ,Cellulose fiber ,Chemistry ,Electrode ,Physical Sciences ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Gases ,0210 nano-technology ,0301 Analytical Chemistry ,Paper ,Meat ,Bioengineering ,Substrate (printing) ,cellulose paper ,food quality ,Article ,SPOILAGE ,Methylamines ,FISH ,FOOD ,Food Preservation ,QUALITY ,Animals ,Relative humidity ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,waste prevention ,Cellulose ,Electrodes ,AMMONIA ,Science & Technology ,1007 Nanotechnology ,business.industry ,Sensors ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Chemistry, Analytical ,Water ,Electrochemical Techniques ,Carbon ,0104 chemical sciences ,Food waste ,Solubility ,RFID tags ,business ,Sensitivity (electronics) ,Chickens - Abstract
We report an entirely new class of printed electrical gas sensors that are produced at near “zero cost”. This technology exploits the intrinsic hygroscopic properties of cellulose fibers within paper; although it feels and looks dry, paper contains substantial amount of moisture, adsorbed from the environment, enabling the use of wet chemical methods for sensing without manually adding water to the substrate. The sensors exhibit high sensitivity to water-soluble gases (e.g., lower limit of detection for NH3 < 200 parts-per-billion) with a fast and reversible response. The sensors show comparable or better performance (especially at high relative humidity) than most commercial ammonia sensors at a fraction of their price (
- Published
- 2019
29. 'All-in-Gel' design for supercapacitors towards solid-state energy devices with thermal and mechanical compliance
- Author
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Xinhua Liu, Chengyao Yin, Mengzheng Ouyang, Billy Wu, Rui Tan, Junjie Wei, Huizhi Wang, Samuel J. Cooper, Qigang Wang, Jie Zhou, Chandramohan George, Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC), Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (E, and Innovate UK
- Subjects
GRAPHENE ,Technology ,Materials science ,Energy & Fuels ,Composite number ,Materials Science ,Materials Science, Multidisciplinary ,02 engineering and technology ,Electrolyte ,0915 Interdisciplinary Engineering ,Capacitance ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,ELECTRONICS ,Ionic conductivity ,General Materials Science ,0912 Materials Engineering ,Supercapacitor ,Science & Technology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry, Physical ,General Chemistry ,0303 Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Chemistry ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Ionic liquid ,Electrode ,Physical Sciences ,PAPER ,0210 nano-technology ,Current density ,ELECTROLYTE - Abstract
Ionogels are semi-solid, ion conductive and mechanically compliant materials that hold promise for flexible, shape-conformable and all-solid-state energy storage devices. However, identifying facile routes for manufacturing ionogels into devices with highly resilient electrode/electrolyte interfaces remains a challenge. Here we present a novel all-in-gel supercapacitor consisting of an ionogel composite electrolyte and bucky gel electrodes processed using a one-step method. Compared with the mechanical properties and ionic conductivities of pure ionogels, our composite ionogels offer enhanced self-recovery (retaining 78% of mechanical robustness after 300 cycles at 60% strain) and a high ionic conductivity of 8.7 mS cm−1, which is attributed to the robust amorphous polymer phase that enables facile permeation of ionic liquids, facilitating effective diffusion of charge carriers. We show that development of a supercapacitor with these gel electrodes and electrolytes significantly improves the interfacial contact between electrodes and electrolyte, yielding an area specific capacitance of 43 mF cm−2 at a current density of 1.0 mA cm−2. Additionally, through this all-in-gel design a supercapacitor can achieve a capacitance between 22–81 mF cm−2 over a wide operating temperature range of −40 °C to 100 °C at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2.
- Published
- 2019
30. Innovative Hydrophobic Valve Allows Complex Liquid Manipulations in a Self-Powered Channel-Based Microfluidic Device
- Author
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Lisa Tripodi, Francesco Dal Dosso, Tadej Kokalj, Dragana Spasic, and Jeroen Lammertyn
- Subjects
COMMERCIALIZATION ,Materials science ,Fabrication ,Point-of-Care Systems ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,Microfluidics ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Contact angle ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,Pressure ,self-powered microfluidics ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,Instrumentation ,CHIPS ,hydrophobic valve ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,MICROVALVES ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,Liquid pressure ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,SURFACES ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Chemistry, Analytical ,microfluidic valve ,Equipment Design ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,High resistance ,Chemistry ,MICROPUMPS ,Physical Sciences ,Hydrodynamics ,programmable liquid manipulation ,PAPER ,Optoelectronics ,Liquid flow ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Biological Assay ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,point-of-care diagnostics ,Displacement (fluid) ,Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ,POINT ,Communication channel - Abstract
We present an innovative, simple, and versatile hydrophobic valve enabling all-important complex liquid manipulations on self-powered, channel-based microfluidic devices and as such being extremely valuable for the design of highly demanding point-of-care (POC) platforms. The presented hydrophobic valve is made of filter paper treated with a fluorinated compound (i.e., Aquapel) and shows both superhydrophobic properties (contact angle up to 155°) and high resistance to liquid pressure (up to 9 kPa), while retaining gas permeability and utter fabrication simplicity. Whereas this valve can be integrated in any channel-based system and can be used both as a vent, to delay liquid displacement on chip, or as a barrier, to stop the liquid flow in a certain direction, in this work we demonstrate some of its capacities by combining it with our in house developed self-powered SIMPLE and iSIMPLE platforms. First, we integrated it with the infusion iSIMPLE pump, thus generating completely fail-proof activation regardless of how the operator is actuating the system. Second, we used hydrophobic valves as both barrier and vent in the same microfluidic chip, which allowed the combination of two SIMPLE pumps for splitting one sample in two parallel channels. This attribute is fundamental for achieving multiplex analysis on completely autonomous microfluidic platforms. Finally, we achieved an unprecedented liquid manipulation for a self-powered microfluidic platform, namely, shuttling of liquid, after a single user activation by combining for the first time SIMPLE and iSIMPLE with the developed hydrophobic vent and barrier, all in a single chip. These results convincingly demonstrated that the developed hydrophobic valve combined with SIMPLE/iSIMPLE presents an essential building block for an ideal POC system, which is self-powered, inexpensive, and robust and can perform complex bioassays upon a single user activation. ispartof: ACS SENSORS vol:4 issue:3 pages:694-703 ispartof: location:United States status: published
