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GATE Working Paper Series, Camille Cornand, Paul Hubert, Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (OFCE), Sciences Po (Sciences Po), Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) (OFCE), and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Xavier Rossello, Jannick AN Dorresteijn, Arne Janssen, Ekaterini Lambrinou, Martijn Scherrenberg, Eric Bonnefoy-Cudraz, Mark Cobain, Massimo F Piepoli, Frank LJ Visseren, Paul Dendale, null This paper is a co-publication betw, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III [Madrid, Spain] (CNIC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Jessa Ziekenhuis [Hasselt], Cyprus University of Technology, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition (CarMeN), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Service de Cardiologie Lyon (Hôpital Louis Pradel [CHU - HCL]), Hôpital Louis Pradel [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Imperial College London, University of Southern California (USC), Rossello, Xavier/0000-0001-6783-8463, Rossello, Xavier, Dorresteijn, Jannick A. N., JANSSEN, Arne, Lambrinou, Ekaterini, SCHERRENBERG, Martijn, Bonnefoy-Cudraz, Eric, Cobain, Mark, Piepoli, Massimo F., Visseren, Frank L. J., DENDALE, Paul, CarMeN, laboratoire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Thomas Razafimahefa, Pascal Paper, François Guérin, Patrice Micouin, Roland Becquet, Louis Fabre, Micouin, Patrice, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Information et des Systèmes (LSIS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Arts et Métiers Paristech ENSAM Aix-en-Provence-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Airbus Helicopters, Aeroport International de Marseille-Provence, MathWorks, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Arts et Métiers Paristech ENSAM Aix-en-Provence-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Lozano, Manuel, Yousefi, Paul, Broberg, Karin, Soler-Blasco, Raquel, Miyashita, Chihiro, Pesce, Giancarlo, Kim, Woo Jin, Rahman, Mohammad, Bakulski, Kelly, Haug, Line, Ikeda-Araki, Atsuko, Huel, Guy, Park, Jaehyun, Relton, Caroline, Vrijheid, Martine, Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl, Oken, Emily, Dou, John, Kishi, Reiko, Gutzkow, Kristine, Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, Won, Sungho, Hivert, Marie-France, Fallin, M. Daniele, Vafeiadi, Marina, Ballester, Ferran, Bustamante, Mariona, Llop, Sabrina, Universitat de València (UV), University of Bristol [Bristol], Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Lund University [Lund], Hokkaido Information University, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Kangwon National University, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), University of Michigan [Dearborn], University of Michigan System, Norwegian Institute of Public Health [Oslo] (NIPH), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona] (ISGlobal), Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), Institut Desbrest de santé publique (IDESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), 1999SGR 00241, 15/0025, 17/00260, 20/0006, FIS-FEDER PI16/1288, FIS-FEDER PI19/1338, FIS-FEDER-PI03–1615, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151, FIS-PI11/00610, MC_UU_00011/5, National Institutes of Health, NIH: R37 HD034568, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIDDK: R01 DK10324, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NINDS: 06A1, 1 UO1 NS 047537–01, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIEHS: N01-ES-75558, Z01-ES-49019, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED: JPMH18950314, JPMH19188595, Wellcome Trust, WT: 102215/2/13/2, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 874583, Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_12013_1, MC_UU_12013_2, MC_UU_12013_5, MC_UU_12013_8, WT088806, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BBSRC: BB/I025263/1, BB/I025751/1, European Commission, EC: 261357, European Research Council, ERC: 268479, University of Bristol, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: JP15H04780, JP16H02645, JP18H03035, JP18K10022, JP18K10042, JP19H01071, JP19K10576, JP19K10636, JP19K20457, JP19K22730, JPMEERF20145054, JPMEERF20175053, JPMEERF20205002, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Generalitat Valenciana, GVA: 090,430, BEST/2020/059, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, MHLW: JPMH14427175, JPMH17932352, JPMH19189425, Helse- og Omsorgsdepartementet, Ministry of Environment, MOE: 2017001360005, Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, KEITI, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: CB06/02/0041, INMA G03/176, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: MTM2015-68140-R, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: R01HL111108, R01NR013945, Norges Forskningsråd: 221097, Institut National Du Cancer, INCa, Horizon 2020: 733206, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, MIC: JPMI10001, Consejería de Educación e Investigación, The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research , NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558 ), NIH/NINDS (grant no. 1 UO1 NS 047537–01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537–06A1 ). MoBa1 and MoBa 2 are supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( Z01-ES-49019 ) and Norwegian Research Council /BIOBANK (grant no 221097 ). The work in MoBa3 was supported in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship grant from the Ulleval Hospitals Research Council (now under Oslo University Hospital) and travel grants from the Unger-Vetlesens foundation and the Norwegian American Womens Club , all to M.C.M.K. MoBa3 epigenomics data analyses were funded by INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France, and the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C), and performed by the Epigenetics Group at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, Lyon, France), A.G. was supported by the grant from INCA /Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM (France, 2015) to Z.H. and also by the IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship, partially supported by the EC FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND)., ALSPAC study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2 ) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors, PY and CR, who will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website ( http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf ). The Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomics Studies (ARIES), was funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council ( BB/I025751/1 and BB/I025263/1 ). Additional epigenetic profiling of ALSPAC was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit and the University of Bristol ( MC_UU_12013_1 , MC_UU_12013_2 , MC_UU_12013_5 and MC_UU_12013_8 ), the Wellcome Trust ( WT088806 ) and the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( R01 DK10324 ). PY and CR are supported by the UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit ( MC_UU_00011/5 )., The Project Viva cohort is funded by NIH grants R01HL111108 , R01NR013945 , and R37 HD034568 ., The Hokkaido-Sapporo Study is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare ( JPMH14427175 , JPMH19189425 , JPMH17932352 ), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ( JP16H02645 , JP19H01071 , JP18H03035 , JP15H04780 , JP19K10576 , JP19K10636 , JP18K10042 , JP18K10022 , JP19K22730 , JP19K20457 ), and an Environment Research and Technology Development fund ( JPMEERF20145054 , JPMEERF20175053 , JPMEERF20205002 ), AMED ( JPMH19188595 , JPMH18950314 ), and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications ( JPMI10001 )., Main funding of the epigenetic studies in INMA were grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III ( Red INMA G03/176 , CB06/02/0041 ), Spanish Ministry of Health ( FIS-PI04/1436 , FIS-PI08/1151 including FEDER funds, FIS-PI11/00610 , FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867 , FIS-FEDER-PI03–1615 , FIS-FEDER PI16/1288 , FIS-FEDER PI19/1338, Miguel Servet FEDER 15/0025 and 20/0006, FIS-FSE : 17/00260 ), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241 , Generalitat Valenciana BEST/2020/059 , Fundacio ́ La Marato ́ de TV3 ( 090,430 ), EU Commission ( 261357 -MeDALL: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), and European Research Council ( 268479 -BREATHE: Brain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in school childrEn)., The authors would also like to thank Ingvild Essen for thorough field work, Heidi Marie Nordheim for biological sample management and the MoBa administrative unit (MoBa). The MoBa Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research . We are grateful to all the participating families in Norway who take part in this on-going cohort study., The Rhea project was financially supported by European projects , and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of Obesity and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Preschool Children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011–2014, ‘Rhea Plus': Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012–2015). The work was also supported by MICINN ( MTM2015-68140-R ), Centro Nacional de Genotipado - CEGEN-PRB2-ISCIII, the H2020 -EU.3.1.2. - Preventing Disease Programme (grant agreement no 874583 ) (ATHLETE project), and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant Agreement number: 733206 ) (Early Life stressors and Lifecycle Health (LIFECYCLE))., This study was supported by the Korean Environment Industry & Technology Institute ( KEITI ) through 'the Environmental Health Action Program', funded by Korea Ministry of Environment ( 2017001360005 )., ALSPAC. ALSPAC study is extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. We would like to acknowledge Oliver Lyttleton, Hashem Shihab, Nabila Kazmi and Geoff Woodward for their earlier contribution to the generation of ARIES data (ALSPAC methylation data). INMA, The authors would like to thank all the participants for their generous collaboration. full roster of the INMA project investigators can be found at http://www.proyectoinma.org/presentacion-inma/listado-investigadores/en_listado-investigadores.html. MoBa, The authors would also like to thank Ingvild Essen for thorough field work, Heidi Marie Nordheim for biological sample management and the MoBa administrative unit (MoBa). The MoBa Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research. We are grateful to all the participating families in Norway who take part in this on-going cohort study. Project Viva, Project Viva researchers would like to thank all mothers, children and families for their ongoing participation. RHEA, The authors would like to thank Georgia Chalkiadaki and Danai Feida for biological sample management, to Eirini Michalaki, Mariza Kampouri, Anny Kyriklaki and Minas Iakovidis for field study performance and to Maria Fasoulaki for administrative assistance. SAPPORO-HOKKAIDO, We would like to express our appreciation to all of the study participants of the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children? Health. We also express our profound gratitude to all personnel in the hospitals and clinics that collaborated with the study, including Sapporo Toho Hospital, Keiai Hospital, Endo Kikyo Maternity Clinic, Shiroishi Hospital, Memuro Municipal Hospital, Aoba Ladies Clinic, Obihiro-Kyokai Hospital, Akiyama Memorial Hospital, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kitami Red Cross Hospital, Hoyukai Sapporo Hospital, Gorinbashi Hospital, Hashimoto Clinic, Asahikawa Medical College Hospital, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Ohji General Hospital, Nakashibetsu Municipal Hospital, Sapporo Tokushukai Hospital, Asahikawa Red Cross Hospital, Wakkanai City Hospital, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Sapporo-Kosei General Hospital, Shibetsu City General Hospital, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Sapporo City General Hospital, Kohnan Hospital, Hakodate City Hospital, Hokkaido Monbetsu Hospital, Tenshi Hospital, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Nakamura Hospital, Kin-ikyo Sapporo Hospital, Kitami Lady's Clinic, Engaru-Kosei General Hospital, Kushiro Red Cross Hospital, Nayoro City General Hospital, and Obihiro-Kosei General Hospital. We also deeply express our gratitude to the staff of The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health for their considerable efforts to support our study, including N. Goto, O. Hayashi, T. Hikichi, N. Kanda, K. Kunita, K. Miura, Y. Shibasaki, K. Sugawara, K. Tanaka, E. Toyama, and T. Yoshikawa. Special thanks to Ms. Mimi Takahashi on her effort to support writing this manuscript.ALSPAC study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors, PY and CR, who will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). The Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomics Studies (ARIES), was funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I025751/1 and BB/I025263/1). Additional epigenetic profiling of ALSPAC was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit and the University of Bristol (MC_UU_12013_1, MC_UU_12013_2, MC_UU_12013_5 and MC_UU_12013_8), the Wellcome Trust (WT088806) and the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK10324). PY and CR are supported by the UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011/5).Main funding of the epigenetic studies in INMA were grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041), Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151 including FEDER funds, FIS-PI11/00610, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-FEDER-PI03?1615, FIS-FEDER PI16/1288, FIS-FEDER PI19/1338, FIS-FSE: 17/00260), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Generalitat Valenciana BEST/2020/059, Fundacio ? La Marato ? de TV3 (090,430), EU Commission (261357-MeDALL: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), and European Research Council (268479-BREATHE: Brain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in school childrEn).This study was supported by the Korean Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through ?the Environmental Health Action Program?, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (2017001360005).The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558), NIH/NINDS (grant no.1 UO1 NS 047537?01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537?06A1). MoBa1 and MoBa 2 are supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES-49019) and Norwegian Research Council/BIOBANK (grant no 221097). The work in MoBa3 was supported in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship grant from the Ulleval Hospitals Research Council (now under Oslo University Hospital) and travel grants from the Unger-Vetlesens foundation and the Norwegian American Womens Club, all to M.C.M.K. MoBa3 epigenomics data analyses were funded by INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France, and the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C), and performed by the Epigenetics Group at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, Lyon, France), A.G. was supported by the grant from INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM (France, 2015) to Z.H. and also by the IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship, partially supported by the EC FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND).The Project Viva cohort is funded by NIH grants R01HL111108, R01NR013945, and R37 HD034568.The Rhea project was financially supported by European projects, and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of Obesity and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Preschool Children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011?2014, Rhea Plus': Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012?2015). The work was also supported by MICINN (MTM2015-68140-R), Centro Nacional de Genotipado-CEGEN-PRB2-ISCIII, the H2020-EU.3.1.2. - Preventing Disease Programme (grant agreement no 874583) (ATHLETE project), and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant Agreement number: 733206) (Early Life stressors and Lifecycle Health (LIFECYCLE)).The Hokkaido-Sapporo Study is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (JPMH14427175, JPMH19189425, JPMH17932352), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP16H02645, JP19H01071, JP18H03035, JP15H04780, JP19K10576, JP19K10636, JP18K10042, JP18K10022, JP19K22730, JP19K20457), and an Environment Research and Technology Development fund (JPMEERF20145054, JPMEERF20175053, JPMEERF20205002), AMED (JPMH19188595, JPMH18950314), and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (JPMI10001)., European Project: 261357,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage,MEDALL(2010), HAL UVSQ, Équipe, and Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy - MEDALL - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2010-12-01 - 2015-05-31 - 261357 - VALID

