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Background Following the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant spread, the use of unsupervised antigenic rapid diagnostic tests (self-tests) increased. Aim This study aimed to measure self-test uptake and factors associated with self-testing. Methods In this cross-sectional study from 20 January to 2 May 2022, the case series from a case–control study on factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were used to analyse self-testing habits in France. A multivariable quasi-Poisson regression was used to explore the variables associated with self-testing among symptomatic cases who were not contacts of another infected individual. The control series from the same study was used as a proxy for the self-test background rate in the non-infected population of France. Results During the study period, 179,165 cases who tested positive through supervised tests were recruited. Of these, 64.7% had performed a self-test in the 3 days preceding this supervised test, of which 79,038 (68.2%) were positive. The most frequently reported reason for self-testing was the presence of symptoms (64.6%). Among symptomatic cases who were not aware of being contacts of another case, self-testing was positively associated with being female, higher education, household size, being a teacher and negatively associated with older age, not French by birth, healthcare-related work and immunosuppression. Among the control series, 12% self-tested during the 8 days preceding questionnaire filling, with temporal heterogeneity. Conclusion The analysis showed high self-test uptake in France with some inequalities which must be addressed through education and facilitated access (cost and availability) for making it a more efficient epidemic control tool.

In this study, proton-irradiated tungsten targets, up to 2.6 GeV, were investigated for the purpose of the experimental cross-section measurements. Radiochemical separation methods were applied to isolate the residual long-lived alpha-emitters 148Gd, 154Dy, and 146Sm and the beta-emitters 129I and 36Cl from proton-irradiated tungsten targets. The molecular plating technique has been applied to prepare 148Gd, 154Dy, and 146Sm samples for alpha-spectrometry. Production cross-sections of 129I and 36Cl were determined by means of accelerator mass spectrometry. The results are compared with theoretical predictions, obtained with the INCL++–ABLA07 codes, showing good agreement for 36Cl and 148Gd, while a factor of 4 difference was observed for 154Dy, similar to the results obtained for tantalum targets., Analytical Chemistry, 93 (31), ISSN:1520-6882, ISSN:0003-2700

Multidisciplinary design optimization methods aim at adapting numerical optimization techniques to the design of engineering systems involving multiple disciplines. In this context, a large number of mixed continuous, integer and categorical variables might arise during the optimization process and practical applications involve a large number of design variables. Recently, there has been a growing interest in mixed variables constrained Bayesian optimization but most existing approaches severely increase the number of the hyperparameters related to the surrogate model. In this paper, we address this issue by constructing surrogate models using less hyperparameters. The reduction process is based on the partial least squares method. An adaptive procedure for choosing the number of hyperparameters is proposed. The performance of the proposed approach is confirmed on analytical tests as well as two real applications related to aircraft design. A significant improvement is obtained compared to genetic algorithms. https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2022-0082

