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We have developed a new method for the determination of photoabsorption at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths longer than 20 nm, where reliable refractive index values are sparse or non-existent. Our method overcomes the obstacle of multiple reflections that occur inside thin films in this spectral range, which up until now has prevented the accurate determination of photoabsorption from transmittance measurements. We have derived a mathematical expression that is independent of internal reflection amplitudes, while taking advantage of the transmittance oscillations stemming from such reflections. The method is validated on measurements of aluminum thin films. This advance will enable accurate refractive index values for many important materials for optical instrumentation, thus facilitating high-priority research on topics including coherent light sources, planetary and solar physics, and semiconductor manufacturing.

This paper demonstrates that highly reflective Cr/B₄C multilayer interference coatings with nanometric layer thicknesses, designed to operate in the soft X-ray photon energy range, have stable reflective performance for a period of 3 years after deposition. The microstructure and chemical composition of layers and interfaces within Cr/B₄C multilayers is also examined, with emphasis on the B₄C-on-Cr interface where a significant diffusion layer is formed and on the oxide in the top B₄C layer. Multiple characterization techniques (X-ray reflectivity at different photon energies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction) are employed and the results reveal a consistent picture of the Cr/B₄C layer structure.

The influence of B

We deal with the recent progress in the fabrication of the graded Co/C multilayer mirrors to be used in a 21x Schwarzschild objective (SO) operating at the wavelengths near 4.5 nm ("carbon window" region). The peak reflectivity of flat Co/C mirrors was measured to be 14.8% (wavelength of 4.48 nm, incidence angle of 5 degrees). The reflectivity curves of the spherical mirrors achieved 3%-6%, with the spectral matching accuracy being Deltad approximately 0.008 nm (Deltad/d approximately 0.3%). As a result the SO demonstrates a full working aperture (N(A) approximately 0.2) operation with the total throughput of 0.25%.