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Assessments of disease burden are important to inform national, regional, and global strategies and to guide investment. We aimed to estimate the drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-attributable burden of disease for diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections, undernutrition, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, using the WASH service levels used to monitor the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as counterfactual minimum risk-exposure levels. We assessed the WASH-attributable disease burden of the four health outcomes overall and disaggregated by region, age, and sex for the year 2019. We calculated WASH-attributable fractions of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections by country using modelled WASH exposures and exposure–response relationships from two updated meta-analyses. We used the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene public database to estimate population exposure to different WASH service levels. WASH-attributable undernutrition was estimated by combining the population attributable fractions (PAF) of diarrhoea caused by unsafe WASH and the PAF of undernutrition caused by diarrhoea. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis was fully attributed to unsafe WASH. We estimate that 1·4 (95% CI 1·3–1·5) million deaths and 74 (68–80) million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) could have been prevented by safe WASH in 2019 across the four designated outcomes, representing 2·5% of global deaths and 2·9% of global DALYs from all causes. The proportion of diarrhoea that is attributable to unsafe WASH is 0·69 (0·65–0·72), 0·14 (0·13–0·17) for acute respiratory infections, and 0·10 (0·09–0·10) for undernutrition, and we assume that the entire disease burden from soil-transmitted helminthiasis was attributable to unsafe WASH. WASH-attributable burden of disease estimates based on the levels of service established under the SDG framework show that progress towards the internationally agreed goal of safely managed WASH services for all would yield major public-health returns. WHO and Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) have initiated a Commission on Child Health and Wellbeing, with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. It mentions that Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era witnessed an drop in mortality among children younger than 5 years and in undernutrition across all regions.

The article presents author's comments on key health indicators. It mentions that United Nation (UN) agencies, including World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) work of the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), have participated in the global health estimates. It mentions that funding agencies, from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, are making investments in global health estimation.

It has been more than 80 years since researchers in child psychiatry first documented developmental delays among children separated from family environments and placed in orphanages or other institutions. Informed by such findings, global conventions, including the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, assert a child’s right to care within a family-like environment that offers individualised support. Nevertheless, an estimated 8 million children are presently growing up in congregate care institutions. Common reasons for institutionalisation include orphaning, abandonment due to poverty, abuse in families of origin, disability, and mental illness. Although the practice remains widespread, a robust body of scientific work suggests that institutionalisation in early childhood can incur developmental damage across diverse domains. Specific deficits have been documented in areas including physical growth, cognitive function, neurodevelopment, and social-psychological health. Effects seem most pronounced when children have least access to individualised caregiving, and when deprivation coincides with early developmental sensitive periods. Offering hope, early interventions that place institutionalised children into families have afforded substantial recovery. The strength of scientific evidence imparts urgency to efforts to achieve deinstitutionalisation in global child protection sectors, and to intervene early for individual children experiencing deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study regarding the use of prevention science to address adolescent morbidity and mortality worldwide. It mentions that preventive programmes and policies must be made to improve adolescent health. It states that international agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and the World Bank, should make guidelines to identify health risks faced by adolescents to come up with preventive measures.

The article discusses a retrospective evaluation of the Accelerated Child Survival and Development programme of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in 11 west African countries between 2001 and 2005 to reduce child mortality. The researchers utilized data from Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. It was found that mortality in children younger than 5 years declined in program areas. It was also concluded that the programme failed to accelerate child survival in Benin and Mali.

The article offers information on a study which investigated the association between child disability screening, nutrition and early learning in countries with low and middle incomes. The researchers utilized the Ten Questions screen for disability in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) program of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Study variables analyzed included sociodemographic, nutritional, early-learning and schooling. Findings of the study inferred the need for improved world capacity to evaluate and offer services for children at risk of disability, and common methodology to address the role of nutritional deficiencies and limited access to learning opportunities.

