Search

International audience; With the density increase of today’s printed circuit board assemblies (PCBA), electronic test methods such as in-circuit test (ICT) reached their limits. In the same time the requirements of high reliability and robustness are greater. Original equipment manufacturers are obliged to reduce the number of physical test points and to find better-adapted test methods to keep adequate test coverage. Current test methods must be rethought to include a large panel of physical phenomena that can be used to detect- electrical defects, absence, wrong value of components, absence and shorts without using test points on the board under test (BUT). In this paper, a test set-up based on the measurement of electromagnetic signature to diagnose faulty components contactlessly is presented. The technique consists in using magnetic field probes, which detect the field distribution over powered sensitive components. To evaluate the relevance of the method, reference EM signatures are extracted from fault-free circuits, which are compared to those extracted from a sample PCBA in which we introduced a component level defect by removing or changing the value of critical components. For more robust detection of multiple defect scenarios, the principal component analysis (PCA) method is used as an outlier detection algorithm.

Until today, the production tests are based mainly on optical verification (AOI), X-ray inspection (AXI), electrical (ICT) and functional tests. Faced with the miniaturization of component packages, the high densification and integration of several technologies (digital, analog, radio frequency, power ...) on the same PCB (Printed Circuit Board), the test techniques listed above are no longer sufficient to fully meet the production test coverage requirements, because they are costly in terms of development time and test cycle and are not very efficient.The objective of this CIFRE thesis with ACTIA Automotive in collaboration with LAAS-CNRS is to define an innovative production test strategy adapted to high-density products. To do this, we have addressed in this work, improvements to existing test methodologies and proposed test approaches usable upstream of the production process of PCBAs (Printed Circuit Board Assemblies).First, we introduced a new contactless technique for testing PCBAs with limited physical test access. The technique involves the use of near-field magnetic sensors, which detect the magnetic signatures from components mounted on the PCB in order to test their presence and their value thereafter. Secondly, a test approach using infrared thermal signatures is presented. This technique can detect component assembly defects such as, presence, value and in some cases its state of health, which allows concluding on the PCBA state of defect. In order to evaluate the relevance of these two techniques, several fault scenarios were considered and analyzed with an outlier detection algorithm. In several cases, the manufacturing defects are discriminated with significant margins, while taking into account the variability in component specifications.Finally, a technique for regaining test accessibility on high frequency signal transmission tracks is presented. The technique uses small openings in the solder mask directly above the tracks carrying digital signals. The exposed conductors are contacted with a probe with deformable and anisotropic conductive tip. The industrial feasibility of this technique was tested on a prototype that we developed in collaboration with the ACTIA Group subsidiary: ACTIA Engineering Services., Les étapes de test en production sont basées à ce jour sur des contrôles optiques (AOI), inspection des joints de soudures par Rayons-X (AXI), électriques (ICT) et tests fonctionnels. Face à la multiplication et à la miniaturisation des composants, la cohabitation de plusieurs technologies (numérique, analogique, radiofréquence, puissance…) sur le même PCB (Printed Circuit Board), les moyens de test listés précédemment ne sont plus suffisants pour répondre complètement aux exigences de couverture de tests en production, car peu performants et coûteux en temps de développement et de cycle de test.L'objectif de cette thèse CIFRE avec ACTIA Automotive en collaboration avec le laboratoire LAAS-CNRS est de définir une stratégie de test en production innovante et adaptée aux produits à forte densité en envisageant dans un premier temps toutes les techniques existantes ou à développer. Pour ce faire, nous avons abordé dans cette thèse, des améliorations à apporter aux méthodologies de test existantes et proposé également des approches de test utilisables en amont de la production des PCBAs (Printed Circuit Board Assemblies) à haute densité et à signaux rapides.Premièrement, nous avons introduit une nouvelle technique sans contact pour tester des PCBAs lorsque l’accès physique de test est très limité. La technique consiste à utiliser des sondes de champ magnétique proche, qui détectent la distribution de champ magnétique émanant de certains composants montés sur le PCB dans le but de tester leur présence sur la carte et leur valeur par la suite. Deuxièmement, une approche de test utilisant des signatures thermiques infrarouges est présentée. Cette technique peut détecter les défauts d’assemblage du composant tel que sa présence, sa valeur et dans certain cas son état de santé, ce qui permet de conclure sur l’état de défaut du PCBA. Afin d’évaluer la pertinence de ces deux techniques, plusieurs scénarios de défaut ont été considérés et analysés avec un algorithme de détection de valeurs aberrantes. Sur plusieurs cas, les défauts de fabrication sont discriminés avec des marges importantes, tout en tenant compte de la variabilité de spécification des composants.Finalement, une technique pour regagner de l’accessibilité de test sur des pistes de transmission de signal de haute fréquence est présentée. La technique consiste à utiliser de petites ouvertures dans le masque de soudure directement au-dessus des pistes portant des signaux digitaux. Les conducteurs exposés sont mis en contact avec une sonde à bout déformable, conducteur et anisotrope. La faisabilité industrielle de cette technique a été testée sur un prototype que nous avions développé en collaboration avec la filiale d’ACTIA Group : ACTIA Engineering Services.