- Published
- 2019
31. Individual differences in cognitive processing for roughness rating of fine and coarse textures
- Author
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Astrid M. L. Kappers, Yoshihiro Tanaka, Makiko Natsume, AMS - Sports and Work, Sensorimotor Control, Human Technology Interaction, Control Systems Technology, and Dynamics and Control
- Subjects
Male ,Tribology ,Glass/chemistry ,Physiology ,Sensory Physiology ,Individuality ,Social Sciences ,Surface finish ,Correlation ,Cognition ,Mathematical and Statistical Techniques ,0302 clinical medicine ,Friction/physiology ,Statistics ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Psychology ,Tactile Sensation ,Materials ,Cognition/physiology ,Mathematics ,Skin ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Physics ,Classical Mechanics ,Sensory Systems ,Curve Fitting ,Touch Perception ,Somatosensory System ,Physical Sciences ,Curve fitting ,Engineering and Technology ,Medicine ,Sensory Perception ,Female ,Research Article ,Adult ,Paper ,Friction ,Adolescent ,Surface Properties ,Amorphous Solids ,Science ,Materials Science ,Material Properties ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Texture (geology) ,Vibration ,Fingers ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Animals ,Humans ,Texture ,Spatial analysis ,Touch Perception/physiology ,030304 developmental biology ,Sandpaper ,Mechanical Engineering ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Fingers/physiology ,Cognitive Science ,Glass ,Particle size ,Mathematical Functions ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that skin vibration is an important factor affecting the roughness perception of fine textures. For coarse textures, the determining physical factor is much less clear and there are indications that this might be participant-dependent. In this paper, we focused on roughness perception of both coarse and fine textures of different materials (glass particle surfaces and sandpapers). We investigated the relationship between subjective roughness ratings and three physical parameters (skin vibration, friction coefficient, and particle size) within a group of 30 participants. Results of the glass particle surfaces showed both spatial information (particle size) and temporal information (skin vibration) had a high correlation with subjective roughness ratings. The former correlation was slightly but significantly higher than the latter. The results also indicated different weights of temporal information and spatial information for roughness ratings among participants. Roughness ratings of a different material (sandpaper versus glass particles) could be either larger, similar or smaller, indicating differences among individuals. The best way to describe our results is that in their perceptual evaluation of roughness, different individuals weight temporal information, spatial information, and other mechanical properties differently.
- Published
- 2019
32. Filter paper-based spin column method for cost-efficient DNA or RNA purification
- Author
-
Rui Shi, Ramsey S. Lewis, and Dilip R. Panthee
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Nicotiana ,Paper ,Leaves ,DNA, Plant ,DNA purification ,Molecular biology ,Science ,Equipment ,Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension ,Centrifugation ,Plant Science ,Molecular biology assays and analysis techniques ,01 natural sciences ,Purification techniques ,Biochemistry ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,03 medical and health sciences ,Filter Paper ,Solanum lycopersicum ,Nucleic Acids ,Tobacco ,Particle Spin ,DNA filter assay ,Particle Physics ,Flowering Plants ,Multidisciplinary ,Physics ,Plant Anatomy ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Eukaryota ,Plants ,Research and analysis methods ,Laboratory Equipment ,030104 developmental biology ,Molecular biology techniques ,RNA, Plant ,Physical Sciences ,Medicine ,Engineering and Technology ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Research Article - Abstract
We describe herein a method of recharging used commercial spin columns or assembling homemade spin columns using filter paper as binding material for cost-effective, low throughput nucleic acid purification. The efficiency of filter paper-based spin columns was evaluated for purification of nucleic acids from various sources. Following protocols of commercial kits, we found filter paper to be a useful binding material for purification of nucleic acids, including plant genomic DNA, plant total RNA, PCR products, and DNA from agarose gels. However, filter paper has a weak binding affinity to plasmid DNA in tested miniprep protocols. Protocols for the use of filter paper recharged spin columns or homemade spin columns for low throughput purification of plant genomic DNA and total RNA with unused commercial kit buffers or less expensive homemade buffers are presented.
- Published
- 2018
33. Autocatalytic metallization of fabrics using Si ink, for biosensors, batteries and energy harvesting
- Author
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Grell, M, Dincer, C, Le, T, Lauri, A, Nunez Bajo, E, Kasimatis, M, Barandun, G, Maier, S, Cass, A, Guder, F, Wellcome Trust, Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC), and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Cou
- Subjects
Technology ,DEVICES ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,Materials Science ,Materials Science, Multidisciplinary ,SILICON SURFACE ,SILVER NANOPARTICLES ,FILMS ,09 Engineering ,Physics, Applied ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,Materials ,sensing ,Science & Technology ,ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION ,02 Physical Sciences ,Chemistry, Physical ,Physics ,paper ,energy harvesting and storage ,DNA ,fabrics ,textiles ,Chemistry ,Physics, Condensed Matter ,Physical Sciences ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION ,03 Chemical Sciences - Abstract
Commercially available metal inks are mainly designed for planar substrates (for example, polyethylene terephthalate foils or ceramics), and they contain hydrophobic polymer binders that fill the pores in fabrics when printed, thus resulting in hydrophobic electrodes. Here, a low‐cost binder‐free method for the metallization of woven and nonwoven fabrics is presented that preserves the 3D structure and hydrophilicity of the substrate. Metals such as Au, Ag, and Pt are grown autocatalytically, using metal salts, inside the fibrous network of fabrics at room temperature in a two‐step process, with a water‐based silicon particle ink acting as precursor. Using this method, (patterned) metallized fabrics are being enabled to be produced with low electrical resistance (less than 3.5 Ω sq−1). In addition to fabrics, the method is also compatible with other 3D hydrophilic substrates such as nitrocellulose membranes. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by producing coil antennas for wireless energy harvesting, Ag–Zn batteries for energy storage, electrochemical biosensors for the detection of DNA/proteins, and as a substrate for optical sensing by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In the future, this method of metallization may pave the way for new classes of high‐performance devices using low‐cost fabrics.
