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BACKGROUND: The INFOGEST model is a standardized general in vitro digestion study, but it cannot accurately simulate the fatty acid release process of lipids in the stomach and small intestine. In this study, the internationally universal INFOGEST 2019 was used as the basic model and flaxseed oil emulsion was used as the research object. In various improvement models, the effect of fatty acid release rate on the oxidation stability of flaxseed oil was assessed by adding rabbit stomach extract and changing the order of bile salts addition. RESULTS: With the presence of rabbit gastric extract, flaxseed oil emulsion flocculation and coalescence in stomach were reduced, and the absolute value of ζ‐potential increased. Moreover, the release rate of fatty acids in the small intestine increased by 12.14%. The amount of lipid oxidation product (i.e. hexanal) in the gastric and intestinal phases increased by 0.08 ppb. In addition, the fatty acid release rate in the small intestine phase increased by 5.85% and the hexanal content increased by 0.011 ppb in the digestion model of adding bile salts before adjusting the pH in the small intestine phase compared with the model of adjusting the pH first and then adding bile salts. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study will contribute to finding the most suitable static digestion model for simulating digestion and oxidation of lipid during lipid gastrointestinal digestion. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Atherosclerosis is a major manifestation of the pathophysiology underlying cardiovascular disease. Flaxseed oil (FO) and α-lipoic acid (LA) have been reported to exert potential benefit to cardiovascular system. This study tried to assess the effect of supplement of FO and LA combination on the atherosclerosis risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet. Methods LA was dissolved in flaxseed oil to a final concentration of 8 g/kg (FO+LA) when used. The rodent diet contained 20% fat. One-fifth of the fat was soybean oil and the others were lard (HFD group), or 75% lard and 25% FO+LA (L-FO+LA group), or 50% lard and 50% FO+LA (M-FO+LA group), or FO+LA (H-FO+LA group). Animals were fed for 10 weeks and then killed for blood collection. Results Supplement of FO and LA combination significantly enhanced plasma antioxidant defense capacities, as evaluated by the marked increase in the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx as well as the level of GSH, and the significant reduction in lipid peroxidation. Simultaneous intake of FO and LA also reduced plasma TG, TC and LDL-C contents and elevated the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C. Besides, in parallel with the increase of FO and LA combination, plasma IL-6 and CRP levels were remarkably reduced. Conclusion Supplement of FO and LA combination may contribute to prevent atherogenesis by improving plasma oxidative stress, lipid profile and inflammation.

Abstract Background The erythrocyte membrane lesion is a serious diabetic complication. A number of studies suggested that n-3 fatty acid could reduce lipid peroxidation and elevate α- or γ-tocopherol contents in membrane of erythrocytes. However, evidence regarding the protective effects of flaxseed oil, a natural product rich in n-3 fatty acid, on lipid peroxidation, antioxidative capacity and membrane deformation of erythrocytes exposed to high glucose is limited. Methods Human peripheral blood erythrocytes were isolated and treated with 50 mM glucose to mimic hyperglycemia in the absence or presence of three different doses of flaxseed oil (50, 100 or 200 μM) in the culture medium for 24 h. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and L-glutathione (GSH) were measured by HPLC and LC/MS respectively. The phospholipids symmetry and membrane fatty acid composition of human erythrocytes were detected by flow cytometry and gas chromatograph (GC). The morphology of human erythrocyte was illuminated by ultra scanning electron microscopy. Results Flaxseed oil attenuated hyperglycemia-induced increase of MDA and decrease of GSH in human erythrocytes. Human erythrocytes treated with flaxseed oil contained higher C22:5 and C22:6 than those in the 50 mM glucose control group, indicating that flaxseed oil could reduce lipid asymmetric distribution and membrane perturbation. The ultra scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometer have also indicated that flaxseed oil could protect the membrane of human erythrocytes from deformation at high glucose level. Conclusion The flaxseed oil supplementation may prevent lipid peroxidation and membrane dysfunction of human erythrocytes in hyperglycemia.

Abstract Background Constipation is a very common health problem in the world. Intake of sufficient amount of dietary fibers is a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of constipation. As a traditional medicine, flaxseed has been used to treat constipation for centuries, but the controlled trials are rare. The purpose of the present study was to assess that whether partially defatted flaxseed meal (PDFM) has the potential role to facilitate fecal output in normal and experimental constipated mice. Methods After supplemented with 2.5%, 5% and 10% (w/w) PDFM (L-, M- and H -PDFM) for 14 days, the constipation models of mice were induced by atropine-diphenoxylate. The small intestinal transit rates, start time of defecation, amount of defecation and wet weight of feces were researched in normal and constipation model mice. Results M- and H-PDFM significantly increase small intestinal transit rates in constipation model mice. All dose of PDFM markedly shortened the start time of defecation and M- and H-PDFM significantly increase stool frequency and weight in both normal and constipation model mice. Conclusions PDFM may be a useful laxative to facilitate fecal output in normal and constipation conditions.