Lozano, Manuel, Yousefi, Paul, Broberg, Karin, Soler-Blasco, Raquel, Miyashita, Chihiro, Pesce, Giancarlo, Kim, Woo Jin, Rahman, Mohammad, Bakulski, Kelly, Haug, Line, Ikeda-Araki, Atsuko, Huel, Guy, Park, Jaehyun, Relton, Caroline, Vrijheid, Martine, Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl, Oken, Emily, Dou, John, Kishi, Reiko, Gutzkow, Kristine, Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, Won, Sungho, Hivert, Marie-France, Fallin, M. Daniele, Vafeiadi, Marina, Ballester, Ferran, Bustamante, Mariona, Llop, Sabrina, Universitat de València (UV), University of Bristol [Bristol], Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Lund University [Lund], Hokkaido Information University, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Kangwon National University, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), University of Michigan [Dearborn], University of Michigan System, Norwegian Institute of Public Health [Oslo] (NIPH), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona] (ISGlobal), Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), Institut Desbrest de santé publique (IDESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), 1999SGR 00241, 15/0025, 17/00260, 20/0006, FIS-FEDER PI16/1288, FIS-FEDER PI19/1338, FIS-FEDER-PI03–1615, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151, FIS-PI11/00610, MC_UU_00011/5, National Institutes of Health, NIH: R37 HD034568, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIDDK: R01 DK10324, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NINDS: 06A1, 1 UO1 NS 047537–01, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIEHS: N01-ES-75558, Z01-ES-49019, Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED: JPMH18950314, JPMH19188595, Wellcome Trust, WT: 102215/2/13/2, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 874583, Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_12013_1, MC_UU_12013_2, MC_UU_12013_5, MC_UU_12013_8, WT088806, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BBSRC: BB/I025263/1, BB/I025751/1, European Commission, EC: 261357, European Research Council, ERC: 268479, University of Bristol, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: JP15H04780, JP16H02645, JP18H03035, JP18K10022, JP18K10042, JP19H01071, JP19K10576, JP19K10636, JP19K20457, JP19K22730, JPMEERF20145054, JPMEERF20175053, JPMEERF20205002, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, Generalitat Valenciana, GVA: 090,430, BEST/2020/059, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, MHLW: JPMH14427175, JPMH17932352, JPMH19189425, Helse- og Omsorgsdepartementet, Ministry of Environment, MOE: 2017001360005, Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, KEITI, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: CB06/02/0041, INMA G03/176, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: MTM2015-68140-R, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: R01HL111108, R01NR013945, Norges Forskningsråd: 221097, Institut National Du Cancer, INCa, Horizon 2020: 733206, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, MIC: JPMI10001, Consejería de Educación e Investigación, The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research , NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558 ), NIH/NINDS (grant no. 1 UO1 NS 047537–01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537–06A1 ). MoBa1 and MoBa 2 are supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( Z01-ES-49019 ) and Norwegian Research Council /BIOBANK (grant no 221097 ). The work in MoBa3 was supported in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship grant from the Ulleval Hospitals Research Council (now under Oslo University Hospital) and travel grants from the Unger-Vetlesens foundation and the Norwegian American Womens Club , all to M.C.M.K. MoBa3 epigenomics data analyses were funded by INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France, and the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C), and performed by the Epigenetics Group at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, Lyon, France), A.G. was supported by the grant from INCA /Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM (France, 2015) to Z.H. and also by the IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship, partially supported by the EC FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND)., ALSPAC study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2 ) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors, PY and CR, who will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website ( http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf ). The Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomics Studies (ARIES), was funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council ( BB/I025751/1 and BB/I025263/1 ). Additional epigenetic profiling of ALSPAC was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit and the University of Bristol ( MC_UU_12013_1 , MC_UU_12013_2 , MC_UU_12013_5 and MC_UU_12013_8 ), the Wellcome Trust ( WT088806 ) and the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( R01 DK10324 ). PY and CR are supported by the UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit ( MC_UU_00011/5 )., The Project Viva cohort is funded by NIH grants R01HL111108 , R01NR013945 , and R37 HD034568 ., The Hokkaido-Sapporo Study is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare ( JPMH14427175 , JPMH19189425 , JPMH17932352 ), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ( JP16H02645 , JP19H01071 , JP18H03035 , JP15H04780 , JP19K10576 , JP19K10636 , JP18K10042 , JP18K10022 , JP19K22730 , JP19K20457 ), and an Environment Research and Technology Development fund ( JPMEERF20145054 , JPMEERF20175053 , JPMEERF20205002 ), AMED ( JPMH19188595 , JPMH18950314 ), and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications ( JPMI10001 )., Main funding of the epigenetic studies in INMA were grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III ( Red INMA G03/176 , CB06/02/0041 ), Spanish Ministry of Health ( FIS-PI04/1436 , FIS-PI08/1151 including FEDER funds, FIS-PI11/00610 , FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867 , FIS-FEDER-PI03–1615 , FIS-FEDER PI16/1288 , FIS-FEDER PI19/1338, Miguel Servet FEDER 15/0025 and 20/0006, FIS-FSE : 17/00260 ), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241 , Generalitat Valenciana BEST/2020/059 , Fundacio ́ La Marato ́ de TV3 ( 090,430 ), EU Commission ( 261357 -MeDALL: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), and European Research Council ( 268479 -BREATHE: Brain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in school childrEn)., The authors would also like to thank Ingvild Essen for thorough field work, Heidi Marie Nordheim for biological sample management and the MoBa administrative unit (MoBa). The MoBa Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research . We are grateful to all the participating families in Norway who take part in this on-going cohort study., The Rhea project was financially supported by European projects , and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of Obesity and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Preschool Children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011–2014, ‘Rhea Plus': Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012–2015). The work was also supported by MICINN ( MTM2015-68140-R ), Centro Nacional de Genotipado - CEGEN-PRB2-ISCIII, the H2020 -EU.3.1.2. - Preventing Disease Programme (grant agreement no 874583 ) (ATHLETE project), and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant Agreement number: 733206 ) (Early Life stressors and Lifecycle Health (LIFECYCLE))., This study was supported by the Korean Environment Industry & Technology Institute ( KEITI ) through 'the Environmental Health Action Program', funded by Korea Ministry of Environment ( 2017001360005 )., ALSPAC. ALSPAC study is extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. We would like to acknowledge Oliver Lyttleton, Hashem Shihab, Nabila Kazmi and Geoff Woodward for their earlier contribution to the generation of ARIES data (ALSPAC methylation data). INMA, The authors would like to thank all the participants for their generous collaboration. full roster of the INMA project investigators can be found at http://www.proyectoinma.org/presentacion-inma/listado-investigadores/en_listado-investigadores.html. MoBa, The authors would also like to thank Ingvild Essen for thorough field work, Heidi Marie Nordheim for biological sample management and the MoBa administrative unit (MoBa). The MoBa Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research. We are grateful to all the participating families in Norway who take part in this on-going cohort study. Project Viva, Project Viva researchers would like to thank all mothers, children and families for their ongoing participation. RHEA, The authors would like to thank Georgia Chalkiadaki and Danai Feida for biological sample management, to Eirini Michalaki, Mariza Kampouri, Anny Kyriklaki and Minas Iakovidis for field study performance and to Maria Fasoulaki for administrative assistance. SAPPORO-HOKKAIDO, We would like to express our appreciation to all of the study participants of the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children? Health. We also express our profound gratitude to all personnel in the hospitals and clinics that collaborated with the study, including Sapporo Toho Hospital, Keiai Hospital, Endo Kikyo Maternity Clinic, Shiroishi Hospital, Memuro Municipal Hospital, Aoba Ladies Clinic, Obihiro-Kyokai Hospital, Akiyama Memorial Hospital, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kitami Red Cross Hospital, Hoyukai Sapporo Hospital, Gorinbashi Hospital, Hashimoto Clinic, Asahikawa Medical College Hospital, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Ohji General Hospital, Nakashibetsu Municipal Hospital, Sapporo Tokushukai Hospital, Asahikawa Red Cross Hospital, Wakkanai City Hospital, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Sapporo-Kosei General Hospital, Shibetsu City General Hospital, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Sapporo City General Hospital, Kohnan Hospital, Hakodate City Hospital, Hokkaido Monbetsu Hospital, Tenshi Hospital, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Nakamura Hospital, Kin-ikyo Sapporo Hospital, Kitami Lady's Clinic, Engaru-Kosei General Hospital, Kushiro Red Cross Hospital, Nayoro City General Hospital, and Obihiro-Kosei General Hospital. We also deeply express our gratitude to the staff of The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health for their considerable efforts to support our study, including N. Goto, O. Hayashi, T. Hikichi, N. Kanda, K. Kunita, K. Miura, Y. Shibasaki, K. Sugawara, K. Tanaka, E. Toyama, and T. Yoshikawa. Special thanks to Ms. Mimi Takahashi on her effort to support writing this manuscript.ALSPAC study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors, PY and CR, who will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). The Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomics Studies (ARIES), was funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I025751/1 and BB/I025263/1). Additional epigenetic profiling of ALSPAC was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit and the University of Bristol (MC_UU_12013_1, MC_UU_12013_2, MC_UU_12013_5 and MC_UU_12013_8), the Wellcome Trust (WT088806) and the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK10324). PY and CR are supported by the UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011/5).Main funding of the epigenetic studies in INMA were grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041), Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151 including FEDER funds, FIS-PI11/00610, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-FEDER-PI03?1615, FIS-FEDER PI16/1288, FIS-FEDER PI19/1338, FIS-FSE: 17/00260), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Generalitat Valenciana BEST/2020/059, Fundacio ? La Marato ? de TV3 (090,430), EU Commission (261357-MeDALL: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), and European Research Council (268479-BREATHE: Brain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in school childrEn).This study was supported by the Korean Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through ?the Environmental Health Action Program?, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (2017001360005).The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558), NIH/NINDS (grant no.1 UO1 NS 047537?01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537?06A1). MoBa1 and MoBa 2 are supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES-49019) and Norwegian Research Council/BIOBANK (grant no 221097). The work in MoBa3 was supported in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship grant from the Ulleval Hospitals Research Council (now under Oslo University Hospital) and travel grants from the Unger-Vetlesens foundation and the Norwegian American Womens Club, all to M.C.M.K. MoBa3 epigenomics data analyses were funded by INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France, and the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C), and performed by the Epigenetics Group at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, Lyon, France), A.G. was supported by the grant from INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM (France, 2015) to Z.H. and also by the IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship, partially supported by the EC FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND).The Project Viva cohort is funded by NIH grants R01HL111108, R01NR013945, and R37 HD034568.The Rhea project was financially supported by European projects, and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of Obesity and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Preschool Children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011?2014, Rhea Plus': Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012?2015). The work was also supported by MICINN (MTM2015-68140-R), Centro Nacional de Genotipado-CEGEN-PRB2-ISCIII, the H2020-EU.3.1.2. - Preventing Disease Programme (grant agreement no 874583) (ATHLETE project), and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant Agreement number: 733206) (Early Life stressors and Lifecycle Health (LIFECYCLE)).The Hokkaido-Sapporo Study is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (JPMH14427175, JPMH19189425, JPMH17932352), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP16H02645, JP19H01071, JP18H03035, JP15H04780, JP19K10576, JP19K10636, JP18K10042, JP18K10022, JP19K22730, JP19K20457), and an Environment Research and Technology Development fund (JPMEERF20145054, JPMEERF20175053, JPMEERF20205002), AMED (JPMH19188595, JPMH18950314), and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (JPMI10001)., and European Project: 261357,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage,MEDALL(2010)