- Published
- 2018
34. Adenosine metabolism in human erythrocytes
- Author
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Meyskens, Frank L and Williams, Hibbard E
- Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Adenine ,Adenine Nucleotides ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,Aminohydrolases ,Carbon Isotopes ,Chlorides ,Deamination ,Electrophoresis ,Erythrocytes ,Guanine Nucleotides ,Humans ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Hypoxanthines ,Kinetics ,Magnesium ,Nucleosides ,Nucleotides ,Paper ,Phosphates ,Phosphoglycerate Kinase ,Phosphotransferases ,Physical Sciences ,Biological sciences ,Physical sciences - Abstract
1. 1. The metabolism of [8-14C]adenosine was examined in human erythrocytes and erythrocyte lysates. 2. 2. The metabolism of [8-14C]adenosine in erythrocytes is largely dependent upon its concentration. 3. 3. Adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase activities were assayed in crude erythrocyte lysates. No adenosine phosphorylase activity was detected. 4. 4. Adenosine deaminase exhibited a Km for adenosine of 4 · 10-5 M. Substrate inhibition of the enzyme was exhibited at concentrations of adenosine greater than 2 · 10-4 M. No inhibition of deaminase activity by equimolar or greater concentration of AMP, ADP, ATP, GDP, GTP, Pi, guanylic acid or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was noted, but 20 % inhibition by high concentrations of adenine and inosine was observed. 5. 5. Adenosine kinase required ATP (Km = 4 · 10-4 M), adenosine (Km = 1.9 · 10-6 M), and Mg2+ for activity. No substrate inhibition by adenosine occurred at concentrations 20 times its Km. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate and Mg2+ were inhibitory at concentrations greater than 1.25 mM and 0.50 mM, respectively. The reaction of ATP with adenosine kinase was competitively inhibited by AMP, ADP, guanylic acid, GDP, IMP, and adenine. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate was variably replaceable as the phosphate donor by a wide range of triphosphates. © 1971.
- Published
- 1971
35. Analytical Devices Based on Direct Synthesis of DNA on Paper
- Author
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Chao-Min Cheng, Jia Niu, Firat Güder, Ana C. Glavan, George M. Whitesides, Zhen Chen, and David R. Liu
- Subjects
Paper ,BLOOD ,FABRICATION ,0904 Chemical Engineering ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0399 Other Chemical Sciences ,Multiplex ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ,Science & Technology ,DNA synthesis ,Oligonucleotide ,Protein immobilization ,Chemistry, Analytical ,010401 analytical chemistry ,PLATFORM ,DNA ,DNA chemical synthesis ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Combinatorial chemistry ,MICROARRAYS ,PROTEIN IMMOBILIZATION ,ARRAYS ,0104 chemical sciences ,Chemistry ,chemistry ,Physical Sciences ,MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES ,DNA microarray ,0210 nano-technology ,0301 Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
This paper addresses a growing need in clinical diagnostics for parallel, multiplex analysis of biomarkers from small biological samples. It describes a new procedure for assembling arrays of ssDNA and proteins on paper. This method starts with the synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides covalently linked to paper and proceeds to assemble microzones of DNA-conjugated paper into arrays capable of simultaneously capturing DNA, DNA-conjugated protein antigens, and DNA-conjugated antibodies. The synthesis of ssDNA oligonucleotides on paper is convenient and effective with 32% of the oligonucleotides cleaved and eluted from the paper substrate being full-length by HPLC for a 32-mer. These ssDNA arrays can be used to detect fluorophore-linked DNA oligonucleotides in solution, and as the basis for DNA-directed assembly of arrays of DNA-conjugated capture antibodies on paper, detect protein antigens by sandwich ELISAs. Paper-anchored ssDNA arrays with different sequences can be used to assemble paper-based devices capable of detecting DNA and antibodies in the same device and enable simple microfluidic paper-based devices.
- Published
- 2015
36. Subthreshold operation of organic electrochemical transistors for biosignal amplification
- Author
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Alexander Giovannitti, Iuliana P. Maria, Jacob T. Friedlein, Robert R. McLeod, Iain McCulloch, Jonathan Rivnay, and Vishak Venkatraman
- Subjects
ELECTRODE ARRAY ,Technology ,Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,Transconductance ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,Materials Science ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Materials Science, Multidisciplinary ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,MICROELECTRODE ARRAY ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,ECOG ,law.invention ,subthreshold ,PEDOT:PSS ,DESIGN ,law ,General Materials Science ,Biosignal ,electroencephalography (EEG) ,INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,Science & Technology ,Full Paper ,Subthreshold conduction ,business.industry ,Transistor ,General Engineering ,High voltage ,Full Papers ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Subthreshold slope ,organic electrochemical transistors ,0104 chemical sciences ,INTERFACE ,Chemistry ,Physical Sciences ,voltage amplifiers ,PAPER ,Optoelectronics ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
With a host of new materials being investigated as active layers in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), several advantageous characteristics can be utilized to improve transduction and circuit level performance for biosensing applications. Here, the subthreshold region of operation of one recently reported high performing OECT material, poly(2‐(3,3′‐bis(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)‐[2,2′‐bithiophen]‐5‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene), p(g2T‐TT) is investigated. The material's high subthreshold slope (SS) is exploited for high voltage gain and low power consumption. An ≈5× improvement in voltage gain (A V) for devices engineered for equal output current and 370× lower power consumption in the subthreshold region, in comparison to operation in the higher transconductance (g m), superthreshold region usually reported in the literature, are reported. Electrophysiological sensing is demonstrated using the subthreshold regime of p(g2T‐TT) devices and it is suggested that operation in this regime enables low power, enhanced sensing for a broad range of bioelectronic applications. Finally, the accessibility of the subthreshold regime of p(g2T‐TT) is evaluated in comparison with the prototypical poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and the role of material design in achieving favorable properties for subthreshold operation is discussed.