Abstract Background Micronutrients polyphenols, tocopherols and phytosterols in rapeseed exert potential benefit to cardiovascular system, but most of these micronutrients are removed by the refining process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of rapeseed oil fortified with these micronutrients on the atherosclerosis risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet. Methods The rodent diet contained 20% fat whose source was refined rapeseed oil (RRO) or fortified refined rapeseed oil with low, middle and high quantities of these micronutrients (L-, M- and H-FRRO). Forty male SD rats were divided into four groups. One group received RRO diet and other groups received L-, M- and H-FRRO diet for 10 weeks. Results Micronutrients supplementation significantly increased plasma antioxidant defense capacities, as evaluated by the significant elevation in the activities of GPx, CAT and SOD as well as the level of GSH, and the significant decline in lipid peroxidation. These micronutrients also reduced the plasma contents of TG, TC and LDL-C and increased the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C. In addition, in parallel with the enhancement of these micronutrients, plasma levels of IL-6 and CRP declined remarkably. Conclusion Rapeseed oil fortified with micronutrients polyphenols, tocopherols and phytosterols may contribute to prevent atherogenesis by ameliorating plasma oxidative stress, lipid profile and inflammation.

In this study, rapeseed was pretreated by steam explosion pretreatment technology and subsequently pressed to prepare rapeseed oil. GC, UPLC, and HPLC techniques were employed to analyze the quality characteristics of the rapeseed oil, including the canolol content and other quality characteristics. Additionally, the effect of steam explosion pretreatment technology on the canolol content of rapeseed oil was studied and the formation mechanism of canolol elucidated. The results revealed that when the steam explosion pressure reached 1.0 MPa, the canolol content of the tested oil increased from 41.21 to 2,168.69 mg/kg (52.63‐fold increase) and that sinapic acid played a significant role in the conversion of canolol. Thus, the sinapine was converted into the intermediate (sinapic acid) by hydrolysis, which in turn was transformed into canolol through decarboxylation. The instantaneous high‐energy environment generated by steam explosion pretreatment could intensify the hydrolysis and decarboxylation reactions of sinapine and sinapinic acid, thereby significantly increasing the canolol content of the oil. To prove the superiority of steam explosion pretreatment, we compared it with other pretreatment technologies, including traditional high‐temperature roasting and popular microwave pretreatment. The results revealed that rapeseed oil prepared by steam explosion pretreatment displayed the best quality characteristics. This study can be a reference for the preparation process of rapeseed oil with superhigh canolol content and superior quality characteristics using steam explosion pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, flaxseed was pretreated by steam explosion technology and subsequently pressed to prepare flaxseed oil. GC, UPLC, HPLC, and GC‐MS techniques were used to analyze the quality characteristics of the prepared flaxseed oil. These included the food safety risk indices, micronutrient components, and oxidative stability. The effects of different steam explosion pressures on the quality characteristics and relative volatile components of flaxseed oil were also investigated. The results revealed that steam explosion pretreatment technology could significantly increase the oil yield, improve micronutrient content, and strengthen the oxidation stability of the product. Moreover, the food safety risk indices (e.g., benzopyrene) were controlled within a reasonable range, while the fatty acid content remained almost unchanged. Notably, the relative pyrazine content in the total volatile components of flaxseed oil was 68.25% when the steam explosion pressure reached 1.2 MPa. This was considered as the main factor that contributed to the unique concentrated fragrance of the produced flaxseed oil. To prove the superiority of the steam explosion pretreatment, we compared this technique with traditional high‐temperature roasting and popular microwave pretreatment techniques. The results revealed that flaxseed oil prepared by steam explosion pretreatment displayed the best quality characteristics and most concentrated fragrance. Thus, steam explosion technology shows great potential for application to produce high‐quality concentrated fragrance flaxseed oil. This study provides significant reference and guidance for the preparation process of flaxseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated Yirui (YR) capsules, whose ingredients are available in health food stores, against AS and the underlying mechanisms. Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks developed severe aortic lesions, but YR significantly decreased the plaque area in the total aorta and aortic root. YR affected the serum lipid profile by significantly reducing total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and oxidative modification of LDL-C (Ox-LDL) levels. In addition, multi-cytokine analysis revealed that higher serum levels of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-27 (IL-27), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), which were induced by a high-fat diet, declined with YR treatment. These results suggest that YR reduces the atherosclerotic plaque burden, thereby alleviating AS by modulating the lipid profile and inhibiting inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to use a chemometric study to compare the in-vitro antioxidant activities and bioactive compounds of flaxseed based on the variety and geographical origins, and further explore the specific components constructed the endogenous antioxidant system of flaxseed in China. The differential contents of α-linolenic acid (35.83-58.91%), lignans (11.37-33.31 mg/g), total phenolic acids (109.93-246.88 mg/100 g) and phytosterols (56.52-125.12 mg/g) of 32 flaxseed varieties were observed. Concomitantly, the in-vitro antioxidant activities varied from 32.56 to 46.22 mg TE/100 g, 0.58 to 1.08 mg TE/g, and 14.22 to 36.14 mmol TE/g as determined by the 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, respectively. Significant correlations were found between the antioxidant activities and contents of free syringic acid, p-coumaric acid glucoside and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis showed a relatively dispersed distribution between samples, which was not effective enough to determine the geographical origins of the flaxseed samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed flaxseed samples to be grouped based on their in-vitro antioxidant activities and bioactive component contents, primarily in relation to variety specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present, oil pressing is still the main process for extracting oil from flaxseed in China, but it cannot achieve efficient utilization of functional materials in flaxseed, such as flaxseed gum and lignin secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG). So a comprehensive process that produces multiple products from flaxseed needs to be developed. On the basis of the structural characteristics that the flaxseed gum is in the outermost layer of flaxseeds, the grinding degumming technology using high-speed rotating sand roller grind flaxseed surface is studied before in our laboratory. Model 150 flaxseed degumming machine was designed and manufactured according to this technology, it is composes of motor, sand roller, sieve, gum powder collector etc. Electronic motor is used in the machine to drive the sand roller with high-speed rotation inner the sieve to grind flaxseed, the gum powder flow out the sieve and is collected, the sand roller length and diameter is 800 and 146 mm, the cylindrical sieve diameter is 158 mm with uniform distribution of F1.5 mm sieve size. In this paper, the feasibility of Model 150 flaxseed degumming machine was studied. Based on that, the research work of flaxseed degumming and oil pressing co-process was carried out with the commodity flaxseed from Gansu as the research material. The results showed that: the machine was able to obtain flaxseed gum-powder successfully when flaxseed flow rate was controlled at 40 to 220 kg/h. The rate of gum-powder grinded from flaxseed was 6.5%±0.3%. The viscosity of the defatted gum-powder was (5100 ± 520) mPaos. The oil contents of flaxseed and the degummed flaxseed were 39.30%±0.25% and 41.62%±0.22%, respectively. By using the method of adding 30% flaxseed cake to degummed flaxseed, the oil of degummed flaxseed can be screw pressed successfully. The oil yield pressed from degummed flaxseed was 34.65%±0.43%, higher than that pressed twice from flaxseed (33.94% ± 0.43%)when the flaxseed was pressed with the screw pressing machine without degumming. By the combination of degumming and screw-pressing for flaxseed processing, two benefits were achieved, they were: increase number of products and high pressed oil yield. The research results can provide reference for flaxseed processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and protein of dehulled cold-pressed double-low rapeseed cake was extracted by an aqueous enzymatic process. The rapeseed cake was treated by the chosen combined enzymes of Viscozyme L and Alcalase 2.4L (VLA,1:1,w/w). Preliminary experiments and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to study the effects of enzyme concentration, incubation time and water-to-cake ratio on the extraction yield of oil and protein. This is how the desirable conditions were obtained. Transmissive electron microscope photo showed that after cold-pressing the cell structure of rapeseed was partly damaged while dehulling had little effect on the cell structure of rapeseed. In RSM experiments water-to-cake ratio showed significant effects on the extraction of oil and protein (P<0.05),while incubation time only showed significant effects on protein yield (P<0.05).The desirable conditions were as follows: 1.0% concentration (w/w) of VLA; water-to-cake ratio(w/w),6:1; 80 min incubation time. Under this condition, the extraction yield of protein and oil were 82.10% and 71.89%, respectively. Through combining both the cold-press and the aqueous enzymatic processes together, the total oil yield reached 91.6%, which is higher than the normal cold-press process or the aqueous enzymatic extraction process alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main proposal of this study was to evaluate in vivo whether flaxseed oils fortified with micronutrients would have beneficial effects on lipid profile and antioxidant status in high-fat fed rats. Male Wistar rats were fed synthetic diets containing 10% of flaxseed oil (FO), phytosterols (PS) fortified FO (PS-FO), vitamin E (VE) fortified FO (VE-FO), VE, and PS fortified FO (VE-PS-FO), respectively, for 4 wk. The results showed that VE fortified FO enhanced the enzymatic (SOD and GPX) and nonenzymatic (GSH and VE) antioxidant system, lowered the lipid peroxide (TBARS) concentration compared with FO ( P < 0.05). And FO fortified with PS significantly reduced the plasma TG, TC and LDL-C levels, and hepatic TG and TC levels of rats compared with FO ( P < 0.05), but had no significant effect on antioxidant defense capacities. Combined addition of VE and PS in FO had a synergetic effect. These results indicated that flaxseed oils fortified micronutrients VE and PS may contribute to reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by improving plasma antioxidant defenses and lipids profiles. Practical Application: Flaxseed oil usually contains greater than 50% of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and is a desire origin for n-3 PUFA. But consuming high dose of n-3 PUFA could lead to oxidative damage through free radical-chain reaction in cellular and subcellular membranes. Our studies showed that a regular intake of VE and PS fortified flaxseed oils increased antioxidant defenses and ameliorated lipids profile in high-fat fed rats, and these indicated that the flaxseed oil fortified with these micronutrients might reduce the incidence of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biodiesel production process using magnetically stabilized fluidized bed reactor (MSFBR) has been developed based on the refined cottonseed oil. The reactant flow rate and magnetic field intensity effects on the nanometer magnetic catalyst behavior in the column were investigated. Orthogonal experiments (L(2)) were applied to optimize the best transesterification reaction conditions. Reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and reactant flow rate were the main factors to influence transesterification conversion efficiency. These three factors chosen for the present investigation were based on the results of single-factor tests. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions of cottonseed oil were determined in MSFBR as follows: methanol to oil molar ratio 8:1, 40 cm min reactant flow rate, 225 Oe magnetic field intensity and reaction temperature of 65 °C, the conversion efficiency reached 97% in 100 min. The cold filter plugging point and kinematic viscosity of cottonseed oil biodiesel were higher than that described by Chinese specifications of biodiesel because of the special fatty acid profiles of cottonseed oil. The activity stability of the nanometer magnetic solid catalyst in MSFBR was much better than that in the autoclave stirred reactor (ASR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digestion of flaxseed polysaccharides (FSP) in simulated saliva, gastric and small intestine conditions was assessed, as well as in vitro fermentation of FSP by human gut microbiota. FSP was not degraded in the simulated digestive systems (there was no change in molecular weight or content of reducing sugars), indicating that ingested FSP would reach the large intestine intact. Changes in carbohydrate content, reducing sugars and culture pH suggested that FSP could be broken down and used by gut microbiota. FSP modulated the composition and structure of the gut microbiota by altering the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the relative abundances of Prevotella, Phascolarctobacterium, Clostridium and Megamonas, which can degrade polysaccharides. Meanwhile, FSP fermentation increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, especially propionic and butyric acids. Our results indicate that FSP might be developed as a functional food that benefits gut health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain insulin resistance, induced by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, contributes to neurodegeneration, that is, processes that are associated with Aβ accumulation and TAU hyperphosphorylation. Here, we tested the effect of chronic administration of melatonin (MLT) on brain insulin resistance and cognition deficits caused by a high‐fat diet (HFD) in aged rats. Results showed that MLT supplementation attenuated peripheral insulin resistance and lowered hippocampal oxidative stress levels. Activated microglia and astrocytes and hippocampal levels of TNF‐α in HFD‐fed rats were reduced by MLT treatment. Melatonin also prevented HFD‐induced increases in beta‐amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and TAU phosphorylation in the hippocampus. In addition, impairments of brain insulin signaling elicited by long‐term HFD were restored by MLT treatment, as confirmed by ex vivo insulin stimulation. Importantly, MLT reversed HFD‐induced cognitive decline as measured by a water maze test, normalized hippocampal LTP and restored CREB activity and BDNF levels as well as cholinergic neuronal activity in the hippocampus. Collectively, these findings indicate that MLT may exhibit substantial protective effects on cognition, via restoration of brain insulin signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linseed gum/cellulose composite hydrogels were successfully fabricated by mixing cellulose and linseed gum solutions dissolved in the NaOH/urea aqueous system and cross-linked with epichlorohydrin. The morphology and structure of the composite hydrogels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling ratio and water retention properties were investigated. The results revealed that linseed gum mainly