John, Amal, Douville, Hervé, Ribes, Aurélien, Yiou, Pascal, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020, H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, MSCA: 813844, Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of Massachusetts Amherst, CAFE, Horizon 2020, This work is part of the Climate Advanced Forecasting of sub-seasonal Extremes (CAFE) project, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813844. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output to CMIP. We also thank the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (ISPL) Mésocentre for Climate Sciences for the CMIP6 data acquisition, storage space, and intensive computing resources for this paper., This work is part of the Climate Advanced Forecasting of sub-seasonal Extremes (CAFE) project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813844 . We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output to CMIP. We also thank the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (ISPL) Mésocentre for Climate Sciences for the CMIP6 data acquisition, storage space, and intensive computing resources for this paper., Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Parekh, Jayneel, Mozharovskyi, Pavlo, d'Alché-Buc, Florence, Signal, Statistique et Apprentissage (S2A), Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information (LTCI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris, Département Images, Données, Signal (IDS), Télécom ParisTech, Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), paper funded by DSAIDIS, paper funded by DSAIDIS chair, ANR-20-CE23-0028,LIMPID,Exploitation de machines interprétables pour l'amélioration des performances et la prise de décision(2020), Parekh, Jayneel, and Exploitation de machines interprétables pour l'amélioration des performances et la prise de décision - - LIMPID2020 - ANR-20-CE23-0028 - AAPG2020 - VALID

Dimitri SAINGRE, Thomas Ledoux, Jean-Marc Menaud, Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This paper has been financed by the HYDDA FSN project., GRID5000, IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), and Experiments presented in this paper were carried out us-ing the Grid’5000 testbed, supported by a scientific inter-est group hosted by Inria and including CNRS, RENATERand several Universities as well as other organizations (seehttps://www.grid5000.fr).This paper has been financed by the HYDDA FSN project

Simon Abelard, Elena Berardini, Alain Couvreur, Grégoire Lecerf, Thales SIX GTS France, Laboratoire d'informatique de l'École polytechnique [Palaiseau] (LIX), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Geometry, arithmetic, algorithms, codes and encryption (GRACE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), This paper is part of a project of École polytechnique, that has received funding from the French 'Agence de l'innovation de défense'. Simon Abelard was partially funded by this grant, when he was hosted at École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris (91120 Palaiseau, France), from October 2019 to the end of December 2020., École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and This paper is part of a project of École polytechnique, that has received funding from the French 'Agence de l'innovation de défense'. Simon Abelard was partially funded by this grant, when he was hosted at École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris (91120 Palaiseau, France), from October 2019 to the end of December 2020. Elena Berardini has also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 899987.

Lemire, Pierre, Temam, Sofia, Quinot, Catherine, Sévin, Etienne, Remacle, Sophie, Supernant, Karine, Dumas, Orianne, Le Moual, Nicole, Eyriey, E., Licinia, A., Vellement, A., Pin, Isabelle, Hofmann, P., Hullo, Églantine, Llerena, Catherine, Morin, X., Morlot, A., Lepeule, Johanna, Lyon-Caen, Sarah, Philippat, Claire, Quentin, Joane, Siroux, Valérie, Slama, Rémy, Faraldo, Beatrice, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, MGEN Foundation for Public Health [Paris] (FESP-MGEN), Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), EpiConcept [Paris], The Sepages Study Group., Fondation d’entreprise MGEN pour la santé publique (FESP MGEN), Anses-PNR-EST-2015-1-022/Ademe-1594C0091, Anses-PNR-EST-2017-1-101/Ademe-1762C0021 Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: FP7/2007-206, N308333-HELIX European Research Council, ERC: N 311765-E-DOHaD Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR: 14-CE21-0007-01, 19-CE36-0003-01, ANR 18-CE36-005, ANR-12-PDOC-0029-01, ANR-15-IDEX, ANR-15-IDEX-02 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Fondation de France: CLI-MATHES—00081169 Commissariat Général à l'Investissement, CGI Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, ANSES: PNR-EST-2018-1-264 Agir pour les Maladies Chroniques, Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the role of SEPAGES cohort study group: E. Eyriey, A. Licinia, A. Vellement (Groupe Hospitalier Mutualiste, Grenoble), I. Pin, P. Hofmann, E. Hullo, C. Llerena (Grenoble University Hospital, La Tronche), X. Morin (Clinique des Cèdres, Echirolles), A. Morlot (Clinique Belledonne, Saint-Martin d’Hères), J. Lepeule, S. Lyon-Caen, C. Philippat, I. Pin, J. Quentin, V. Siroux, R. Slama (Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes IAB research center). We thank A. Benlakhryfa, L. Borges, Y. Gioria, clinical research assistants, J. Giraud, M. Marceau, M.-P. Martin, nurses, E. Charvet, A. Putod, midwives, M. Graca, K. Gridel, C. Pelini, fieldworkers, K. Guichardet, A. Levanic, C. Martel, E. Quinteiro neuropsychologists, the sta↵ from Grenoble Center for Clinical Investigation (CIC): J.-L. Cracowski, C. Cracowski, E. Hodaj, D. Abry, N. Gonnet and A. Tournier. A warm thank you also to M. Althuser, S. Althuser, F. Camus-Chauvet, P. Dusonchet, S. Dusonchet, L. Emery, P. Fabbrizio, P. Ho↵mann, D. Marchal André, X. Morin, E. Opoix, L. Pacteau, P. Rivoire, A. Royannais, C. Tomasella, T. Tomasella, D. Tournadre, P. Viossat, E. Volpi, S. Rey, E. Warembourg and clinicians from Grenoble University Hospital for their support in the recruitment of the study volunteers. We also thank A. Buchet, S.F. Caraby, J.-N. Canonica, J. Dujourdil, E. Eyriey, P. Hofmann, M. Jeannin, A. Licina, X. Morin, A. Nicolas, and all midwives from the four maternity wards of Grenoble urban areas. We thank B. Chevolon, C. Cornes, A.S. Gauchez, D. Guergour, P. Faure, J. Arnaud for thyroid hormones assessment. We thank the team of L. Chaperod (EFS) for its implication on the immunological aspects of the project. We thank G. Uzu (IRD) and J.-L. Ja↵rezo (CNRS) for their implication on PM oxidative potential assessment. We thank F.-X. Leupert, O. Bonnet and L. Goirand for the access to the birth certificate database from the Conseil Général de l’Isère. Sépages biospecimens are stored at Grenoble University Hospital (CHU-GA) biobank (bb-0033-00069), we would like to thank the whole CRB team, led by P. Mossuz and P. Lorimier, and in particular the technicians for the huge work of biospecimens processing and pooling: W. Jayar and L. Than, as well as G. Schummer. The Internet platform for secured data collection was developed by Epiconcept Paris (E. Sevin, S. Ployart, A. Polaert). SEPAGES data are stored thanks to Inserm RE-CO-NAI platform funded by Commissariat Général à l’Investissement, with the implication of Sophie de Visme (Inserm DSI). Many thanks to M.A. Charles, RE-CO-NAI coordinator, for her support. Finally, and importantly, we would like to express our sincere thanks to participants of the SEPAGES study. The authors are grateful for the help received from Ines Taarit and Mathias Clément to update the cleaning products ingredients database., Funding: The cohort was supported by the European Research Council (consolidator grant N 311765-E-DOHaD, PI, R. Slama), by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-206, grant N308333-HELIX, PI, M. Vrijheid), by ANR, the French Research Agency (PAPER project ANR-12-PDOC-0029-01, PI, J. Lepeule, SHALCOH project, 14-CE21-0007-01, PI, R. Slama, GUMME project, PI, R. Slama, ETAPE ANR 18-CE36-005, PI, J. Lepeule, EDeN project 19-CE36-0003-01, SYMER project, ANR-15-IDEX-02, PI, U. Schlattner, Mobil’Air project, ANR-15-IDEX, PI, S. Mathy, supported by University Grenoble-3Alpes), by ANSES (CNAP and HYPAXE projects, PI C. Philippat, PENDORE project, PNR-EST-2018-1-264, PI, V. Siroux), by Plan Cancer (Canc’Air project, PI, P. Guénel), by Association de Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC, PI, P. Guénel), by AGIR pour les maladies chroniques (PI, R. Slama and PRENAPAR project, V. Siroux), and Fonds de Recherche pour la Santé Respiratoire (FRSR, PI, I. Pin) and by Fondation de France (CLI-MATHES—00081169, J. Lepeule). We acknowledge the support of ANSES, Inserm and AGIR pour les maladies chroniques, for SEPAGES feasibility study. The support of 'SCUSI 2017' Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes programme is also acknowledged. COBANET-Sepages project was support by Anses and Ademe (COBANET: Anses-PNR-EST-2015-1-022/Ademe-1594C0091, PI: N Le Moual, CRESPINET: Anses-PNR-EST-2017-1-101/Ademe-1762C0021, PI: N Le Moual). Pierre Lemire benefited from a PhD scholarship of the University of Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, France., The cohort was supported by the European Research Council (consolidator grant N 311765-E-DOHaD, PI, R. Slama), by the European Community?s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-206, grant N308333-HELIX, PI, M. Vrijheid), by ANR, the French Research Agency (PAPER project ANR-12-PDOC-0029-01, PI, J. Lepeule, and EDeN project 19-CE36-0003-01, SYMER project, ANR-15-IDEX-02, PI, U. Schlattner, Mobil?Air project, ANR-15-IDEX, PI, S. Mathy, supported by University Grenoble-3Alpes), by ANSES (CNAP and HYPAXE projects, PI C. Philippat, PENDORE project, PNR-EST-2018-1-264, PI, V. Siroux), by Plan Cancer (Canc?Air project, PI, P. Gu?nel), by Association de Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC, PI, P. Gu?nel), by AGIR pour les maladies chroniques (PI, R. Slama and PRENAPAR project, V. Siroux), and Fonds de Recherche pour la Sant? Respiratoire (FRSR, PI, I. Pin) and by Fondation de France (CLIMATHES?00081169, J. Lepeule). We acknowledge the support of ANSES, Inserm and AGIR pour les maladies chroniques, for SEPAGES feasibility study. The support of ?SCUSI 2017? R?gion Auvergne-Rh?ne-Alpes programme is also acknowledged. COBANET-Sepages project was support by Anses and Ademe (COBANET: Anses-PNR-EST-2015-1-022/Ademe-1594C0091, PI: N Le Moual