Increasing the wing aspect ratio appears as a straightforward way to improve aerodynamic performance of transport aircraft by reducing the lift-induced drag component. However, it comes at the price of a direct negative impact on the wing structural weight which is necessary to sustain aerodynamic loads in the case of a conventional cantilever wing. The strut-braced wing concept allows to reduce the flexural moment to be carried out by the inner-wing structure and therefore limits the weight penalty as aspect ratio is increased. A multidisciplinary evaluation of the potential benefits at aircraft level of High Aspect Ratio, Strut Braced Wing concept is presented. It relies on a multi-fidelity design approach in which an Overall Aircraft Conceptual Design framework is combined with high-fidelity aerodynamic and structural analyses to provide accurate physical information to the conceptual design process. This paper describes the tools, framework and approach used to combine OACD with high-fidelity CFD and CSM analyses and illustrates the first results of its application to design a HAR-SBW aircraft concept which are compared to a conventional tube-and-wing aircraft designed for the same mission., Réduire l'empreinte environnementale de l'aviation et surtout son impact sur le changement climatique est aujourd'hui devenu l'enjeu majeur de l'industrie aéronautique. Dans ce contexte, la Commission européenne s'est fixé des objectifs ambitieux pour l'aviation définis dans le « Fligthpath 2050 », notamment une réduction de 75 % des émissions de CO2 et de 90 % des émissions de NOx, ainsi qu'une réduction de 65 % du bruit. Atteindre de tels objectifs ne sera probablement possible que grâce à des évolutions radicales de l'architecture de l'avion, du système de propulsion et de l'introduction de technologies de rupture. Pour ce qui concerne l'architecture de l'avion, le Blended Wing Body (BWB) et le Strut-Braced Wing (SBW) semblent aujourd'hui être les deux alternatives les plus prometteuses à la configuration classique "Twin Underwing Turbofan Tube-and-Wing" qui est devenue prédominante. solution au cours des dernières décennies. Le BWB et le Hybrid Wing Body sont actuellement étudiés dans le cadre de plusieurs efforts de recherche importants en Europe, aux États-Unis et en Chine. Le présent article présente des enquêtes sur la configuration SBW. La principale justification de la configuration SBW est de permettre une augmentation significative du rapport d'aspect de l'aile (AR) pour améliorer les performances globales de l'avion grâce à des gains d'efficacité aérodynamique sans l'énorme augmentation du poids de l'aile dont souffrirait une aile en porte-à-faux d'un AR similaire. Ceci est obtenu grâce à une réduction du moment de flexion dans le caisson de voilure interne permise par une traction de la jambe de force à sa jonction avec l'aile. Cela permet de réduire la taille des composants structurels du caisson de voilure dans l'aile intérieure qui sont principalement dimensionnés par le moment de flexion dans le cas d'une aile en porte-à-faux.Ce concept peut être utilisé pour augmenter l'allongement de l'aile et profiter d'une réduction de la traînée aérodynamique (en réduisant réellement la traînée induite par la portance) tout en contenant l'augmentation du poids structurel de l'aile associée à une envergure plus élevée (impliquant un moment de flexion plus élevé dans l'aile centrale -boîte). Par conséquent, l'ajout d'une jambe de force, ou plus généralement d'une structure en treillis, ouvre un degré de liberté supplémentaire pour le concepteur afin de mieux exploiter les ailes à rapport d'aspect élevé au niveau global de l'avion en réalisant un nouveau compromis optimal (par rapport au cantilever, sans jambe de force, aile) entre l'efficacité aérodynamique et le poids de l'aile.De tels compromis pour le concept d’aile haubanée ont déjà été étudiés à l'ONERA dans le projet ALBATROS. Plus récemment, dans le projet de thèmes thématiques Clean-Sky 2 U-HARWARD (www.u-harward-project.eu/), différentes solutions au niveau de l'avion permettant d'augmenter l'allongement des ailes sont étudiées pour réduire l'impact environnemental et améliorer les performances. Dans ce projet, l'ONERA et l'ISAE explorent les avantages potentiels et les éventuels pièges du concept SBW à travers une approche de conception multi-niveaux multidisciplinaire comprenant la conception globale de l'avion (OAD) et des études de conception disciplinaires affinées de l'aérodynamique et des aspects structurels clés du concept d’aile haubanée.L'article final présentera les modèles et outils mis en place pour effectuer l'exploration de conception multidisciplinaire à plusieurs niveaux du concept SBW au sein du projet U-HARWARD, ainsi que la conception intermédiaire obtenue.

Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms tightly bound in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice to form a two-dimensional lattice, is a very interesting material with promising electronic, optical, chemical, and mechanical applicative potential [Geim and Novoselov, Nat. Mater. 6, 183 (2007)]. The properties of graphene make it suitable for a wide range of applications; however, its applicative future still depends on large scale technologies capable to robustly and reproducibly transfer its outstanding intrinsic properties into devices or complex structures. It must be recognized that a crucial technological problem, that still inhibits the applicability of high quality graphene material properties, is related to the patterning of this material using traditional top down instruments and lithographical methods. In this work, we will detail our investigations on applying a precise 30 keV Ga+ ion irradiation to selectively shape and modify a copper precursor surface for promoting the local growth of graphene surface domains. The morphology of these domains is investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to probe simultaneously the structural and the electronic properties at the atomic scale of the graphene films.

Summary: Background: We aimed to assess the role of different setting and activities in acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: In this nationwide case-control study, cases were SARS-CoV-2 infected adults recruited between 27 October and 30 November 2020. Controls were individuals from the Ipsos market research database matched to cases by age, sex, region, population density and time period. Participants completed an online questionnaire on recent activity-related exposures. Findings: Among 3426 cases and 1713 controls, in multivariable analysis, we found an increased risk of infection associated with any additional person living in the household (adjusted-OR: 1•16; 95%CI: 1•11-1•21); having children attending day-care (aOR: 1•31; 95%CI: 1•02-1•62), kindergarten (aOR: 1•27; 95%CI: 1•09-1•45), middle school (aOR: 1•30; 95%CI: 1•15-1•47), or high school (aOR: 1•18; 95%CI: 1•05-1•34); with attending professional (aOR: 1•15; 95%CI: 1•04-1•26) or private gatherings (aOR: 1•57; 95%CI: 1•45-1•71); and with having frequented bars and restaurants (aOR: 1•95; 95%CI: 1•76-2•15), or having practiced indoor sports activities (aOR: 1•36; 95%CI: 1•15-1•62). We found no increase in risk associated with frequenting shops, cultural or religious gatherings, or with transportation, except for carpooling (aOR: 1•47; 95%CI: 1•28-1•69). Teleworking was associated with decreased risk of infection (aOR: 0•65; 95%CI: 0•56-0•75). Interpretation: Places and activities during which infection prevention and control measures may be difficult to fully enforce were those with increased risk of infection. Children attending day-care, kindergarten, middle and high schools, but not primary schools, were potential sources of infection for the household. Funding: Institut Pasteur, Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases (REACTing), Fondation de France (Alliance” Tous unis contre le virus”).

