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In this paper we present a categorization of autonomies implemented by indigenous and peasant movements in Latin America into three types: a) juridical versus de facto autonomies; b) explicit versus implicit autonomies; and c) (mono)ethnic versus popular or class-based autonomies. We argue that the debate concerning these different conceptions is of strategic importance both in the dialogue between indigenous and peasant struggles for the defense of territories, and in the question of peasant autonomy, understood as a strategy of struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Education Program in Agrarian Reform (Pronera) is considered the first public policy conquered by the Rural Education movement. It is a public policy created to be implemented in Agrarian Reform peasant territories. It was created in 1998 by the strength of the struggle of peasant socio-territorial movements. This program allowed thousands of peasant-settlers to have the right to access different levels of formal education, and, among these, is the training of rural educators. The training courses for rural educators by Pronera use the Pedagogy of Alternation as a pedagogical matrix. This methodology intends to link work, culture and peasant life experiences with technical-scientific knowledge. The purpose of this text is to discuss the emancipatory importance of training rural educators and the methodology of Pedagogy of Alternation in higher education courses at Pronera, using the Special Graduation Course in Geography (CEGeo) as an analysis point. The methodology used was theoretical discussion, documentary research on the Pronera Operations Manual and CEGeo's Pedagogical Curricular Project and interviews with peasant students of the Course. The course was constructed in horizontal dialogue with peasant socio-territorial movements, establishing a dialogic relationship between the University, Socio-territorial Movements and the State. In this course, 46 peasant-settlers graduated in geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I propose some explorations to the analysis of the appropriation of new spaces for capital accumulation developed by Jason Moore on "The capital in the web of life". For this, I focus on the agribusiness expansion in the Chapada Diamantina, located in the central area of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Firstly, I explore the active role played by agribusiness companies in the making of the Chapada as a differentiated place for agriculture production with a potential that only them could develop. Additionally, based on the years I worked in the region with peasant communities, I analyze the ways the sector displaces rural people, while subordinating small farmers that still exist in the region. For this, I also draw on the Brazilian literature of the agrarian question, aiming to positionize the knowledge produced in the South in order to engage with global debates. Finally, I take Moore's emphasis on the forms that territorial power contributes to the appropriation dynamics of capital accumulation with the intention to go deeper, with the help of cartography, secondary information and interviews to key informants, in: 1) the exercise of the power of the state through the mechanisms of water governance; 2) the ways through which this power is exercised in several spheres and scales, which also generates tensions within the state itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several conceptions and collective practices in the agrarian space, such as the modern-industrial, libertarian anarchist, communal, peasant collectives, and others. The peasant collective, the main theme of this article, is essentially family and is realized, above all, from the division of labor, made according to gender and age of family members. The peasant family collective is not apart from the general process of social relations of production, and unlike idealized conceptions, it reproduces structural and internal inequalities, contradictions and conflicts within the family nucleus. The article takes a specific approach to the peasantry theme considering the existence of the peasant collective, built from unequal and hierarchical family relationships. The research information and data were accessed mainly from various studies carried out on the peasantry, when information and data were collected, which allowed a unique approach on the theme of the peasantry, that is, the existence and verification of the peasant collective raised from the hierarchical and unequal family division of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the reality of Socio-Territorial Movements and the process of struggle for land in the Amazon involves a deeper analysis of the cruelty and specialized extermination of certain stakeholders and organizations that lead the struggle and resistance. Our objective in this work is to discuss the total lack of interest and the necropolitics created on different profiles (peasants, leaders, unionists, landless, squatters, settlers, and other stakeholders), in addition to the way in which the extermination process manifests itself as part of the reality of the agricultural frontier in the Amazon. After an extensive and dedicated analysis of data by the Pastoral Land Commission (CPT), including interviews, mapping and analysis of journalistic material, we were able to conclude that the main way to promote the real preservation of the Amazon and its territories is through policies that care for the safety of living people. After all, the scenario presented in recent decades is that there is a permanent and systematic process that points to the specialization of murders of less favoured class leaders as a way of investing in obtaining land and illegal property in the Amazonian region of the state of Pará. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the peasant logic, part of the settlers in the Andradina Region produce beyond their needs; consequently, they transform part of the production into merchandise, in order to buy what they do not produce. By guaranteeing, through their daily struggle, the social existence in the land of work, the settled peasants generate virtuous dynamics, with the supply of food and the circulation of income on the local scale being all too significant. In this context, the paper analyzes the results of the implementation of rural settlements, either by the demand for goods and services, or by the participation and changes in local power relations. In the light of the theoretical framework, which understands the existence of the Brazilian agrarian question and considers the peasantry as a social class, the investigation was carried out in the methodological path of dialogue with theory, articulating it with data obtained in the countryside and in the city; oral sources and in loco information have guided the analysis of the development of rural settlements beyond the countryside. Therefore, the impulse given by the settlers to the demands for agricultural products, goods and services, and others, is evidence of the benefits that the democratization of land brings to the city as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of Mato Grosso do Sul has a strong land concentration, marked by violence derived from the latifundium, the small peasants expropriation and the indigenous people murder. This work aims to analyze the land concentration origins in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, from the territorial formation process understanding and analysis, marked, especially, by land appropriation strategies legitimized by the State and favored by the granted legislation to territorial elites. For this, a wide bibliographic review was fulfilled on the Agrarian Question and the insertion of Mato Grosso do Sul lands in the capitalist logic, based on the works of several authors such as: Martins (1981;1994), Oliveira (1996; 2010), Moreno (2007), Queiroz (2008), Fabrini (2008), Almeida (2011), Nardoque (2015; 2018). As well as consulting the "Land Struggles" Database (DATALUTA) and its spatial representation, aiming to demonstrate the state's current land concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analytical-theoretical essay aims to offer a general and at the same time detailed overview of repeasantization. The main terms used in the analysis of this phenomenon are conceptualized, and a general review is provided on one hand of the dynamics of de-peasantization --brought about by the capitalist agricultural model-- and on the other, of the different axes and territorial expressions of the repeasantization processes of peasant families, communities and organizations in their territories are demonstrated. Particular emphasis is given to the importance of socio-territorial movements in more intentional processes of repeasantization.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In front of many territory concept meanings, we have opted to adopt a broader approach, with a multidimensional and multiscale basis, comprehending territory always as a totality. We understand that there are different materials and immaterial territories, these two forms being indissociable. The paradigms are immaterial territories, interpretative models of reality that express power relations, interests, and ideologies. The different interpretative models about the countryside and agriculture are manifested in the actions of institutions and governments, influencing on public policies and material territories. A paradigm's hegemony in a government makes a development model, for example, agribusiness, prioritized to the detriment of another, such as the peasant, allowing a social class to expand its territory. Based on these considerations, our goal is to discuss which paradigm has underpinned the public policies in Bolsonaro's government and what impacts are being made on peasants and their territories. This work is supported by theoretical references, journalistic sources, and public documents. The interpretation of accessed information was built from a critical perspective, seeking to contemplate the contradictions of the studied process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes an analysis of the challenges faced by peasant family agriculture in food production in Rio Branco-AC. This analysis was based on the historical context of the formation and recreation of the peasantry developed in the Amazon region, specifically in Acre, Brazil. It is also analyzed the contradictory action of the State as a protagonist of development initiatives in Acre since the 1970s. The research was based on a bibliographic survey and semi-structured interviews. Through the methodology used, we analyzed the actions of the State in the process of creating policies to encourage peasant family agriculture - such as Pronaf and PAA - and the importance of these policies in the scope of settlement projects, in this case the agroforestry poles. In addition, we highlight the main difficulties faced by peasants in producing food for the local market, especially considering the decline in investments and the unpreparedness of the government to resolve these issues. From this perspective, and considering the current scrapping of public policies, thinking about rural development seems to be an increasingly distant reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Araguaia-Tocantins region is configured in the recent history of the struggle for land in Brazil as an emblem with regard to the advance of the great monopoly capital over the Amazonian borders. The process, induced by the State, exposes forms of primitive accumulation of capital, where expropriation is prominent, and contradictorily and unevenly, forges forms of opposition to it from groups placed in subordinate conditions. In this work, based on empirical experience, bibliographic review and data collection, I register the presence of socio-spatial and socio-territorial movements, where we find fractions of the Catholic Church, NGOs, political parties as expressions of the former; and squatters / peasants and their political institutions (union police stations, STRs) and the MST as expressions of the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the construction of peasant territorial resistance in Brazil, as well as their potential. Peasant territorial resistances are actions based on peasant territories, temporalities and territorialities. These are actions, struggles, agendas, practices, movements, techniques and socio-territorial technologies that aim to guarantee greater autonomy to the peasantry in food production, freeing them partially or totally from the shackles of capital. Understanding the dimensions, scales and characteristics of peasant territorial resistance in Brazil, especially those generated within the scope of socioterritorial movements, in an agrarian context that increasingly expropriates, marginalizes and subordinates the peasantry, is the contribution of this work to geographic agrarian and related areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a reflection on the performance of the peasant youth of the Roseli Nunes Settlement, Mirassol D'Oeste, MT, who works in an agroecological production group. The objective was to analyze how the peasant youth articulates to remain in the countryside, through a portion of the youth from the settlement, taking advantage