Sadykov, Ruslan, Pessoa, Artur, Uchoa, Eduardo, Reformulations based algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization (Realopt), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Universidade Federal Fluminense [Rio de Janeiro] (UFF), Experiments presented in this paper were carried out using the PlaFRIM (Federative Platform for Research in Computer Science and Mathematics), created under the Inria PlaFRIM development action with support from Bordeaux INP, LABRI and IMB and other entities: Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS and ANR in accordance to the 'Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir' (see www.plafrim.fr/en/home). AP and EU visited Bordeaux with funding from project FAPERJ E26/110.075/2014 (International Cooperation FAPERJ/INRIA). The authors are thankful to Thibaut Vidal for running the hybrid genetic algorithm and communicating initial upper bounds for VRPTW instances with 200 and 400 customers. The authors are grateful to two anonymous referees and the associate editor whose comments helped to improve the quality of the paper., Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), and Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest

François Jourda, Christophe Saint-Etienne, Luc Christiaens, Grégoire Rangé, Benoit Lattuca, Philippe Brunel, Paul Guedeney, Hervé Le Breton, Marie Hauguel-Moreau, Eric Vicaut, Anne Bellemain-Appaix, Jean-Louis Georges, Guillaume Cayla, Christophe Pouillot, Christophe Caussin, Gregory Ducrocq, Ziad Boueri, Farzin Beygui, Johanne Silvain, Thibault Lhermusier, Gilles Montalescot, Jean-Noël Labèque, Jean-Philippe Collet, Zuzana Motovska, Franck Boccara, Mohamad El Kasty, Raphaelle Dumaine, Jean-Guillaume Dillinger, Mikael Laredo, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Research Unit on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases [IHU ICAN], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition = Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition [CHU Pitié Salpêtrière] (IHU ICAN), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Hôpital Universitaire Carémeau [Nîmes] (CHU Nîmes), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Service de cardiologie et de pathologie vasculaire [CHU Caen], Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Service de cardiologie [Chartres], Les hôpitaux de Chartres [Chartres], Marqueurs cardiovasculaires en situation de stress (MASCOT (UMR_S_942 / U942)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hôpital de Bastia, Service de Cardiologie [Hôpital privé Dijon Bourgogne], Hôpital privé Dijon Bourgogne, Clinique Sainte Clotilde, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Service de cardiologie [CHU de Poitiers], Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Service de cardiologie [Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne], Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier de Versailles André Mignot (CHV), Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier d'Antibes Juan les Pins, Antibes, Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Trousseau [APHP], Institut Mutualiste de Montsouris (IMM), Hôpital d'Auxerre, Partenaires INRAE, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Laboratoire de Recherche Vasculaire Translationnelle (LVTS (UMR_S_1148 / U1148)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, AstraZeneca France Novartis Daiichi-Sankyo Bristol-Myers Squibb, BMS Eli Lilly and Company Bayer AstraZeneca France Boston Scientific Corporation, BSC Abbott Laboratories Medtronic Biotronik Fédération Française de Cardiologie, FFC, The ALPHEUS and the Bio-ALPHEUS studies are funded by the Fond de dotation ACTION ( www.action-fonds.org ) and a grant from AstraZeneca . The Bio-ALPHEUS study is also funded by the Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition . The first draft of the paper was developed by Dr Silvain and Dr Montalescot, and all authors subsequently contributed to its development and final content and are solely responsible for the design and conduct of this study, all study analyses, the drafting and editing of the paper, and its final contents. AstraZeneca reviewed the manuscript and was allowed to make suggestions, but final content was determined by the authors., Dr Silvain reports receiving consulting and lecture or travel support from AstraZeneca, Bayer HealthCare SAS, Biotronik, BPI France, Boehringer Ingelheim France, CSL Behring SA, Gilead Science, Sanofi-Aventis France, Terumo France SAS, Abbott Medical France SAS, and Zoll and is a stockholder of Pharmaseeds. Dr Cayla reports speaker or congress fees and has received research grants/consultant fees/lectures fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Abbott, Bayer, Biotronik, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, and Sanofi-Aventis. Dr Beygui reports receiving consulting and lecture fees from Astrazeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Medtronic, Biosensors, Boston Scientific Institutional and research grants from Medtronic, Biosensors, Acist, and Boston scientific. Dr Rangé reports receiving speaker’s and/or consulting fees from Abbott. Dr Lattuca has received research grants from Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Daiichi-Sankyo, Fédération Française de Cardiologie, and Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, consultant fees from Daiichi-Sankyo and Eli Lilly, and lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Medtronic, and Novartis. Dr Collet reports receiving consulting and lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Fédération Française de Cardiologie, Lead-Up, Medtronic, MSD, Sanofi-Aventis, and WebMD. Dr Dillinger reports receiving consulting and lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, and Sanofi and grants from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, and Biosensors. Dr Boueri reports receiving consulting and lecture fees from Novartis and Astra Zeneca. Dr Boccara reports consulting or speaker fees from Amgen, Gilead, ViiV Healthcare, Amgen, Sanofi, MSD, and Servier outside the submitted work. Dr Christiaens reports consulting or speaker fees from Astra Zeneca. Dr Lhermusier reports consulting or speaker fees from Astra Zeneca, Boston Scientifics, and Abbott and a research grant from Astra Zeneca. Dr Georges reports consulting or speaker fees from AstraZeneca France, Sanofi-Aventis, Amgen, and Merck Sharpe and Dohme. Dr Bellemain-Appaix reports consulting or speaker fees from Astra Zeneca, Novartis, and Pfizer. Dr Saint-Etienne reports consulting or speaker fees from Abbott, Medtronic, Edwards, and Biotronik. Dr Motovska reports consulting or speaker fees from Astrazeneca. Dr Laredo reports fellowship grants from Medtronic, Biotronik, and Boston Scientific. Dr Ducrocq reports consulting or speaker fees from Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BMS, Janssen, Sanofi, and Terumo, proctoring: Boston scientific, CEC: Novo Nordisk, and travel fees: Astra Zeneca, Bayer, and BMS. Dr Vicaut reports consulting or speaker fees from Abbott, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Edwards, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Novartis. Dr Montalescot reports consulting or speaker fees from Abbott, AIM group, Amgen, Actelion, American College of Cardiology Foundation, Astrazeneca, Axis-Santé, Bayer, Boston-Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical, Brigham Women’s Hospital, Fréquence Médicale, ICOM, Idorsia, Elsevier, Fédération Française de Cardiologie, Fréquence Médicale, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Lead-Up, Menarini, Medtronic, MSD, Novo-Nordisk, Pfizer, Quantum Genomics, Sanofi-Aventis, SCOR global life, Servier, and WebMD. Other authors have no conflict of interest to report., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Institute of cardiometabolism and nutrition (ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CR Saint-Antoine), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Research Unit on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque (CHCB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre hospitalier d'Auxerre (CHA), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord

Philippe O. A. Navaux, Jean Luca Bez, Toni Cortes, Francieli Zanon Boito, Alberto Miranda, Ramon Nou, Instituto de Informática da UFRGS (UFRGS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Topology-Aware System-Scale Data Management for High-Performance Computing (TADAAM), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Data Aware Large Scale Computing (DATAMOVE ), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), This study was financed in part by the Coordenac¸ao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nıvel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. It has also received support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientıfico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazil, the LICIA International Laboratory, NCSA-Inria-ANL-BSC-JSC-Riken Joint-Laboratory on Extreme Scale Computing (JLESC), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the TIN2015–65316 grant, and the Generalitat de Catalunya under contract 2014– SGR–1051. This research received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 800144. Experiments presented in this paper were carried out using the Grid’5000 testbed, supported by a scientific interest group hosted by Inria and including CNRS, RENATER and several Universities as well as other organizations (see https://www. grid5000.fr). The authors acknowledge the National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) for providing HPC resources of the SDumont supercomputer, which have contributed to the research results reported within this paper., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Arquitectura de Computadors, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. CAP - Grup de Computació d'Altes Prestacions, and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest

Louis Jacob, Lee Smith, Deepti Adlakha, Mark A. Tully, Nicole E Blackburn, Ai Koyanagi, Paolo Caserotti, Pinar Soysal, Nicola Veronese, Guillermo Felipe López Sánchez, Davy Vancampfort, Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), University of Ulster, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), National Institute on Aging, NIA: 08-CN-0020, OGHA 04034785, R01‐AG034479, R21‐AG034263, Y1-AG-1005, Y1‐AG‐1005–01, YA1323– 08‐CN‐0020, This paper uses data from WHO?s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE). SAGE is supported by the U.S. National Institute on Aging through Interagency Agreements OGHA 04034785, YA1323? 08-CN-0020, Y1-AG-1005?01 and through research grants R01-AG034479 and R21-AG034263., Funding: This paper uses data from WHO’s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE). SAGE is supported by the U.S. National Institute on Aging through Interagency Agreements OGHA 04034785, YA1323– 08‐CN‐0020, Y1‐AG‐1005–01 and through research grants R01‐AG034479 and R21‐AG034263., SOYSAL, PINAR, Smith, L., Tully, M., Jacob, L., Blackburn, N., Adlakha, D., Caserotti, P., Soysal, P., Veronese, N., Sánchez, G.F.L., Vancampfort, D., and Koyanagi, A.

Emma Partiot, Nilda Vanesa Ayala-Nunez, Jacky G. Goetz, Gautier Follain, Judith R.E. Roels, Anita Eckly, Béatrice Uring-Lambert, Maxime Chazal, Raphael Gaudin, Gillian Hale, Frank M. J. Jacobs, Sandrine Bourdoulous, Orestis Faklaris, Sherif R. Zaki, Aurélie Hirschler, Nolwenn Jouvenet, Margot Carocci, Florian Bakoa, Sarah Cianférani, Christine Carapito, Frédéric Doussau, Brigid C. Bollweg, François Delalande, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Département Sciences Analytiques et Interactions Ioniques et Biomoléculaires (DSA-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-Center for Neurosciences, Génomique virale et vaccination, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), BioCampus Montpellier (BCM), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie et pharmacologie des plaquettes sanguines: hémostase, thrombose, transfusion, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work has received funding from the French State via the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the program Investissements d’avenir (IdEx Université de Strasbourg) to RG. This work was supported by an ATIP-AVENIR starting grant to RG. The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Program (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007–2013) under REA grant agreement no. PCOFUND-GA-2013-609102, through the PRESTIGE program coordinated by Campus France, and from the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS), both attributed to NVAN. Experiments conducted by G.F. and J.G.G. were funded by Plan Cancer (OptoMetaTrap), Ligue contre le Cancer, Idex Attractivités (University of Strasbourg), and by institutional funds from INSERM and University of Strasbourg. G.F. was supported by a doctoral fellowship from Ligue Contre le Cancer. Mass spectrometry experiments were supported by the French Proteomic Infrastructure (ProFI, ANR-10-INBS-08-03). F.B. is a recipient of a PhD grant provided by ANRT (Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie). N.J. is funded by Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR-16-CE15-0025-01), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur. CDC contributions to this paper written and edited by G.L.H. and B.C.B. in their private capacity. No official support or endorsement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services is intended, nor should be inferred. All authors read, provided feedback, and approved the paper. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The following reagent was obtained through the NIH AIDS Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH: HIV-1 NL4-3 AD8 Infectious Molecular Clone (pNL(AD8)) from Dr. Eric O. Freed (cat# 11346)., ANR-16-CE15-0025,Viro-Storm,Mécanismes de production incontrôlée de cytokines au cours de l'infection virale(2016), European Project: 609102,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2013-COFUND,PRESTIGE(2014), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), BioCampus (BCM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EFS-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), jouvenet, nolwenn, Mécanismes de production incontrôlée de cytokines au cours de l'infection virale - - Viro-Storm2016 - ANR-16-CE15-0025 - AAPG2016 - VALID, PRES Towards International Gain of Excellence - PRESTIGE - - EC:FP7:PEOPLE2014-09-01 - 2019-08-31 - 609102 - VALID, Equipe Direction scientifique, Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son (STMS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IRCAM-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IRCAM-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Neuro-Immunologie Virale, Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire (LPQM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan), Biologie et pharmacologie des plaquettes sanguines: hémostase, thrombose, transfusion (http://www.u949.inserm.fr/), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-EFS, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France (LSMBO-DSA-IPHC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immunorhumathologie moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Molecular Neuroscience (SILS, FNWI)

John Asplund, Pierre Charbit, Carl Feghali, Dalton State College, University System of Georgia (USG), Institut de Recherche en Informatique Fondamentale (IRIF (UMR_8243)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Networks, Graphs and Algorithms (GANG), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), University of Bergen (UIB), This paper received partial support his paper received partial support by Fondation Sciences Mathématiques de Paris and the Research Council of Norway via the project CLASSIS, Grant Number 249994., and University of Bergen (UiB)

Morgane Bourmaud, Anda Huna, Ikrame Naciri, Marthe Laisné, Pierre-Antoine Defossez, Selene Di Carlo, Nikhil Gupta, David Bernard, Lucie Peduto, Laure Ferry, Olivier Kirsh, Nadine Martin, Centre épigénétique et destin cellulaire (EDC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie de l'Os et du Cartilage : Régulations et Ciblages Thérapeutiques (BIOSCAR (UMR_S_1132 / U1132)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Stroma, inflammation et réparation tissulaire - Stroma, Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institutes of Health [EpiCALC 2013 to P.A.D. and D.B.], Institut National du Cancer [PLBio15–013 to P.A.D. and D.B.], Labex ‘Who am I?’ [ANR-11-LABX-0071 under ANR-11-IDEX-005–02, to P.A.D.], European Research Council [ERC648428-PERIF to L.P.], Fondation ARC [4th-year PhD scholarship to I.N., Programme Labellisé PGA1/RF20180206807 to P.A.D.], Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale [postdoctoral fellowship to A.H.]. The open access publication charge for this paper has been waived by Oxford University Press - NAR Editorial Board members are entitled to one free paper per year in recognition of their work on behalf of the journal., The authors thanks the Genomics Platform of Institut Curie for Nanostring analysis. The Nanostring platform of Institut Curie was initiated with the support of French grants (LabEx and EquipEx): ANR-10-IDEX-0001–02 PSL, ANR-11-LBX-0044 and « INCa-DGOS- 4654 » SIRIC11–002. We thank Valérie Doye, Stéphanie Bolhy, and Philippe Girard at Institut Jacques Monod for help with the Incucyte. Concerning the lentiviral vector production, we acknowledge Christophe Huret and the Paris Diderot Vectorology Platform of Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7216, Paris, France. We acknowledge the kind help of Elisabeth Brambilla with some experiments that do not appear in the submitted version of the manuscript. For the gift of reagents we acknowledge the kind contribution of Katrin Chua, Philippe Chavrier, Annabelle Decottignies, Sébastien Jauliac and Michael Kracht. Finally, we thank the following colleagues for useful discussions: Jean-Marc Vanacker, Robert Dante, Nathalie Théret, Saadi Khochbin, Céline Prunier, Céline Vallot, Claire Rougeulle, Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot, Slimane Ait-si-ali, Jonathan Weitzman, Valérie Lallemand-Mezger, ANR-11-IDEX-0005,USPC,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité(2011), European Project: 648428,H2020,ERC-2014-CoG,PERIF(2015), Centre épigénétique et destin cellulaire (EDC (UMR_7216)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Biologie du Développement et Reproduction (BDR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Stroma, inflammation et réparation tissulaire, ATMEL [Rousset], Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), TOMASSO DEVERGE, Carina, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - - USPC2011 - ANR-11-IDEX-0005 - IDEX - VALID, and Perivascular cells at the crossroads of inflammation, regeneration and fibrosis - PERIF - - H20202015-11-01 - 2020-10-31 - 648428 - VALID

Olivier Bou Matar, Michael Baudoin, Antoine Riaud, Jean Louis Thomas, J.-C. Gerbedoen, Nikolay Smagin, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Puissance - IEMN (PUISSANCE - IEMN), Fudan University [Shanghai], State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Transduction, Propagation et Imagerie Acoustique - IEMN (TPIA - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Acoustique pour les nanosciences (INSP-E3), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AcknowledgmentsWe acknowledge the platform 'WaveSurf' from Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France for performing the measurements with the laser interferometer. We also acknowledge A. Vlandas for critical reading of the manuscript and valuable advices that helped us improve its overall quality. Funding: This work was supported by SATT Nord. Author contributions: M.B., A.R., and J.-L.T. designed the research. M.B. and J.-C.G. built the setup and performed the experiments. M.B. and A.R. performed the numerical simulations. O.B.M., J.-C.G., and N.S. performed the field measurements with the interferometer. M.B., O.B.M., A.R., and J.-L.T. analyzed and interpreted the results. M.B., O.B.M., J.-C.G., A.R., and J.-L.T. wrote the paper. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Competing interests: J.-L.T., O.B.M., A.R., and M.B. are inventors on a patent application related to this work filed with the European Patent Office (application no. EP17198204.4, submitted 25 October 2017). All other authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors., RENATECH, Baudoin, Michael, Médecine Personnalisée, Pharmacogénomique, Optimisation Thérapeutique (MEPPOT - U1147), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS-IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - UMR 8520 ( IEMN ), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du nunérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis ( UVHC ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris ( INSP ), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )

Botvinnik, Marina, Laor, Tomer, Rokicki, Thomas, Maurice, Clémentine, Oren, Yossi, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Intel Corporation [Haifa], Intel Corporation [USA], Security & PrIvaCY (SPICY), SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Self-adaptation for distributed services and large software systems (SPIRALS), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work has been partly funded by the ANR-19-CE39-0007 MIAOUS. Experiments presented in this paper were carried out using the Grid’5000 testbed, supported by a scientific interest group hosted by Inria and including CNRS, RENATER and several Universities as well as other organizations (see https://www.grid5000.fr)., Grid'5000, and ANR-19-CE39-0007,MIAOUS,Attaques sur la micro-architecture des systèmes ubiquitaires(2019)

Sun, Jia-Lu, Jiang, Huanfeng, Dixneuf, Pierre H., Zhang, Min, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and The authors are grateful to the financial support of State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering (2022C03), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2023A1515012318 and 2021A1515010155), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21971071).

