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During the academic year 1958/59, a survey was made of interlibrary loan requests originating at Columbia University Medical Library. A high percentage of requests came from a relatively few requesters. However, analysis based on "one-time" and "repeat" categories for the patron and his requests indicated a situation less extreme than "monopoly use by an elite group." Requests were classed by type, age, language, title, etc., and were also correlated with such variables as citation source, requester's academic status and experience, and estimated importance of material. The analysis aims to uncover patterns significant for cooperative planning. Did the repeat and one-time requester show distinctive characteristics and habits? Which materials attracted more repeat requests? Findings generally favored cooperation, at least for a library servicing nonstudent researchers. Unpredictability of researchers' needs was noted. Apart from specific findings, this paper offers methods for statistical analysis of interlibrary loans.

The article presents a study concerning the "parts" of cut-paper art products in an attempt to know the influence of teacher motivation and non-motivation on its overall aesthetic quality in art education. In relation, the definition of terms, population, and the experiment's procedure are presented. The study shows that the amount of overall aesthetic quality judged in the "parts" had much influence on the overall aesthetic quality in the final art product. It suggests that all complex relationships should be carefully defined and explored to understand the relation among the creator, the creative process, and the final art product.

Tins paper is intended as an effort at taking-stock of the reference group concept after nearly three decades of use, the latter two of which have been marked by its more than ample employment. Its popularity indeed has so frequently led to its serving as an all-purpose post hoc explanation of behavior that it has led to the wry definition, "Your reference group is a group that you behave like and you behave like them because they're your reference group" (Cohen, 1962: 104). The inconsistencies, lack of clarity, but also areas of agreement which have marked the varied formulations of the concept, will be apparent from the following review and commentary. The Final discussion indicates some of the matters still to be considered in the use of thin important but perhaps overworked concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the quantity and quality of scientific output of 120 university physicists was studied. Although these two variables are highly correlated, some physicists produce many papers of little significance and others produce a Jew papers of great significance. The responses of the community of physicists to these distinct patterns of research publication were investigated. Quality of output is more significant than quantity in eliciting recognition through the receipt of awards, appointment to prestigious academic departments, and being widely known to one's colleagues. The reward system operates to encourage creative scientists to be highly productive, to divert the energies of less creative physicists into other channels, and to produce a higher correlation between quantity and quality of output in the top departments than in the weaker departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the hypothesis that residential mobility is disruptive of social relations; and it seeks to identify patterns of adaptation which emerge from that disruption. Among other things, it is found that women who moved between 1966 and 1969 were more frequently sociable both before and after their move than those who did not move. Further, differential patterns of disruption hold for intra- and extra-neighborhood contacts. There is, in addition, a period of heightened social interaction on the part of the most recent movers. Spatial mobility, it is concluded, does exert changes on the social lives of women in households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the development of interest in consumer socialization. Major policy and conceptual issues are posed, and research in several areas of study is reviewed. Directions for research are specified in three key areas: consumer socialization processes, content of learning, and permanence of early learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic hypothesis of this paper is that occupational group ties are stronger in Britain than in the United States. A number of test implications are inferred from this hypothesis and the relevant evidence on each of these, to be found in existing comparative studies, is presented. Occupations in the two countries are first compared as independent collectivities with respect to their autonomy, socialization, colleague relationships, deviance, and occupational identity. They are then considered within their normal organizational environment, and the differences between the two countries in the relationship between these occupational groups and the administration of the organization are compared. Three types of organization are distinguished: where one group forms a large majority, where two groups are approximately equal, and where one or more groups form a small minority. Some proposals are made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with some of the often neglected behavioral problems associated with the practice of management by objectives. These include problems relating to managerial style, adapting to change, interpersonal skills, setting objectives, measurement, and management by objectives quality control. The paper concludes with some criticisms of the current state of management by objectives research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a study of the scientific output of British University chemists. The relationships between three different aspects of scientists' work (quantity, quality and industrial orientation) were examined, and whilst quantity and quality were highly correlated, industrial orientation appeared to represent a different dimension of research performance. Quality of output was the best Predictor of the recognition received by a chemist from the scientific community (in terms of medals, appointment to advisory committees, etc), his industrial involvement much the least good. It appears that