contributed to water adsorption, whereas the cellulose acted as a backbone to strengthen the porous structure. This work provided a simple way to prepare cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogels, which could be potentially applied as an effective water conservation material in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, different oil extraction technologies were used to obtain flaxseed oil with different lipid concomitants, and the influences of endogenous lipid concomitants on the stability and digestion properties of flaxseed oil emulsions were investigated. Compared with cold-press (CP), microwave pretreatment coupled with cold-press (MPCP) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) contributed to the accumulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic lipid concomitants, respectively. Subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical CO 2 extraction (SCO 2 E) were conducive to the accumulation of amphipathic lipid concomitants. After emulsification, ASE-flaxseed oil emulsions had the lowest initial particle size due to the high content of amphiphilic lipid concomitants phospholipids. Phospholipids are spontaneously adsorbed on the interface of flaxseed oil and water. Antioxidative lipid concomitants (phenols, phytosterols, carotenoids, flavonoids, and cyclolinopeptides (CLs)) in MPCP-flaxseed oil improved the oxidative stability of emulsions. After digestion, ASE-flaxseed oil emulsion presented the highest FFAs% (∼78%) owing to smaller particle size. The release of FFAs decreased by 5%–10% in MPCP-, SCO 2 E-, and SFE-flaxseed oil emulsions ascribed to the high content of phenols. In conclusion, MPCP and ASE are powerful flaxseed oil extraction technologies for improving the stability and digestion of emulsions, respectively. [Display omitted] • The methods of CP, MPCP, ASE, SCO 2 E and ASE were used to extract flaxseed oil. • Oil extraction methods influenced the content of lipid concomitants in flaxseed oil. • SCO 2 E-flaxseed oil emulsions were unstable for the prooxidative activity of FFAs. • MPCP-flaxseed oil emulsion was stable for high content of tocopherols, flavonoids. • ASE-flaxseed oil emulsions promoted FFAs release for its lower diameter size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, the functional properties of Ginkgo seed protein isolate (GPI), Ginkgo seed globulin protein (GGP) and Ginkgo seed albumin protein (GAP) extracted from Ginkgo biloba seeds were investigated. The protein contents of GPI, GGP and GAP were 91.0%, 93.4% and 87.8%, respectively in the samples in which the sugar, polyphenol and crude fibre were removed by the preparation procedure. For functional properties of Ginkgo seed proteins in the natural state, GAP showed the highest oil-absorption capacity (9.3ml/g), foaming capacity (67.8%), emulsifying capacity (65.4%) and emulsion stability (90.6%); while GPI showed the highest water absorption capacity (1.93ml/g), and GGP showed the highest foam stability (55.5%). The differences of the chemical components, surface hydrophobicity, disulphide bond (SS) and sulfhydryl group (SH) contents of GPI, GGP and GAP, which were correlated significantly with functional properties of Ginkgo seed proteins, were also investigated. The improved functional properties, such as water absorption capacity, solubility, foaming properties and emulsifying properties of Ginkgo seed proteins were observed in a pH range of 8.0–10.0 or sodium chloride concentration of 0.5–0.75M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new antioxidation protein named G4b was purified from Ginkgo biloba seed albumin. The results of chemical colorimetry and chemiluminescence methods showed that the hemi-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of G4b on the hydroxyl radical were 78.1μg/mL and 115.1μg/mL, and the IC50 on DPPH was 100.7μg/mL, while the IC50 on the superoxide anion and DNA injury were 23μg/mL and 27μg/mL, respectively, and the abundance of sulfur amino acids and aromatic amino acids contained in G4b might contribute to its strong antioxidation properties. G4b is a kind of homogeneous and novel protein with a molecular mass of 29,247Da, consisting of two peptides with similar molecular weights linked by a disulfide bond. Result of β-elimination reaction showed that G4b is connected with a small quantity of polysaccharide by an oxygen-glucosidic bond. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Flaxseed polysaccharide supplementation ameliorated the metabolic syndrome in HFD mice. • Flaxseed polysaccharide supplementation increased the proportion of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium. • The improvement of lipid metabolism disorder was associated with the modulation of the gut microbiota. Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is known as healthy food for its anti-obesity and lipid modulating properties. However, the effects of flaxseed polysaccharide (FSP) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and gut microbiota are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of FSP on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat-diet-fed mice. FSP effectively reduced the serum fasting glucose, total triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. FSP consumption adipose accumulation impacted the gut microbiome at different taxonomic levels by increasing the proportions of beneficial Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium and decreasing the disease or obesity associated Oscillospira and Odoribacteraceae. These changes were highly correlated with the regulation of expression levels of lipid metabolism involved genes in the liver. The restoration of total SCFAs, especially propionate and butyrate might be an important strategy for mitigating HFD induced metabolic disorders. These findings suggest that FSP may use as a prebiotic for preventing MetS by modulating the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Flaxseed polyphenols exerted differential antioxidant effects in nanoemulsion. • SECO and flaxseed lignan macromolecule inhibited lipid oxidation in nanoemulsion. • The mechanism mainly related to the partitioning of polyphenols in nanoemulsion. • The glucoside in phenolic extracts decreased their association with lipid droplets. Recent studies have shown that the high susceptibility of flaxseed oil nanoemulsions to lipid oxidation limits their incorporation into functional foods and beverages. For this reason, the impact of various flaxseed phenolic extracts on the physical and oxidative stability of flaxseed oil nanoemulsions was investigated. Flaxseed lignan extract (FLE) and secoisolariciresinol (SECO) exhibited antioxidant activity whereas secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and p -coumaric acid (CouA) exhibited prooxidant activity in the flaxseed oil nanoemulsions. The antioxidant potential of flaxseed phenolics in the nanoemulsions was as follows: SECO < CouA < SDG ≈ FLE. Moreover, the antioxidant/prooxidant activity of the phenolics was also related to their free radical scavenging activity and partitioning in the nanoemulsions. Our results suggested that both SECO and FLE were good plant-based antioxidants for improving the stability of flaxseed oil nanoemulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress are crucial pathophysiological mechanisms for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, we examined the effect of a combination of flaxseed oil (FO) and astaxanthin (ASX) on hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-fat diet. ASX was dissolved in flaxseed oil (1 g/kg; FO + ASX). Animals were fed diets containing 20% fat, where the source was lard, or 75% lard and 25% FO + ASX, or 50% lard and 50% FO + ASX, or FO + ASX, for 10 weeks. Substitution of lard with FO + ASX reduced steatosis and reduced hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol. The combination of FO and ASX significantly decreased hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase but increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor expression. FO + ASX significantly suppressed fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase but induced carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and acyl CoA oxidase expression. FO + ASX also significantly elevated hepatic SOD, CAT and GPx activity and GSH, and markedly reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation. Thus, FO and ASX may reduce NAFLD by reversing hepatic steatosis and reducing lipid accumulation and oxidative stress.

Background: Emerging evidence suggested phytosterol esters (PE) exhibited an advantage over naturally occurring phytosterols in reducing atherosclerosis risk factors due to improved fat solubility and compatibility. However, the effects of dietary patterns of PE on lipid-lowering activity were limited and inconsistent. This study aimed to explore the effects of dose and frequency of α-linolenic acid rich phytosterol esters (ALA-PE) on cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism markers focused on intestinal cholesterol absorption and bioconversion of ALA in liver., Methods: Dose-dependency study Male Syrian golden hamsters were fed high-fat diets (HFD) containing low, medium and high dose of ALA-PE (0.72 %, 2.13 % and 6.39 %) for 6 weeks. The high fat diet contained 89.5 % chow diet, 0.2 % cholesterol, 10 % lard and 0.3 % bile salt. Dose-frequency study Male Syrian golden hamsters were provided: (I) 0.4 mL/100 g peanut oil by gavage once a day; (II) 0.4 mL/100 g ALA-PE by gavage once a day; (III) 0.2 mL/100 g ALA-PE by gavage twice a day; (IV) 0.133 mL/100 g ALA-PE by gavage three times a day; (V) 0.1 mL/100 g ALA-PE by gavage four times a day for 6 weeks with a high-fat diet simultaneously., Results: ALA-PE dose-dependently lowered plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations with a maximal decrease of 42 %, 59 % and 73 %, respectively (p < 0.05). Compared to HFD, TC, LDL-C and TG concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in hamsters consumed HFD plus ALA-PE for 1-4 times per day but there were not remarkable differences among different consumption frequencies. No significant changes in plasma antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation levels were observed among HFD and HFD plus different doses of ALA-PE groups. The contents of hepatic α-linolenic (ALA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were dose-dependently increased in different ALA-PE groups compared to those in HFD group. The abundance of mRNA for intestinal sterol transporters Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 indicated no significant differences among all groups., Conclusion: ALA-PE dose-dependently improved lipid profile in hamsters fed HFD independent of intestinal ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1, accompanying by increased conversion of ALA to DPA and DHA in liver. ALA-PE manifested "once a day" lipid-lowering efficacy, highlighting a promising preventive strategy for metabolic syndrome.