Ronan Terpereau, Manfred Lehn, Christian Lehn, Michael Bulois, Algèbre, géométrie, logique ( AGL ), Institut Camille Jordan [Villeurbanne] ( ICJ ), École Centrale de Lyon ( ECL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] ( UJM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Centrale de Lyon ( ECL ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] ( UJM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Fakultät für Mathematik der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, Fakultaet fuer Mathematik der Technischen Universitaet Chemnitz, Institut für Mathematik ( MI ), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz ( JGU ), Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne [Dijon] ( IMB ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Mathematics ( Bonn ), The second-named author gratefully acknowledges the support by the DFG through the research grant Le 3093/2-1. The thirdnamed author is supported by the SFB Transregio 45 'Periods, Moduli Spaces and Arithmetic of Algebraic Varieties'. The fourth-named author is grateful to the Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik of Bonn for the warm hospitality and support provided during the writing of this paper. Part ofthe genesis of this paper occurred during the half semester Algebraic Groups and Representations supported by the LABEX MILYON (ANR-10-LABX-0070) of Université de Lyon, within the program 'Investissements d'Avenir' (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR)., ANR-11-IDEX-0007-02/10-LABX-0070,MILYON,Community of mathematics and fundamental computer science in Lyon ( 2011 ), ANR-15-CE40-0012,GeoLie,GeoLie, Algèbre, géométrie, logique (AGL), Institut Camille Jordan [Villeurbanne] (ICJ), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chemnitz University of Technology / Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institut für Mathematik (MI), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne [Dijon] (IMB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Max Planck Institute for Mathematics (MPIM), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, ANR-10-LABX-0070,MILYON,Community of mathematics and fundamental computer science in Lyon(2010), and ANR-15-CE40-0012,GéoLie,Méthodes géométriques en théorie de Lie(2015)

Atle Mysterud, Nicolas Morellet, Stefano Focardi, Ferdinando Urbano, Marco Heurich, Derek B. Spitz, Wibke Peters, Francesca Cagnacci, John D. C. Linnell, Mark Hebblewhite, Petter Kjellander, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Research and Innovation Centre, Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department, Edmund Mach Foundation (FEM), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)-Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Department, Harvard University [Cambridge], This paper was conceived and written within the collaborative EURODEER project (paper no. 006 of the EURODEER series, Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and Peters, Wibke

Rogers, Jason, Asch, Federico, Sorajja, Paul, Mahoney, Paul, Price, Matthew, Maisano, Francesco, Denti, Paolo, Morse, Michael, Rinaldi, Michael, Bedogni, Francesco, de Marco, Federico, Rollefson, William, Chehab, Bassem, Williams, Mathew, Leurent, Guillaume, Morikawa, Takao, Asgar, Anita, Rodriguez, Evelio, von Bardeleben, Ralph Stephan, Kar, Saibal, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Scripps Clinic [San Diego, CA, USA], CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Medical Center [Mainz], Los Robles Regional Medical Center [California], The EXPAND G4 study was funded and sponsored by Abbott. Dr Rogers has received institutional research funding from Abbott and Boston Scientific, and has received consulting fees from Abbott, Baylis, and Boston Scientific. Dr Asch’s work as director of an academic core laboratory is through institutional research grants (MedStar Health) with Abbott, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Edwards Lifesciences, Neovasc, Ancora Heart, LivaNova, MVRx, InnovHeart, Polares Medical, and Aria CV. Dr Sorajja has received consulting fees from Abbott, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, vDyne, TriFlo, W.L. Gore & Associates, Anteris, Evolution Medical, Half Moon Medical, Neovasc, TeleFlex, and Shifamed, and has received grant support from Abbott, VDyne, Medtronic, and Highlife. Dr Mahoney serves as a consultant and proctor for Medtronic, Edwards Lifesciences, and Boston Scientific, is a consultant for Abbott, and has received research support from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Abbott, and Boston Scientific. Prof Maisano has received grant and/or institutional research support from Abbott, Medtronic, Edwards Lifesciences, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, NVT, and Terumo, has received consulting fees, honoraria (personal and institutional) from Abbott, Medtronic, Edwards Lifesciences, Xeltis, and Cardiovalve, has received royalty income and intellectual property rights from Edwards Lifesciences, and is a shareholder (including share options) in CardioGard, Magenta, SwissVortex, Transseptal Solutions, Occlufit, 4Tech, and Perifect. Dr Denti has received consulting and speaker fees from Abbott. Dr Morse is a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences. Dr Rinaldi has served on the advisory board for Boston Scientific, has taught courses for Abbott and Edwards Lifesciences, has served as a consultant for Abbott, Boston Scientific, and Edwards Lifesciences, has received research and grant support from Boston Scientific, and has served as a proctor for Abbott and Edwards Lifesciences. Dr Bedogni has received consulting and speaker fees from Abbott. Dr De Marco is a consultant and has provided paid expert testimony for Abbott and Boston Scientific. Dr Chehab has received study grants and consulting fees from Abbott, Edwards Lifesciences, and BioTronics. Dr Price has received consulting fees from ACIST, Medtronic, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Abbott, Philips, InnovHeart, Shockwave, and W.L. Gore & Associates (outside the submitted work). Dr Williams has received research funding from Abbott, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, and Edwards Lifesciences. Dr Leurent has received proctoring, lecture, and consulting fees from Abbott. Dr Morikawa has received speaking, consulting, and proctoring fees from Abbott. Dr Asgar is a consultant for and has received research support from Abbott. Dr Rodriguez has received consulting fees from Abbott, AtriCure, Boston Scientific, Edwards Lifesciences, NeoChord, and Philips. Prof von Bardeleben has served in unpaid trial activities for Abbott, Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, and the University of Gottingen (IIT), and is an advisory board or Speakers Bureau member for Abbott Cardiovascular, Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, and NeoChord. Dr Kar has received consulting fees from Abbott, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, and W.L. Gore & Associates, and and has received grant support from Edwards Lifesciences and V-Wave. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

E. Brezza, F. Deprat, C. de Buttet, A. Gauthier, M. Gregoire, D. Guiheux, V. Guyader, M. Juhel, I. Berbezier, E. Assaf, L. Favre, P. Chevalier, C. Gaquière, N. Defrance, STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Puissance - IEMN (PUISSANCE - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire Cycles Géochimiques et ressources (LCG), Géosciences Marines (GM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut des Matériaux, de Microélectronique et des Nanosciences de Provence (IM2NP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hôpital Louis Pradel [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Declaration of competing interestThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared toinfluence the work reported in this paper., NO FUNDING FOUND, and Laboratoire commun STMicroelectronics-IEMN T1

Abdelhadi Belfadel, Sebastian Hörl, Rodrigo Javier Tapia, Dimitra Politaki, Ibad Kureshi, Lorant Tavasszy, Jakob Puchinger, IRT SystemX, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), INLECOM, Métis Lab EM Normandie, École de Management de Normandie (EM Normandie), Laboratoire Génie Industriel (LGI), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay, This paper presents work developed in the scope of the project LEAD. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 861598., and European Project: 861598,LEAD

Morgane Boulch, Marine Cazaux, Alexis Cuffel, Marion V. Guerin, Zacarias Garcia, Ruby Alonso, Fabrice Lemaître, Alexander Beer, Béatrice Corre, Laurie Menger, Capucine L. Grandjean, Florence Morin, Catherine Thieblemont, Sophie Caillat-Zucman, Philippe Bousso, Dynamiques des Réponses immunes - Dynamics of Immune Responses, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis - Hématologie Immunologie Oncologie (Département de recherche de l’UFR de médecine, ex- Institut Universitaire Hématologie-IUH) (IRSL), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Immunologie des tumeurs et immunothérapie (UMR 1015), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The work was supported by Institut Pasteur, INSERM, INCa (PLBIO21-104) and an Advanced grant (ENLIGHTEN) from the European Research Council (P.B.)., We thank members of the Bousso laboratory for critical review of the paper. We are grateful to F. Sepulveda for providing Prf1−/− mice. We acknowledge the mouse facility and CB UTechS at Institut Pasteur for support in conducting the present study, European Project: 741167,ERC-2016-ADG,ENLIGHTEN(2018), Immunologie anti-tumorale et immunothérapie des cancers (ITIC), and Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay

Jia‐Lu Sun, Chenggang Ci, Huanfeng Jiang, Pierre H. Dixneuf, Min Zhang, South China University of Technology [Guangzhou] (SCUT), Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities [Duyun] (QNCN), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and The authors are grateful to the financial support of State Key Laboratoryof Pulp and Paper Engineering (2022C03), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21971071, 22163007), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2023A1515012318 and2021A1515010155), and Guizhou Province Science Foundation ([2020]1Y050).

Tanya Khara, Mark Myatt, Kate Sadler, Paluku Bahwere, James A Berkley, Robert E Black, Erin Boyd, Michel Garenne, Sheila Isanaka, Natasha Lelijveld, Christine McDonald, Andrew Mertens, Martha Mwangome, Kieran O’Brien, Heather Stobaugh, Sunita Taneja, Keith P West, André Briend, SOUtenabilité et RésilienCE (SOURCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), United States Agency for International Development, USAID: 720BHA23CA00001, 720FDA18GROO290, Irish Aid: HQPCR/2022/ENN, HQPU/2021/ENN, and Financial Support: This paper is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (Award No’s 720FDA18GROO290 and 720BHA23CA00001) and of Irish Aid (Grant No’s HQPU/2021/ENN and HQPCR/2022/ENN). The ideas, opinions and comments herein are entirely the responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government or Irish Aid or the Irish Government.

