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The article discusses about the essential requirements crucial in making an effective plan for survival in the event of nuclear war. In this report, the author emphasizes the importance of understanding the conditions under which survival is possible and feasible. Furthermore, the author suggested to declassify the assumptions and basic data underlying hazard probability studies to the greatest extent compatible with national security, so that the public may better understand the nature of the threat and consequences of nuclear attack.

The article focuses on the viewpoints of the Federation of American Scientists on the fallout shelter programs offered by the U.S. government as a security measure that would protect the individual citizen in times of war. The group views such program as unusually difficult since it involves measures and estimates that are without precedent which makes predictions highly uncertain. It has been noted that shelter planning involves many technical considerations not easily conveyed to the public. Furthermore, the organization had considered a list of resolutions that would provide a review on the advantages and disadvantages of the fallout shelter programs.

The article reports that U.S. President John F. Kennedy has moved to get civil defense out of the doldrums after years of indecision and inaction under the Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower administrations. One final element in the consideration of civil defense and stable deterrence is whether or not the Soviet Union has undertaken the civil defense program. The deterrent effect flows from the fact that shelter and evacuation arrangements would markedly modify a key variable in the strategic calculation of Soviet Union.

The article discusses the impact of nuclear mass fires on humanity and the environment. Recently, mass fires are considered as the major effects of nuclear detonations because they can contribute extensive damage for greater distances and with a high number of casualties. The overall fire effects following nuclear attack will depend on some factors such as the number and distribution of ignitions produces, the weather and topographic features which influence the fire spread, and the fire control action taken before and after the attack. The author suggests that an appropriate fire control action should be employed to reduce the fire effects.

The article offers a look on the public hearings relative to civil defense in the U.S. conducted by House subcommittee, headed by Representative Chet Holifield. The author stresses that the immediate purpose of the hearings was to poll opinion on two resolutions which had been referred to the Subcommittee and which addressed with a new organizational structure for civil defense. She believes that the real intent of the inquiry was much more comprehensive and far-reaching. For her, it was an attempt to discover what was being done about civil defense by the federal government.

The article discusses the effects of thermonuclear weapon and the technical information needed for civil defense planning in the U.S. According to the author, the type and extent of damage to persons and property are the major requirements of an effective civil defense plan. He suggests to consider the bomb size and the effects of different levels of blast and radiated thermal energy. Moreover, the author cites some preparations which could provide the greatest chance for saving lives and property including warning system, evacuation centers, and first aid training and equipment.

The article presents a discussion on the dynamics of fire-fighting with emphasis on fire effects of atomic bombs. The author makes a distinction between a conflagration and a fire storm whose difference he cites as the basis for fire-fighting requirements, utilities, and city planning in general in preparation of a nuclear attack. Likewise, civil defense measures should be based on the effects of such attacks. Defense measures should be made in consideration of atomic bomb effects which includes blast effect, radiated heat, and secondary fires.

The article offers information on the provisions of the Federal Civil Defense Act in the United States. It provides the policies of the administrative law and the procedures of the civil defense act. The provisions relate to the administrative authority in terms of providing plans for the protection of life and property in the United States. Sections of the provisions are included focusing on the detailed functions and duties of the administration and the emergency authority of the government for civil defense purposes.

The article focuses on the decision of the members of the Milwaukee Civil Disaster Relief Committee to change the organization's name. The move was considered after the members have reached a conclusion that sudden atomic warfare is possible. They have reflected on the types of disaster that will strike in the city to form a pattern of operation and examined their needs from the point of view of self-help. The principles of the organization to address civil defense and disaster relief are offered.

The author reflects on various plans for civil defense as indicated in the "Civil Defense for National Security" by the Office of Civil Defense Planning of the U.S. Department of Defense. He claims that the said report failed to emphasize the role of the Armed Forces in the civil defense endeavor. He also presents his own definition of a civil defense.

The article discusses the British view regarding safety issues in nuclear power plants, based from the paper presented to the Norwegian Atomic Energy Society. According to the author, all activities involve some risk of harm to people either through direct participation or indirectly. However, it is hoped that the risks will be minimized and more than compensated for by attendant advantages. Thus, minimum performance requirements for a large range of plant used may be able to reduce accident frequencies to levels below a pre-set target. Moreover, the British Atomic Energy Authority is sponsoring and developing techniques for the better understanding of reactor accidents and their consequences.