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Aortic Stenosis (AS) is a common condition in patients over 75 years. Latest ESC recommendations differentiate 4 types of AS according to: Indexed Stroke Volume (SVi), mean gradient and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The aim of our study is to evaluate prognosis of patients who have had a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), in terms of mortality, according to the 4 types of AS. Methods This study compares prognosis of 620 patients who had TAVR between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. Patients were classified into 4 groups according to AS type: high gradient; low gradient, low flow, low LVEF; low gradient, low flow, normal LVEF; low gradient, normal flow. Results 69 patients (11.1%) died within 12 months of the procedure: 49 in the high gradient group (9.4%); 13 in the low gradient, low flow, low LVEF group (47.1%); 1 in the low gradient, low flow, normal LVEF group (5%); 6 in the low gradient, normal flow, normal LVEF group (18.2%). All-cause mortality at one year follow-up is higher in low-gradient, low-flow, altered LVEF group (p = 0.0004) than in other groups. Patients in this group were significantly more often admitted for heart failure than patients in high-gradient group (p = 0.009). Conclusion A complete echocardiography evaluation is needed to evaluate AS, its severity and type. Patients in the low gradient, low flow, low LVEF group have an independent risk of mortality at 12 months higher than other groups and are more hospitalized than patients in the high gradient group.

Summary Background We aimed to assess the settings and activities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the context of B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant circulation in France, as well as the protection against symptomatic Delta infection. Methods In this nationwide case-control study, cases were SARS-CoV-2 infected adults recruited between 23 May and 13 August 2021. Controls were non-infected adults from a national representative panel matched to cases by age, sex, region, population density and calendar week. Participants completed an online questionnaire and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and recent activity-related exposures, past history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and COVID-19 vaccination. Findings We did not find any differences in the settings and activities associated with Delta versus non-Delta infections and grouped them for subsequent analyses. In multivariable analysis involving 12634 cases (8644 Delta and 3990 non-Delta) and 5560 controls, we found individuals under 40 years and attending bars (aOR:1.9; 95%CI:1.6-2.2) or parties (aOR:3.4; 95%CI:2.8-4.2) to be at increased risk of infection. In those aged 40 years and older, having children attend daycare (aOR:1.9; 95%CI:1.1-3.3), kindergarten (aOR:1.6; 95%CI:1.2-2.1), primary school (aOR:1.4; 95%CI:1.2-1.6) or middle school (aOR:1.3; 95%CI:1.2-1.6) were associated with increased risk of infection. We found strong protection against symptomatic Delta infection for those with prior infection whether it was recent (2-6 months) (95%; 95%CI:90-97) or associated with one dose (85%; 95%CI:78-90) or two doses of mRNA vaccine (96%; 95%CI:87-99). For those without past infection, protection was lower with two doses of mRNA vaccine (67%; 95%CI:63-71). Interpretation In line with other observational studies, we find reduced vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic Delta infections. The settings and activities at increased risk of infection indicate where efforts to reinforce individual and public health measures need to be concentrated.

Based on discussions in a workshop associated with the conference The Agroecological Imagination: A Franco-American Exchange, we synthesize the state of agroecological education. We focus on three ...

Cacao agroforestry systems (CAFS) can provide supporting services such as optimum light conditions for cacao growth, water and nutrient cycling and regulating services such as pest and disease control and climate regulation. This review considers recent literature on the manifestation of these services in CAFS around the world to provide an overview of scientific knowledge. Crown structures of associated trees can facilitate optimum light conditions for cacao growth, and provide water through vertical root segregation. Leaf litter fall and roots from associated species contribute to nutrient cycling. Both nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing species can provide nutrients to the cacao plant, though competition from certain species may limit phosphorus and potassium uptake. Pest and disease regulating services can arise through careful shade management to create a microclimate which reduces susceptibility of cacao to fungal diseases and sun-loving pests. All CAFS store carbon to varying degrees; those resembling original forest much more than simple two-species systems from which shade trees are removed after maturity of the cacao stand. CAFS also promotes biodiversity conservation depending on structure, management, and landscape arrangement, though not to the extent of natural forests. Research opportunities to increase provision of these services include optimal spatial arrangement for nutrient cycling and functional diversity as well as landscape connectivity for biodiversity conservation. Trade-offs between carbon storage, biodiversity, cacao yield and socio-economic resilience are presented, indicating that optimization of ecosystem services in CAFS requires consideration of interactions between all services, including socio-cultural and economic ones.