Karim Benali, Paul Khairy, Nefissa Hammache, Adrian Petzl, Antoine Da Costa, Atul Verma, Jason G. Andrade, Laurent Macle, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montreal Heart Institute - Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, McGill University Health Center [Montreal] (MUHC), Dr Benali has received grant support from the Group of Pacing and Cardiac Electrophysiology of the French Society of Cardiology. Dr Verma has received grant support, advisory board fees, and lecture fees from Bayer, Biosense Webster, and Medtronic, has received grant support from Biotronik, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Boehringer Ingelheim, has received consulting fees from Boston Scientific, MedLumics, and Thermedical, and has received lecture fees from Servier. Dr Andrade has received grant support from Baylis Medical, and and has received lecture fees from Biosense Webster. Dr Macle has received grant support and honoraria from Biosense Webster, Abbott, and Pfizer-Bristol Myers Squibb. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Vincent Vadez, Raphael Pilloni, Alexandre Grondin, Amir Hajjarpoor, Hatem Belhouchette, Youssef Brouziyne, Ghani Chehbouni, Mohamed Hakim Kharrou, Rim Zitouna-Chebbi, Insaf Mekki, Jérôme Molénat, Frédéric Jacob, Jérôme Bossuet, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics [Inde] (ICRISAT), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Centre d'Etude Regional Pour l'Amelioration de l'Adaptation A la Secheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), International Water Management Institute, MENA Office (IWMI), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique [Ben Guerir] (UM6P), International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF), Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF)-Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis] (IRESA), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Independent Consultant, The paper was written and supported under the Make Our Planet Great Again (MOPGA) ICARUS project (Improve Crops in Arid Regions and future climates) funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, grant ANR-17-MPGA-0011), and written in the scope and with the support of the ClimBeR initiative of the CGIAR, itself supported by the France-CGIAR action plan on Climate Change., ANR-17-MPGA-0011,ICARUS,Improve Crops in Arid Regions and future climates(2017), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro

S. Ehsan Hashemi-Petroodi, Simon Thevenin, Sergey Kovalev, Alexandre Dolgui, Modélisation, Optimisation et DEcision pour la Logistique, l'Industrie et les Services (LS2N - équipe MODELIS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Centrale de Nantes (Nantes Univ - ECN), Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales | School of Business and Economics (INSEEC), and The authors of this paper would like to thank the Region Pays de la Loire, France (www.paysdelaloire.fr) which supported financially this research. We also would like to thank the project ASSISTANT (https://assistant-project.eu/) that is funded by the European Commission, under grant agreement number 101000165,H2020–ICT -38-2020, artificial intelligence for manufacturing

Gondia S. Seck, Emmanuel Hache, Jerome Sabathier, Fernanda Guedes, Gunhild A. Reigstad, Julian Straus, Ove Wolfgang, Jabir A. Ouassou, Magnus Askeland, Ida Hjorth, Hans I. Skjelbred, Leif E. Andersson, Sebastien Douguet, Manuel Villavicencio, Johannes Trüby, Johannes Brauer, Clement Cabot, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), EconomiX, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SINTEF Energy Research, Deloitte Consulting [Diegem], and This study received the financial support of the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, BP Europa SE, ConocoPhillips (U.K.) Holdings Limited, ENI S.p.A., Equinor Energy Belgium, Ervia, European Petroleum Refiners Association Concawe Division, ExxonMobil International Ltd, Gassco AS, Hydrogen Europe, Norsk Olje og Gass, OMV Refining & Marketing GmbH, Shell International Exploration and Production BV, Snam S.P.A., Total SA, Wintershall Dea GmbH and Zukunft Gas e.V.. This paper is part of the Hydrogen for Europe (Hydrogen4EU) project. The views expressed herein are strictly those of the authors and are not to be construed as representing those of the funding partners. The authors are very grateful to Florence Delprat-Jannaud, François Kalaydjian, Louis-Marie Malbec, Charlène Barnet from IFPEN, Marte Fodstad, Mona Mølnvik and Brage R. Knudsen from SINTEF, Antoine Gery, Clément Cartry and Charline Moreux from DELOITTE for their insightful comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors are ours.

Sadeghi, Mostafa, Magron, Paul, Speech Modeling for Facilitating Oral-Based Communication (MULTISPEECH), Inria Nancy - Grand Est, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Department of Natural Language Processing & Knowledge Discovery (LORIA - NLPKD), Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Experiments presented in this paper were carried out using the Grid’5000 testbed, supported by a scientific interest group hosted by Inria and including CNRS, RENATER and several Universities as well as other organizations (see https://www.grid5000.fr).

Christiana A Demetriou, Souzana Achilleos, Annalisa Quattrocchi, John Gabel, Elena Critselis, Constantina Constantinou, Nicoletta Nicolaou, Giuseppe Ambrosio, Catherine M Bennett, Nolwenn Le Meur, Julia A Critchley, Laust Hvas Mortensen, Jose Manuel Rodriguez-Llanes, Mario Chong, Gleb Denissov, Petra Klepac, Lucy P Goldsmith, Antonio José Leal Costa, Terje P Hagen, Marie Chan Sun, Qian Huang, Nataliia Pidmurniak, Inbar Zucker, Joseph Cuthbertson, Bo Burström, Manuel Barron, Ivan Eržen, Fabrizio Stracci, Wilson Calmon, Cyndy Martial, Olesia Verstiuk, Zalman Kaufman, Wenjing Tao, Maia Kereselidze, Nino Chikhladze, Antonis Polemitis, Andreas Charalambous, University of Nicosia, École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département Méthodes quantitatives en santé publique (METIS), Centre de Recherches sur l'Action Politique en Europe (ARENES), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was supported by the University of Nicosia Medical School (internal funding). The funding source did not have any involvement in study design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, and or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Simon Forest, Jean-Charles Quinton, Mathieu Lefort, Statistique pour le Vivant et l’Homme (SVH), Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Systèmes Cognitifs et Systèmes Multi-Agents (SyCoSMA), Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Project AMPLIFIER, funded by the French region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the context of the 'Pack Ambition Recherche' initiative., Most of the computations presented in this paper were performed using the GRICAD infrastructure (https://gricad.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr), which is supported by Grenoble research communities., ANR-11-LABX-0025,PERSYVAL-lab,Systemes et Algorithmes Pervasifs au confluent des mondes physique et numérique(2011), and ANR-14-CE25-0006,GAG,Jeux et graphes(2014)

Imen Ben Mohamed, Walid Klibi, Ruslan Sadykov, Halil Şen, François Vanderbeck, Kedge Business School (Kedge BS), Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Reformulations based algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization (Realopt), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Formulations étendues et méthodes de décomposition pour des problèmes génériques d'optimisation (EDGE), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Mapotempo, Atoptima, Experiments presented in this paper were carried out using the PlaFRIM (Federative Platform for Research in Computer Science and Mathematics), created under the Inria PlaFRIM development action with support from Bordeaux INP, LABRI and IMB and other entities: Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS and ANR in accordance to the 'Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir' (see www.plafrim.fr/en/home).HS gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the FMJH ‘Program Gaspard Monge for optimization and operations research and their interactions with data science’, and EDF., Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), and Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest

Hongxi Pang, Peng Zhang, Shuangye Wu, Jean Jouzel, Hans Christian Steen‐Larsen, Ke Liu, Wangbin Zhang, Jinhai Yu, Chunlei An, Deliang Chen, Shugui Hou, Nanjing University (NJU), University of Gothenburg (GU), University of Dayton, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bergen (UiB), Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC), and We thank all of the CHINARE-26 and CHINARE-32 scientists, technicians, and porters for their hard work in the field. We thank Amaelle Landais (LSCE) for the 17O-excess measurements and her constructive comments on this paper. We also thank Tongmei Wang for her advice on calculating the residual circulation. This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41622605, 41830644, 91837102, 42021001), the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration (CXPT2020012), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and the Swedish STINT (CH2019-8377).

Kunihiko Sadakane, Ioannis Lignos, Leszek Gsieniec, Ralf Klasing, Jesper Jansson, Stefan Dobrev, Russell Martin, David Ilcinkas, Wing-Kin Sung, Jurek Czyzowicz, Département d'Informatique et d'Ingénierie (DII), Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Institute of Mathematics, Slovak Academy of Science [Bratislava] (SAS), Department of Computer Science [Liverpool], University of Liverpool, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Algorithmics for computationally intensive applications over wide scale distributed platforms (CEPAGE), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ochanomizu University, Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Principles of Informatics Research Division, National Institute of Informatics (NII), National University of Singapore (NUS), See paper for details, ANR-07-BLAN-0322,ALADDIN,Algorithm Design and Analysis for Implicitly and Incompletely Defined Interaction Networks(2007), INRIA Futurs, See paper for details., ANR-05-MMSA-0006,ALPAGE,ALgorithmique des Plates-formes A Grande Echelle(2005), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest

Dmitry Ivanov, Alexandre Dolgui, Boris Sokolov, Marina Ivanova, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Modélisation, Optimisation et DEcision pour la Logistique, l'Industrie et les Services (LS2N - équipe MODELIS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Centrale de Nantes (Nantes Univ - ECN), Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Science of St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPIIRAS ), and The research described in this paper is partially supported by state researchFFZF–2022–0004

Parsegov, Sergei, Pugach, Mikhail, Polyakov, Andrey, Ibáñez, Federico, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology [Moscow] (Skoltech), Finite-time control and estimation for distributed systems (VALSE), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and This paper is supported by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 963550, project HyFlow (Hybrid energy storage system).

Nesrine Bannour, Perceval Wajsbürt, Bastien Rance, Xavier Tannier, Aurélie Névéol, Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale et Ingénierie des Connaissances en e-Santé (LIMICS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Health data- and model- driven Knowledge Acquisition (HeKA), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), This work was supported by ITMO Cancer Aviesan. The funding organization had no role in the conceptualization, design, data collection and analysis, preparation of the paper, or the decision to publish it., Tannier, Xavier, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)