a minority of British university chemists are oriented towards the industrial, rather than the basic research community in terms of their contributions and of their rewards. The influence of institutional affiliation upon recognition, for a given level of output, was examined. As in studies of American scientists, but in contrast to earlier work on British ones, institutional affiliation did appear to influence the recognition received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a dearth of relevant empirical evidence, the proposition that the extended family encourages and facilitates high fertility has become widely accepted. This paper summarizes the main theoretical discussions, presents illustrative data, and analyzes the conceptual and methodological adequacy of reported studies. It concludes that it is essential to distinguish between individual and aggregate levels of analysis and between co-residence and kin interaction. It would also be valuable to define more carefully the various types of family structure, to keep the time reference of fertility (current or cumulative) congruent with that of family structure (cross-sectional or longitudinal), to take into account age at marriage and extent of celibacy, and to be more alert to the possibility of opposing causal forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Path analysis has been widely employed in recent years as a concise means of simultaneously analyzing the interrelationships among a large number of variables. The utility of this method in family research is demonstrated in the present paper. Four independent variables —socio-economic status, aptitude, educational plans, and marriage expectations—are related to the age at marriage among a subsample of 4,000 married young people from a nationwide longitudinal survey. Of the four independent variables, expected age at marriage, stated some time prior to marriage, is shown through path analysis to be the best single predictor of actual marriage age. The additional accuracy in prediction through assessment of the other variables is negligible. A multiple causality model, based on path analysis and including additional variables to those employed in this paper, is advocated as a means to optimize prediction of marriage- and family-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews research findings from various European countries (including the author's own studies in Vienna) on intergenerational relations between parents and their grown-up children. Numerous data disprove certain important features of the classical theory of the isolated nuclear family in industrialized and urbanized society. Although, according to newer data, joint living is a minority pattern, effective interaction (economic support, help in both ways and mutual visiting) is frequent and emotionally important particularly to the elderly. ‘Intimacy—but at a distance—corresponds to wishes of both generations. A special section of the paper is dedicated to propositions for theoretical innovation in the problem area studied including, e.g., a criticism of role theory, a criticism of statements on family cohesion based on findings of help patterns only. The paper postulates an amalgamation of major aspects of social gerontology with a sociology of the family cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's criticism to the key points presented in a paper focusing on familial development, selective needs and predictive theory. His paper fail to spell out the relationships between the structural framework developed in the earlier chapters of the paper including the hypotheses set forth in the following chapters. The theorists appear to depend more on intuition that on any explicit theory of relationships when it comes to drawing up concrete lists of paired situations.

The administrator frequently bases decisions and actions on his perception of other people. Behavioral scientists have been systematically studying the process of perception, focusing in recent years on interpersonal perception. Although their work has been done largely in laboratory settings, their conclusions have relevance for the administrator. This paper examines some of the recent work on interpersonal perception and suggests some implications for administrative practice. No easy means is proposed to make objective what is essentially a subjective process; nevertheless it is possible to indicate some guidelines and precautions to use in this complex aspect of interpersonal relations. Understanding the process of interpersonal perception is one means of trying to avoid gross errors in interpersonal judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the bases of formal authority—legitimacy and position—need to be distinguished from sources of functional authority—technical competence and human relations skills—which support and often compete with formal authority. Four analytical types of authority relations are developed from the literature and the examination of superior-subordinate relationships among seventysix of the seventy-seven members of three public service organizations. In all three organizations, but particularly among welfare workers, considerable importance was attributed to legitimacy and position as bases of authority. Police officers, however, singled out authority of person more frequently than either authority inherent in position or authority derived from superiors. Welfare organization members attached more importance to legitimacy and position than to technical competence and experience as sources of authority. School employees stressed professional competence as a base of authority much more than either police officers or welfare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews studies published between 1964 and May 1968 on laboratory training in human relations and its use in attempts to enhance the effectiveness of organizations. After some of the difficulties in conducting such research in this area are considered, findings are examined as they relate to five issues in the design and the application of laboratory training. These findings are also compared with findings from a similar review reported by the author four years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists have given insufficient attention to the influence of structural properties on the process of socialization. This paper sets forth a set of typologies which is