- Published
- 2018
37. Influence of environmental conditions on the attenuation of ricin toxin on surfaces
- Author
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M. Autumn Smiley, James V. Rogers, Joseph P. Wood, and William R. Richter
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Neoprene ,Contact time ,Cytotoxicity ,lcsh:Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Toxicology ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Floors and Floorcoverings ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Toxins ,lcsh:Science ,Flowering Plants ,Multidisciplinary ,Cytotoxicity Assay ,biology ,Ricinus ,Porous Materials ,Temperature ,Eukaryota ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Contamination ,Plants ,040401 food science ,Wood ,Ricin ,Physical Sciences ,Engineering and Technology ,Plastics ,Porosity ,Research Article ,Paper ,endocrine system ,Toxic Agents ,Materials Science ,Hazardous Materials ,Equipment ,Time ,03 medical and health sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,medicine ,Relative humidity ,Postal Service ,Materials by Attribute ,Chromatography ,Toxin ,Attenuation ,lcsh:R ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Proteins ,Humidity ,biology.organism_classification ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Ricin toxin ,enzymes and coenzymes (carbohydrates) ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Steel ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
Ricin is a highly-toxic compound derived from castor plant beans. Several incidents involving contamination of residences and buildings due to ricin production or dissemination have occurred in recent years. The goal of this study was to determine whether ricin bioactivity could be attenuated in reasonable time via simple modifications of the indoor environment. Attenuation was assessed on six different materials as a function of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and contact time, using both a pure and crude preparation of the toxin. Ricin bioactivity was quantified via a cytotoxicity assay, and attenuation determined as the difference in ricin recovered from test and positive controls. The results showed that pure ricin could be attenuated successfully, while the crude ricin was generally more persistent and results more variable. We found no significant attenuation in crude ricin after two weeks at typical indoor environmental conditions, except on steel. Attenuation mostly improved with increasing temperature, but the effect of RH varied. For pure ricin, heat treatments at 40°C for 5 days or 50°C for 2–3 days achieved greater than 96% attenuation on steel. In contrast, appreciable recovery of the crude ricin preparation still occurred at 40°C after two weeks.
- Published
- 2018
38. Design of a novel filter paper based construct for rapid analysis of acetone
- Author
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Yaqeen Ali, Fakhar Ullah, Sajid Rauf, Akhtar Hayat, and Sabir Hussain
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Economics ,Social Sciences ,lcsh:Medicine ,Diazo Compounds ,02 engineering and technology ,HSL and HSV ,01 natural sciences ,Signal ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,Filter Paper ,Limit of Detection ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Nanotechnology ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,Organic Compounds ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Laboratory Equipment ,Signal Filtering ,Chemistry ,Bioassays and Physiological Analysis ,Physical Sciences ,Costs and Cost Analysis ,Engineering and Technology ,0210 nano-technology ,Biological system ,Research Article ,Paper ,Employment ,Materials science ,Alginates ,Endocrine Disorders ,Materials Science ,Equipment ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Acetone ,Acetones ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Figure of merit ,Colorimetric Assays ,Materials by Attribute ,Nanomaterials ,Detection limit ,Filter paper ,Organic Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,lcsh:R ,Chemical Compounds ,Ranging ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Metabolic Disorders ,Labor Economics ,Signal Processing ,RGB color model ,lcsh:Q ,Biochemical Analysis ,Filtration - Abstract
The present work was focused to design a cheap, rapid, portable and easy to use filter paper based assay for the qualitative and quantitate analysis of acetone. Sodium alginate gel was loaded with the acetone specific optical signal probe, and subsequently coated onto filter paper surface to design portable colorimetric assays for acetone monitoring. The color of the paper sensor strip was observed to change from dark yellow to light yellowish in the presence of varying concentrations of acetone. Three different color analyzing models including RGB, HSV, and LAB were employed to probe the output optical signal, and their performance was compared in terms of better interpretation of the generated signal. The LAB model was found to provide better analytical figures of merit with a linear response for the acetone concentration ranging from 2.5 to 1500 ppm, and a limit of detection of 0.5 ppm. Furthermore, the specificity of the designed filter paper based sensor was demonstrated against different common interfering compounds. The results demonstrated the potential of our proposed filter paper based sensor as a novel tool for the analysis of acetone.
- Published
- 2018
39. Fluid-driven origami-inspired artificial muscles
- Author
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Shuguang Li, Daniel M. Vogt, Daniela Rus, and Robert J. Wood
- Subjects
Paper ,soft robotics ,0209 industrial biotechnology ,Computer science ,Soft robotics ,Mechanical engineering ,Artificial Limbs ,02 engineering and technology ,artificial muscle ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Engineering ,Biomimetics ,origami ,Animals ,Humans ,Fluidics ,Muscle, Skeletal ,actuator ,robotics ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Robotics ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Exoskeleton ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Physical Sciences ,Hydrodynamics ,Robot ,Artificial muscle ,Artificial intelligence ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Actuator - Abstract
Significance Artificial muscles are flexible actuators with capabilities similar to, or even beyond, natural muscles. They have been widely used in many applications as alternatives to more traditional rigid electromagnetic motors. Numerous studies focus on rapid design and low-cost fabrication of artificial muscles with customized performances. Here, we present an architecture for fluidic artificial muscles with unprecedented performance-to-cost ratio. These artificial muscles can be programed to produce not only a single contraction but also complex multiaxial actuation, and even controllable motion with multiple degrees of freedom. Moreover, a wide variety of materials and fabrication processes can be used to build the artificial muscles with other functions beyond basic actuation., Artificial muscles hold promise for safe and powerful actuation for myriad common machines and robots. However, the design, fabrication, and implementation of artificial muscles are often limited by their material costs, operating principle, scalability, and single-degree-of-freedom contractile actuation motions. Here we propose an architecture for fluid-driven origami-inspired artificial muscles. This concept requires only a compressible skeleton, a flexible skin, and a fluid medium. A mechanical model is developed to explain the interaction of the three components. A fabrication method is introduced to rapidly manufacture low-cost artificial muscles using various materials and at multiple scales. The artificial muscles can be programed to achieve multiaxial motions including contraction, bending, and torsion. These motions can be aggregated into systems with multiple degrees of freedom, which are able to produce controllable motions at different rates. Our artificial muscles can be driven by fluids at negative pressures (relative to ambient). This feature makes actuation safer than most other fluidic artificial muscles that operate with positive pressures. Experiments reveal that these muscles can contract over 90% of their initial lengths, generate stresses of ∼600 kPa, and produce peak power densities over 2 kW/kg—all equal to, or in excess of, natural muscle. This architecture for artificial muscles opens the door to rapid design and low-cost fabrication of actuation systems for numerous applications at multiple scales, ranging from miniature medical devices to wearable robotic exoskeletons to large deployable structures for space exploration.