Background: In 2002, the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children adopted a goal to reduce deaths owing to measles by half by the end of 2005, compared with 1999 estimates. We describe efforts and progress made towards this goal. Methods: We assessed trends in immunisation against measles on the basis of national implementation of the WHO/UNICEF comprehensive strategy for measles mortality reduction, and the provision of a second opportunity for measles immunisation. We used a natural history model to evaluate trends in mortality due to measles. Results: Between 1999 and 2005, according to our model mortality owing to measles was reduced by 60%, from an estimated 873 000 deaths (uncertainty bounds 634 000-1140 000) in 1999 to 345 000 deaths (247 000-458 000) in 2005. The largest percentage reduction in estimated measles mortality during this period was in the western Pacific region (81%), followed by Africa (75%) and the eastern Mediterranean region (62%). Africa achieved the largest total reduction, contributing 72% of the global reduction in measles mortality. Nearly 7 · 5 million deaths from measles were prevented through immunisation between 1999 and 2005, with supplemental immunisation activities and improved routine immunisation accounting for 2 · 3 million of these prevented deaths. Interpretation: The achievement of the 2005 global measles mortality reduction goal is evidence of what can be accomplished for child survival in countries with high childhood mortality when safe, cost-effective, and affordable interventions are backed by country-level political commitment and an effective international partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the views of Executive Director of the United Nations (UN) Children's Fund Ann Veneman on the progress of achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goal 4 of reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. The article discusses health issues that directly affect children's mortality, including the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa. The article also discusses areas in which there has been progress in the fight against child mortality, such as vaccines for pneumococcus.

Presents findings of surveys done by UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) designed to provide estimates of overall childhood mortality rates and maternal mortality in Iraq by key socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of respondents. Background; Methods; Findings; Interpretation.

The article focuses on measures for prevention of the disease pneumonia. Topics discussed include protection of children by breastfeeding, vaccinations and use of safe drinking water, occurrence of fifty per cent deaths by pneumonia in countries India, Nigeria as well as China and support to integrated community case management strategy for pneumonia using antibiotics, oral rehydration therapy and zinc by the organization United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF).

The article focuses on "Generation 2030 Africa," a report that explores the growth of Africa's child population, released by UNICEF in August 2014. Topics include statistics on child mortality in Africa, disparities in the rates of births between the urban and rural regions, as well as between the richer and poorer areas, and author's recommendations concerning prevention of child marriage, girls' education, and health service improvement.