Unlabelled: Micronutrients in rapeseed exert a potential benefit to hepatoprotection, but most of them are lost during the conventional refining processing. Thus some processing technologies have been optimized to improve micronutrient retention in oil. The aim of this study is to assess whether optimized rapeseed oils (OROs) have positive effects on hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress induced by a high-fat diet., Methods: Rats received experiment diets containing 20% fat and refined rapeseed oil or OROs obtained with various processing technologies as lipid source. After 10 weeks of treatment, liver was assayed for lipid accumulation and oxidative stress., Results: All OROs reduced hepatic triglyceride contents. Microwave pretreatment-cold pressing oil (MPCPO) which had the highest micronutrients contents also reduced hepatic cholesterol level. MPCPO significantly decreased hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1) but increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) expressions, and as a result, MPCPO significantly suppressed acetyl CoA carboxylase and induced carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and acyl CoA oxidase expression. Hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) contents remarkably increased and lipid peroxidation levels decreased in parallel with the increase of micronutrients., Conclusion: OROs had the ability to reduce excessive hepatic fat accumulation and oxidative stress, which indicated that OROs might contribute to ameliorating nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by high-fat diet.

Background: Micronutrients in oil reduce one or more risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, while the contents of micronutrients in oil are relatively poor, which is insufficient to reverse the metabolic disorders at different stages of progress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of endogenous micronutrients in optimized cold-pressed rapeseed oil and restoratively added or fortified micronutrients in traditional refined rapeseed oil (restoring micronutrients to be nearly equal to or significantly higher than levels in crude rapeseed oil) on the antioxidant status and lipid profile in high-fat fed rats., Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed high-fat diets containing different rapeseed oils for 4 weeks, including the standard refined rapeseed oil(SRO), optimized cold-pressed rapeseed oil(CRO) and the traditional refined rapeseed oil with restorative addition or fortification of micronutrients (LF, HF-SRO)., Results: CRO exhibited significant increases in contents of tocopherols (+13%), phytosterols (+34%), polyphenols (+92%) and phospholipids (+725%) compared with SRO, as well as the total antioxidant capacities (+82-125%) (p<0.05). While the HF-SRO revealed improved antioxidant properties in vitro than the CRO, which was comparable to LF-SRO. Significant improved plasma antioxidant capacities and lipid peroxidation evaluated by T-AOC, GSH, tocopherols and MDA were found in rats fed HF-SRO when compared with CRO and LF-SRO (p<0.05). Furthermore, HF-SRO also decreased the plasma and hepatic TC levels compared to CRO and LF-SRO, accompanying higher fecal cholesterol excretion (p<0.05)., Conclusion: The standard refined rapeseed oil with fortification, not restorative addition of micronutrients was comparable to the optimized cold-pressed rapeseed oil in improving the antioxidant status and lipid profile of high-fat fed rats.

Background: Micronutrients in rapeseed such as polyphenols, tocopherols, phytosterols and phospholipids in rapeseed exert potential benefit to atherosclerosis. Some part of these healthy components substantially lost during the conventional refining processing. Thus some new processing technologies have been developed to produce various endogenous micronutrient-enriched optimized rapeseed oils. The aim of this study is to assess whether optimized rapeseed oils have positive effects on the atherosclerosis risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet., Methods: Rats received experiment diets containing 20% fat and refined rapeseed oil or optimized rapeseed oils obtained with various processing technologies as lipid source. After 10 weeks of treatment, plasma was assayed for oxidative stress, lipid profiles and imflammation., Results: Micronutrients enhancement in optimized rapeseed oils significantly reduced plasma oxidative stress, as evaluated by the significant elevation in the activities of CAT and GPx as well as the level of GSH, and the significant decline in lipid peroxidation. Optimized rapeseed oil with the highest micronutrient contents obtained by microwave pretreatment-cold pressing reduced the levels of TG, TC and LDL-C as well as IL-6 and CRP in plasma., Conclusions: These results suggest that optimized rapeseed oils may contribute to prevent atherogenesis and make them very promising functional food in cardiovascular health promotion.