Ce livre posthume du philosophe Etienne Tassin s’inscrit dans le sillage du Tresor perdu et du Monde commun. Apres la parution de ce dernier en 2003, l’auteur avait le projet d’ecrire un livre sur l’action ou il prolongerait et approfondirait le questionnement engage. Ensuite, d’autres projets l’ont requis, mais sans que celui-la ne cesse de le hanter. Aussi traverse-t-il les treize chapitres de cet ouvrage constitue de reecritures (inedites ou non) de conferences issues du travail theorique ...

International audience; Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey) is being developed for use as a new perennial grain crop through breeding and agronomic research. However, progress has been hampered by lack of understanding of environmental requirements for flowering and grain production. Therefore, we developed a phenology model for IWG adapted from the STICS soil-crop model. The model was compliant with experimental results (relative root mean square error = 0.03). The optimal vernalizing temperature was between 4 and 5 • C, optimal daylength between 13 and 14h, while daylength below 11h slowed reproductive development. Vernalization requirement was found to be a constraining inductive process. Including a photoperiod limitation to the model with temperature improved its ability to predict induction at various latitudes. Therefore, timing and duration of vegetative vs. reproductive growth may differ between environments and change reproductive tiller elongation earliness, weed competitiveness, management timing, and stress conditions during phases critical to grain yield. Accurate phenology models will enable optimal field management and inform future breeding strategies. However, plasticity may lead to divergent ideotypes under various agroecosystems.

Resume Objectifs Diminuer l’irradiation des patients lors des gestes de rhumatologie interventionnelle, sans diminuer la qualite du geste. Methodes La dose d’irradiation recue (produit dose surface [PDS]) a d’abord ete quantifiee lors de 283 infiltrations realisees sous scopie, avant optimisation, entre mai et juillet 2013. Elle a ete a nouveau mesuree en 2014, lors de 158 nouvelles infiltrations realisees cette fois apres optimisation des procedures : (1) interposition d’un filtre cuivre ; (2) retrait de la grille antidiffusante ; (3) reglage de la sensibilite de la cellule d’exposition en mode eleve. Resultats Avant optimisation, l’irradiation moyenne etait de 175 μgray/m 2 pour les infiltrations de quatre articulations zygapophysaires et de 43 μgray/m 2 pour celles des hanches, mais elle restait inferieure a 20 μgray/m 2 pour celles des epaules (15,7), chevilles (7,7), poignets (3,7) et doigts (3,3). Une tres nette diminution des PDS a ete observee pour chaque site d’infiltration apres optimisation des procedures, la baisse de la PDS allant de 52 % (pour l’epaule) a 87 % (pour les articulations zygapophysaires, desormais a 22,7 μgray/m 2 seulement). Ceci etant vrai pour les 3 etapes : installation du patient, geste medical et cliche final. Les PDS des infiltrations des articulations zygapophysaires etaient de 84 (54,5–108,5) μgray/m 2 pour les indices de masse corporelle (IMC) 2 pour les IMC > 30. Conclusion Des procedures techniques simples permettent une diminution majeure de l’irradiation des patients lors des infiltrations realisees sous scopie, en particulier pour les articulations zygapophysaires et chez des personnes a IMC eleve.

The paper presents the measured cumulative yields of 44 Ti for nat Cr, 56 Fe, nat Ni and 93 Nb samples irradiated by protons at the energy range 0.04–2.6 GeV. The obtained excitation functions are compared with calculations of the well-known codes: ISABEL, Bertini, INCL4.2+ABLA, INCL4.5+ABLA07, PHITS, CASCADE07 and CEM03.02. The predictive power of these codes regarding the studied nuclides is analyzed.

Nitrogen (N) deficiency and weed infestation are main factors limiting yield and yield stability in organic wheat. Organic fertilizers may be used to improve crop performance but off-farm input costs tend to limit profitability. Instead, forage legumes may be inserted into the crop rotation to improve the N balance and to control weed infestation. In opposition to simultaneous cropping, relay intercropping of legumes in organic winter wheat limits resource competition for the legume cover crop, without decreasing the performance of the associated wheat. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of spring organic fertilization on the performance of intercropped legumes and wheat, and on services provided by the legume cover. Two species of forage legumes ( Trifolium pratense L . and Trifolium repens L . ) were undersown in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv Lona) in five organic fields during two consecutive crop seasons. Organic fertilizer was composed of feather meal and applied on wheat at legume sowing. The cover crop was maintained after the wheat harvest and destroyed just before sowing maize. Spring organic nitrogen fertilization increased wheat biomass (+35%), nitrogen (+49%), grain yield (+40%) and protein content (+7%) whatever the intercropping treatment. At wheat harvest, red clover biomass was significantly higher than white clover one (1.4 vs. 0.7 t ha −1 ). Nitrogen fertilization decreased forage legume above-ground biomass at wheat harvest, at approximately 0.5 t ha −1 whatever the specie. No significant difference in forage legume biomass production was observed at cover killing. Nitrogen accumulation in legume above-ground tissues was significantly higher for white clover than for red clover. Both red and white clover species significantly decreased weed infestation at this date. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased weed biomass whatever the intercropping treatment and decreased nitrogen accumulation in both clover species (−12%). We demonstrated that nitrogen fertilization increased yield of wheat intercropped with forage legume while the performance of legumes was decreased. Legume growth was modified by spring fertilization whatever the species.