In many low-and middle-income countries, health systems decision-makers are facing a host of new challenges and competing priorities. They must not only plan and implement as they used to do but also deal with discontented citizens and health staff, be responsive and accountable. This contributes to create new political hazards susceptible to disrupt the whole execution of health plans. The starting point of this article is the observation by the first author of the limitations of the building-blocks framework to structure decision-making as for strengthening of the Moroccan health system. The management of a health system is affected by different temporalities, the recognition of which allows a more realistic analysis of the obstacles and successes of health system strengthening approaches. Inspired by practice and enriched thanks a consultation of the literature, our analytical framework revolves around five dynamics: the services dynamic, the programming dynamic, the political dynamic, the reform dynamic and the capacity-building dynamic. These five dynamics are differentiated by their temporalities, their profile, the role of their actors and the nature of their activities. The Moroccan experience suggests that it is possible to strengthen health systems by opening up the analysis of temporalities, which affects both decision-making processes and the dynamics of functioning of health systems.

The journey to universal health coverage (UHC) is full of challenges, which to a great extent are specific to each country. 'Learning for UHC' is a central component of countries' health system strengthening agendas. Our group has been engaged for a decade in facilitating collective learning for UHC through a range of modalities at global, regional and national levels. We present some of our experience and draw lessons for countries and international actors interested in strengthening national systemic learning capacities for UHC. The main lesson is that with appropriate collective intelligence processes, digital tools and facilitation capacities, countries and international agencies can mobilise the many actors with knowledge relevant to the design, implementation and evaluation of UHC policies. However, really building learning health systems will take more time and commitment. Each country will have to invest substantively in developing its specific learning systemic capacities, with an active programme of work addressing supportive leadership, organisational culture and knowledge management processes. ispartof: BMJ GLOBAL HEALTH vol:4 issue:6 ispartof: location:England status: published

International audience; A Printed Circuit Board assembly (PCBA) testing approach using infrared thermal signatures is presented. The concept of thermal signature for PCBAs is introduced and proved by experience and simulation. Based on this concept, the testing method is able to detect assembly defects such as presence of the component, polarity, value and solder (shorts and opens) and in some cases component health state, it also can classify the components mounted on the PCB into two classes (fault-free, faulty). According to the thermal signature of each component on the PCBA, they can be also classified in the same classes. In this article focus is put on capacitor defects in a DC/DC converter, especially capacitor value defects. Therefore, they will be the main tested components. For a robust detection of multiple defect scenarios, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method is used as an outlier detection algorithm.

International audience; A Printed Circuit Board assembly (PCBA) testing approach using infrared thermal signatures is presented. The concept of thermal signature for PCBAs is introduced. Based on this concept, the testing method is able to:-detect assembly defects such as presence, polarity, value and solder (shorts and opens) and in some cases component health state-classify the components mounted on the PCB into a number of classes (e.g.-fault free(reliable), functional (less reliable), faulty). According to the thermal signature of each component on the PCBA, PCBAs can be also classified in the same number of classes. In this article a special focus is put on capacitor defects especially capacitor value defects. Therefore, they will be the main components tested. The fault detection indicator used in this proof of concept is a statistical mean squared error measure (MSE).