expected to place limits on, but not necessarily determine, the behavioral alternatives within socialization systems. The outline can be used as a heuristic device for comparative analysis of socialization research and for the design and evaluation of socialization programs. Three aspects of the structure of socialization systems are discussed--the novice-agent relationship, the setting, and the target roles. Novice-agent relationships are characterized by four dimensions: 1) specification, 2) relative anomie, 3) incumbency of the target role, and 4) role repetition. Variations in types of setting are: 1) formality of setting, 2) individual or group socialization, 3) serial and disjunctive socialization. Target roles may vary along six dimensions: 1) voluntary, involuntary or semi-voluntary entrance, 2) time boundaries of roles, 3) valuation of roles, 4) socialization into social group or social category, 5) degree of institutionalization of roles, and 6) relation of role to novice's identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates and attempts to explain some relationships between control achieved through structural arrangements and control achieved through supervisory style. Eighty large governmental psychiatric hospitals and 52 small private hospitals were studied. With some exceptions--and these apparently traceable either to the differential effects of size or sponsorship--maximum structural control (approximating that of bureaucratic organizations) was found in association with a limited employee control, and, minimal structural control (resembling that of less bureaucratic institutions) was found in association with more pervasive employee control. In general, the scope of employee control varied inversely with the scope of patient control--sometimes because of structural arrangements and sometimes because of supervisory style. These basic patterns are discussed in their relation to classical Weberian conceptions of formal organizations, as well as to more recent theoretical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an analysis of public school teaching staffs as variations of primary groups. From survey data, schools were classified according to indices of social relations among teachers. Several dimensions of the primary group were treated as attributes of school staffs in defining crucial tasks of teaching and relating them to peer influence. With both reported behavior and attitudes as dependent variables, hypotheses concerning the differential impact of three types of peer relations were tested. It was found that certain forms of social structure influenced behavior alone in some settings; in other settings, both behavior and attitudes were affected. Moreover, how the tasks of teaching were defined was an important organizational condition for the efficacy of given forms of peer influence. Findings generally supported the hypotheses developed, although the restricted definition of peer influence and its situationally specific meaning restrict the interpretation of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports one "spin-off" from the basic technology of sensitivity training, which is now widely used for inducing attitudinal and behavioral change in organizations. Changes in attitudes of members of a complex business organization are reported in this paper, and they support the value of the "confrontation design." Similar results have been obtained in other business and government settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building upon the sexual socialization ideas of Gagnon and Simon and others which have stressed male-female differences in premarital sexual behavior, the social and psychological management of the first coital experience is examined. Using data from a 1967 national sample of university undergraduates, the idea of a double standard is explicated in terms of reportage about first coitus—to whom the person reports the event, how many people, how soon, and the like. Evidence pointing to a pattern of male "ego-sex" emerges within the context of the so-called "male bond" (male peers as audiences for sexual prowess), which contrasts sharply with the modal females's management of first coitus. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future trends in gender styles and premarital sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While social scientists are aware that the relationship between an independent and dependent variable may be spurious, they are much less aware that the absence of relationship may be equally spurious. The chief reason is that the relationship is concealed by a suppressor test factor. This paper supplements earlier discussions of this topic by considering the logical status of suppressor test factors and compensating influences. Examples of antecedent, intervening, and component suppressor variables and of compensating influences are provided. It shows that, in a causal sense, standard test factors and suppressor test factors generate opposite interpretations of spuriousness, but in a formal sense they are the same. Several substantive contributions of suppressor variables to social science are discussed. Suppressor variables are not rarities, but may actually appear as often as standard test factors in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing replies from a selected sample of contributors to the literature of symbolic interactionism, this paper examines the nature and extent of institutional ties among respondents holding similar views as to appropriate methodology in sociology. The specific institutional ties examined are those as: (1) fellow graduate students, (2) teachers and students, and (3) departmental colleagues. The methodological differences between the Chicago and Iowa schools, described in other studies, manifest themselves in the present sample, as do other views not neatly classifiable within either of these schools of symbolic interactionism. The more unconventional the conception of methodology held by a respondent, the more likely is the respondent to have been a fellow graduate student, a departmental colleague, and/or involved in a teacher-student relationship with other symbolic interactionists favoring the same conception. Respondents preferring the more orthodox methodological stances in modern sociology are less likely to have shared in such institutional flea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an