of the income derived from agroecological production. The development of the methodology occurred through field research. These groups of young people work in the agroecological perspective, with the necessary autonomy to organize themselves in their territories on a daily basis, monitoring and improving all stages, from planting to the commercialization of what the settlers are able to produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian peasantry needs ways of reproduction for its survival and then stays in the lots of rural settlements that are territorialized. In that, family work becomes an important element for its maintenance, in the face of the advance of capitalism in the countryside. The production in the peasant territory is important for its subsistence and then the commercialization of its products, in which fairs are one of the main instruments for the realization of the peasant market. Thus, the purpose of this work is to present the relationship between the settlers of PA São Judas, PA Margarida Alves and PA Silvio Rodrigues in Rio Brilhante, with the fairs in this municipality and in Maracaju in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. These fairs have become important, as they add value to the final income of peasants who produce and sell vegetables, tubers, fruits, etc. seeking through this market to improve the quality of life and stay in the territory conquered through the struggle of the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented had as main objective to discuss the constitution of the Liberdade Camponesa Settlement Project, located in the municipality of Corguinho, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The settlement has its origin linked to the emergence of the Peasant Movement of Struggle for Agrarian Reform (MCLRA), which constitutes a dissent from the Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST) of the state, being, in this perspective, considered as an isolated socio-territorial movement. The methodology used in the work involved bibliographic research that provided the theoretical and methodological basis of the problem; secondary information was obtained from IBGE, INCRA and the Municipality of Corguinho; we also did empirical work at PA Liberdade Camponesa, collecting testimonies about the history of the settlement with the leaders, who were interviewed on different occasions and provided materials, such as the Minutes of the assemblies and allowed us to copy the constitution documents of the Associação Liberdade Camponesa, in addition to we interviewed several farmers and visited their plots. We also participated in several meetings of the Association and the MCLRA in the settlement. The analysis developed is, therefore, the result of the articulation between theory and practice, that is, of a praxis built along the research trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we present socioterritorial development as a category of analysis capable of understanding the interactions between some processes that are commonly analyzed separately, such as the struggle for land, on land, socio-territorial movements and the agroecological transition. We discussed how socioterritorial development presents itself as an analysis tool committed to the reading of territorial transformations that result from the convergence between the principles of agroecology and those of the political struggle of socioterritorial movements. We discussed the subversive character of agroecology, as an example of Territorial contentious Policy (PCT), built from peasant agroecological experiences. We argue that agroecology is one of the only productive systems that, interpreted on Polanyi's theoretical perspective, offers possibilities to promote the "(re) embeddedness" of the "(dis) embeddedness" of society, as it allows undoing adjustments space-time hegemonic, imposed by the logic of agribusiness and the corporate diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to address the agrarian issue in the historical context of private property laws in Brazil, in an overview of some aspects that relate it to the National Agrarian Reform Policy (PNRA). As a methodology, it appropriates the meaning of the permanence of the agrarian question in the present time and, from it, makes a brief historical survey of the legislation related to private property in Brazil, reaching the present day. Therefore, it is based on the use of the peasantry concept, relating it to the study of the problems linked to the concentration of land and its consequences for the development of the productive forces. It is observed, from this study, that the concentration of land in Brazil coexists, side by side, with the concept of private property, being both constituted in historical constructions of wide scope, being the same worked ideologically for centuries and that nowadays have repercussions in the sense of hindering the practical application of the concept of the social function of the land, for the fact of this function not being absorbed by the Brazilian ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the years 1960 and 1964 the State of Goiás experienced major political and social events at the local and national level. With the victory of Mauro Borges for the state government in 1961, the State of Goiás would come to experience a new model of agrarian reform, based on the agricultural communities of Israel's kibbutzim. The project was named by Mauro Borges de Combinado Agro - Urbano, it would be carried out on public lands and in a family cooperative model. Concomitantly to this, at an average distance of 100 km, more specifically in the municipality of Dianópolis and in its village Rio da Conceição, the implantation of a revolutionary guerrilla training nucleus of the Peasant Leagues, coming from Pernambuco and under the guidance of Francisco Julião and Clodomir Santos de Moraes. The main objective of the research is to know if there was any direct or indirect relationship between these two simultaneous events and if the Peasant Leagues were attracted by the agro-urban project of Mauro Borges or if the agro-urban project was implemented to calm the exalted spirits of the peasants of that region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the fallacy of modernization as simulacrum of poverty reproduction simulation and misery in Baixo São Francisco, Sergipe. From the Plateau of Neópolis Project to the reality of the Brejão dos Negros Community, we highlight the spectrum of modernization as land and water appropriation and precarious work. The agribusiness as an expropriation process is responsible for intensifying conflicts that foster the struggle for sovereignty and social