The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in an adult Arabic-Berber population was investigated according to 2012 KDIGO guidelines. A stratified, randomized, representative sample of 10,524 participants was obtained. Weight, height, blood pressure, proteinuria (dipstick), plasma creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and fasting glycemia were measured. Abnormal results were controlled within 2 weeks; eGFR was retested at 3, 6, and 12 months. The population adjusted prevalences were 16.7% hypertension, 23.2% obesity, 13.8% glycemia, 1.6% for eGFR under 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and confirmed proteinuria 1.9% and hematuria 3.4%. Adjusted prevalence of CKD was 5.1%; distribution over KDIGO stages: CKD1: 17.8%; CKD2: 17.2%; CKD3: 52.5% (3A: 40.2%; 3B: 12.3%); CKD4: 4.4%; CKD5: 7.2%. An eGFR distribution within the sex and age categories was constructed using the third percentile as threshold for decreased eGFR. A single threshold (under 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) eGFR classifying CKD3-5 leads to "overdiagnosis" of CKD3A in the elderly, overt "underdiagnosis" in younger individuals with eGFR over 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), below the third percentile, and no proteinuria. By using the KDIGO guidelines in a correct way, "kidney damage" (confirmed proteinuria, hematuria) and the demonstration of chronicity of decreased eGFR

International audience; With the density increase of today's printed circuit board assemblies (PCBA), the electronic fault detection methods reached their limits. In the same time the requirements of high reliability and robustness are greater. Industrials are obliged to find better-adapted test methods. Current test methods must be rethought to include a large panel of physical phenomena that can be used to detect electrical defects of components, absence, wrong value, and shorts at component level on the board under test (BUT). We will present the possibility of using electromagnetic signature to diagnose faulty components contactlessly. The technique consists in using magnetic field probes, which detect the field distribution over powered sensitive components. Reference EM signatures are extracted from a fault-free circuit, which will be compared to those extracted from a sample PCBA in which we introduced a component level defect by removing or changing the value of critical components to evaluate the relevance of the method.

International audience; With the density increase of today's printed circuit board assemblies (PCBA), the electronic test methods reached their limits, in the same time the requirements of high reliability and robustness are greater. Original equipment manufacturers are obliged to reduce the number of physical test points and to find better-adapted test methods. Current test methods must be rethought to include a large panel of physical phenomena that can be used to detect electrical defects of components, absence, wrong value, and shorts at component level on the board under test (BUT). We will present the possibility of using electromagnetic signature to diagnose faulty components contactlessly. The technique consists in using small diameter near electromagnetic field probes, which detect the field distribution over powered sensitive components. A giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor was used as well to detect variations in low frequency components. The loading of the BUT is specifically chosen to enhance the sensitivity of the EM measurements. Reference EM signatures are extracted from a fault-free circuit, which will be compared to those extracted from a sample PCBA in which we introduced a component level defect by removing or changing the value of critical components. As a result, we will show that the amplitude of a specific harmonic acts as a sensing parameter, which is accurately related to the variation of the component value.

Introduction. In cardiac surgery, morbi-mortality is important and the decision to operate is complex. Study purpose was to compare EuroSCORE II and Machine Learning to predict mortality after elective cardiac surgery via a Decision Curve Analysis (DCA). Methods. We conducted a retrospective monocentric study from December 2015 to December 2016, using a prospective data base, from the cardiac surgery unit of a University Hospital in Paris. Non elective cardiac surgery patients were excluded. The different models of prediction of in hospital mortality, including EuroSCORE II, Logistic Regression and Machine Learning, were compared by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and a Decision Curve Analysis (DCA). Results. The study was carried among 6520 patients. Mortality rate was 6.3%. Average age was 63.4 years old and the average EuroSCORE II was 3.7%. Area under the ROC curve (IC 95%) for the Machine Learning 0.795 (0.755-0.834) model was significantly higher than the one of the EuroSCORE II and the Logistic Regression models (respectively 0.737 (0.691-0.783) and 0.742 (0.698-0.785, p, Introduction. En chirurgie cardiaque, la morbi-mortalité est importante et la décision d’opérer un patient est complexe. L’objectif de notre étude était de comparer l’EuroSCORE II au Machine Learning pour prédire la mortalité dans les suites d’une chirurgie cardiaque programmée via une Decision Curve Analysis (DCA). Matériel et Méthodes. Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective, monocentrique, entre décembre 2005 et décembre 2012, à partir d’une base de données prospective, au sein de l’unité de chirurgie cardiaque d’un Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire parisien. Les patients admis pour chirurgie cardiaque non programmée étaient exclus. Les différents modèles de prédiction de la mortalité hospitalière, incluant l’EuroSCORE II, le modèle de régression logistique et le modèle Machine Learning, étaient comparés via une courbe Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) et une DCA. Résultats. Il y avait 6520 patients. La mortalité hospitalière était de 6,3%. La moyenne d'âge était de 63,4 ans et l'EuroSCORE II moyen de 3,7 %. L'aire sous la courbe ROC (IC 95%) pour le modèle Machine Learning 0,795 (0,755-0,834) était significativement plus élevée que celle de l'EuroSCORE II et du modèle de Régression Logistique (respectivement 0,737 (0,691-0,783) et 0,742 (0,698-0,785, p