exploration of the relationship between members' role performance and the benefits they receive from their organizations. The general relationship is interpreted in the context of a "social exchange model" for voluntary associations. Data for the analysis pertain to members of four voluntary farm organizations: Farm Bureau, Farmers Union, National Farmers Organization, and Grange. The data were obtained in a state-wide survey of Wisconsin farm operators in 1965. In general, the data show a moderate relationship, in a positive direction, between benefits and role performance. The benefits tend to differ in the magnitude and, in some instances, in the direction of their relationships to such performance. The findings indicate the importance of taking into account magnitude and direction of relationship, as well as interaction among the benefits and among costs, in order to devise a viable social exchange model of cost benefit relations for voluntary associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review of but a small amount of the empirical and theoretical research should suffice to indicate the areas of focus and concern in relating family and home environment with juvenile delinquency. It is evident that significance is attached to family cohesion, affection and adjustment both between the parents and between parent and child. Many authors (Udry, 1966; Blood and Wolfe, 1960) maintain that communication is a basle ingredient for a successful marriage. The open communication between spouses facilitates an understanding of expectations, interests, and frustrations. A marriage void of communication may lead to inhibited and ritualistic discussions, inner frustrations, and an absence of expectations and desires. If one accepts this position concerning communication between spouses, then there is reason to believe that based on the above-cited works, facilitation of the channels of communication within the family may influence the delinquency of the children. It appears plausible that a child who perceives the channels of communication within his family to be dosed may feel alienated from the family as a primary group. Without communication, the child may feel that the parents are not interested in his ideas and behavior, that the parents underestimate his desires and expectations, and that the parents reject him. Without communication the parents may not, indeed, be aware of the child's desires, values, and actions and may not succeed in transmitting their own values to the child. Although the parents would not condone delinquent behavior, as a result of their lack of communication with the child the parents may, by remaining silent, be sanctioning behavior of which the child feels the parents are aware. That is, if the child engages in delinquent behavior and feels that the parents are aware of that behavior, then he expects some negative sanctioning by his parents; due to the lack of communication, the parents may not be aware of the behavior, they do not sanction the child, and thereby reinforce his delinquent behavior. A lack of communication of this nature indicates a misunderstanding between parents and child concerning acceptable behavior and values. With the assumptions set forth above, it is of value to investigate the relationship between communication within the family and the delinquency of the child. It is the intention of this paper to ascertain: (1) the degree of communication that exists between the parents and the child concerning the child's participation in various forms of delinquent behavior; (2) the degree of communication that exists between the parents and the child concerning the punishment to be meted out for such behaviors; and (3) the effect of this communication on the child's participation in delinquent forms of behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists and social psychologists, perhaps more than some of their fellow social scientists, have striven for what is in many respects one of the most elusive aims of science—valid generalizations. Examination of the results of the past thirty years of research are, however, far from encouraging. Arnold Hose, in addressing himself to the problem of generalization in the social sciences, is tempted to raise the question as to whether or not there has been considerably more striving than achieving. Certainly it is apparent that the replications often do not verify the original study. The data presented in this paper are drawn from a study of delinquent behavior which I conducted in New Zealand. My research in this field constituted in part a replication of research conducted by Nye and Short in the United States. The data from these two studies provided an opportunity for fruitful cross-cultural comparisons in the area of delinquent behavior. The rationale presented in this paper may be interpreted as a modest attempt to pursue what Rose has called "generalizability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a purely exploratory attempt to locate the role-specific-significant others (Sullivan's significant others) and the orientational others of a small sample of college students enrolled in a large midwestern university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the proposition that law can also provide a clue to normative arrangements at the micro level since societies often codify rules which are common to inter- personal relationships and are especially likely to embody rules thought to have positive moral value in their legal codes. In this paper the author tries to do three things. First, the author points to deficiencies in the exchange theory model of interpersonal interaction which have not been elaborated on by recent critics. Second, the author develops a theory of "norm-making" which suggests a mechanism by which parties can attach social guarantees to highly particularized modes of inter- action. Third, the article draws on American contract law to specify the conditions which must be fulfilled if attempts by parties to introduce particularized norms into their relationship are to be successful. Contractual agreements are one kind of agreement in which parties endeavor to create norms which will govern their future relationship. The process of creating such norms, while analogous to the more widespread norm-making which occurs in informal social relationships, is in many ways different from what occurs at the informal level.