Background: Palestinian refugees in Lebanon (PRL) and Palestinian refugees from Syria (PRS) living in Lebanon have high poverty rates. As the social, economic, and physical environment in which a child develops is a strong determinant of health and wellbeing, a comprehensive approach that recognises the influence of multidimensional deprivation on child wellbeing is needed. This study investigates overlaps (co-occurrences) in deprivation indicators experienced by Palestinian children compared to those experienced by other vulnerable children living alongside them in Lebanon; children who are Syrian refugees (SYR) and children who are Lebanese nationals (LBN).Methods: This analysis adopted a life-cycle approach using data from the UNICEF 2016 Lebanon Household Survey, and included data on children aged 2-17 years (PRL, n=7106; PRS, n=2768; LBN, n=10555; SYR n=5891). We report on indicators relating to early childhood (24-59 months) and school age (6-17 years), including child survival (nutrition, health, water, sanitation, and overcrowding), child development (education), and child protection (labour, exposure to violence, and early marriage), as well as the co-occurrence of these deprivation indicators. Socio-demographic and geographical correlates of child deprivation were explored using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis, a using sampling weights and clustering for children in the same households. Analyses were conducted using Stata 15.Findings: Among children aged 24-59 months, 28·9% (347 of 1202) of PRL and 46·2% (260 of 563) of PRS children were deprived in at least two dimensions, compared with 13·2% (67 of 508) of LBN and 68·5% (915 of 1335) of SYR children. Co-occurring deprivations were highest across the protection and overcrowding dimensions in Palestinian refugee children aged 6-17 years (PRL, 14·2% [769 of 5421]; PRS, 26·7% [531 of 1985]). Across all ages, PRS children were more likely to be deprived in two dimensions than PRL children. However, indicators of health and education deprivation were lower in PRL and PRS children than in SYR children. Geographical disparities in deprivation existed within all four populations, with the highest disparity among those living in North Lebanon and the Bekaa. Higher maternal education (completed intermediate education) was consistently associated with lower odds of having at least two concurrent deprivations among children aged 6-17 years (LBN odds ratio [OR] 0·1, 95% CI 0·1-0·2, p<0·0001; PRL OR 0·3, 95% CI 0·3-0·5, p<0·0001; PRS OR 0·5, 95% CI 0·3-0·7, p=0·0002; SYR OR 0·4, 95% CI 0·2-0·7, p=0·0004).Interpretation: The most common overlaps in deprivation indicators were in housing (overcrowding) and protection (exposure to violence) among PRL and PRS children, highlighting the need to focus simultaneously on housing improvements and protection programmes. Deprivation in health and education were relatively low as PRS children have been included in the well-established UNRWA health and education systems, largely protecting them from poor health and education outcomes.Funding: UNICEF Lebanon. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions do not necessarily reflect the view of UNICEF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors comment on a new United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) report in 2013 that looks at the advances in fulfilling the promise of survival for children. They argue that despite substantial gains in reducing global child deaths, there is a need to boost efforts to end preventable child deaths. They also call on the international child survival community to enhance child survival initiatives.

The authors reflect on the changes in global child demographics. They cite a report from UNICEF which noted the possibility for the changes to fundamentally alter where the world's children are born and live, and which regions will be most in need of essential services. They also note some of the important findings of the report, including a sharp decline in China's child population and a continued increase in child population in the U.S.

The author discusses the successes achieved in child survival in recent years citing reference to the upcoming publication to adolescents by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. He also discusses the expected rise in the absolute number of adolescents until 2050. Also investigated are the effect of injuries and neuropsychiatrie disorders in children and the major causes of death including homicides, road traffic accidents and suicides.

The authors discuss a study on community management of pneumonia in children. They mention that community health workers have been trained in simple preventive and medical care to fill the gap in health-care coverage. They assert that the UNICEF has called the disease as the forgotten killer of children and relate that a reduction in the childhood mortality rate of 25%-30% can be achieved through motivated community health care workers.

The authors discuss the latest estimates of under-5 child mortality from the United Nations (UN) Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) reflecting a progress on child mortality. They present a background of IGME, which is led by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). They examine the common feature of countries that have made the most significant progress on child mortality. The authors also mention the impact of inequalities on over all progress on child mortality.

The article presents a review of the findings of the committee responsible for creating the UNICEF joint health and nutrition strategy for 2006-2015. The article lauds three aspects of the strategy: joining health and nutrition into a unified movement, setting clear priorities that delineate UNICEF's role, and incorporating a rights perspective, especially for mothers and children in developing countries. The article encourages specific plans to encourage the above strategies, including: proper channelling of an increase in funds, practical plans for coordination and leadership to support child survival, and a redefinition of UNICEF's staff to further cooperation between health and nutrition.

The article reports on aspects of the noted failure of the government of Colombia to address malnutrition in indigenous children in La Guajira. Topics mentioned include the lack of investment in infrastructure that will help address the problem, the prevalence of health problems due to poverty, and the efforts of non-governmental organizations UNICEF and Colombian Red Cross in providing services to isolated parts of La Guajira.

The article focuses on the growing cases of measles in the regions of Yemen, as per data collected by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO). It reports that about 2000 to 4000 cases per year has been raised within in the time span from 2013 to 2017. The Yemen cases faces the challenges of the Expanded Program on Immunization. UNICEF and WHO has also run risk assessment program to track the very-high-risk for rubella and measles in Yemen.