To face the increasing environmental footprint of commercial aviation, industrial and research efforts have been focusing on exploring unconventional configurations and new propulsion paradigms, mostly based on electric technology. Such explorations require Overall Aircraft Design that has to be performed in an integrated multidisciplinary design environment. Such design environments are often limited to multidisciplinary analysis, adapted for a single aircraft configuration or require an important effort to be mastered. FAST-OAD is a software program developed by ONERA and ISAE-SUPAERO for aircraft sizing analysis and optimization that aims at user friendliness and modularity. It is an aircraft sizing code based on multidisciplinary design optimization techniques and the point mass approach to estimate the required fuel and energy consumption for a given set of TLARs. This paper presents the motivations for moving from the original software program, called FAST, to the open source code FAST-OAD based on OpenMDAO.

The use of the perennial grain intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth &amp, D.R. Dewey) may have the potential to sustain soil health and fertility through the development of an extensive root system. However, references are scarce to demonstrate its potential influence in a context of a limited perennial grain growth phase, integrated into annual grain crops succession. This study aims at determining how early a perennial crop rooting system differs from that of an annual crop through root development and root traits and microbial indicators. Our results indicate that the two-year-old intermediate wheatgrass promotes a denser and deeper rooting system with proportionally more root biomass and length deeper in the soil profile. From the first growing season, the perennial grain demonstrated a suite of root traits typical of a more resource-conservative strategy, and more belowground-oriented resource allocation. Soil fungal biomass indicators were enhanced. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) indicators were notably found to be improved at 1 m depth during the second growing season. This study provides evidence that grain-based agriculture can benefit from the potential of deeper and long-lived root systems of intermediate wheatgrass to manage soils. The periodic use of a short-term perennial phase in the crop rotation has the potential to improve soil functioning in the long term.

Proton induced nuclear reactions were measured with stacked-foil technique on natural uranium targets in the energy range from 211 to 2,530 MeV at the Saturne II synchrocyclotron at the Laboratoire National Saturne/Saclay (France). Twenty-three reactions were determined by means of off-line γ-spectrometry. The obtained excitation functions have been compared with the earlier published data and the theoretical model INCL4 + ABLA.

In this study, distillation, precipitation, and ion-exchange methods were chosen for the separation of the long-lived β-emitters 129I, 36Cl and the α-emitters 154Dy, 148Gd, 150Gd, and 146Sm from Ta targets irradiated with protons up to 2.6 GeV to determine their production cross sections. Measurements of 129I/127I and 36Cl/35Cl ratios were performed with accelerator mass spectrometry. After separation of the lanthanides, the molecular plating technique was applied to prepare thin samples to obtain highly resolved α-spectra. Autoradiography and focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the lanthanide deposited layer. Experimental cross-section data are compared with theoretical predictions obtained with INCL++ and ABLA07 code, and a satisfactory agreement is observed.

Contexte L’epuisement professionnel est devenue une question majeure de sante mentale au travail, mais peu est connu quant aux consequences professionnelles individuelles ou sur les prises en charges actuellement effectuees. L’objectif de cette etude est de decrire les consequences individuelles et les prises en charge vecues par des individus presentant une suspicion forte d’epuisement professionnel, parmi les salaries d’une entreprise. Materiel et methode La selection des 84 cas a ete realisee par les medecins du travail du service de sante au travail par suspicion clinique forte d’epuisement professionnel dans l’intervalle de janvier 2015 a mars 2017. Les participants ont ete vus individuellement en interview semi-dirigee par un investigateur unique et ont repondu a des questionnaires valides et des questionnaires experimentaux. Apres une phase descriptive, nous avons realise une repartition en deux groupes de gravite selon la presence et la duree de l’arret de travail, ainsi qu’une analyse unie et multivariee. Resultats Soixante ont participe a l’etude 85,5 % de l’effectif entre 41 et 55 ans, 73,7 % de cadres, 69,6 % sur le poste depuis moins de deux ans. Dans notre echantillon, la majorite (73,6 %) n’a aucun antecedent psychiatrique ou medical. Prise en charge medicale en ville : 22,8 % ont eu un suivi par un psychiatre, 63,2 % par un psychologue. Sur l’ensemble de l’echantillon, 45,6 % ont ete traites par antidepresseurs et 42,1 % n’ont recu aucun traitement medicamenteux. Au total, 69,6 % sont interesses par un groupe de parole lors de la prise en charge de l’epuisement professionnel. Consequences medicales et professionnelles : les idees suicidaires ont concerne 21 % des individus. Quarante pour cent ont change de poste et 73,7 % ont eu un amenagement de poste. Seuls 61,8 % travaillaient plus de 50 heures par semaines avant leur epuisement, contre 23,1 % apres. Le travail regulier a domicile ou le week-end ont egalement ete reduit (respectivement 63,6 % avant/20,7 % apres ; 38,2 % avant/7,5 % apres). Les analyses multivaries ont montres que le traitement par antidepresseurs, l’occupation d’un poste d’agent de maitrise et le changement de poste etaient statistiquement associes au groupe le plus grave (p Conclusion Bien qu’il soit discute et mal defini, l’epuisement professionnel est une problematique frequente dont la prise en charge est tres variable, et dont les consequences medicales et professionnelles sont importantes. Un travail systematique et rigoureux de semiologie descriptive du syndrome permettrait d’en rigidifier les contours et ainsi de progresser sur sa prise en charge et sa prevention.