reproduction. As a theoretical-methodological course there were the interviews, whose subjects' speeches contributed to the foundation of a reality characterized by the expansion of vast lands for the production of sugarcane, grass and tropical fruits for exporatation at the same time that it emerges as one of the most unequal and miserable territories in the state. In the future that points to the horizon of reality, it agrees that being a geographer should be doing to be revolutionary, to capture the singular / particular as a whole, equipped of the universal categories of critical thinking. Therefore, if the essence informs us about the permanence of peasants, riversides and quilombolas, the struggle is considered as a condition, means and product of human resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geography tries to comprehensively understand the concept of Territory, approaching it in its entirety. In this work, the conflicts between the agribusiness territories and the peasant territories, in the Microregion, where there is a domination of agribusiness territories in relation to the peasant territory is increasing. Among the methodological procedures used, the following stand out: a) bibliographic review; b) collection of secondary data, and; c) field trip. Natural pastures and geographical location, as well as historical factors, contributed to the consolidation of the latifundium in this micro-region. We understand that agribusiness and peasantry make up a constant process, where individuals lose their territories, that is, they are deterritorialized, so that other individuals are territorialized in that space. It is up to the deterritorialized individuals, the search for new territory. The MST acts as a social movement capable of promoting the re-territorialization of social agents. According to INCRA data, the Microregion currently has thirteen Settlements, totaling 528 families, in an area of 12,696 ha. Conflicts in the Western Campaign are just beginning, but it is known that it is possible to build a rural "other". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to analyse the struggling paths of campers in Caraguatá Stronghold Camping, located in Paula Freitas/PR. It is also highlighted the different migration processes which they have been through land property confrontation process. Methodologically, it was done a field work and twelve interviews with camping families. It is highlighted the importance of oral sources for the Agrarian Geography studies, thereby, it was used semistructured questionnaires that worked as a support for the interviews and enabled to understand, not just the paths of interviewed families, but also camping organizational processes and how the families got to know those struggles. That way, the interviews did not present only the venues where the peasants went through, but, overall, those difficulties processes, the people who migrated with the ones that got in the way. It was concluded that camping is the struggling materialization against land property, in defense of working autonomy and peasant's family maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a debate on the agrarian issue in Alagoas, based on a case study with families camped along the banks of the BR-104, between the cities of União dos Palmares and Murici. This is the result of a research carried out through the Scientific Research Initiation Program - PIBIC, from the State University of Alagoas, with funding from the Research Support Foundation of the State of Alagoas - FAPEAL. The study was carried out under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Reinaldo Sousa, coordinator of the Territorial Studies Group - GETERRI. The method option, understood here as a particular way of seeing reality, was historical-dialectical materialism. While by methodology, we opted for a bibliographic research accompanied by fieldwork. The geographical category used in our work was the territory. And, finally, the results pointed to a great social vulnerability of the subjects involved in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to discuss the territorial implications of rural settlements resulting from the new land regularization within the context of expanding mining over these territories. To understand the spatiality of this process, we conducted a discussion about the production of space within the logic of capitalist accumulation, as well as the notions of primitive accumulation and accumulation by spoliation. We also used data from the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA) and the Agência Nacional de Mineração - ANM to identify how mineral titles are spatialized over Paraíba's settlement areas. The results show that in this 21st century there is a mining expansion process over the peasant territories that has been legitimized by the action of the State, this fact drives the increase of territorial conflicts in the field and puts the maintenance of these territories at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peasant activities have always been directly related to the traditional communities' way of life, which have based it on subsistence agriculture so that the peasant territory serves not only as an economic subsidy but also for the valorization of the territorialities present in these spaces. At the end of the 19th century, there was an intensification of discussions on environmental conservation, promoting the environmental agencies territorialization, responsible for the demarcation of areas and the creation of legislation that does not always consider the sociospatial specificities of the areas to be preserved. This paper aims to analyze the main challenges of peasant production and reproduction given the restrictive policy of the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, which limits the activities of the communities installed in its interior, as well as the socio-environmental conflicts that emerge in this scenario. Based on active methodologies, we seek to understand the socio-spatial dynamics of the peasants, as well as their management and survival strategies in this Protected Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a research carried out on the Young Professional Project, a conclusion activity in the agricultural technician course in alternation pedagogy at Escola Família Agrícola do Bley, in São Gabriel da Palha, in the state of Espírito Santo. As the objective, it aims to identify the impacts that the professional project of the course provides on the autonomy, economic and social emancipation of the young peasant, having as theoretical frameworks Paulo Freire, Paolo Nosella, Jean-Claude Gimonet, among others. It describes the history of