- Published
- 2017
40. DipTest: A litmus test for E. coli detection in water
- Author
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Saumyadeb Dasgupta, Naga Siva Kumar Gunda, and Sushanta K. Mitra
- Subjects
Microbiological Techniques ,Capillary action ,lcsh:Medicine ,Chemical Composition ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Fluorides ,Contaminants ,Blotting paper ,Water pollution ,lcsh:Science ,Wax ,Multidisciplinary ,Organic Compounds ,Monosaccharides ,Contamination ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pollution ,Chemistry ,visual_art ,Physical Sciences ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Engineering and Technology ,Organic Materials ,0210 nano-technology ,Water Microbiology ,Research Article ,Paper ,Materials science ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials Science ,Carbohydrates ,Color ,Chlorides ,Surface Water ,Escherichia coli ,Materials by Attribute ,010401 analytical chemistry ,lcsh:R ,Water Pollution ,Organic Chemistry ,Chemical Compounds ,Substrate (chemistry) ,0104 chemical sciences ,Culture Media ,Glucose ,Chemical engineering ,Reagent ,Waxes ,Earth Sciences ,lcsh:Q ,Hydrology ,Surface water - Abstract
We have developed a new litmus paper test (DipTest) for detecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water samples by performing enzymatic reactions directly on the porous paper substrate. The paper strip consists of a long narrow piece of cellulose blotting paper coated with chemoattractant (at bottom edge), wax hydrophobic barrier (at the top edge), and custom formulated chemical reagents (at reaction zone immediately below the wax hydrophobic barrier). When the paper strip is dipped in water, E. coli in the water sample is attracted toward the paper strip due to a chemotaxic mechanism followed by the ascent along the paper strip toward the reaction zone due to a capillary wicking mechanism, and finally the capillary motion is arrested at the top edge of the paper strip by the hydrophobic barrier. The E. coli concentrated at the reaction zone of the paper strip will react with custom formulated chemical reagents to produce a pinkish-red color. Such a color change on the paper strip when dipped into water samples indicates the presence of E. coli contamination in potable water. The performance of the DipTest device has been checked with different known concentrations of E. coli contaminated water samples using different dip and wait times. The DipTest device has also been tested with different interfering bacteria and chemical contaminants. It has been observed that the different interfering contaminants do not have any impact on the DipTest, and it can become a potential solution for screening water samples for E. coli contamination at the point of source.
- Published
- 2017
41. Paper-based microfluidic system for tear electrolyte analysis
- Author
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Yetisen, Ali K., Jiang, Nan, Tamayol, Ali, Ruiz-Esparza, Guillermo U., Zhang, Yu Shrike, Medina-Pando, Sofía, Gupta, Aditi, Wolffsohn, James S., Butt, Haider, Khademhosseini, Ali, and Yun, Seok-Hyun
- Subjects
Paper ,Technology ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,OSMOLARITY ,DEVICE ,Biochemical Research Methods ,09 Engineering ,Analytical Chemistry ,Electrolytes ,Humans ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,DRY-EYE DISEASE ,Instruments & Instrumentation ,Science & Technology ,DIAGNOSTIC-TESTS ,Chemistry, Analytical ,MATRIX-METALLOPROTEINASE-9 ,Sodium ,OCULAR SURFACE ,Equipment Design ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,eye diseases ,DYSFUNCTION ,CONTACT-LENS ,Chemistry ,Tears ,Physical Sciences ,Potassium ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Dry Eye Syndromes ,HEALTH ,03 Chemical Sciences ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,FILM - Abstract
The analysis of tear constituents at point-of-care settings has a potential for early diagnosis of ocular disorders such as dry eye disease, low-cost screening, and surveillance of at-risk subjects. However, current minimally-invasive rapid tear analysis systems for point-of-care settings have been limited to assessment of osmolarity or inflammatory markers and cannot differentiate between dry eye subclassifications. Here, we demonstrate a portable microfluidic system that allows quantitative analysis of electrolytes in the tear fluid that is suited for point-of-care settings. The microfluidic system consists of a capillary tube for sample collection, a reservoir for sample dilution, and a paper-based microfluidic device for electrolyte analysis. The sensing regions are functionalized with fluorescent crown ethers, o-acetanisidide, and seminaphtorhodafluor that are sensitive to mono- and divalent electrolytes, and their fluorescence outputs are measured with a smartphone readout device. The measured sensitivity values of Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) ions and pH in artificial tear fluid were matched with the known ion concentrations within the physiological range. The microfluidic system was tested with samples having different ionic concentrations, demonstrating the feasibility for the detection of early-stage dry eye, differential diagnosis of dry eye sub-types, and their severity staging.