The article reports on the efforts of Middle Eastern countries to prevent the spread of polio in the region in light of the confirmed polio cases in Syria. The countries' ministers of health had agreed on a series of vaccination campaigns. The immunization teams from the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), in cooperation with the Syrian government and non-governmental organizations had vaccinated 746,833 Syrian children as of November 10, 2013.

The article explores developments on female genital mutilation/cutting in Africa as of 2013, which was contained in a 2013 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) report. While female genital mutilation has been observed in various forms for centuries, it was only in the late 1970s that Hosken pioneered the estimation of its prevalence. The report revealed that the practice is nearly universal in Somalia, Guinea, Djibouti and Egypt, but its overall prevalence dropped across generations.

The author discusses the reduction in maternal and child deaths citing reference to the 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of the United Nations. He also discusses two papers related to the importance of focusing on the poorest and hardest-to-reach children analyzed by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The problems like lack of health workers and medicines and financial constraints which hamper the delivery of essential services to the needy are also discussed.

The article discusses progress achieved in reducing child mortality rate across the world. He comments that rate has declined in 2010 as compared to 1990. A forum co-convened by Government of India, Ethiopia and the U.S will be held in Washington, DC in June 14-15, 2012 on child death prevention. United Nations Children's Fund suggested that focusing mortality in disadvantaged population and children's under five can help to increase the efficiency of interventions in child mortality.

In this article, the authors discuss the UNICEF report titled "Boys and girl in the life cycle: sex-disaggregated data on a selection of well-being indicators, from early childhood to young adulthood." They are critical that the report reveals available sex-disaggregated statistics on indicators for children's rights and wellbeing monitoring in the developing world. Also investigated is the need to understand gender differentials necessary to create actions toward the goal of gender inequality.

The article reports on the progress made by Rwanda in the area of health, which made the country a model for development in Africa. The country is on track to meet its health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) because of the government's productive approach to utilizing foreign aid. The country's health priorities are topped by maternal and child survival following the decentralisation of the health system. Rwanda adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Action Plan on Pneumonia.

The author comments on an assessment of the Accelerated Child Survival and Development programme of the United Nation's International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in west Africa. He presents an overview of the findings of the assessment, as well as its limitations. He also describes the challenges and requirements of assessing complex interventions in changing health systems.

The author discusses report "Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination-Worldwide, 2000-2015" by UNICEF, World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention focusing on progress of United Nations Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce child mortality from measles.

The article reports on the caution by humanitarian organization UNICEF that the health and humanitarian situation in Borno State, Nigeria is likely to worsen in the following months after August in 2016 unless humanitarian aid reaches its people. The insurgency caused by terrorist group Boko Haram in the state since 2009 is explored. The estimation by the organization on a number of children who will suffer from severe acute malnutrition in the state is highlighted.

The article offers information on a report released by UNICEF which reveals inequalities in child wellbeing in 41 countries from the European Union and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and income inequality and social transfers in Europe.

The author comments on a study which tackled the possible relationships between child disability screening, nutrition and early learning in countries with low and middle incomes, published within the issue. The authors of the study utilized data from surveys conducted by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Issues addressed by the study are cited. The author, further suggests the development of a common methodology to allow for further international comparison.

The author ponders on the possibility that Ann Veneman will complete her second term as executive director of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). He commends Veneman for her works and contributions to UNICEF, including her focus on child survival. He cites the views of some UNICEF staff on the efficiency of Veneman in leading UNICEF. The author argues that the selection and appointment of UNICEF executive director should be made on a transparent and merit-based process.

The article reports that the fighting between government forces and Islamist insurgents and prolonged drought posed a problem to the humanitarian efforts by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and other international agencies in Somalia in 2009. It mentions that attacks against UN-supported activities in Somalia in July. Also in July, the Médecins Sans Frontières also suspended activities in the Yaqshid area of northern Mogadishy and in Bakool region. The UN also released findings on the rising numbers of acutely malnourished children under 5 years of age in Somalia. Also noted are the number of people affected by severe drought and the urban poor who continue to struggle with very high food and non-food prices.