alternation pedagogy, its pedagogical principles and instruments, and debates the importance of the training plan as a guiding document for students of the agricultural family schools. Through a focus group, it highlights the testimonies of former students about the professional project. It concludes that the Professional Project applied in the productive units allows financial autonomy to the young peasant and the transformation of his reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourist practice is pointed out as a possibility of "sustainable" development, however in several situations we observe that conflicts / tension occurs due to the different logics that are placed on the territories arising from the circulation of Capital and the traditionalities established by the subjects territorialized in them, which in turn, in some cases, seek to resist from their insertion in such activities, remaining in their territories thus generating contradictions. In this sense, the work seeks to present, through photographic analysis, the different realities of the territories of Manaus (Brazil), the Vale Sagrado (Peru) and the Vale dos Viñales (Cuba). We observe that in the search for permanence in their territories, the indigenous of Manaus and Peru, the rivers of Manaus and the peasants of Cuba, are inserted via Labor within the tourist activity that follows a global logic, as well as also selling material and immaterial elements of their cultures and territories. Dialectically, such actions have an impact on their multi-territoriality due to the different practices imposed by tourist activities. Due to the movement of and in the territory, we are understanding such subjects organized via Work within the concept of socio-territorial movement, expanding such analyzes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photographic record that we present here is the result of the social cartography work developed between the UNPEPROCH and the GEPCyD in different agrarian and rural areas of the province of Chaco, in situations of dispute or recampesinización, from 2008 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The territory, when interpreted since its multiscale and multidimensionality, allows the researcher to have a closer relationship with the constant changes in reality. Reflecting around civil society organizations that, by having the territory as the purpose of their existence, constitute themselves as socio-territorial movements, we direct our work towards the case of the Small Farmers Movement and its elaboration of a territorial development project, called Peasant Plan, which is presented as an alternative to the development path of capitalist agriculture in its neoliberal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to present the history of the Movement of Peasant Women in the state of Minas Gerais (MMC MG), as a socio-territorial movement, highlighting its background, the beginning of its formation and development. For that, life history and participant observation were used as a means of data collection. Eight peasants from the MMC MG were interviewed and records were made, based on their participation in the State Meeting of the MMC MG in 2019, and visits to the Union of Rural Workers of Governador Valadares (STR-GV). The MMC MG was born and developed in the Vale do Rio Doce (VRD), from the historical struggles of the peasantry against the expropriation of their lands by the landowners. From these struggles the STR-GV is born. It is from this union that women from the VRD countryside, in the 1990s, began to organize themselves, articulating themselves with autonomous rural women's movements from other states and raising guidelines on gender relations. Until, in 2004, the group of women organized by STR-GV participate in the creation and become part of MMC Brasil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to reflect on the importance of the National School Florestan Fernandes (ENFF) as a territory of immaterial resistance of socio-territorial movements, especially peasants in Latin America. The research at ENFF was developed from participant observation and interviews, through a semi-structured questionnaire, with coordinators, leaders of social movements and school militants-students in the period of the two field surveys: July 2010 and 2011. The ENFF Its main objective is the formation of critical awareness aiming at building a society with social equality and environmental sustainability. It is located in the municipality of Guararema, SP. It was built in a joint effort with the voluntary work of militants from all over the country. It operates under a self-management regime maintained by social movement activists and by the Association of Friends of the Florestan Fernandes National School. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of the results of the master's thesis entitled "the process of closing schools in the countryside in the mesoregion of eastern Goiás: what crime is this that continues?" The objective of this study was to analyze the arguments used by the State to close the Boa Esperança Municipal School in the town of Boa Esperança, located in the municipality of Damianópolis, state of Goiás. Schools in and in the countryside are important for farmers to recognize their identity and strengthen their actions. With the closure of the school in the countryside, he realizes that the territory of the peasantry weakens due to the expulsion of these subjects and in return strengthens other territories. This school is one of hundreds that are closed every year in Brazil, forcing these subjects to attend the school in the city that is not concerned with cultural identity and that has even shown a prejudiced attitude about them. When studying at the city school, he generates tiredness, demotivation, insecurity, and is subjected to dust, mud, and hours on the road. It was important to conduct field research with observation, interviews and conversations and, based on the data, found that there is a disregard for the Brazilian State in relation to peasant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about to analyze the territorial configurations, in the last two decades, of working and memories in the agricultural production at the Rio de Contas' shores, located in the district of Suçuarana, Tanhaçú - Bahia. Therefore, the territory, the memory and the work are understood as a contradictory dialectical unit that is linked to the general process of capitalist accumulation. In this means to build this theoretical perspective, we used the contributions of Harvey (2006), Smith (1988), Oliveira (1997-99), Marx (1985), Hobsbawm (2014), Pollak (1989), Carvalho (2013) Coca (2013), among others