The article presents the author's comments on the question of evacuation versus shelter which is one fraught with importance for the tens of millions of our population living in target areas of nuclear tests in the U.S. The author holds that the to leave the problem unresolved will inevitably result in national confusion, dissipation of resources, and apathy. Thus, he concludes that the country is faced with the necessity of somehow resolving the issue, in the interest of national survival, or of abandoning all civil defense effort on the gamble that attack will never come.

The purpose of this study was to examine English-Canadian and French-Canadian children's attitudes toward the October Crisis in Quebec. Three questions were examined. In the first place, the data indicated that all children were well aware of the kidnapping of Cross and the murder of Laporte. But many young children tended to assign the responsibility for these events on the basis of cultural rather than political memberships Second, the data indicated that French-Canadian children were frequently critical of the Canadian government's application of emergency measures. Finally, the findings revealed that while most children were critical of the actions of the Front du Liberation du Quebec, some backlash of sympathy for the terrorists occurred among French-Canadians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred sixty high-school students took part in an opinion-change experiment using the Hovland civil-defense communications. When complementary order effects were hypothesized and when rewarded immediately followed presentation of the communication to Ss, opinion was significantly changed in the direction of the communication last heard (recency). The Opposite or primary effect was obtained when reward preceded communication for a group highly familiar with the issues. Nonsignificant order effects were obtained for treatment group when competitive order effects were hypothesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion of the disaster that occurred in Salt Creek, Illinois due to flood. The creek had overflowed when a summer thunderstorm dumped nearly seven inches of rain on August 25, 1972. It resulted to the flooding of more than 1,200 acres of residential property. The basin has been declared as a major disaster area on September 4 as it caused property damages and killed one person. A flood plain restoration program is being considered to the improvement of the Lower Salt Creek.

The article discusses issues involving civil defense in the U.S. In a meeting of the 18 federal officials with President John F. Kennedy, it was reported that the shift in government policy from emphasis on private family fallout shelters to a comprehensive plan, which would emphasize community shelters should be effected. Headed by James Van Allen, seven scientists at the State University of Iowa protested a syndicated series of articles by Willard Libby “You Can Survive Atomic Attack” contending that are neither scientific fact nor are they based on more than mere personal opinion. The Women’s Strike for Peace group led a peace strike on November 1, 1962 in which some 50,000 women in 60 U.S. cities participated.

The article offers a critical look on what went wrong on the U.S. Civil Defense. This year the department died. Due to the interests of administrative efficiency and economy, the Federal Civil Defense Administration was abolished and its personnel and assets combined with those of the Office of Defense Mobilization into a new office, the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization. According to the author, it is like a once famous man who had outlived his reputation and spent his last years in dejection and poverty. Civil Defense had long since ceased to be a factor of significance in the public mind.

The article reports on the significant role played by military scientists in future wars. Scientists offers various contributions in the country's military operations, including protection of the civil defense, providing scientific assistance to the military defense, and the development of advance weaponry. The establishment of the Scientists' Corps helps in gaining awareness of their duties and responsibilities, as well as enhancement of scientific potential in the field of military services. It is believed that proper training and educational program for scientists can help the country in addressing the threats of national emergency.

The article reports developments related to civil defense in the U.S. Colleges and universities suggest that the Federal government adopt a comprehensive program against atomic, biological and chemical warfare to achieve an effective civil defense. The Federal Civil Defense Administration Advisory (FCDA) has defined conditions of warnings which were disseminated to inform civilians of indications whether there is a danger of enemy attack or that the danger has passed. The FCDA has also published a technical bulletin which describes new facilities for rescue training programs.

The article reports on the notice circulated by the U.S. Federal Civil Defense Administration stating that there is no need to wear any kind of protected clothing in case of an atomic explosion. The missive pointed out that alpha radiation presents no external hazards and that it is not possible to wear enough clothing to be shielded against neutron and gamma radiation.

The article presents a discussion on the budget cut made on the $535,000,000 budget request for civil defense. President Harry Truman signed the Supplemental Appropriations Act which he considered as tragically insufficient to provide adequate funds for civil defense programs vital to security. The United States Congress allotted a total of only $74,945,000 for the project which as a result eliminated the protective shelter program and caused significant reductions in funds for the stockpiling of emergency supplies and equipment.