- Published
- 2017
42. MALDI-TOF MS identification of Anopheles gambiae Giles blood meal crushed on Whatman filter papers
- Author
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Niare, Sirama, Almeras, Lionel, Tandina, Fatalmoudou, Yssouf, Amina, Bacar, Affane, Toilibou, Ali, Doumbo, Ogobara, Raoult, Didier, Parola, Philippe, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d’Infectiologie de Terrain, Unité de Parasitologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministry of Public Health, Malaria Research and Training Centre, Université de Bamako-Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), COMBE, Isabelle, and INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE - - Amidex2011 - ANR-11-IDEX-0001 - IDEX - VALID
- Subjects
Physiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Disease Vectors ,Mosquitoes ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Spectrum Analysis Techniques ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,Abdomen ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,lcsh:Science ,Body Fluids ,Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry ,Insects ,Laboratory Equipment ,Chemistry ,Infectious Diseases ,Blood ,Physical Sciences ,Vertebrates ,[SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,Engineering and Technology ,[SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering ,Anatomy ,Research Article ,Paper ,Arthropoda ,Equipment ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Filter paper ,Anopheles ,parasitic diseases ,Parasitic Diseases ,Animals ,[SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering ,lcsh:R ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Insect Bites and Stings ,Feeding Behavior ,Tropical Diseases ,Anopheles gambiae ,Invertebrates ,Insect Vectors ,Malaria ,[SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology ,Species Interactions ,Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ,[SDV.BA.ZI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
International audience; Background: Identification of the source of mosquito blood meals is an important component for disease control and surveillance. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) profiling has emerged as an effective tool for mosquito blood meal identification, using the abdomens of freshly engorged mosquitoes. In the field, mosquito abdomens are crushed on Whatman filter papers to determine the host feeding patterns by identifying the origin of their blood meals. The aim of this study was to test whether crushing engorged mosquito abdomens on Whatman filter papers was compatible with MALDI-TOF MS for mosquito blood meal identification. Both laboratory reared and field collected mosquitoes were tested.Material and methods: Sixty Anopheles gambiae Giles were experimentally engorged on the blood of six distinct vertebrate hosts (human, sheep, rabbit, dog, chicken and rat). The engorged mosquito abdomens were crushed on Whatman filter papers for MALDI-TOF MS analysis. 150 Whatman filter papers, with mosquitoes engorged on cow and goat blood, were preserved. A total of 77 engorged mosquito abdomens collected in the Comoros Islands and crushed on Whatman filter papers were tested with MALDI-TOF MS. Results The MS profiles generated from mosquito engorged abdomens crushed on Whatman filter papers exhibited high reproducibility according to the original host blood. The blood meal host was correctly identified from mosquito abdomens crushed on Whatman filter papers by MALDI-TOF MS. The MS spectra obtained after storage were stable regardless of the room temperature and whether or not they were frozen. The MS profiles were reproducible for up to three months. For the Comoros samples, 70/77 quality MS spectra were obtained and matched with human blood spectra. This was confirmed by molecular tools.Conclusion: The results demonstrated that MALDI-TOF MS could identify mosquito blood meals from Whatman filter papers collected in the field during entomological surveys. The application of MALDI-TOF MS has proved to be rapid and successful, making it a new and efficient tool for mosquito-borne disease surveillance.
- Published
- 2017
43. Physics driven behavioural clustering of free-falling paper shapes
- Author
-
Fumiya Iida, Toby Howison, Josie Hughes, Fabio Giardina, Howison, Toby [0000-0001-8548-5550], Iida, Fumiya [0000-0001-9246-7190], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Inertia ,Physiology ,Physical system ,Social Sciences ,computer.software_genre ,Systems Science ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Physical Phenomena ,Physical phenomena ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Psychology ,Cluster Analysis ,Moment of Inertia ,Multidisciplinary ,Applied Mathematics ,Simulation and Modeling ,theoretical model ,article ,Classical Mechanics ,Dynamical Systems ,Variety (cybernetics) ,Free falling ,machine learning ,Physical Sciences ,Medicine ,physics ,Algorithms ,Research Article ,Paper ,Computer and Information Sciences ,Reynolds Number ,Science ,Fluid Mechanics ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Machine learning ,Continuum Mechanics ,Motion ,Machine Learning Algorithms ,Artificial Intelligence ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Set (psychology) ,Cluster analysis ,Behavior ,Biological Locomotion ,business.industry ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Fluid Dynamics ,Models, Theoretical ,Nonlinear Dynamics ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer ,Mathematics - Abstract
Many complex physical systems exhibit a rich variety of discrete behavioural modes. Often, the system complexity limits the applicability of standard modelling tools. Hence, understanding the underlying physics of different behaviours and distinguishing between them is challenging. Although traditional machine learning techniques could predict and classify behaviour well, typically they do not provide any meaningful insight into the underlying physics of the system. In this paper we present a novel method for extracting physically meaningful clusters of discrete behaviour from limited experimental observations. This method obtains a set of physically plausible functions that both facilitate behavioural clustering and aid in system understanding. We demonstrate the approach on the V-shaped falling paper system, a new falling paper type system that exhibits four distinct behavioural modes depending on a few morphological parameters. Using just 49 experimental observations, the method discovered a set of candidate functions that distinguish behaviours with an error of 2.04%, while also aiding insight into the physical phenomena driving each behaviour. © 2019 Howison et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
- Published
- 2019
44. Direct transfer of graphene onto flexible substrates
- Author
-
Jing Kong, Tingying Zeng, Yi Song, Paulo T. Araujo, Luiz Gustavo Pimenta Martins, and Mildred S. Dresselhaus
- Subjects
Paper ,Fabrication ,Materials science ,Surface Properties ,Nanotechnology ,Chemical vapor deposition ,Substrate (electronics) ,law.invention ,law ,Polymer chemistry ,Polymethyl Methacrylate ,Polycarbonate ,Cellulose ,Polyvinyl Chloride ,Polytetrafluoroethylene ,Sheet resistance ,Organic electronics ,Polycarboxylate Cement ,Multidisciplinary ,Polyethylene Terephthalates ,Graphene ,Collodion ,Membrane ,Paraffin ,visual_art ,Physical Sciences ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Graphite ,Electronics ,Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions - Abstract
In this paper we explore the direct transfer via lamination of chemical vapor deposition graphene onto different flexible substrates. The transfer method investigated here is fast, simple, and does not require an intermediate transfer membrane, such as polymethylmethacrylate, which needs to be removed afterward. Various substrates of general interest in research and industry were studied in this work, including polytetrafluoroethylene filter membranes, PVC, cellulose nitrate/cellulose acetate filter membranes, polycarbonate, paraffin, polyethylene terephthalate, paper, and cloth. By comparing the properties of these substrates, two critical factors to ensure a successful transfer on bare substrates were identified: the substrate's hydrophobicity and good contact between the substrate and graphene. For substrates that do not satisfy those requirements, polymethylmethacrylate can be used as a surface modifier or glue to ensure successful transfer. Our results can be applied to facilitate current processes and open up directions for applications of chemical vapor deposition graphene on flexible substrates. A broad range of applications can be envisioned, including fabrication of graphene devices for opto/organic electronics, graphene membranes for gas/liquid separation, and ubiquitous electronics with graphene.