sources. The data analysis and narratives of both male and female workers show the transformations that occurred. Simultaneously, transformations took place in many different facets such as production, distribution, circulation and consumption in the most different types of crops and in territorial configurations. Furthermore, they reveal their own contradictions and as class and power are disputed between peasant family farmers, middlemen, consumers, the Syndicate and the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new Coronavirus pandemic has made a structural issue in Brazil more explicit: the pair inseparable concentration and inequality. If all the dimensions of life affected by the consequences of the pandemic and the negativity surrounding the virus were not enough, the Brazilian government took the time to "passar a boiada", that is, to send / approve reforms that, at least theoretically, need a broad debate on the part of society. This scenario is marked by contradictions, as at the same time that agribusiness advances, there is an increase in food insecurity, the latter being essential in combating the effects of the pandemic. The resistances are also renewed/recreated and the power of the feed is once again placed in the center. The purpose of this text is to highlight the contradictions of the narrative around the need to expand agribusiness and how, in times of pandemic, it takes the opportunity to forward / approve measures of general interest, especially related to the environmental / land issue. Although they are not directly related to the pandemic theme, the articles in issue 56 of Revista NERA show the multiplicity of the agrarian question, beyond the peasantry and in different regions of this country of continental dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the establishment of Protected Areas (UC's), part of Brazilian environmental policy, has constituted a face of the conflictive relationship between traditional peasant and indigenous communities and urban-industrial society UC's were implanted, especially from the 1950s, on territories historically occupied by traditional and original populations and became another factor in transforming the territoriality of these communities, which already suffered from the advance of the agricultural frontier and the modernizing project of the period. The struggle for territory, associated with a part of the environmental movement, led to the conquest of some rights, including access to land, through protected areas of sustainable use. However, environmental policy has been used to solve territorial issues and has therefore been a mediator of the territorialities of peasant communities. In this article we discuss how the establishment of protected areas tends to replace land policies, analyzing the contradictions that arise from the mediation of access to the traditional territory for environmental conservation, and we argue that this trend has been constituting at the same time a strategy for maintenance of the Brazilian agrarian structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian agrarian question is complex and heterogeneous, which allows for the awakening of different interpretations - paradigms, theories, concepts, ideologies and even development policies. Throughout this presentation, the agrarian question is interpreted as a structural contradiction of the capitalist mode of production that expropriates and subordinates peasants. In order to break with the relationships of subjection to capital, peasants, especially those organized in socio-territorial movements, are building autonomous and emancipatory socio-territorial practices. Via Campesina's agroecology and food sovereignty proposal are some examples. However, these practices and proposals are directly related to the struggle for land and land reform. This is because they are fundamental to the existence and resistance of peasant agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of agrobiodiversity represented by the substitution of seeds for transgenic and hybrid seeds in the agro-food systems of the peasants can be characterized as an effect not only of current socio-environmental injustices, but also because of a historical legacy of the socioenvironmental conflict founding land concentration in the Brazil. This article aims to analyze how these socioenvironmental injustices are installed and perpetuated in the light of the experience of the Small Farmers Movement (MPA / Brazil) with the production of conventional and creole seeds, operated from 2004 to 2014 in the state of Santa Catarina. Field research was conducted in the period of 2015 and 2016 with peasants, MPA leaders, researchers and managers involved in the process through interviews and on-site visits in the experience. From this process it can be concluded that the legacy of the concentration of land in the country remains one of the main current socio-environmental conflicts, deepened by an excluding technological matrix that maintains and reinforces the conditions for a socioenvironmental injustice in the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agrarian question is multidimensional, multiscale and involves both moments of conflict, as well as conflict. The agrarian question is also part of the paradigmatic debate - Paradigm of the Agrarian Question and Paradigm of Agrarian Capitalism - in which both propose development models for the agrarian space. Since the 1990s, the Latin American agrarian space has been the target of the expansion of neoliberal policies that encourage agribusiness based on the production of commodities for export. At the same time, the peasantry and other traditional peoples of Latin America are organized into socio-territorial movements and promote counter-hegemonic development practices, ordered by popular land reform, agroecology, food sovereignty, rural education, among others. These development models are in conflict and in constant conflict, shaping the Latin American agrarian space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Geographic Microregion of the Southwest of Goiás is located in the Brazilian Cerrado and underwent an intense advance of the capital in the countryside from the 1970s, at which time the business-capitalist agriculture based on the production of soya and corn grain was established, of food crops. This advance of capital occurred with the support of the State through public policies such as POLOCENTRO, PRODECER, EMBRAPA's actions in the generation of technologies, among others. The land structure that was originally concentrated has been maintained and expanded in the field of wage labor, eliminating or reducing other forms. As a direct result of