Lemire, Pierre, Chevallier, Emmanuel, Lyon-Caen, Sarah, Sévin, Etienne, Boudier, Anne, Pacheco Da Silva, Emilie, De Thuin, Christian, Slama, Rémy, Dumas, Orianne, Siroux, Valérie, Le Moual, Nicole, Eyriey, E., Licinia, A., Vellement, A., Pin, I., Hoffmann, P., Hullo, E., Llerena, C., Morin, X., Morlot, A., Lepeule, J., Lyon-Caen, S., Philippat, C., Quentin, J., Siroux, V., Slama, R., Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, National Institute for Consumption/Institut national de la consommation [Paris] (INC), Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), EpiConcept [Paris], This work was supported by the European Research Council under Grant N°311765-E-DOHaD, the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under Grant FP7/2007-206—N°308333-892 HELIX, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grants N° 874583 ATHLETE Project and N°825712 OBERON Project, the French Research Agency—ANR under Grants PAPER project ANR-12-PDOC-0029-01, SHALCOH project ANR-14-CE21-0007, ANR-15-IDEX-02 and ANR-15-IDEX5, GUMME project ANR-18-CE36-005 and ETAPE project ANR—EDeN project ANR -19-CE36-0003-01, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety—ANSES under Grants CNAP project EST-2016-121, PENDORE project EST-2016-121 and HyPAxE project EST-2019/1/039, the Plan Cancer under (Canc’Air project), the French Cancer Research Foundation Association de Recherche sur le Cancer—ARC, the French Endowment Fund AGIR for chronic diseases—APMC under Grants projects PRENAPAR and LCI-FOT, the French Endowment Fund for Respiratory Health, the French Fund—Fondation de France under Grants CLIMATHES—00081169 and SEPAGES 5—00099903, COBANET-Sepages project was supported by Anses and Ademe under Grants COBANET: Anses-PNR-EST-2015-1-022/Ademe-1594C0091and CRESPI: Anses-PNR-EST-2017-1-101/Ademe-1762C0021/ARS Ile de France 2018–2019: Pierre Lemire benefited from a PhD scholarship of the University of Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, France., SEPAGES Study Group: E Eyriey, A Licinia, A Vellement, I Pin, P Hoffmann, E Hullo, C Llerena, X Morin, A Morlot, J Lepeule, S Lyon-Caen, C Philippat, I Pin, J Quentin, V Siroux, R Slama., ANR-12-PDOC-0029,PAPER,Grossesse, pollution atmospherique, epigenetique, et sante respiratoire(2012), ANR-14-CE21-0007,SHALCOH,Expositions prénatales aux phénols et santé de l'enfant : analyse longitudinale(2014), ANR-11-RARE-0002,EDEN(2011), ANR-19-CE36-0003,EDeN,Exposition précoces aux perturbateurs endocriniens et neurodéveloppement de l'enfant : le rôle de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysaire(2019), Faraldo, Beatrice, Retour Post-Doctorant - Grossesse, pollution atmospherique, epigenetique, et sante respiratoire - - PAPER2012 - ANR-12-PDOC-0029 - PDOC - VALID, Appel à projets générique - Expositions prénatales aux phénols et santé de l'enfant : analyse longitudinale - - SHALCOH2014 - ANR-14-CE21-0007 - Appel à projets générique - VALID, ERA RARE - - EDEN2011 - ANR-11-RARE-0002 - ERA RARE - VALID, and Exposition précoces aux perturbateurs endocriniens et neurodéveloppement de l'enfant : le rôle de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysaire - - EDeN2019 - ANR-19-CE36-0003 - AAPG2019 - VALID

Perrin, Marie-Yvonne, Rivière, Philippe, Soufiani, Anouar, Laboratoire d'Énergétique Moléculaire et Macroscopique, Combustion (EM2C), CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Papers presented during the AVT-162 RTO AVT/VKI Lecture Series held at the von Karman Institute, Rhode St. Genèse, Belgium., ANR: RAYHEN,RAYHEN, Perrin, Marie-Yvonne, Blanc - Rayonnement des gaz à haute enthalpie présents dans les entrées planétaires - - Rayhen2007 - ANR-07-BLAN-0305 - BLANC - VALID, and Papers presented during the AVT-162 RTO AVT/VKI Lecture Series held at the von Karman Institute, Rhode St. Genèse, Belgium.

Noémie Roland, Jérôme Drouin, David Desplas, Lise Duranteau, François Cuenot, Rosemary Dray-Spira, Alain Weill, Mahmoud Zureik, HAL UVSQ, Équipe, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, EPI-PHARE (EPI-PHARE), Caisse nationale d'assurance maladie des travailleurs salariés [CNAMTS]-Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé [Saint-Denis] (ANSM), AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé, ANSM, Funding: This research was funded by EPI-PHARE, the French National Health Insurance Fund (CNAMTS) and the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM). NR, DD, FC, RDS and MZ are employees of the French National Agency for Medicines and Health, JD and AW of the French National Health Insurance Fund., and Each author has confirmed compliance with the journal's requirements for authorship. We thank Anthony Saul for his help in correcting and clarifying the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by EPI-PHARE, the French National Health Insurance Fund (CNAMTS) and the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM). NR, DD, FC, RDS and MZ are employees of the French National Agency for Medicines and Health, JD and AW of the French National Health Insurance Fund. Declarations of interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Faheem Khan, Stephane Azou, Roua Youssef, Pascal Morel, Emanuel Radoi, Octavia A. Dobre, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Equipe Security, Intelligence and Integrity of Information (Lab-STICC_SI3), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Equipe Architectures, Microwaves & Photonic Systems (Lab-STICC_ASMP), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB), Université de Brest (UBO), Université de Bretagne Occidentale - UFR Sciences et Techniques (UBO UFR ST), Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 838037. The content of this paper only reflects the authors’ views and the Research Executive Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains., and European Project: 838037, UWB-IODA SF-PC

Alain Destexhe, Jakub Orlowski, Antoine Chaillet, Mario Sigalotti, Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Control And GEometry (CaGE ), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL (UMR_7598)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL (UMR_7598)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This paper has received support from the Institute for Control and Decision of Paris Saclay (iCODE), France and Digiteo, France. AD was supported by the CNRS, France and the European Commission (Human Brain Project H2020-945539)., Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)

Ramzi Benkraiem, Stéphane Goutte, Samir Saadi, Hui Zhu, Steven Zhu, Audencia Business School, SOUtenabilité et RésilienCE (SOURCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Paris School of Business (PSB), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Université d'Ottawa [Ontario] (uOttawa), University of Ontario Institute of Technology, UOIT, Cape Breton University, CBU, University of Waterloo, UW, and ☆ The authors would like to thank Jonathan A. Batten (the Editor) and two anonymous reviewers for constructive and helpful comments. The paper has also benefited from comments and suggestions from Jason Allen, Alexander Barinov, Gregory Bauer, Imed Chkir, Lamia Chourou, Alexander David, Kose John, Yan Luo, Gordon Sick, Gloria Tian, Ligang Zhong, and seminar participants at The University of New Orleans, The University of Waterloo, The Cape Breton University, The Bank of Canada, The University of Calgary, The University of Ottawa, The Ontario Tech University, The Multinational Finance Society Annual Meetings and The Edwards Symposium on Financial Markets & Institutions.

Konstantinos Savvatis, Christoffer Rasmus Vissing, Lori Klouvi, Anca Florian, Mehjabin Rahman, Anthony Béhin, Abdallah Fayssoil, Marion Masingue, Tanya Stojkovic, Henri Marc Bécane, Nawal Berber, Fanny Mochel, Denis Duboc, Bertrand Fontaine, Bjørg Krett, Caroline Stalens, Julie Lejeune, Robert D.S. Pitceathly, Luis Lopes, Malika Saadi, Thomas Gossios, Vincent Procaccio, Marco Spinazzi, Céline Tard, Pascal De Groote, Claire-Marie Dhaenens, Claire Douillard, Andoni Echaniz-Laguna, Ros Quinlivan, Michael G. Hanna, Ali Yilmaz, John Vissing, Pascal Laforêt, Perry Elliott, Karim Wahbi, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), Association française contre les myopathies (AFM-Téléthon), University Hospital Münster - Universitaetsklinikum Muenster [Germany] (UKM), University College of London [London] (UCL), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hôpital Raymond Poincaré [Garches], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Sorbonne Université (SU), Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, MitoVasc - Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire et Mitochondriale (MITOVASC), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Biochimie et Génétique [Angers], Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Lille Neurosciences & Cognition - U 1172 (LilNCog), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hôpital Claude Huriez [Lille], CHU Lille, AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Handicap neuromusculaire : Physiopathologie, Biothérapie et Pharmacologies appliquées (END-ICAP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), MR/S005021/1, Association Française contre les Myopathies, AFM, Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/S002065/1, Department of Health and Social Care, DH, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UCLH, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, This study was funded by grants from the Association Française contre les Myopathies (French Alliance against Myopathies), which was not involved in the design and conduct of the study, the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript, and nor in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Dr Pitceathly is supported by a Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) Clinician Scientist Fellowship (MR/S002065/1). Drs Pitceathly and Hanna receive funding from a Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) strategic award to establish an International Centre for Genomic Medicine in Neuromuscular Diseases (ICGNMD) (MR/S005021/1). Dr Lopes is supported by a Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) clinical academic partnership (CARP) award. Dr Quinlivan was funded by National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospitals Foundation Trust. The University College London Hospitals/University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology sequencing facility receives a proportion of funding from the Department of Health's National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre’s funding scheme. The clinical and diagnostic 'Rare Mitochondrial Disorders' Service in London is funded by the U.K. NHS Highly Specialised Commissioners. Dr Elliott has received consultancy fees from Pfizer, Sanofi, Sarepta, DinaQor, Freeline, Novo Nordisk, and Bristol Myers Squibb. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Fillâtre, Pierre, Dufour, Marie-José, Behillil, Sylvie, Vatan, Remi, Reusse, Pascale, Gabellec, Alice, Velmans, Nicolas, Montagne, Catherine, Du Coudret, Sophie Geffroy, Droumaguet, Edith, Merour, Véronique, Enouf, Vincent, Buzele, Rodolphe, Valence, Marion, Guillotel, Elena, Gagniere, Bertrand, Baidaliuk, Artem, Zhukova, Anna, Tourdjman, Mathieu, Thibault, V., Grolhier, Claire, Pronier, Charlotte, Lescure, François-Xavier, Simon-Loriere, Etienne, Costagliola, Dominique, Van Der Werf, Sylvie, Tattevin, Pierre, Massart, Nicolas, CHU de Saint-Brieuc, Centre hospitalier Pierre Le Damany - Lannion, Centre hospitalier de Lannion, Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Pasteur International Bioresources network (PIBNet), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Génomique évolutive des virus à ARN - Evolutionary genomics of RNA viruses, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), ARN régulateurs bactériens et médecine (BRM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), None, We thank Olivia Da Conceicao and Cylia Imekhlaf for their help in collecting data from patients' charts. We would like to thank all the healthcare workers, public health employees, and scientists involved in the COVID-19 response to this outbreak. We acknowledge the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID (Supplementary Material Table S2). We avoided any direct analysis of genomic data not submitted as part of this paper and used this genomic data only as background. This work used the computational and storage services (Maestro cluster) provided by the IT department at Institut Pasteur, Paris., ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR), Jonchère, Laurent, Virus et Interférence ARN - Viruses and RNA Interference, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Morphogenèse du cœur - Heart morphogenesis (Imagine - Institut Pasteur U1163), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )

Mohammed Abdellaoui, Philippe Colo, Brian Hill, HEC Paris - Recherche - Hors Laboratoire, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC Paris), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupement de Recherche et d'Etudes en Gestion à HEC (GREGH), Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Duisburg-Essen, and HEC Paris Research Paper Series