The authors express their opinion regarding the lack of global attention to child injuries. They comment on the report by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) "World Report on Child Injury Prevention" which highlights injuries as a cause of death and disability in children. The plight of children in the developing world and global inequities is discussed.

This article discusses the development of statistically oriented evidence-based medical interventions to prevent child mortality by UNICEF during the 1980s. This approach to limiting child mortality prioritised growth measurement, oral rehydration for diarrhoea, breastfeeding and immunisation (GOBI) to stem child mortality. This results oriented approach diminished in importance during the 1990s but it remains a key aspect of global public health administration.

This article discusses the likely character of the public health crisis that will follow Cyclone Nargis, a natural disaster that occurred in Burma during 2008. It describes the problems of groundwater contamination from corpses and salt water, and speculates that this will cause a cholera epidemic. It describes the health risks faced by children in the area, including fatalities from diarrhoea and measles. It quotes officials from UNICEF, the World Health Organization, and Medicins Sans Frontières discussing efforts to prevent these health problems. It concludes with comments on the risk of long-term food supply issues and malnutrition.

The article presents an editorial that comments on a report by Ilyana Kuziemko and Eric Werker that discusses the practice of "vote buying" on the United Nations (UN) Security Council. The authors of the report found that countries received more aid from the U.S. and the United Nations Children's Fund when they are on the UN Security Council and when issues of importance to the United States are at stake. The effects of this practice on global health policies are discussed. The weighted-voting system of the International Monetary Fund and the World bank are discussed.

The article reports on legislative steps developing countries are taking to promote child protection under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Countries have worked together with UNICEF to create child protection legislation and revise domestic laws. Kenya and Uganda have each created Children Acts to codify policy on children's rights and welfare. International treaties on specific issues of child protection have been developed by child advocacy organizations and ratified by countries. Though Kenya has set up laws to protect children, a poor economy, the AIDS epidemic and other economic factors have made implementing its provisions difficult. International help is needed if developing countries are to achieve their goals for child protection.

Presents a letter to the editor about the United Nations Children's Fund.

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "UNICEF leadership 2005-2015: a call for strategic change," by R. Horton, in the December 11, 2004 issue.

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "UNICEF leadership 2005-2015," by Richard Horton, in the December 11, 2004 issue.

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "UNICEF leadership 2005-2015," by Richard Horton, in the December 11, 2004 issue.

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "UNICEF leadership 2005-2015," by Richard Horton, in the December 11, 2004 issue.

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "UNICEF leadership 2005-2015," by Richard Horton, in the December 11, 2004 issue.

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "UNICEF leadership 2005-2015," by Richard Horton, in the December 11, 2004 issue.

The article comments on two reports released in June 2015, which assessed the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) process for women's and children's health. These reports are the "State of Inequalty: Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health," released by the World Health Organization and "Progress for Children Beyond Averages: Learning From the MDGs," published by UNICEF.

The article asserts the need for the French government to address child poverty amid negative trends. It mentions a 2015 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) France report on the homelessness, slum living and school dropout rates of children in the country, negative trends associated with childhood poverty including the devastating effect of economic crisis, prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts and deprivation of basic rights, and the call for a national policy to resolve poverty.

The article comments on the results of the "Cambodia's Violence Against Children Survey" coordinated by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Cambodia. The survey shows types of violence against children, such as physical violence, emotional violence and sexual abuse. It discusses the effect of violence on children's health and recommendations to address the problem.

The article focuses on reports demonstrating the impact of war in Syria on children. Reports came from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and Save the Children. Several host countries affected by the ongoing conflict in Syria include Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt. The health impact of the Syrian conflict include the lack of medical staff and access to care, reappearance of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases and difficulties for women.