- Published
- 2013
45. Contribution of Hydrogen Bonds to Paper Strength Properties
- Author
-
Kazimierz Przybysz, Marcin Dubowik, Kamila Przybysz Buzała, Marta Kucner, and Piotr Przybysz
- Subjects
Hydrogen ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,Physical Chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Composite material ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,Organic Compounds ,Hydrogen bond ,Physics ,Butanol ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Solvent ,Chemistry ,Kraft process ,Physical Sciences ,Polar ,0210 nano-technology ,Research Article ,Chemical Elements ,Paper ,Propanol ,Materials science ,Materials by Structure ,Materials Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Dipole Moments ,010402 general chemistry ,Electromagnetism ,Tear resistance ,Chemical Bonding ,Ethanol ,Organic Chemistry ,lcsh:R ,Chemical Compounds ,Water ,Hydrogen Bonding ,0104 chemical sciences ,Oxygen ,Dipole ,Slurries ,chemistry ,Alcohols ,Mixtures ,Solvents ,lcsh:Q ,Methanol - Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of hydrogen bonds between fibres on static and dynamic strength properties of paper. A commercial bleached pinewood kraft pulp was soaked in water, refined in a PFI, and used to form paper webs in different solvents, such as water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol, to determine the effect of their dipole moment on static and dynamic strength properties of resulting paper sheets. Paper which was formed in water, being the solvent of the highest dipole moment among the tested ones, showed the highest breaking length and tear resistance. When paper webs were formed in n-butanol, which was the least polar among the solvents, these parameters were reduced by around 75%. These results provide evidence of the importance of water in paper web formation and strong impact of hydrogen bonds between fibres on strength properties of paper.
- Published
- 2016
46. Effect of Cellulases and Xylanases on Refining Process and Kraft Pulp Properties
- Author
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Kamila Przybysz Buzała, Halina Kalinowska, Małgorzata Derkowska, and Piotr Przybysz
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,Biochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Filter Paper ,Cellulases ,Electron Microscopy ,lcsh:Science ,Microscopy ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Organic Compounds ,Hydrolysis ,Pulp (paper) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Enzyme structure ,Enzymes ,Laboratory Equipment ,Chemistry ,Xylosidases ,Aspergillus ,Kraft process ,Physical Sciences ,Xylanase ,Engineering and Technology ,Scanning Electron Microscopy ,Alternative Energy ,Cellular Structures and Organelles ,0210 nano-technology ,Kraft paper ,Research Article ,Paper ,Equipment ,Cellulase ,engineering.material ,Research and Analysis Methods ,010608 biotechnology ,Cellulose ,Filter paper ,business.industry ,Organic Chemistry ,lcsh:R ,Organisms ,Fungi ,Chemical Compounds ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Proteins ,Cell Biology ,Pinus ,Molds (Fungi) ,Biotechnology ,Energy and Power ,chemistry ,Enzyme Structure ,Enzymology ,engineering ,biology.protein ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
Samples of bleached kraft pine cellulosic pulp, either treated with an enzyme preparation (a Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase, an Aspergillus sp. cellulase, and a multienzyme preparation NS-22086 containing both these activities) or untreated, were refined in a laboratory PFI mill. The treatment with cellulases contained in the last two preparations significantly improved the pulp’s susceptibility to refining (the target freeness value of 30°SR was achieved in a significantly shorter time), increased water retention value (WRV) and fines contents while the weighted average fiber length was significantly reduced. These changes of pulp parameters caused deterioration of paper strength properties. The treatment with the xylanase, which partially hydrolyzed xylan, small amounts of which are associated with cellulose fibers, only slightly loosened the structure of fibers. These subtle changes positively affected the susceptibility of the pulp to refining (refining energy was significantly reduced) and improved the static strength properties of paper. Thus, the treatment of kraft pulps with xylanases may lead to substantial savings of refining energy without negative effects on paper characteristics.
- Published
- 2016
47. Paper-Based Electrical Respiration Sensor
- Author
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Julia Redston, George M. Whitesides, Ana C. Glavan, Bobak Mosadegh, T. J. Martin, Alar Ainla, and Firat Güder
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Paper ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,digital health ,02 engineering and technology ,sensors ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Catalysis ,Tablet computer ,Electricity ,Respiration ,OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP-APNEA ,Humans ,Electronics ,Exercise ,THERMISTOR ,Monitoring, Physiologic ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,010405 organic chemistry ,Thermistor ,Organic Chemistry ,Electrical engineering ,VITAL SIGN ,Humidity ,Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ,General Chemistry ,Paper based ,General Medicine ,CARE ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,internet of things ,0104 chemical sciences ,Chemistry ,Physical Sciences ,Breathing ,sense organs ,Smartphone ,Current (fluid) ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,03 Chemical Sciences ,Wireless Technology - Abstract
Current methods of monitoring breathing require cumbersome, inconvenient, and often expensive devices; this requirement sets practical limitations on the frequency and duration of measurements. This article describes a paper-based moisture sensor that uses the hygroscopic character of paper (i.e. the ability of paper to adsorb water reversibly from the surrounding environment) to measure patterns and rate of respiration by converting the changes in humidity caused by cycles of inhalation and exhalation to electrical signals. The changing level of humidity that occurs in a cycle causes a corresponding change in the ionic conductivity of the sensor, which can be measured electrically. By combining the paper sensor with conventional electronics, data concerning respiration can be transmitted to a nearby smartphone or tablet computer for post-processing, and subsequently to a cloud server. This means of sensing provides a new, practical method of recording and analyzing patterns of breathing.