The article provides the author's discussion of some issues related to the signing of the civil defense bill in the United States. Information about the legal aspects of the bill is presented including provisions for financing and coordination among federal agencies. One primary assumption of the bill is the passive defense in target areas especially in the cities. The second important foundation is the proposal of the federal Civil Defense Administration through the states and not directly with governmental subdivisions.

The article focuses on the activities of the National Security Resources Board (NSRB) Civilian Defense Office. Before June 1951, the office will issue about thirty basic information manuals. A federal civil defense college is planned for the near future for further studies and trainings of the agency's human resources. The agency has also issued the NSRB Document 128/1 to the nation’s governors and mayors discussing the patterns of civil defense activity in typical American cities. In addition, it has created a general committee and five task groups to conduct an air transport mobilization survey.

The "flat tire" paradigm (1) was extended in an attempt to determine whether the number-of-people-present effect, often demonstrated in the emergency situation, generalized to a nonemergency case. A coed and a car with a flat tire were placed on a superhighway (high traffic density) and also on a country road (low traffic density). A significantly greater proportion of people rendered aid in the country road condition; however, the average time between attempts to aid was less on the superhighway. Possible differences between emergency and nonemergency situations were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the feedback of several people in the academe on the open letter written by a group of Boston area university faculty members addressed to U.S. President John F. Kennedy. The letter had encouraged some of the members of the original Boston group to form a faculty committee that would deal on issues such as those of defense and deterrence to clear up confusion stemming from lack of information, distortion, selective amplification, or factual misinformation. Furthermore, the letter also urged a group of faculty members at the University of Chicago to wrote a second open letter which argues that it does not follow that a civil defense program is of no value or that it encourages complacency.

The article offers news briefs related to civil defense in the U.S. in 1959. A special task force appointed by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, has recommended a mandatory shelter program on July 6. A survival experiment which involves a family of five was conducted by Princeton and the Office of Civil Defense in August.

The article reports that the 41,000-member militia in Canada will be converted almost entirely into a civil defense force. With the development, equipment not needed for survival operations will be gradually withdrawn and only small arms and transport and communications equipment will be kept. Units of the new force will be trained in radiation monitoring, traffic control, demolition, maintenance of law and order.

The article reports on the distribution of scientific instruments and apparatus for radiological studies in high schools in the U.S. The Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM) is distributing radiological instrument kits to 6,000 senior high schools throughout the country. According to OCDM, these instruments will be used in science classes and as training aids in civil defense. It is hoped that one million students will receive some instruction in radiological defense by the end of the school year 1958.

The article reports on issues and topics related to civil defense in the U.S. A simulated nuclear attack took place on July 12, 1957. People in New York and six other northeastern states took cover for 13 minutes in response to a three-minute warning, while President Dwight D. Eisenhower flew by helicopter to a secret relocation center. To help civil defense experts estimate the probable distribution of fallout and the dose rates from ground zero, the Rand Corp. has published a "Catalogue of Fallout Patterns."

The article discusses on the basic problem that has been faced by the civil defense organization planners involving the scientific advances of nuclear weapons in the U.S. Val Peterson, federal civic defense administrator stresses on the three factors which includes warning time, dispersal or thin-out of congested population and shelters in answering the critical problems. According to the author, the announcement released by the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) of policy forecast relative to early warning of air attacks and population dispersal contributed impulsion in the deliberation of the basic problem. The civil defense organizations have been voicing out its objections on the FCDA's forecast of policy on population dispersal.

The article offers news on civil defense in the United States. The U.S. Congress has approved an appropriation of $46,525,000 for the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) for its projects on attack warning devices. According to the American Institute of Public Opinion, only about half of people living in the largest cities of the U.S. have seen the possibility of an atomic bomb attack on their cities. A memorandum of understanding has been issued by the U.S. Coast Guard and FCDA whereby small craft of the country will be used during the periods of disaster.

The article offers news briefs related to U.S. civil defense. A public emergency radio broadcasting system that keeps the public informed on civil defense news and instruction went into operation on May 15, 1953. American and Canadian civil defense volunteers tackled a simulated disaster situation in Niagara Falls, New York as part of the "international civil defense week." The California Office of Civil Defense approved an operating budget of $1,259,922 for the 1953-54 fiscal year.