Western European agriculture is largely defined by the high level of productivity of its cereal grain production. Such productivity is largely a result of farm specialization and intensification. This approach however has led to environmental problems and farm sensitivity to climatic and economic hazards. Recently, perennial grains have been promoted as a potential alternative, particularly with intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium). Perennial grains bring new perspectives and innovation, and can contribute to both system diversification and environmental performance. Above all, the value of year-round ground cover and root activity, as well as the ability to harvest both grain and forage production, offers a large range of interest and potential application for such a grain crop. Realization of the potential benefits from perennial grains depends on the development of suitable seed material and the identification of tangible economic and environmental benefits coming from the integration of perennial grains into crop rotations. Although more work is needed, perennial grains are compatible with the current European interests and policies for food security, soil health, water quality, and farmer interest in innovative practices and sustainable cropping systems.

Introduction Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has revolutionized the prognosis of patients with severe aortic stenosis. Four categories of aortic stenosis can be defined depending on left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), mean transvalvular gradient and stoke volume index. Aim Whether aortic stenosis category influence prognosis after TAVR regarding functional improvement and mortality. Method In total, 263 TAVR patients with a complete baseline echocardiography and one year follow-up, were retrospectively classified into four categories: high gradient (n = 211); low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis with reduced EF (n = 21); low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis with preserved EF (n = 8) and normal-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis with preserved EF (n = 23). Results At 12 months follow-up, 39 deaths occurred (14.8%): 25 in the high gradient group (11.8%), 9 in the low-gradient, low-flow, reduced EF group (43%), 1 in the low-gradient, low-flow, preserved EF group (12.5%), 4 in the low-gradient, normal flow group (17.4%). In a multivariate model, one-year all-cause mortality was higher in low-gradient, low-flow, reduced EF group (P Conclusion A complete echocardiography is necessary to evaluate aortic stenosis, its severity and its type before TAVR. Patients with low-gradient, low-flow reduced EF had a higher mortality rate one year after TAVR and remained more symptomatic one month after the procedure.

We proposed a new nuclear reaction model in combination of Intra-Nuclear Cascade of Liege (INCL) and the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) calculation, and incorporated it into the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). This model was applied to deuteron induced reactions on nat Li and 9 Be targets for deuteron incident energies of 40 and 18 MeV, respectively. Double-differential cross sections and neutron yields on thick targets obtained by PHITS using the model reproduce experimental data quite well.

Objectives To decrease radiation exposure of patients undergoing interventional rheumatology procedures, without adversely affecting quality of care. Methods The radiation dose received, assessed by the dose-area product (DAP), was measured during 283 intraarticular injections performed under fluoroscopic guidance between May and July 2013. Then, three steps were taken to decrease patients’ radiation exposure: a copper filter was added, the anti-scatter grid was removed, and exposure cell sensitivity was set at the highest value. DAP was measured during 158 intraarticular injections performed in 2014 with these measures in place. Results Mean DAP before optimization was 175 μGray·m 2 during facet joint injections ( n = 4) and 43 μGray·m 2 during hip injections but was less than 20 μGray·m 2 for injections into the shoulders (15.7 μGray·m 2 ), ankles (7.7 μGray·m 2 ), wrists (3.7 μGray·m 2 ), and fingers (3.3 μGray·m 2 ). After optimization, DAP decreased markedly for all injection sites, by 52% (shoulders) to 87% (facet joints, 22.7 μGray·m 2 ). Decreases occurred at all three steps of the procedure, i.e., patient installation, injection, and last image hold. Exposure during facet joint injections varied from 84 (54.5–108.5) μGray·m 2 when body mass index (BMI) was 2 to 228.9 (161.3–340.4) μGray·m 2 when BMI was > 30 kg/m 2 . Conclusion Simple technical changes translate into large decreases in patient radiation exposure during fluoroscopically-guided injections, particularly at the facet joints and in obese patients.