Objective In 2009, the Ministry of Health of Morocco launched a national confidential enquiry around maternal deaths based on the newly implemented routine maternal death surveillance system (MDSS). The objective of this paper is to show the importance of substandard care among the factors associated with maternal deaths. Methods The Moroccan National Expert Committee (NEC) organised an audit of maternal deaths identified by the MDSS to determine the medical cause, the preventability of the deaths and the type of substandard care involved. Results Three hundred and three cases of maternal deaths were analysed for the year 2009. Direct causes accounted for 80.8%. 75.9% were considered avoidable by the NEC. The three main factors were insufficient follow-up of care in 45.6% of cases, inadequate treatment in 43.9% and delay in seeking care in 41.3%. The auditors found that 54.3% of all maternal deaths could have been avoided if appropriate action had been taken at the health facilities. Conclusion The audit of maternal deaths in Morocco enabled a better understanding of the circumstances contributing to maternal deaths and pinpointed that more than half of maternal deaths were associated with substandard care in hospitals. Objectif En 2009, le ministere de la Sante du Maroc a lance une enquete nationale confidentielle sur les deces maternels, sur la base du nouveau systeme mis en œuvre pour la surveillance systematique de la mortalite maternelle (SSMM). L'objectif de cet article est de montrer l'importance des soins de qualite inferieure aux normes, parmi les facteurs associes a la mortalite maternelle. Methodes Le Comite National d'Experts (CNE) Marocain a organise un audit des deces maternels identifies par la SSMM pour determiner la cause medicale, le caractere evitable du deces et le type de soins impliques, inferieurs aux normes. Resultats Of 303 cas de deces maternels ont ete analyses pour l'annee 2009. Les causes directes representaient 80.8%. Of 75.9% ont ete consideres comme evitables par le CNE. Les trois principaux facteurs etaient: un suivi insuffisant des soins dans 45.6% des cas, un traitement inadequat dans 43.9% et le retard dans le recours aux soins dans 41.3%. Les experts ont constate que 54.3% de tous les deces maternels auraient pu etre evites si des mesures appropriees avaient ete prises au niveau des etablissements de sante. Conclusion L'audit des deces maternels au Maroc a permis de mieux comprendre les circonstances qui contribuent a la mortalite maternelle et a revele que plus de la moitie des deces maternels etaient associes a des soins de qualite inferieure aux normes dans les hopitaux. Objetivo En el 2009 el Ministerio de Salud de Marruecos lanzo una encuesta confidencial a nivel nacional basada en el recientemente establecido programa de vigilancia de muertes maternas (PVMM). El objetivo de esta publicacion es mostrar la importancia de cuidados subestandar entre los factores asociados con las muertes maternas. Metodos El Comite Nacional de Expertos de Marruecos (CNEM) organizo una auditoria de las muertes maternas identificadas mediante el PVMM con el fin de determinar las causas medicas, la posibilidad de prevenir las muertes y el tipo de cuidados subestandar involucrados. Resultados Se analizaron 303 casos de muertes maternas para el ano 2009. Las causas directas eran responsables del 80.8% de las muertes. Un 75.9% fueron consideradas como prevenibles por el CNEM. Los tres factores principales eran un seguimiento insuficiente en un 45.6% de los casos, tratamiento inadecuado en un 43.9%, y un retraso en la busqueda de cuidados en un 41.3%. Los auditores encontraron que un 54.3% de todas las muertes maternas podrian haberse evitado si en los centros sanitarios se hubiesen realizado las acciones apropiadas. Conclusion La auditoria de muertes maternas en Marruecos nos permite entender mejor las circunstancias que contribuyen a las muertes maternas y senalan que mas de la mitad de estas muertes estaban asociadas a unos cuidados hospitalarios subestandar.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of the maternal death surveillance system (MDSS) in Morocco and discuss the initial results. METHOD: The nationwide MDSS was implemented in 2009 with the involvement of health professionals and local authorities. It comprises (i) notification of all deaths of women of reproductive age (from 15 to 49 years); (ii) a preliminary survey to identify pregnancy-related deaths; (iii) a confidential enquiry into all pregnancy-related deaths. The information thus obtained describes socio-demographic characteristics of the women their obstetric and medical history the mode of delivery its follow-up and the medical cause of death. RESULTS: From 1st of January 2009 to 31st of December 2009 3814 deaths of women of reproductive age were recorded and a total of 436 pregnancy-related deaths were identified with 73.4% of those occurring in health facilities. Among the 313 reviewed records 80.8% were direct obstetric deaths and 13.5% were classified as indirect. Haemorrhage was the first direct obstetric cause of death (33%). Heart disease was the main indirect obstetric cause of death (39% of indirect causes). CONCLUSION: The Moroccan MDSS is a powerful tool for understanding the causes and circumstances of maternal deaths. However challenges remain regarding the full coverage of the system the decentralisation of the data entry and analysis and the completeness of medical records. (c) 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Not available, Le but de ce travail était d'essayer de comprendre dans quelles mesures les non-sucres présents dans les sirops de sucre ont un effet néfaste sur la cristallisation du saccharose et sur la qualité du sucre obtenu. Pour réaliser cette étude nous avons étudié comparativement différents échantillons industriels de différents origines. Cette étude a nécessité la mise en œuvre d'un certain nombre de techniques de séparation et de fractionnement (ultrafiltration, dialyse, chromatographie d'échange d'ions et d'exclusion stérique...). La combinaison de ces méthodes nous a permis de montrer que l'EP2 danois contient davantage de polyosides de poids moléculaire supérieur à 10000 daltons à caractère non chargés que l'EP2 d'Eppeville. En revanche les fractions moléculaires comprises entre 2000 et 10000 daltons ne semblent pas montrer de différences significatives. On notera que les produits traités industriellement par des résines reminéralisantes et décolorantes ne comportent pratiquement plus de macromolécules. Le relargage à l'alcool des substances colloïdales est un test classique de contrôle, nous avons tenté de l'appliquer aux différents produits sucrés industriels. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que les non-sucres des EP2 danois sont globalement moins hydrophile que ceux de la sucrerie française qui nous a servi de référence, ce résultat est intéressant car le sucre roux danois obtenu à partir de cet EP2 est de bien meilleure qualité que le sucre roux d'Eppeville. Les macromolécules présentes dans les sirops proviennent en partie de la dégradation des polysaccharides de la betterave qui ont échappé à l'épuration calco-carbonique industrielle, pour comprendre ce phénomène, nous avons montré que la dégradation alcaline des pulpes touche essentiellement les pectines, en revanche hémicelluloses et cellulose résistent bien aux pH basiques. Ce résultat est intéressant pour un approfondissement ultérieur de la connaissance de ces macromolécules. Enfin, dans un but d'application industrielle, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude de la valorisation des pulpes de betteraves (décoloration et prévention de l'oxydation des lipides présents) ainsi qu'à l'étude de différentes propriétés fonctionnelles du produit obtenu

Through this thesis, we have explored the potential of the learning organization concept to create an organizational dynamic towards creativity and excellence in health organizations. Ministries of health can benefit from applying these attributes to meet the challenge of universal health coverage. This thesis helped to provide a state of knowledge on this concept through a structured review and allowed to examine its feasibility in the context of countries like Morocco to guide health policies with organizational learning processes. The results of this research showed the positive benefit the Ministry of Health can make by adopting the attributes of a learning organization. The adaptation of the analytical framework allowed us to facilitate reflection on a vision of what can be the adoption and application of this concept in the particular context of Morocco. (SP - Sciences de la santé publique) -- UCL, 2019