The article presents an insight to the colleague relationships among Indian lawyers. For the litigants of an Indian district, the court is an important occasional social arena. In the lives of lawyers outside the courts, caste is significant. In general, however, caste does not have the role- summation significance for city professionals that it has in village life. For almost everything that goes on in the courtroom, there exists somewhere a set of written rules namely government manuals on court upkeep and organization, textbooks on advocacy, codes and case law. Colleague interactions here are highly legalistic in content. The constant struggles of lawyers to prevent conflicting hearings from getting on their appointment books suggest that there is scope for some division of labor even if not amounting to formal specialization in fields of law. Unlike, the linkages of an action set, the alliance does not have a variety of possible bases. All the ties that are used in alliances are those created by mutual involvement in the day to day working of the courts.

A four- to six-year follow-up study of a random sample of male schizophrenics is used to assess the relationship between a modified form of Phillips and Zigler's social competence index and prognosis. The results support the finding of Zigler and Phillips of a relationship between the index and hospitalization. Additional analyses are presented indicating that this relationship persists once the effects of differential severity of pathology are controlled and suggesting the relative influence of the various components of the index. A major issue in this paper is the question of how these results should be interpreted. On practical grounds it is contended that the observations can be largely explained on the basis of social system considerations. In terms of theory, it is suggested that the index does not provide a satisfactory operationalization of the concept of competence but rather, like hospitalization, amounts to an outcome measure which is influenced by a series of variables, among them the individual's degree of competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory is formulated with which to analyze transactions in social relationships. Economic types of exchange characterized by calculation and self-interest on the part of the actors are contrasted with more "social" forms of transaction such as occur in the cases of role relationships with interlocking rights and obligations and persons strongly attached to one another. The social factors and conditions determining the types of transaction likely to occur between actors are examined in the paper. The key idea in this respect is that the structural and temporal context of interaction, including the past and anticipated character of their relationship, affects actors' orientations toward one another, their preferences, decisions and interaction patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the ethics of trade union leaders. In this paper, the author gives an account of the premisses from which trade union leaders act and to examine, in a general way, their aims, their code of trade union morality, their loyalties and to show their attitude to the standard of social behaviour in the society which they purport to change. It is not a comprehensive examination. Some aspects of behaviour are barely mentioned for example, the problem of remuneration whether these men should be paid like the workers they represent or as businessmen is not discussed. There is considerable discussion of the problem of honours, but this can cast only an oblique light on their approach to what is an appropriate standard of social behaviour. Throughout this paper only full-time general secretaries and presidents of trade unions are classified as trade union leaders. There is an ethical basis for decision-making in all trade unions. The objectives of a trade union tell one what the union is hoping to achieve, but the traditions stipulate the kind of action and behaviour to be adopted in pursuit of those objectives. Thus, the behaviour of trade unionists is not formally rational. One reaches a different conclusion when the behaviour of trade union leaders is measured by the standard of the minority. This is a standard that is related to the ultimate purpose of trade unions and shows a correlation between present behaviour and intended social and economic changes.

The pluralist and interest-group (or modified Marxian) views of society offer two competing sets of hypotheses concerning the relationship between objective and subjective social status and the role of other variables in this relations/tip. Using a 1964 national sample survey of the United States, this paper specifies and examines these hypotheses more fully. Starting with a series of simple formulations, and building up to a fuller multivariate recursive system, the paper concludes that the data are more consistent with the interest-group approach than they are with the pluralist approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper resents a definition and typology of "awareness contexts" and offers a paradigm for their study. The paradigm emphasizes the developmental interaction processes deriving from given awareness contexts, and directs attention to transformations of those contexts. The writings of four sociologists are located within the paradigm with respect to the types of awareness context they assume and the segments of the paradigm they treat. Implications of the paradigm for future research and theory are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces research papers included in the December 1954 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." In this issue fourteen articles are published which place a central emphasis on the nature and consequences of lace-to-lace interaction. These articles, which might ordinarily have been spread through several issues, are collected into a special issue in order to direct attention of members of allied disciplines, like anthropology, and psychology, to the variety and extent of sociology's present commitment in the small group field. Within the ranks of sociology it is hoped that this issue may help to capture the minds and talents of members who have not previously concerned themselves with small group research. There is every prospect that authors of articles in the present issue, with their average age in the low thirties, will for many years be deeply involved in the development and clarification of small group thinking. The case for the study of small groups will be most satisfactorily resolved if their enthusiasm can be sustained, their work criticized, and their ranks increased.