this, there was an strong process of migration from the countryside to the regional cities, which currently have a high rate of urbanization, and also the organization of workers and peasants in socio-territorial movements in the struggle for land, which, on the basis of their pressure, the implementation of Rural Settlement Projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of the role of women in the formation of the Unión de Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra (UST / MNCI), as well as the current indispensable role of these women in the peasant movements belonging to La Via Campesina, thus analyzing the emergence of what denominates camponesian and popular feminism. For this, based on qualitative research approaches, I analyze documents from congresses and assemblies of transnational movements, but mainly, oral reports from women of the Unión de Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra (UST / MNCI) that point to the need to tell stories of movements for the role of women and what these leaders call.Camponesian Popular Feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to understand the contradictions faced by peasant youth in the process of socio-territorial reproduction in the spaces of struggle for agrarian reform in the municipalities of Laranjeiras do Sul and Rio Bonito do Iguaçu / PR. Such contradictions are directly correlated to the daily reality of these young people and shape their future choices. It starts with the understanding of peasant youth based on the reality of social class to which these young people belong (peasantry), and their close connection with the history of struggle for land present in both municipalities that composed the study. It will be approached in the course of the work, data obtained through field surveys and theoretical notes that composed the research, aiming to understand the daily reality of young peasants who are present in the territories of struggle for agrarian reform. Reality, which is permeated by family hierarchy, youth subordination and search for recognition and autonomy, before the peasant family nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of Brazil, there are certain neglected subjects, target of prejudices, who suffered with the imposed ills on them, among which the peasant, who, in the course of various struggles, has sought the right to be and to belong to his territory. This work aims to present the struggle for land as a way of reaffirming and re-creating the peasant territorial identity, which, in this case, is consolidated through the occupation of land. Specifically, the study is focused on the struggle narratives of Dom Tomás Balduíno pre-settlement, which is located in the municipality of Formosa-GO. On the one hand, the research relies on contributions from authors who contributed significantly to the discussion of the topic. On the other, oral history is used, based on the experience of the peasants themselves. The observation in the field, together with the dialogue and interview with the pre-settlers, were essential for the construction of this work, inasmuch as it made possible the understanding that the struggle for land is characterized as one of the forms of materialization / consolidation of territorial identity of the peasant, a struggle which, in addition to the conquest of the land, also concerns the dignity of the subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the expansion of the agribusiness in Ceará, we observed the installation of big agribusiness companies that has a large-scale production of several agricultural genres. This contributes to the territorialization of capital in the rural space, linked to the permanence of the latifundia and monoculture, favoring the intensification's territorial disputes and the corporate use of the territory. However, the aim of this article is to discuss the territorialization of agribusiness in Ceará's rural space, evidencing the corporate use of the territory by the largest companies in the sector, which are among the main accountable for redefining the territorial dynamics and enlargement the disarticulation of peasant agriculture; increasing the exploration of the workers and the nature; water and land concentration; injustice and socio-environmental vulnerability. We hope to contribute with the research of the Ceará's agrarian question in the contemporaneity, that also passes for the understanding of the use of territory by the hegemonic agents of the agribusiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the permanence of the peasantry in the present world, and the wide diversity of its forms and strategies of resistance against the intense processes of capital territorialization. It highlights the need to analyze the wide plurality and heterogeneity of the presence of the peasantry, as well as the multidimensionality that exists in relation to its dynamics in the territories. The objective of this article is to describe part of the social history of the peasantry in Paraty/RJ, identifying the forms and strategies of peasant resistance present in this territory in the last six decades. The methodology used privileged the qualitative aspect of the research, of valorization of the peasants as subjects of history. The results point to the existence of a multicultural peasantry, heterogeneous and possessing several common characteristics. In this territory, strategies of peasant resistance to the advance of capital have been varied and have occurred from the interior of the production and consumption units, in the daily life, and are extended to those exercised collectively, by social movements, in forums and spaces social management, and through thematic networks and political articulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the forms of subsumption of labor to capital in the palm oil agro-industry of the Microregion de Tomé-Açu (PA), since the implementation of the National Program for the Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) in 2004. The interpretation is done because it considers important the resumption of the subject work in the geographic sciences. The discussion is grounded in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. It is concluded, from the first field approximations, that the forms are those of the real subsumption, present in the processing plants; of the formal subsumption, dominant in the fields of business oil palm; and of the ideal subsumption, a form not specifically capitalist, present in the integration with the peasant property, but a relation reproduced by the own capital, by reason of its contradictory character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a typology of the appropriation as a