During flight, emergency descent situations are part of those extreme conditions that can lead the empennage of an aircraft to vibrate. These vibrations are mainly due to the separated flow on the upper surface of the structure which increases the pressure fluctuations on the empennage, sometimes leading to buffeting. This situation can cause structural fatigue and can induce certification and design constraints on the structure. Hence, an accurate prediction of the unsteady loads is needed to take these forces into account in the early phase of the empennage design. This paper presents a new approach to accurately model the unsteady aerodynamic loads resulting from the interaction between the horizontal tail plane and the wing wake. The method is based upon the coherence method and is compared to the method developed by Soumillon [2], based upon the correlation method. The results obtained by this new model show good agreements with the experimental data.

Spallation reactions play an important role in many branches of physics. If the nuclear reaction induced by low energy neutrons as in nuclear power plants or research reactors can be based on cross section database, it is not the case for spallation reactions due to the energy range, from 100 MeV up to ~3 GeV, and to the candidate targets (all nuclei). Then these reactions have to be modeled. Developments of codes are linked to new experiment and this ex-plains why fifteen years ago a first benchmark has been launched, restricted to particle production, followed by a second one on residues. Since then new data have been measured and computer tools are improved day after day, so a new benchmark has been organized, under the auspices of the IAEA, taken into account all types of results, particle and residue production, with a possibility to update the data (experimental and code calculation) via a web site. Re-sults of the benchmark concerning both the analysis of the prediction capabilities of the seventeen model-participants and the first conclusions on the physics of spallation models are presented.

Spallation reactions play an important role in a wide domain of applications. In the simulation codes used in this field, the nuclear interaction cross-sections and characteristics are computed by spoliation models. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has recently organised a benchmark of the spoliation models used or that could be used in the future into high-energy transport codes. The objectives were, first, to assess the prediction capabilities of the different spoliation models for the different mass and energy regions and the different exit channels and, second, to understand the reason for the success or deficiency of the models. Results of the benchmark concerning both the analysis of the prediction capabilities of the models and the first conclusions on the physics of spoliation models are presented.

Deoxynivalenol was extracted from wheat grain and quantified by GC-ECD. The quantification of deoxynivalenol can be critical, for example in certifying the amount of the mycotoxin in a lot and determining if this amount is over or under a fixed limit. Thus, an objective was to obtain representative samples to monitor DON quantification variability. We show that among the different steps of analysis the critical one is grain sampling. We also show that we were able to significantly improve the extraction rate without increasing the variability by using a longer extraction time with a magnetic agitator, and a grinding process which takes into account both the heterogeneous repartition of deoxynivalenol within wheat grains and different extraction rates according to the size of the flour powder particles. Thus, it could be of interest to use this methodology to determine if a lot is above or below a maximum limit because it enables the detection limit to be lowered, thereby simplifying the subsequent analysis.

The composition of the space radiation environment inside spacecrafts is modified by the interaction with shielding material, with equipment and even with the astronauts' bodies. Accurate quantitative estimates of the effects of nuclear reactions are necessary, for example, for dose estimation and prediction of single-event-upset rates. To this end, it is necessary to construct predictive models for nuclear reactions, which usually consist of an intranuclear-cascade or quantum-molecular-dynamics stage, followed by a nuclear-de-excitation stage. While it is generally acknowledged that it is necessary to accurately simulate the first reaction stage, transport-code users often neglect or underestimate the importance of the choice of the de-excitation code. The purpose of this work is to prove that the de-excitation model is in fact a non-negligible source of uncertainty for the prediction of several observables of crucial importance for space applications. For some particular observables, the systematic uncertainty due to the de-excitation model actually dominates the total uncertainty. Our point will be illustrated by making use of nucleon-nucleus calculations performed with several intranuclear-cascade/de-excitation models, such as the Li\`{e}ge Intranuclear Cascade model (INCL) and Isabel (for the cascade part) and ABLA07, Dresner, GEM, GEMINI++ and SMM (on the de-excitation side)., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures. Presented at the 38th COSPAR Scientific Assembly (Bremen, Germany, 18-25 July 2010). Submitted to Advances in Space Research

Optica 5(12), 1521 - 1524 (2018). doi:10.1364/OPTICA.5.001521, High-brilliance x-ray sources (x-ray free-electron lasers or diffraction-limited storage rings) allow the visualization of ultrafast processes in a 2D manner using single exposures. Current 3D approaches scan the sample using multiple exposures, and hence they are not compatible with single-shot acquisitions. Here we propose and verify experimentally an x-ray multi-projection imaging approach, which uses a crystal to simultaneously acquire nine angularly resolved projections with a single x-ray exposure. When implemented at high-brilliance sources, this approach can provide volumetric information of natural processes and non-reproducible samples in the micrometer to nanometer resolution range, and resolve timescales from microseconds down to femtoseconds., Published by OSA, Washington, DC