- Published
- 2015
48. Open-source micro-tensile testers via additive manufacturing for the mechanical characterization of thin films and papers
- Author
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L. Catherine Brinson, Krishanu Nandy, Charlie M Scheftic, and David W. Collinson
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lcsh:Medicine ,Electronics engineering ,Mechanical engineering ,Engineering and technology ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Software ,Materials Testing ,Electron Microscopy ,lcsh:Science ,Tensile testing ,Thin Films ,Microscopy ,Multidisciplinary ,Physics ,Classical Mechanics ,Oxides ,Equipment Design ,3D printing ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Deformation ,Atomic Force Microscopy ,Characterization (materials science) ,Printing, Three-Dimensional ,Physical Sciences ,Graphite ,Scanning Electron Microscopy ,Deformation (engineering) ,0210 nano-technology ,Reduction (mathematics) ,Research Article ,Paper ,Materials by Structure ,Materials Science ,Equipment ,Research and Analysis Methods ,010402 general chemistry ,Tensile Strength ,Open Source Hardware ,Ultimate tensile strength ,Damage Mechanics ,Buckling ,business.industry ,Scanning Probe Microscopy ,lcsh:R ,Software development ,0104 chemical sciences ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
The cost of specialized scientific equipment can be high and with limited funding resources, researchers and students are often unable to access or purchase the ideal equipment for their projects. In the fields of materials science and mechanical engineering, fundamental equipment such as tensile testing devices can cost tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars. While a research lab often has access to a large-scale testing machine suitable for conventional samples, loading devices for meso- and micro-scale samples for in-situ testing with the myriad of microscopy tools are often hard to source and cost prohibitive. Open-source software has allowed for great strides in the reduction of costs associated with software development and open-source hardware and additive manufacturing have the potential to similarly reduce the costs of scientific equipment and increase the accessibility of scientific research. To investigate the feasibility of open-source hardware, a micro-tensile tester was designed with a freely accessible computer-aided design package and manufactured with a desktop 3D-printer and off-the-shelf components. To our knowledge this is one of the first demonstrations of a tensile tester with additively manufactured components for scientific research. The capabilities of the tensile tester were demonstrated by investigating the mechanical properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) paper and thin films. A 3D printed tensile tester was successfully used in conjunction with an atomic force microscope to provide one of the first quantitative measurements of GO thin film buckling under compression. The tensile tester was also used in conjunction with an atomic force microscope to observe the change in surface topology of a GO paper in response to increasing tensile strain. No significant change in surface topology was observed in contrast to prior hypotheses from the literature. Based on this result obtained with the new open source tensile stage we propose an alternative hypothesis we term 'superlamellae consolidation' to explain the initial deformation of GO paper. The additively manufactured tensile tester tested represents cost savings of >99% compared to commercial solutions in its class and offers simple customization. However, continued development is needed for the tensile tester presented here to approach the technical specifications achievable with commercial solutions.
- Published
- 2018
49. Paper-based sensors for rapid detection of virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Author
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Jan Madsen, Georgi Plamenov Tanev, Fatima AlZahraa Alatraktchi, Jafar Safaa Noori, Winnie Edith Svendsen, John Mortensen, Søren Molin, Helle Krogh Johansen, and Maria Dimaki
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Ceramics ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biosensing Techniques ,02 engineering and technology ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Reference electrode ,Virulence factor ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Electrochemistry ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,Physics ,Chemical Reactions ,Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ,Microbial Cultures ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Bacterial Pathogens ,Chemistry ,Infectious Diseases ,Medical Microbiology ,Physical Sciences ,Engineering and Technology ,Biological Cultures ,Pathogens ,Ferrocyanide ,0210 nano-technology ,Research Article ,Paper ,Materials by Structure ,Virulence Factors ,Materials Science ,Bacterial Cultures ,Opportunistic Infections ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Microbiology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Rapid detection ,Pyocyanin ,Pseudomonas ,medicine ,Humans ,Pseudomonas Infections ,Microbial Pathogens ,Electrodes ,Detection limit ,Chromatography ,Bacteria ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,lcsh:R ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Square Waves ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electrochemical gas sensor ,chemistry ,Reference Electrodes ,Waves ,Pyocyanine ,lcsh:Q ,Electronics ,Oxidation-Reduction Reactions - Abstract
Pyocyanin is a toxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here we describe a novel paper-based electrochemical sensor for pyocyanin detection, manufactured with a simple and inexpensive approach based on electrode printing on paper. The resulting sensors constitute an effective electrochemical method to quantify pyocyanin in bacterial cultures without the conventional time consuming pretreatment of the samples. The electrochemical properties of the paper-based sensors were evaluated by ferri/ferrocyanide as a redox mediator, and showed reliable sensing performance. The paper-based sensors readily allow for the determination of pyocyanin in bacterial cultures with high reproducibility, achieving a limit of detection of 95 nM and a sensitivity of 4.30 μA/μM in standard culture media. Compared to the similar commercial ceramic based sensors, it is a 2.3-fold enhanced performance. The simple in-house fabrication of sensors for pyocyanin quantification allows researchers to understand in vitro adaptation of P. aeruginosa infections via rapid screenings of bacterial cultures that otherwise are expensive and time-consuming.
- Published
- 2018
50. Flexible energy storage devices based on nanocomposite paper
- Author
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Saravanababu Murugesan, Victor L. Pushparaj, Manikoth M. Shaijumon, Robert J. Linhardt, Pulickel M. Ajayan, Robert Vajtai, Omkaram Nalamasu, Ashok Kumar, and Lijie Ci
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Paper ,Supercapacitor ,Multidisciplinary ,Nanocomposite ,Materials science ,Paper battery ,Nanoporous ,Nanotechnology ,Carbon nanotube ,Electrolyte ,Energy storage ,Nanocomposites ,law.invention ,law ,Physical Sciences ,Electrochemistry ,Separator (electricity) - Abstract
There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. To build such fully flexible and robust electrochemical devices, multiple components with specific electrochemical and interfacial properties need to be integrated into single units. Here we show that these basic components, the electrode, separator, and electrolyte, can all be integrated into single contiguous nanocomposite units that can serve as building blocks for a variety of thin mechanically flexible energy storage devices. Nanoporous cellulose paper embedded with aligned carbon nanotube electrode and electrolyte constitutes the basic unit. The units are used to build various flexible supercapacitor, battery, hybrid, and dual-storage battery-in-supercapacitor devices. The thin freestanding nanocomposite paper devices offer complete mechanical flexibility during operation. The supercapacitors operate with electrolytes including aqueous solvents, room temperature ionic liquids, and bioelectrolytes and over record temperature ranges. These easy-to-assemble integrated nanocomposite energy-storage systems could provide unprecedented design ingenuity for a variety of devices operating over a wide range of temperature and environmental conditions.
- Published
- 2007
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