resource of the Brazilian Cerrado lands, from subsistence to local peoples, to the current attempt by institutional investors to transform it into a financial asset, without disregarding its use as a source of power and accumulation by large capitalist farmers. Any product of a relationship mediated by the technique between a particular agent and a specific natural matter is considered as a resource. Until 1970s, Cerrado lands were used almost exclusively as a means of subsistence by peasants and indigenous populations. Since then, under a violent expropriation process, land has become a resource for capitalist accumulation and patrimonialist power for large immigrant farmers, with the expansion of the agricultural frontier. In the 21st century, with land grabbing process, the arrival of representatives of international financial capital has made the strategies of appropriation of Cerrado lands even more complex by considering them as financial assets. These different perspectives of using land as a resource increased the number of conflicts and contradictions with profound negative effects on peasant communities in agricultural frontier areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building territorial policies to free lands for national and international corporations to produce large-scale commodities for export, called agro-extractivism is one of the components of the neoliberal agrarian question. In Brazil, in the last thirty years, the agrarian question had two phases: the Neoliberal and the post-neoliberal. These policies intensified the territorial disputes between the agribusiness corporations and the peasant, indigenous and quilombola movements. To better understand these disputes we analyze the new conflicts from the reading of Brazil agrarian and rural Brazil. Through the method of paradigmatic debate, we analyze theoretical and political references for territorial development. Conflictuality is analyzed on a national scale with emphasis on new territory: MATOPIBA, created exclusively for agribusiness, is territorialized and attracts interest from several companies and international financial capital. Another case that we analyze is the conflict between the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) and Del Monte Corporation in the territorial dispute in the Apodi plateau in the state of Ceará. We analyze the hegemony of Agrarian capitalism in the neoliberal and post-neoliberal phases and the actions of the peasantry to resist and advance, facing the binomial latifundio-agribusiness. With this article, we contribute to updating the readings on the Brazilian agrarian question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present the result of part of doctoral research in geography. The cooperativismo will be analised from the territorial disputes between empresarialista cooperative in the present work. It is important to emphasize that the term empresarialista cooperative, used here, refers to the position occupied by those cooperatives that inserted in the process of modernization of the thecnical basis of agriculture. These cooperatives assumed a business management, typical of a capitalista company, however, the composition of the associative frame of these organizations does not allow say it is a capitalista company, due to the majority is peasant people. The mesoregion of Central Norte of Paraná was the choosed area for this investigation. Area of operation of two empresarialista cooperatives, COCAMAR and COROL. Field research, the study of theoretical sources and the use of newspaper articles, was the methodology used in this work. The research demonstrated that the territorialisation of cooperatives is marked by intense conflicts, also showed that, if on the one hand cooperatives are important mechanisms for sharing of dividends, on the other hand, the same happens with the losses. It is expected that this research contribute, even modestly, for the comprehention of the limits and of the possibilities of the empresarialista cooperativism for the peasant people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to promote a critical analysis of the National Agrarian Reform Plans (PNRA), elaborated between 1985 and 2003, in order to highlight the paradigmatic framework responsible for consolidating the different development perspectives for the Brazilian countryside (PNRA I, II PNRA-MDA and II PNRA-PLÍNIO). Therefore, we analyze the main conceptions about the concepts of peasant and family farmer, in addition to the outlines and defining characteristics of each Plan, which supports the paradigmatic qualification proposed here. Finally, we performed a comparative analysis between the different PNRA's in order to reveal varied perspectives, interests and "views" that referenced the elaboration of each of the Plans analyzed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The territorialization of Countryside Education is a product and, concomitantly, an instrument of the struggle of the socio-territorial movement's peasants. The Countryside Education is developed, concomitantly, the intensification of territorial disputes in the countryside. It is the conquest and the resistance of/in territories peasants that allow the creation and reproduction of Countryside Education. The territorialization of Countryside Education it originates in the conflict/dispute with to territorialization of the monopoly capital in the Countryside (agribusiness). The Paradigm Originally from the Countryside Education is, necessarily, a project of opposition to agribusiness. The opposition of Countryside Education to agribusiness reflects the class struggle in the countryside. Our objective is to demonstrate, above all, through the narratives of the students of Special Course Undergraduate Geography (CEGeo), this was an Education of the Countryside experience and went, in practice, the instrument of the peasantry resistance of capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forms of occupation of the Brazilian countryside in recent years have denied the contribution of the peasantry to the formation of Brazilian society. This article aims to revisit, through a bibliographical research, some discussions about peasantry in Brazil, considered by several authors as a way of life, a culture. Present in Brazilian territory from Brazil colony, the peasantry contributes to the formation of the Brazilian agrarian space, even in the majority of cases, excluded from the main public policies, being installed in precarious spaces of agricultural production. This social category is made up of non-landowners and non-landowners who develop their own ways of living and working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]