Previous research has shown that youth tend to follow parental wishes in future oriented situations and peer wishes in current oriented situations. This paper evaluates this assumption and explores the utility of differing types of situations in measuring the parent and peer orientations of youth. It is found that (a) the content of the situation is more important in the choice of courses of action than the pressures of either parents or peers, and (b) parent-peer orientations have a systematic, but minimal influence, on choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings together previous research on the relationship of family size to family relationships and attitudes. It reduces the rather diverse findings to four propositions dealing with affect, interaction and stress. It submits these propositions to additional tests utilizing secondary data from two large surveys. Finally, these data are shown to support some and question other generalizations of group size obtained from research with laboratory groups. Substantively families of three or four children rank lower in all of the analyses than do families with one or two children, even with social class constant. Large families with five or more children rank lower than one or two-child families in all analyses but in some analyses they rank higher than families with three or four children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Émile Durkheim's writings on the sociology of the family have generally been neglected by American sociologists. Only in the last few years has there been an increased interest in his contribution to this field. This paper presents some of Durkheim's ideas on the family: his methodological approach to the study of the family and his views on the dysfunctions of divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human sexuality has been analyzed traditionally within the conceptual frameworks of marriage and the family. This paper deals, however, with the premise that sex is becoming an autonomous and distinct realm of social interaction. The sociological implications of such a development are explored. An attempt is made to design an analytical framework suitable to the study of sexual behavior—and its interconnections with other social institutions—as an end in itself. Finally, a case is made in support of the analysis of sexual interaction within a framework of reciprocity and exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disability of the breadwinner has serious consequences for the family. In addition to severe economic problems, such families experience a disruption of roles and strained interpersonal relations. This paper is concerned with the variations in structure of families with a disabled breadwinner. Family types were constructed utilizing age, sex, and marital status of the disabled person in addition to presence and age of children and generational factors as important dimensions. The distribution of a disabled population of breadwinners among these family types is presented. Factors believed to bear an influence upon family structure are introduced: sex, age, race, size of community of residence, and severity of disability. This paper is a step toward bridging the gap in research between theoretical models of family structure and empirical reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do marriages which are basically neurotic survive? Why do married couples who live together in a basically neurotic relationship for a number of years suddenly seek psychiatric assistance? This paper raises these questions and finds that such marriages begin with mutually complementary-need systems which quickly become interlaced. Since both partners obtain gratification for their neurotic needs, the marriage tends to endure. Psychiatric assistance is sought when some specific event occurs which clearly disrupts the neurotic equilibrium and alters the neurotic gratification each partner receives from the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is conceptual; its aim is to state what we consider the essential structural categories in race relations viewed as an empirical system. It is the contention of this paper that two general theories currently in use the "cycle of race relations" and "caste and class" -are not incompatible and that the conflict between them is more apparent than real. Polemicists' outcries notwithstanding, a critical examination of empirical research on race relations indicates that these two theories can be and in fact have been effectively implemented. Faulty theory construction, faulty methodology, and faulty implementation of an essentially good theory are perhaps more frequent in sociology than in other sciences. There are some students who are prone either to place unusual emphasis on certain aspects of a theory or to use it as an interpretative device rather than as an hypothesis to be tested. It is our belief that a statement of the essential requisites in race relations would enable students of race and cultural contacts to implement better these two theories and would terminate excessive polemics in this area.

The paper develops and tests the thesis that differential commitment to the scholarly perspective explains differences in involvement in traditional Judaeo-Christian religion. Utilizing data from a probability sample of full-time faculty in rank at all accredited colleges in a midwestern urban area, the study developed a scale to measure differential commitment to the scholarly perspective. Correlations between scholarly perspective score and religiosity scores supported the thesis. These relationships were stable when controlling for sectarian and nonsectarian types of school milieux. Quality of respondent' educational background did not explain the relationships between scholarly commitment and religiosity. Rather commitment to the scholarly perspective accounted for some of the relationship between quality of education and religious involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]