Background: Atherosclerosis is the most common pathologic process underlying cardiovascular disease. Both flaxseed oil (FO) and astaxanthin (ASX) are believed to benefit cardiovascular system. The combined effect of FO and ASX on the atherosclerosis risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet was investigated., Methods: Astaxanthin was dissolved in flaxseed oil to a final concentration of 1g/kg (FO + ASX). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a rodent diet contained 20% fat whose source was lard (HFD) or 75% lard and 25% FO + ASX (50 mg ASX/kg diet) or 50% lard and 50% FO + ASX (100 mg ASX/kg diet) or FO + ASX (200 mg ASX/kg diet) for 10 weeks., Results: The combination of FO and ASX significantly increased the antioxidant defense capacity and decreased lipid peroxidation in plasma. Evident decreases in the levels TG, TC and LDL-C contents, as well as IL-6 and CRP were also observed in plasma of FO and ASX fed rats., Conclusion: The combination of FO and ASX can improve oxidative stress, lipid abnormalities and inflammation, providing evidence that the combination of FO and ASX could be a promising functional food in cardiovascular health promotion.

Background: Intake of high-fat diet is associated with increased non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress are key pathophysiological mechanisms in NAFLD. Both flaxseed oil (FO) and α-lipoic acid (LA) exert potential benefit to NAFLD. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of FO and LA on hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in rats induced by high-fat diet., Methods: LA was dissolved in flaxseed oil to a final concentration of 8 g/kg (FO + LA). The rodent diet contained 20% fat. One-fifth of the fat was soybean oil and the others were lard (control group), or 75% lard and 25% FO + LA (L-FO + LA group), or 50% lard and 50% FO + LA (M-FO + LA group), or FO + LA (H-FO + LA group). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 10 weeks and then killed for liver collection., Results: Intake of high-fat lard caused a significant hepatic steatosis. Replacement with FO + LA was effective in reducing steatosis as well as total triglyceride and total cholesterol contents in liver. The combination of FO and LA also significantly elevated hepatic antioxidant defense capacities, as evaluated by the remarkable increase in the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx as well as the level of GSH, and the significant decline in lipid peroxidation., Conclusion: The combination of FO and LA may contribute to prevent fatty livers such as NAFLD by ameliorating hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress.

Intake of high-fat diet is associated with increased fatty livers. Hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress are key pathophysiological mechanisms in this disease. Micronutrients polyphenols, tocopherols and phytosterols in rapeseed exert potential benefit to hepatoprotection, but most of these micronutrients are removed by the traditional refining process. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether rapeseed oil fortified with these micronutrients can decrease hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress induced by high-fat diet. Sprague-Dawley rats received rodent diet contained 20% fat whose source was refined rapeseed oil (RRO) or fortified RRO with low, middle and high quantities of these micronutrients for 10 weeks. Intake of RRO caused a remarkable hepatic steatosis. Micronutrients supplementation was effective in reducing steatosis as well as total triglyceride and total cholesterol contents in liver. These micronutrients also significantly increased hepatic antioxidant defense capacities, as evaluated by the significant elevation in the activities of SOD and GPx as well as the level of GSH, and the significant decline in lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that rapeseed oil fortified with micronutrients polyphenols, tocopherols and phytosterols may contribute to prevent fatty livers such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by ameliorating hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress.

Background: Micronutrients polyphenols, tocopherols and phytosterols in rapeseed exert potential benefit to cardiovascular system, but most of these micronutrients are removed by the refining process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of rapeseed oil fortified with these micronutrients on the atherosclerosis risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet., Methods: The rodent diet contained 20% fat whose source was refined rapeseed oil (RRO) or fortified refined rapeseed oil with low, middle and high quantities of these micronutrients (L-, M- and H-FRRO). Forty male SD rats were divided into four groups. One group received RRO diet and other groups received L-, M- and H-FRRO diet for 10 weeks., Results: Micronutrients supplementation significantly increased plasma antioxidant defense capacities, as evaluated by the significant elevation in the activities of GPx, CAT and SOD as well as the level of GSH, and the significant decline in lipid peroxidation. These micronutrients also reduced the plasma contents of TG, TC and LDL-C and increased the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C. In addition, in parallel with the enhancement of these micronutrients, plasma levels of IL-6 and CRP declined remarkably., Conclusion: Rapeseed oil fortified with micronutrients polyphenols, tocopherols and phytosterols may contribute to prevent atherogenesis by ameliorating plasma oxidative stress, lipid profile and inflammation.