In organic farming, weeds are one of the threats that limit crop yield. An early prediction of weed effect on yield loss and the size of late weed populations could help farmers and advisors to improve weed management. Numerous studies predicting the effect of weeds on yield have already been conducted, but the level of uncertainty about weed effect is expected to be very high in organic crops. It is thus more appropriate to provide farmers and advisors with distributions of possible production levels, rather than with point values. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of early weed density at the end of the tillering stage of organic winter wheat on subsequent yield and on late weed density at flowering, by using quantile regression. Results showed that this method can be applied to a hyperbolic model and to an allometric density-dependent model, to describe the distribution of yield values and of late weed density respectively, as functions of early weed density measurements. Mechanical weed control showed no significant effect on the relationship between early weed density and grain yield, but it decreased late weed density. Yield and late weed density distributions derived by quantile regression provided sound information on the possible effect of weeds on organic winter wheat production.

Advances in scientific understanding of the plant and soil behaviour in a cultivated field led to the design of numerous soil-crop models simulating crop growth. The frequent low predictive quality of these models is linked to uncertainties in inputs, parameters and equations. The AZODYN crop model predicting wheat grain yield and grain protein content was previously developed to support decision for N management of conventional and organic wheat crops. This paper outlines a sequential approach to improve the predictions of the AZODYN model by testing various formalisms. This study is based on the comparison of 38 versions of the model assessed in multi-environment trials carried out under conventional or low-input conditions. This paper describes and discusses the methodology. The results show that the predictive value of grain yield and grain protein content could be largely improved without increasing model complexity.

We measured integral thin target cross sections for the proton-induced production of 3He, 4He, 21Ne, 22Ne, 36Ar and 38Ar from Fe and Ni from the respective reaction thresholds up to 1.6 GeV. The production of noble gas isotopes, especially 4He, from Fe and Ni is of special importance for design studies of accelerator driven systems and/or energy amplifier, because Fe is the main structural material in almost every design study. Furthermore, the cross sections are needed to establish the first physical model calculations for the production of cosmogenic nuclides in iron meteorites. As a result of our new measurements there now exist for both target elements a complete and consistent database for the production of noble gas isotopes. The experimental data are compared to results from the theoretical nuclear model codes INCL4/ABLA and TALYS. This comparison clearly demonstrates again that experimental data are still needed because the predictive power of nuclear model codes, though permanently improving, does still not allow reliably predicting the cross sections needed for most applications and irradiation experiments remain indispensable.

In this paper we present for the first time the measured delayed neutron (DN) yields and time spectra from high-energy protons interacting with thick natPb targets. The 1GeV protons from the accelerator impinged on targets of different thicknesses producing a huge number of spallation-fission products, some of which can be DN precursors. After the beam is switched off, the DNs were detected with optimized 3He counter. The production yields of light DN precursors as 17N and “usual” fission products as 87Br and 88Br, which dominate the total DN activity, are obtained both for thin and thick targets. These new data are of great interest for the new generation high-power spallation targets based on liquid-metal technologies. Our findings also should help to constrain the physics models within the simulations codes.

We assess the suitability of nuclear-reaction codes for the generation of accurate cross-section libraries targeted at the simulation of the transport of high-energy protons (up to 250 MeV) in the human body, or in any material containing light nuclides. To this end we present an extensive study of elastic, reaction and fragmentation cross sections for proton-induced reactions on several nuclides. We compare TALYS evaluations against experimental data and, wherever applicable, against the predictions of the INCL/ABLA07 nuclear-reaction model. The TALYS evaluations have been cast in the form of a new cross-section library, which also includes evaluated proton-proton cross sections based on the NN-OnLine tool.

Recently a renewed interest in photonuclear reactions has appeared. It is motivated by a number of different applications where progress in reliable and, in some cases, very high-intensity electron accelerators was awaited. In particular, today's interest is linked to the nuclear material interrogation and non-destructive nuclear waste characterization, both based either on prompt neutron, or delayed neutron, or delayed gamma detection following photofission. The knowledge of photonuclear reactions is also extremely important in the design of electron accelerators used for medical applications, nuclear physics, photoneutron sources, radioactive ion beam production, etc. In this paper we present the photonuclear activation file (PAF) under development to be included into any material depletion code. By now the PAF contains the photonuclear cross-sections for more than 600 isotopes, fission fragment distributions and delayed neutron evaluations for most of the actinides in the photon energy range from 0 up to 25 MeV. Theoretical predictions, evaluated data files and available experimental data were used to construct the PAF, and some benchmarks are in progress to ensure its quality. The release of the first version of PAF is planned in 2006.

The state-of-the-art regarding the predicting capabilities of some of the physics models available in MCNPX for Accelerator-Driven System design is discussed. The identified remaining deficiencies, which originate either from a lack of experimental data or from not well understood physics mechanisms, are stressed. To solve these problems, more constraining experiments are now needed to allow a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanisms.