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To examine the effects of shift schedules on fatigue and physiological functions among firefighters a 17-day field study at a fire station was carried out. Eleven firefighters, who were engaged in firefighting emergency services, participated in this study. At the fire station, night duty (22:00 - 07:00) was divided into 5 periods (P1: 22:00 - 00:00; P2: 23:45 - 01:45; P3: 01:30 - 03:30; P4: 03:15 - 05:15; P5:0 5:00 - 07:00). The participants were assigned to one of these 5 periods and awakened to answer calls from the city's central information centre. They took naps in individual rooms during night duty, except when on night shift or when called out on an emergency. Subjective complaints of fatigue, critical flicker fusion frequencies, 3-choice reaction times, and oral temperature were measured before and after work and following breaks during their 24 working hours. Heart rate variability was also recorded to evaluate autonomic nerve activity. The results show that during P3 and P4, participants who had to wake up at midnight took shorter naps. The rates of subjective complaints regarding P3 and P4 tended to be higher than those for P1, P2, and P5. The ratios of the low frequency component of heart rate variability to the high frequency component during P4 were significantly lower than those during P5. It is assumed that such an irregular sleeping pattern causes many complaints of subjective fatigue, and adversely affects physiological functions. A night-duty shift schedule ensuring undisturbed naps should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work establishes viable low-cost building system energy conservation measures (ECMs) while maintaining thermal comfort and good indoor air quality for existing office buildings in Mediterranean climate, taking an eight-storey office prototype building for analysis. The low-cost ECMs explored include raising indoor temperature cooling set point, lighting control, air economizer, night purging, and utilization of condensate drain to cool the direct expansion unit condenser to improve the overall system coefficient of performance. A standard system audit methodology and advanced energy modelling techniques were used to replicate the building base case. It is found that the building electrical energy consumption can be reduced by more than 16% energy without compromising thermal comfort when implementing the low-cost ECMs with minimal disruption and installation cost on existing building systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although community violence exposure is associated with trauma symptoms, the research on the demographic factors that might amplify this risk in university students is still emerging. Additional data focused on identifying populations most at-risk for trauma secondary to community violence can support the development of outreach and intervention efforts more precisely. This study examines the relationship between community violence victimization and trauma symptoms and determines whether gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation moderates the relationship. The sample consisted of 499 undergraduate students who completed a demographic questionnaire, the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40, and the Survey of Exposure to Community Violence. At the bivariate level, gender, sexual orientation, and race were not associated with community violence victimization. Identifying as a woman and community violence victimization were positively related to trauma symptoms, while identifying as LGBTQA was negatively associated with trauma symptoms. Race was not associated with trauma symptoms. Moderation analyses indicated that identifying as a woman and identifying as LGBTQA strengthened the relationship between community violence victimization and trauma symptoms, while racial identity was not a significant moderator. We discuss implications, including the factors that may increase trauma symptom development for females and LGTBTQA survivors of community violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the association between early childhood exposure to maternal smoking and behavioral issues at 8 years old using a large nationwide population-based longitudinal survey in Japan that began in 2001. We included 46,737 children with information about maternal smoking taken from the 6-month survey. We used logistic regression analysis to examine the hypothesis. Early childhood exposure to maternal smoking increased the risk of behavioral problems related to attention and aggressive or disruptive behavior. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.37 (1.22–1.54) for inability to wait their turn during play and 1.40 (1.27–1.55) for destroying toys and, compared with children of nonsmoking mothers. Children of mothers who were heavy smokers were more likely to develop behavioral problems than others. Stopping early childhood exposure to maternal exposure can protect children's neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing occupation in Palestine involves structural colonial oppression over the native population, depriving Palestinians of fundamental human rights. The set of political, social, economic, and environmental factors that result from the occupation has a lasting direct and indirect effect on the well-being of the children exposed to systematic violence. In this study, we explored the effect of systematic violence and military oppression in a group of 22 school-aged youths (M = 12.2; SD = 2.69, 45.5% girls) living in the West Bank. We identified factors associated with children's maladjustment to potentially traumatic environments and survival skills following a socio-ecological lens. Data were collected through biographical participative interviews. The TCA identified six themes: the pervasiveness of the Israeli violence; the unexpected costs of the pandemic; victims and perpetrators of intra-community violence; everyday acts of happiness (or normalcy); support from families, peers, and community; subverting negative situations, and fighting back. Children emerged as continuously engaged in adjustment and readjustment to inhuman living conditions, making normal what is abnormal in their development. The study draws attention to the political antecedent and determinants of the Palestinian children's actions and reactions to violence, highlighting the impossibility of exploring children's growth while avoiding political and human rights implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was examined the effects of essential oils inhalation on smoking cessation. This study is an experimental study conducted with the intervention and control groups (pretest/posttest). Fifty-eight students were randomly grouped into 1 of 3 groups: black pepper group (n:21), inhaled black pepper oil, angelica group (n:18) inhaled angelica oil, and control group (n:19), inhaled sunflower (placebo) oil for 2 min. when they felt the urge to smoke. The study showed that the mean score of students applying black pepper oil and angelica oil in intra-group comparison decreased after aromatherapy. Aromatherapy is an effective and safe method on smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide among internally displaced people remains an under-researched public health issue especially in conflict affected countries. Given the limited and sometimes inaccessible mental health services, there is a need for scalable evidence-based suicide prevention programmes that could be delivered by trained and supervised non-specialists. The Suicide First Aid Guidelines approach aims to support humanitarian workers who deal directly with children and families with the appropriate knowledge and skills to identify and support those at risk of suicide until they can access further specialized support services or until the crisis passes. This paper presents the findings of an online pilot training of 56 humanitarian workers from different sectors (e.g. Child Protection, Nutrition and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support) in conflict affected areas in Syria. The quantitative and qualitative evaluations were based on pre- and post-training questionnaires and revision journals completed between training sessions. Suggestions and examples provided in the journals and during the trainings were incorporated into the succeeding trainings. This was to contextualize and modify the gatekeeper training to fit the Syrian context and provide adaptations for future research and suicide prevention guidelines. Overall, the evaluation indicated that the pilot training raised awareness and improved participants' knowledge on how to assist a suicidal person, including warning signs. It also contributed to a positive change in attitude or beliefs towards suicide. Although the pilot training was considered adequate for the Syrian context some improvements were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional anesthesia technique has been reported to exert excellent analgesic efficacy for various surgeries. Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block are good ways to relieve postoperative pain after abdominal surgery. However, the analgesic efficacy between them remains controversial. This meta-analysis evaluated the analgesic effect between these two blocks in abdominal surgery with statistical and clinical interpretation. PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov register, and Embase databases were systematically searched by two independent investigators from the inception to December 2021. 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comprising 570 patients were included in the final meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that ESPB decreased the opioid consumption and improved the pain scores during the first 24 postoperative hours compared with TAP groups statistically, while the magnitude of this difference did not reach the clinically significant threshold (10 mg of intravenous morphine consumption and 1.3 cm on the VAS scale). In addition, ESPB prolonged blockade duration and decreased the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). However, it did not improve the patients' satisfaction. Although ESPB does not provide better clinical analgesia than the TAP block, it could be a comparable nerve block technique for abdominal wall analgesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firefighters are faced with numerous work-related demands and stressors, including exposure to potentially traumatic events, and are thus at an increased risk for poor mental health outcomes. To better understand the mental health of trauma-exposed firefighters, the current study sought to examine the association of fatigue sensitivity with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depressive symptom severity in a cross-sectional study design. Participants included 107 (Mage = 40.8 years; SDage = 8.95; age range: 21–67 years; 95.0% male) trauma-exposed firefighters. Findings from the current study indicated that fatigue sensitivity was a statistically significant clinical correlate of PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptom severity. The statistically significant incremental effects were small to medium across the mental health variables, but evident after accounting for years in the fire service, sleep quality, and trauma load. The present data provide initial empirical evidence for the role of fatigue sensitivity in terms of a broad range of mental health indices among trauma-exposed firefighters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green and sustainable method has been developed to extract anthocyanins from broken black rice (BBR) using aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The effects of time, PEG concentration, temperature, BBR mass, and PEG molar mass were investigated using multivariate experimental designs. Time and temperature were not significant in the studied range and PEG 1500 was the most suitable. Under the optimized conditions, the anthocyanin concentration was 130.7 mg 100 g−1. The stability of the extract was higher at 25 °C and pH 5.0, with a reduction in absorbance (λmax = 455 nm) of only 7.14% after 60 days. The extract was applied in a colorless soap, and the color remained stable for 60 days (greater reduction in absorbance of 15.5% at 40 °C, λmax = 497 nm), indicating its potential for direct application in products of industrial interest. The method was also effective to extract anthocyanins from the husk and bran of black rice, with concentrations of 148.1 and 883.2 mg 100 g−1, respectively. In comparison with conventional methods for extracting anthocyanins, the proposed new technique offers the advantages of efficiency, simplicity and low cost, with the difference in extract concentration being obtained with methanol acidified with HCl of only 11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a scarcity of evidence on the association between shift work, sleeping parameters, heart rate variability (HRV), and chronotype, i.e., morningness and eveningness. The aims of this study were to 1) compare participants with different chronotypes (morning (M), evening (E), or neither (N)) in terms of their total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and HRV parameters, taking their age into account, and 2) examine whether self-reported work-related stress, the length of the working career and years performing shift work affect this association. The participants of the study were home care workers working in two shifts in one municipality in Eastern Finland (N = 395). Of these, 52 females (mean age 42.78 y, SD 12.92 y) completed the study questionnaire and participated in physiological measurements. Several sleep-related parameters were assessed (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, number of awakenings, and length of awakening) and indices of autonomic nervous system based on HRV were calculated. The participants worked in two shifts: a morning shift (7:00–15:00 h) and an evening shift (14:00–21:30 h). All these parameters were assessed during the night before the first work shift (N1), the night before the second work shift (N2), the night before the final work shift (N3), and the night before the first day off work (N4). According to the results, 21.2% of the participants were M-types, 17.3% were E-types, and 61.5% were N-types. On average, the participants had been in working life for 18.8 years and performing shift work for 13.7 years. On night N3, E-types had a significantly shorter total sleep time and spent less time in bed compared to M- and N-types. The total sleep time of M-type and N-type participants was on average 66 minutes and 82 minutes longer, respectively, when compared to E-types on night N3. There were no statistically significant differences in actigraphy-based sleep quality parameters between M-, N-, and E-types on nights N1, N2, and N4. Our results together indicate that M- and N-type individuals may have better sleep quality than E-types, which was also reflected in HRV parameters. Further research with longitudinal study design and workplace interventions is needed to determine how the chronotype can be optimally and individually utilized to improve the health and well-being of morning-type and evening-type people. This is particularly important for both younger and older workers entering the workforce to support healthier and longer working lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on declining numbers being a major victory for health care professionals. Topics include early data indicating psychiatric symptoms stemming from coronavirus-related lockdowns and restrictions playing a part in increasing rates of smoking; and researchers across the globe recommending varenicline as a first-line option for smoking cessation.

Nano selenium (Nano Sel) has many therapeutic properties including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory actions. Impacts of Nano Sel administration against cardiac fibrosis and heart and aorta tissue oxidative damage observed in hypothyroid rats were explored. The animals were randomly grouped and treated as: 1) Control; 2) Propylthiouracil (PTU) in which PTU was added to the drinking water (0.05%) to induce hypothyroidism; 3–5) PTU-Nano Sel 50, PTU-Nano Sel 100, and PTU-Nano Sel 150 groups, which received daily PTU plus 50,100 or 150 µg/kg of Nano Sel for 6 weeks intraperitoneally. The heart and aorta tissues were removed under deep anesthesia and then biochemical parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol groups, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as cardiac fibrosis were assessed. Hypothyroidism induced by PTU was remarkably associated with myocardial hypertrophy and perivascular fibrosis in Masson's trichrome staining. Moreover, hypothyroidism increased MDA level, while it subtracted total thiol group content and activity of SOD and CAT. Treatment with Nano Sel recovered hypothyroidism-induced cardiac fibrosis in the histological assessment. Nano Sel also promoted CAT and SOD activity and thiol content, whereas alleviated MDA levels in the heart and aorta tissues. Results propose that administration of Nano Sel exerts a protective role in the cardio vascular system via preventing cardiac fibrosis and inhibiting oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is the distinctive aroma compound in rice and many other foods such as popcorn, wheat, and rye bread crusts. Its amount in rice is very minute and varies from 0.05 to 0.34 ppm. Several methods are available for identifying and quantifying the 2-AP in rice. Nevertheless, an extensive method is lacking to extract, identify and quantify 2-AP, which needs attention immediately. The aim of this paper was to have an extensive review to highlight the updated and upgraded knowledge on traditional and recent extraction methods with advanced analytical techniques and instrumentation for isolation, characterization, and quantification of the 2-AP compound from different types of rice samples. In addition, there has also been a discussion of the chemistry, formation, and synthesis of 2-AP in rice and its connection with rice quality. Abbreviations: 1P: ∆1-pyrroline; P5CS: ∆1-pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthase; TMP: 2,4,6-Trimethylpyrridine; 2-AP: 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; AB-ald: 4-aminobutyraldehyde; AEDA: Aroma extract dilution analysis; ASD: Atmospheric steam distillation; CCU: Capillary column ultra; CO2: Carbon dioxide; CW/DVB: Carbowax/divinylbenzene; CW/TPR: Carbowax/templated resin; CAR: Carboxen; CAR/PDMS: Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; CF–SPME: Cold-fiber SPME; DF Detection frequencies; DVB: Divinylbenzene; DVB/CAR/PDMS: Divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; FID: Flame ionization; GC: Gas chromatography; GC-FID: Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; GC-O: Gas chromatography-olfactometry; HAS: Headspace analysis; HSSE: Headspace sorptive extraction; KEaC: Kernel elongation after cooking; KDML-105: Khao Dawk Mali 105; LNA: Likens-Nickerson apparatus; LOD: Limits of detection; LOQ: Limits of quantification; MgSO4: Magnesium sulfate; MSD: Mass selective detector; MS: Mass spectrometry; NPD: Nitrogen-phosphorus; OTH: Odor threshold; ppb: Parts per billion; PA: Polyacrylate; PDMS: Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS/DVB: Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene; PCI-IT: Positive chemical ionization-ion trap-tandem; PTM: Purge and trap method; RT: Retention time; SIM: Selected ion monitoring; SDE: Simultaneous distillation extraction; Na2SO4: Sodium sulfate; SPME: Solid-phase microextraction; SEfbDI: Solvent extraction followed by direct injection; SIDA: Stable isotope dilution assay; SC-CO2: Supercritical CO2; SFE: Supercritical fluid extraction; SCFs: Supercritical fluids; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a scarcity of evidence on the association between heart rate variability (HRV) and chronotype, i.e., morningness and eveningness. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the association between chronotype, HRV, mood and stress response. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cinahl, PsycINFO and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published in English between January 2000 and June 2020. A total of 11 articles met the inclusion criteria and were on study population, assessment of HRV and chronotype, main results and study limitations. Seven of the included studies were experimental and four were crossovers. The sample size varied from 9 to 221 participants, and both females and males were included. HRV was assessed using mostly time-domain and frequency-domain parameters; nonlinear parameters were used in only one study. The most used assessments for measuring chronotype were the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). The results showed that chronotype was associated with HRV, but the study designs were situation-specific, focusing, for example, on the effects of shiftwork, stressful situations, exercise, or sleep deprivation on HRV. In addition, some studies showed that evening types (E-type) performed better during evening or nighttime tasks, whereas morning types (M-type) performed better during morning activities. Specifically, E-types showed decreased HRV and HRV recovery in relation to tasks performed during morning or daytime when compared to M-types. As the findings are somewhat contradictory and include some methodological limitations (e.g., small sample sizes, age groups), it is important for future studies to evaluate the association between chronotype and HRV in a longitudinal setting. In addition, further research is needed to determine how chronotype can be optimally and individually utilized to increase the health and well-being of M-type and E-type individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to compare the psychological characteristics of university students in Gaza groups at differing levels of risk of suicide. Four hundred and thirty-one university students (Mage = 20.53 years, SD = 1.89, range = 17–21), 75 of whom reported being at "high risk" of suicide were recruited in the Gaza Strip and asked to complete the Gaza Siege Checklist, Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Berlin Social Support Scale, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The data were analyzed using stepwise discriminant analysis (DA). Mental distress, hopelessness, and social resilience (social support) contributed to the discriminant function. Lower personal resilience was not a significant discriminating factor for suicide risk. Our findings draw attention to the relations among the psychological, social, and political factors implicated in suicidal behavior in a context characterized by ongoing low-intensity warfare. Social resilience can be undermined by conditions of protracted and systematic violence undermining protective factors against suicidal ideations. Ultimately, research and intervention oriented at detecting and promoting social networks to reduce the risk of suicide are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter flooding of paddy rice production is characterized by flooding of paddy fields during the winter fallow season. It has attracted attention in terms of its ecological function, supporting the biodiversity of paddy field ecosystems. Therefore, recent winter flooding in Japan has been conducted by organic farming. However, it is not well documented how organic farming with winter flooding affect the productivity of rice. We conducted field experiments to examine changes in rice yield in organic farming with winter flooding compared with those in conventional and organic farming over the period of 5 and 9 years. The yields in organic farming with winter flooding were lower than those in conventional farming but were almost the same as those in organic farming. We found a trend that shows the relative yield of organic farming with winter flooding compared to that of conventional farming increased during the first several years after the conversion from conventional farming to organic farming with winter flooding, but that it decreased after several years. This trend may be caused by the flourishing of weeds during continuous organic farming with winter flooding. Therefore, we tested four weed control methods: rice bran application, mechanical weeding, repeated puddling, and side-row fertilizer application. Although each method suppressed weeds to certain extents, some combinations of different weeding methods more effectively suppressed weed growth, thereby resulting in enhanced rice yields. We found a trend in rice yield and a possibility of combining several weed control methods in organic farming with winter flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are significant non-communicable diseases that often affect individuals concurrently. In individuals with both T2DM and NAFLD, there is evidence that anti-diabetic therapies may demonstrate potential combined beneficial metabolic and reduced hepatic inflammatory effects. Areas covered: A PubMed and Google Scholar search was performed to find relevant literature. Included studies focused on individuals with T2DM and NAFLD receiving anti-diabetic treatments including bariatric surgery, insulin sensitizers, incretin mimetics, and SGLT2 inhibitors. Additional articles highlight investigational treatments. Expert opinion: In individuals with T2DM and NAFLD, 5–10% weight loss or bariatric surgery if unable to lose weight or maintain weight loss are appropriate. GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors result in weight loss, appear safe and may provide beneficial hepatic outcomes. Whether their effects are related to favorable weight changes or intrinsic hepatic effects is unclear. Thiazolidinediones have advantageous anti-hyperglycemic and hepatic effects but individuals must be monitored for weight gain and edema. Metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor beneficial hepatic effects remain debated. There are opportunities to standardize markers and imaging of NAFLD. Studies powered to evaluate the possible cardiovascular benefits of anti-diabetic therapies in individuals with T2DM and NAFLD are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated grain anthocyanin, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations, and grain yield of eleven purple rice varieties (PP1–PP11) grown under wetland (W+) and aerobic conditions (W0) in 2 years. There was a significant variation in the concentrations of anthocyanin, Zn and Fe, by water regime and year among the varieties with a wide range of anthocyanin (1–117 mg 100 g−1) and narrower ranges of Zn (19–41 mg kg−1) and Fe (6–19 mg kg−1) concentrations. The nutritional quality in aerobic grown rice was lower than wetland grown among the varieties with higher levels of anthocyanin (>40 mg 100 g−1), Zn (>30 mg kg−1) and Fe (>15 mg kg−1), with smaller effects of water among varieties in the lower quality ranges. The lowering of anthocyanin in aerobic grown rice was observed in the two varieties of the upland ecotype that were highest in anthocyanin concentration, as well as some wetland varieties. The grain yield (1.4–6.7 Mg ha−1) was associated negatively with grain Zn concentration (r = −0.50, P ≤ 0.001), but not with grain Fe (r = −0.14, NS0.05) or anthocyanin (r = −0.27, NS0.05). The anthocyanin concentration in the purple rice increased with Zn concentration (r = 0.57, P ≤ 0.001). Wetland condition was shown to be more favorable than aerobic culture for intense pigmentation in the production of purple rice, as well as higher Zn and Fe concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran accumulates many compounds that are associated with the promotion and maintenance of human health, such as γ-oryzanol (gOZ) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These beneficial compounds in the bran fraction are mostly removed in polished rice. The present study sought rice cultivars with high concentrations of gOZ, and also of GABA, in polished rice, and examined the distribution of gOZ content in the outer layers of brown rice. The effects of germination treatment were also examined as a means to enrich gOZ and GABA in polished rice. GABA concentration showed no significant variation among 19 cultivars in polished rice, whereas a wide variation was detected in brown rice, for which cultivar Kinuhikari had the highest amount. Germination treatment for 5 h significantly enhanced GABA concentration. gOZ concentrations also showed a wide variation among cultivars in both brown rice and polished rice, with no clear correlation. Hattan, a sake-brewing cultivar, exhibited the highest gOZ concentration in polished rice. This cultivar involved higher gOZ in the outermost layer of polished rice, whereas it had a lower content in the bran fraction. This permeation of gOZ into polished rice might be related to the endosperm properties characteristic to sake-brewing cultivars. In contrast to GABA, gOZ concentration did not increase with germination treatment in brown rice or polished rice. Because the gOZ concentration in polished rice was insufficient even in the Hattan cultivar, breeding and/or other processing techniques are needed to obtain gOZ-enriched polished rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effect of using a new control strategy for a hybrid mixed ventilation system aided with personalised ventilation (PV) units on thermal comfort and energy consumption. The natural ventilation (NV) was integrated with conventional vapor compression (VC). Meanwhile, PV units were operated to maintain the occupants' thermal comfort when NV room temperature was lower than a threshold value. Simulations were performed using Integrated Environmental Solutions-Virtual Environment for an office floor in Beirut while adopting the proposed control strategy. The case study was calibrated using measured energy consumption. The new cooling strategy resulted in operating the VC system for less hours and in 53% energy savings compared to the base case when only VC system was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a 61-year-old woman diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy and rhabdomyolysis caused by hypopituitarism. She, who consulted her cardiologist because of shortness of breath and chest pain, had arterial hypertension. Topics discussed include the diagnosis of central hypothyroidism, the connection between the heart and the thyroid system and the treatment of combined pituitary hormone deficiencies. The prognosis for the case is also presented.

Few studies have analyzed on-shift naps with regard to shift workers' health. The aim of this study was to examine the association between exposure to night work (intensity and length of exposure to night work) and blood pressure (BP), considering the impact of on-shift naps. A cross-sectional study was carried out at a hospital based on a questionnaire and measurement of BP. The outcomes were systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and casual hypertension (HTN), i.e., SBP > 140 mmHg, or DBP > 90 mmHg, or reporting a prescription of antihypertensive medication. The sample comprised 449 fixed 12 h night workers who were (unofficially) allowed to nap during the night shift for up to 3 h. Approximately 42% of the sample reported napping. Among non-nappers (but not among nappers), those exposed to more work nights (≥5/fortnight) showed a DBP that was 3.66 mmHg higher than that of the reference group. The likelihood of casual HTN was more than three-fold greater among non-nappers working more nights/fortnight than among those working fewer nights/fortnight. A similar tendency was observed in a subsample of workers who did not take antihypertensive medication. The results were less consistent regarding length of exposure to night work (in years). A possible explanation is that workers who usually take on-shift naps could experience suppression of the BP increase derived from the many nights worked, while the non-nappers did not experience this suppression. The results may be explained by the relationship between napping, melatonin secretion, and attenuation of circadian misalignment. Napping likely contributes to creating a "physiologically nocturnal environment" that tends to favor the circadian system and, therefore, health. Possible negative effects related to sleep inertia deserve attention. The findings encourage new studies on this topic to improve the management of night work at hospitals in regard to workers' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on identity process theory, this study explores the protective and risk factors of psychological distress and self-harm in a religiously diverse sample of heterosexual and non-heterosexual students in Lebanon. A convenience sample of 209 undergraduate students participated in a cross-sectional survey and completed measures of religiosity, identity threat, psychological distress and self-harm. Results indicated that non-heterosexual participants exhibited higher levels of psychological distress, were more likely to report self-harm, and reported lower levels of religiosity than their heterosexual counterparts. It was shown that religiosity was protective against psychological distress, and that sexual orientation distress predicted self-harm. In order to reduce the risk of psychological distress and self-harm, it will be necessary to challenge stigma towards sexual minorities, to promote engagement with a broader range of social identity categories (other than just religion), and to ensure the availability of effective counselling support to all who need it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization recommends vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) for children aged 1 year and older in areas where endemicity has shifted from high to intermediate. There are no recent comprehensive reviews of the epidemiology of HAV infection in Latin America, but seroprevalence and socioeconomic data suggest that, with improved clean water and sanitation systems, countries are transitioning to intermediate endemicity. We conducted a systematic literature review of the epidemiology of HAV infection in 25 countries in the Latin American region, which included gray literature. We compiled data on HAV incidence and prevalence, including the identification of epidemiological changes observed in countries that established pediatric HAV vaccination programs. We identified 59 relevant articles, including 34 peer-reviewed seroprevalence studies (12 recent studies from Brazil), three incidence studies, and six vaccine impact studies (three from Argentina). Based on the estimated age at midpoint of population immunity in each country, most have a high-intermediate, intermediate, or low-intermediate level of HAV endemicity, suggesting that national childhood immunization may be an appropriate disease prevention strategy. However, recent data were lacking for most countries. Improved data quality and continued epidemiological surveillance are required for this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are used in multiple applications but primarily in the manufacturing of antimicrobial products. Previous studies have identified AgNP toxicity in airway epithelial cells, but no in vitro studies to date have used organotypic cultures as a high-content in vitro model of the conducting airway to characterize the effects of interactions between host genetic and acquired factors, or gene × phenotype interactions (G × P), on AgNP toxicity. In the present study, we derived organotypic cultures from primary murine tracheal epithelial cells (MTEC) to characterize nominal and dosimetric dose-response relationships for AgNPs with a gold core on barrier dysfunction, glutathione (GSH) depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity across two genotypes (A/J and C57BL/6J mice), two phenotypes ('Normal' and 'Type 2 [T2]-Skewed'), and two exposures (an acute exposure of 24 h and a subacute exposure of 4 h, every other day, over 5 days [5 × 4 h]). We characterized the 'T2-Skewed' phenotype as an in vitro model of chronic respiratory diseases, which was marked by increased sensitivity to AgNP-induced barrier dysfunction, GSH depletion, ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity, suggesting that asthmatics are a sensitive population to AgNP exposures in occupational settings. This also suggests that exposure limits, which should be based upon the most sensitive population, should be derived using in vitro and in vivo models of chronic respiratory diseases. This study highlights the importance of considering dosimetry as well as G × P effects when screening and prioritizing potential respiratory toxicants. Such in vitro studies can be used to inform regulatory policy aimed at special protections for all populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has a complex pathophysiology composed of multiple underlying defects that lead to impaired glucose homeostasis and the development of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Of the currently available glucose-lowering therapies, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) both provide effective glycemic control and have been shown to reduce cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with T2D and a high CV risk or established CV disease. Because these agents have complementary mechanisms of action, they are able to act on multiple defects of T2D when used in combination. This review discusses the rationale for and potential benefits of SGLT-2i plus GLP-1RA combination therapy in patients with T2D. A search of the PubMed database was conducted for studies and reviews describing the combined use of SGLT-2is and GLP-1RAs, with a specific focus on identifying clinical studies of combination therapy in patients with T2D. In clinical studies, glycated hemoglobin (A1c) was significantly reduced over 28-52 weeks with SGLT-2i plus GLP-1RA therapy versus the individual agents or baseline. Several CV risk factors, including body weight, blood pressure, and lipid parameters, were also improved. SGLT-2i plus GLP-1RA therapy was generally well tolerated, with a low risk of hypoglycemia and no unexpected findings. Taken together with results from large CV outcomes trials of SGLT-2is and GLP-1RAs, combination therapy with these agents potentially provides effective durable glycemic control and CV benefits due to their complementary actions on the defects of T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades, studies exploring the role of microorganisms inhabiting human body in different scenarios have demonstrated the great potential of modulating them to treat and prevent diseases. Among the most outstanding applications, probiotics have been used for over a century to treat infections and inflammation. Despite the beneficial role of other probiotics, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species are the most frequently used, and have been effective as a therapeutic option in the treatment/prevention of dental caries, periodontal diseases, urogenital infections, and gastrointestinal infections. Additionally, as gastrointestinal tract harbors a great diversity of microbial species that directly or indirectly modulate host metabolism and immune response, the influence of intestinal microbiota, one of the targets of therapies using probiotics, on the biology of immune cells can be explored to treat inflammatory disorders or immune-mediated diseases. Thus, it is not surprising that probiotics have presented promising results in modulating human inflammatory diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, among others. Hence, the purpose of this review is to discuss the potential of therapeutic approaches using probiotics to constrain infection and development of inflammation on human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As societies become increasingly diverse, mental health professionals need instruments for assessing emotional, behavioral, and social problems in terms of constructs that are supported within and across societies. Building on decades of research findings, multisample alignment confirmatory factor analyses tested an empirically based 8-syndrome model on parent ratings across 30 societies and youth self-ratings across 19 societies. The Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6–18 and Youth Self-Report for Ages 11–18 were used to measure syndromes descriptively designated as Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, Rule-Breaking Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior. For both parent ratings (N = 61,703) and self-ratings (N = 29,486), results supported aggregation of problem items into 8 first-order syndromes for all societies (configural invariance), plus the invariance of item loadings (metric invariance) across the majority of societies. Supported across many societies in both parent and self-ratings, the 8 syndromes offer a parsimonious phenotypic taxonomy with clearly operationalized assessment criteria. Mental health professionals in many societies can use the 8 syndromes to assess children and youths for clinical, training, and scientific purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents of children with autism experience elevated stress that may be influenced by specific characteristics of the child and parent, including cultural norms and beliefs about parenting. However, there is little research on families of children with autism from cultural perspectives. The purpose of this integrative review is to identify factors influencing parenting stress in mothers of children with autism in Japan. A final sample of 15 primary research articles (2000–2015) on parenting stress in mothers of Japanese children with autism was selected using several databases. The findings suggested that these mothers experience much greater parenting stress than mothers of typically developing children and children with other disabilities. Japanese mothers also demonstrate stress related to attachment difficulties, low parenting efficacy and lack of support, reflecting Japanese parenting styles and gender ideology. Parent-directed and culturally calibrated interventions are needed to support parents of children with autism, especially cultural minority parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifocal gastrointestinal varices are uncommon and often associated with liver cirrhosis. They consist of varices at the gastroesophageal region and the other sites (i.e. ectopic varices) simultaneously. The etiology includes venous system anomalies or thrombosis (congenital or acquired), vascular injury (iatrogenic or traumatic), or portal hypertension (either intrahepatic or extrahepatic). The clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic lesions to life-threatening variceal hemorrhage. The identification of bleeding foci, as well as the etiology of varices, can be challenging. The treatment necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. Here, we report a case with multifocal gastrointestinal varices involving the stomach, duodenum, and transverse colon. The patient presented with intermittent melena and has no history of liver or heart disease. Serial endoscopic examinations confirmed the multiple sites of the gastrointestinal varices. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated that the liver parenchyma is normal, and the hepatic veins, intrahepatic portal system, as well as vena cava, are all unobstructed. Nevertheless, it revealed typical features of autoimmune pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and compromised splenic and superior mesenteric veins. After the pancreatic tissue sampling, we eventually confirmed the etiology as immunoglobulin G4-related disease. In addition to steroid treatment for immunoglobulin G4-related disease, we successfully treated variceal bleeding with band ligation and prevented rebleeding with propranolol. He had been convalescing and has received periodic follow-up in our outpatient clinic for more than 12 months uneventfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tobacco use is a major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis in particular. The use of waterpipe smoking (WPS) is increasing due to the misperception that it is less harmful than cigarette smoking due to its flavor and the use of water as a filter. Thus, research that investigates toxic effects of WPS is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of WPS on major cardiovascular biomarkers that may develop atherosclerosis in mice. Methods: BALB/c mice were exposed to WPS for either two weeks (acute exposure) or eight weeks (chronic exposure). Then, the heart tissue homogenates were analyzed to elucidate the effects of WPS on matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs: isoforms 1, 3, and 9), metallopeptidase inhibitor (TIMP1), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) using ELISA technique. Results: Current data showed that acute exposure to WPS significantly enhanced the levels of MMP-3, MMP-9, and MPO (p < 0.05) compared to their corresponding control. However, the body was capable to restore the increased levels of these parameters following chronic exposure to WPS for 8 weeks (p > 0.05). Additionally, the levels of ET-1 were significantly higher upon chronic exposure to WPS compared to both control and acute exposure groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Waterpipe exposure has a significant negative effect on the cardiovascular system. The enhancement of the atherosclerotic biomarkers (MMP-3, MMP-9, MPO, and ET-1) might represent an early scavenger of compensatory efforts to maintain cardiovascular function after WPS exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, supporting the optimal growth of low birth weight (LBW) infants has been considered one of the most important paediatric challenges, despite advances in neonatal intensive care technology and nutrition interventions. Since gut microbiota affects such diverse phenotypes in adults, the difference in gut microbiota composition between normal infants and LBW infants raises the possibility of gut microbiota playing an important role in different growth rates of neonates. Based on the concept that probiotics are generally beneficial to the health, numerous studies have been made on probiotics as a supplement to the diet of the LBW infants. However, clinical results on the effects of probiotics on LBW infant growth are either inconsistent or contradictory with each other, and thus the contribution of gut microbiota in neonatal growth has remained inconclusive. In this review, recent researches on neonatal gut microbiota are discussed to develop a new strategy for targeting gut microbiota as a solution to growth retardation in LBW infants. We also discuss how to establish the ideal gut microbiota to support optimal growth of LBW infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) encompass ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD) and indeterminate colitis (IC), characterising chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, associated with changes in the immune system and in the intestinal microbiota. Thus, probiotics may offer an alternative or adjuvant approach to conventional therapy. The present review aims to summarise the mechanisms of action of probiotics in IBD and their therapeutic effects. Most of the studies suggest that probiotics are effective in the treatment of UC, especially when several strains are concomitantly administered. Species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genres are the most commonly used, and some studies even indicate that it is possible to replace medical therapy with probiotic supplementation. Regarding CD, the results of clinical trials are controversial and do not support the use of probiotics in this disease. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation is a promising adjuvant treatment in UC, but not in CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined gender differences in kindergarten students' ability for behavioural self-regulation and executive function in East Japan. One hundred and eleven 5-year-old children were assessed on behavioural self-regulation, inhibitory, and working memory tasks (direct measurement). Children's responses to the teacher's instructions were video-recorded and analysed (class room observation). Teachers assessed behaviour problems in the classroom. Results demonstrated that, while there were no significant gender differences in direct measurement or classroom observations, there were gender differences in teachers' evaluation of social problems, attention problems, and aggressive behaviour, with girls demonstrating lowere levels of problem than boys. These results suggest that teachers' evaluation of behavioural problem could be biased by gender. Possible reasons for this discrepancy were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study examined differences in waterpipe smoking (both lifetime and current) by race and ethnicity. More specifically, we evaluated intra-ethnic racial differences among Latinos using a nationally representative sample. Methods: Pooled data from the National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS) [2012-2014] was used, in which Log-Poisson multivariable regression models were deployed to determine the prevalence of waterpipe smoking behavior. Models were stratified by gender and we further investigated acculturation, controlling for relevant sociodemographic characteristics. Results: In fully-adjusted models assessing lifetime WTS, Black Latinos and White Latinos exhibited an increase prevalence of lifetime WTS compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Once stratifying by gender, Black Latino men (PR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.16, 1.90) exhibited increased prevalence of lifetime WTS compared to their non-Hispanic white men counterparts; although white Latino men (PR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.80, 0.98) exhibited decreased prevalence compared to their non-Hispanic white male counterparts. Similar trends were found for current WTS among men. In fully adjusted models assessing lifetime WTS, among women, only white Latina's (PR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.46) exhibited increased prevalence compared to their non-Hispanic white women counterparts. When evaluating current WTS, Black Latina's (PR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.32, 3.65) and white Latinas (PR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.63) exhibited increased prevalence of WTS compared to their non-Hispanic white women counterparts. Conclusions/Importance: Among the U.S. general adult population, intra-ethnic racial differences in WTS behaviors exist among Latinos; and is shaped by gender. Future efforts to eliminate racial disparities in WTS should be attentive intra-ethnic racial differences among Latinos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CyTA: Journal of Food is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline is an aroma compound that gives aromatic rice its characteristic flavor. This compound either is present naturally in various food sources or is generated during certain processing methods, as reported in a number of studies. This review focuses on several sources of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, including aromatic rice, and the factors, including chemical and genetic parameters, affecting the formation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. Extensive work has been conducted on the agricultural parameters, postharvest processing, storage, and cooking methods, influencing the concentrations of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in different food commodities. This article is an attempt to emphasize the importance of this compound in the food industry as a major aroma compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg proteins have various functional and biological activities which make them potential precursor proteins for bioactive peptide production. Simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and enzymatic hydrolysis using non-gastrointestinal proteases have been used as tools to produce these peptides. Bioactive peptides derived from egg proteins are reported to display various biological activities, including angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory (antihypertensive), antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and iron-/calcium-binding activities. More importantly, simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion has indicated that consumption of egg proteins has physiological benefits due to the release of such multifunctional peptides. This review encompasses studies reported to date on the bioactive peptide production from egg proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence about the impact of polyvictimization on suicidal ideation among adolescents in the Eastern Mediterranean region is limited. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between polyvictimization and suicidal ideation while considering the potential moderating effect of gender on that association among Emirati adolescents. Secondary data (N = 2520) from the Global School-based Student Health Survey were analyzed. Gender was found to be a significant effect modifier of the association between polyvictimization and suicidal ideation. Based on gender-specific multivariable logistic regression models, victimized females had higher odds of reporting suicidal ideation than their male counterparts after adjusting for known confounders such as risk behavior and factors related to mental health, peer relations, and lack of parental understanding. The results of this study could guide public health officials in recognizing the magnitude of victimization on the mental health of adolescents especially in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an CHCl3-soluble fraction of the stems of Semecarpus caudata, one new bischromanone named semecarpanone (1), together with 5 known flavonoids (2'6) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated based on interpretation of spectroscopic data. The stereo-configuration of 1 was identified based on the calculated and experimental coupling constants. Compounds 4'6 showed potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with the IC50 values ranging from 15.0 to 76.3 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: African C4 grasses threatens newly restored areas in Neotropical savannas. Allelopathy exhibited by some native species may contribute to ecological restoration. Aims: To establish the potential use of Lepidaploa aurea (Asteraceae) in ecological restoration of invaded savannas, we evaluated its allelopathic effects on two invasive grasses, a native grass, and two native trees (one savanna and one riparian forest species). Methods: We tested the allelopathic effects of the leaves and roots of L. aurea in a growth chamber, a greenhouse, and in field experiments. Results: Leaf extracts reduced the growth of all other species in the growth chamber experiment. Root extracts reduced growth in one invasive grass and promoted root growth in the savanna tree. The invasive grass and riparian forest tree were negatively affected when planted in soil where L. aurea had grown, whereas the savanna tree showed increased growth. Lepidaploa aurea litter reduced growth in one invasive grass species and increased root biomass accumulation in the native grass species. Conclusions: Lepidaploa aurea negatively affected the growth of invasive grasses, through plant extracts, litter and through soil. These patterns could explain its ability to colonise abandoned pasturelands and its high success of establishing in restoration areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole crop rice (WCR) is expected to establish a cultivation method using manure produced from animal wastes. Meanwhile, application methods of fertilizer and manure in the WCR cultivation are affected by availability of manure, available time for its application, and field drainage, and low market price of WCR. This raises concerns about soil fertility deterioration and yield reduction in the WCR cultivation. The objectives of this study were to investigate how different application methods of fertilizer and manure affected soil chemical properties and yield in the WCR cultivation. Field surveys were conducted in 2013 and 2014 at 10 fields cultivated by five different farmers in the Itoshima region, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The surveyed fields included two application methods of manure (M) alone and chemical fertilizer (CF) alone. Clay plus silt content was significantly correlated with total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and exchangeable potassium (Exch. K), which indicated that soil texture partly contributed to the variations of these soil chemical properties. Meanwhile, clear gaps of TN, TP, Exch. K, K saturation degree, and available N between CF and M at around 40% of clay plus silt content strongly suggested that manure application contributed to increases in the soil chemical properties. Yearly differences of available N had relatively large negative values in CF fields. This result suggested a possible decrease in mineralizable part of soil TN in the WCR cultivation with CF alone, which needs to be clarified through long-term study. Significant relationships between potential N supply and straw weight (r = 0.698, p < 0.05 for 2013; r = 0.873, p < 0.01 for 2014) or yield of whole crop (r = 0.852, p < 0.01 for 2014) indicated that N mineralized from soil, which was enhanced by manure application, increased straw weight, resulting in an increase in yield of whole crop. However, excessive amounts of manure applied in surveyed fields can cause groundwater and surface water pollution. Thus, nutrient balances in a paddy field need to be analyzed further to determine an appropriate application amount of manure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of both necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and late-onset sepsis (LOS) in preterm infants are yet to be elucidated, evidence is emerging that the gut microbiota plays a key role in their pathophysiology. Areas covered: In this review, initial microbial colonization and factors influencing microbiota composition are discussed. For both NEC and LOS, an overview of studies investigating preclinical alterations in gut microbiota composition and fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is provided. Fecal VOCs are considered to reflect not only gut microbiota composition, but also their metabolic activity and concurrent interaction with the host. Expert review: Heterogeneity in study protocols and applied analytical techniques hampers reliable comparison between outcomes of different microbiota studies, limiting the ability to draw firm conclusions. This dilemma is illustrated by the finding that study results often cannot be reproduced, or even contradict each other. A NEC- and sepsis specific microbial or metabolic signature has not yet been discovered. Identification of ‘disease-specific’ VOCs and microbiota composition may increase understanding on pathophysiological mechanisms and may allow for development of an accurate screening tool, opening avenues towards timely identification and initiation of targeted treatment for preterm infants at increased risk for NEC and sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended nap opportunities have been effective in maintaining alertness in the context of extended night shifts (+12 h). However, there is limited evidence of their efficacy during 8-h shifts. Thus, this study explored the effects of extended naps on cognitive, physiological and perceptual responses during four simulated, 8-h night shifts. In a laboratory setting, 32 participants were allocated to one of three conditions. All participants completed four consecutive, 8-h night shifts, with the arrangements differing by condition. The fixed night condition worked from 22h00 to 06h00, while the nap early group worked from 20h00 to 08h00 and napped between 00h00 and 03h20. The nap late group worked from 00h00 to 12h00 and napped between 04h00 and 07h20. Nap length was limited to 3 hours and 20 minutes. Participants performed a simple beading task during each shift, while also completing six to eight test batteries roughly every 2 h. During each shift, six test batteries were completed, in which the following measures were taken. Performance indicators included beading output, eye accommodation time, choice reaction time, visual vigilance, simple reaction time, processing speed and object recognition, working memory, motor response time and tracking performance. Physiological measures included heart rate and tympanic temperature, whereas subjective sleepiness and reported sleep length and quality while outside the laboratory constituted the self reported measures. Both naps reduced subjective sleepiness but did not alter the circadian and homeostatic-related changes in cognitive and physiological measures, relative to the fixed night condition. Additionally, there was evidence of sleep inertia following each nap, which resulted in transient reductions in certain perceptual cognitive performance measures. The present study suggested that there were some benefits associated with including an extended nap during 8-h night shifts. However, the effects of sleep inertia need to be effectively managed to ensure that post-nap alertness and performance is maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Milling is an influential factor that affects the nutritional components in rice. However, the alteration of rice constituents by milling has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, rice with various degrees of milling was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and partial least square-discriminant analysis were performed to characterize the nutritional components that have significant changes during milling. The concentrations of sugars and sugar alcohols decreased while the phospholipids increased in accordance with the milling degree. These results provide a contrast to the common idea that brown rice is nutritionally superior to white rice. In conclusion, the knowledge of nutritional alterations related to milling may benefit rice production and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]