The article offers developments related to civil defense in the U.S. A survey on national defense made by nine universities indicates that modern warfare would be much more detrimental to the country than generally realized. Recently, Washington declared that hat the civil defense radio plan, Control of Electromagnetic Radiation, will go into effect within the next three months. A force of 400,000 volunteers participated in civil defense exercise to bring order out of simulated chaos caused by a theoretical atom bomb explosion in the Bronx in New York City. A renewed call was brought in by White house for volunteer air raid spotters to man thousands of ground observers posts throughout the nation.

The article reports that the U.S. Federal Civil Defence Administration has urged civilians to wear an identification tag bearing his own name and address of a person to be notified in case of injury or death. The state civil defence agencies will be responsible in the procurement and distribution of the tags.

The article reports on the civil defense mutual assistance pact, which took precedence under the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, announced by New York and New Jersey. The agreement states that each state will make available to the other, the civil defense personnel and resources required to address emergencies due to state suffering attack, but states that the state rendering aid may withhold necessary resources for its protection. It also provides to the civil defense personnel, the same power, privileges and immunities that they receive in their own state while performing their duties.

The article reports on the conference called by Administrator Millard Caldwell of the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) to arouse public interest in immediate civil defense preparation. The purpose of the conference is to educate civil leaders in spearheading a program of education. Several speeches discuss the importance of the ability of the people to recover from attack and the ability of people to keep on fighting in deterring other nations from starting a war with the United States.

The article reports developments related to civil defense. The Civil Defense Office of the National Security Resources Board has released a manual entitled "Survival Under Atomic Attack." The civil defense committee of the American Municipal Association has criticized the National Security Resources Board for causing confusion on primary responsibility for the civil defense program. British Prime Minister Clement Attlee has urged his people to participate in the civil defense forces.

The article reports on the move of Italy regarding civil defense. The Italian government has decided to form a corps of civil defense volunteers that will be ready to go into action in case of war or natural disaster. With the decision, a new measure has been passed creating in the Ministry of the Interior a new section to be known as the Department of Civil Defense Services. The new section will be tasked to coordinate all civil services that aim at protecting the population and essential factories during war. It will be also empowered to requisition goods and services and to provide immediately for the recruitment of volunteer civil defense workers.

The article focuses on the agreement of the Northeast States to forge a mutual aid civil defense program. At the Eastern Conference on Civil Defense in New York City on September 22-23, 1950, Governor Thomas Dewey of New York suggested that this will be made among the ten states that include Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, and New Jersey. At this same meeting, James Wadsworth of the Civilian Defense Office of the National Security Resources Board stressed that the states were ahead of the federal government in civil defense planning, adding that in some respects the federal government was not equipped to go ahead at full speed.

The article reports on the signing a civil defense pact for mutual aid between the states of New York and New Jersey in event of a bombing attack in either or both states. The agreement, made by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey and New Jersey Governor Alfred E. Driscoll, provides that civil defense agencies in both states shall, among others, forge mutual aid in the evacuation and reception of injured and homeless persons as well as in the exchange of basic services and facilities as shall be necessary. Dewey told that civilian defense forces working in one state would have to have the same powers and immunities which they relished in their native states.

The article announces the progress of state legislation related to civil defense in the U.S. The National Security Resources Board (NSRB) declared that twenty states now had new civil defense laws, fourteen states had laws based on World War II legislation, and fourteen states had civil defense agencies by executive order. Also reported were the nine states having a one-year civil defense appropriations. They include, among others, California, $400,000; New York, $100,000; Massachusetts, $150,000; and District of Columbia, $100,000.

The article reflects the views of the city mayors in the U.S. regarding the civil defense plan, penned by the National Security Resources Board. In their meeting in Washington D.C. early in October 1950, they criticize the plan due to the fact that it is vague and lacks clarity or distinctness. San Francisco, California Mayor Elmer Robinson voiced the general opinion of the mayor stressing that civil defense is the step-child of the government. He demanded to know why the government had not determined how much it would spend on civil defense so that local governments could make their supplemental appropriations.

The article examines the civil defense plan in the U.S., prepared by the National Security Resources Board. The plan, which given favorable approval from President Harry Truman, has now been read and considered by the mayors of leading cities and all those directing the local civil defense programs. The mayors, upon examination of the plan, described the plan as a simple reproduction of the Hopley report and that the situation is little advanced beyond that subsisting before the NSRB began its consideration of the problem. Likewise, the director of the Office of Civil Defense in World War II James M. Landis stresses that the defense plan appears to be more like for World War II. Analyses and views of the author are presented.