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Despite numerous studies examining the validity of Florida's creative class approach in the field of urban and regional development, no research on the entrepreneurial part of this theory has been conducted in Turkey. In this context, this study analyzes the entrepreneurial potential of the creative class working as R&D employees in technoparks and industrial park in Turkey. The study focuses on the creative class's demographic characteristics, human capital capabilities, and spatial featues as entrepreneurial tendencies. Using a mixed research method, a survey was conducted with 1352 R&D employees operating in 14 major provinces of Turkey and 255 R&D employees were interviewed simultaneously. The data obtained were analyzed using MAXQDA and SPSS software. The findings show that R&D employees define entrepreneurship primarily in terms of personal traits and effort; their perception of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial experience influence whether they regard themselves as capable of becoming entrepreneurs in the future. Participants who have prior entrepreneurial experience and receive government support have a more optimistic attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur in the future. Additionally, it is evident that the characteristics of the cities and business regions where the creative class lives and works have an impact on entrepreneurship and that these locations enhance the entrepreneurial potential of R&D professionals. Based on R&D employees' experience, opportunity, human capital, and personality traits, the final results reveal that there is a creative class with a very high potential to be entrepreneurs in the future. This conclusion indicates that R&D employee entrepreneurship, which has a high potential for the Turkish entrepreneurship ecosystem, should be promoted primarily through public policies and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, active economic policies have been implemented continuously for the development of the manufacturing industry. Examining and developing this sector, which has a 20% share in GDP, is very important for policy recommendations. In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of imports and exports and human capital on the manufacturing industry, and in this context, the Cobb-Douglas production function was calculated. Within the scope of the analysis in which two different models were established, the Driscoll-Kraay Fixed Effects Model with Standard Errors was estimated. In both models, the share of labor and manufacturing goods imports in goods imports was found to be negative. Capital, human capital and the share of manufacturing goods exports in goods exports were determined as positive. In addition, while the constant term is insignificant in both models, the exchange rate is found insignificant in the second model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to Turkey adopted neo- liberal policies in the early 1980s, her firms have begun to integrate with the global value chain before most competitors. However, they lagged behind many competitors in terms of added value and efficiency, as they could not rise in global value chains and create global brands. So much so that Turkey is is located in the last rows of the OECD countries in terms of the high share of low-qualified employees in the total workforce, specialization in low-technology and value-added fields in value chains, and global brand creation performance. The foreign trade deficit caused by the specialization in low value-added products leads to the current account deficit in Turkey, and thus a variety of chronic macroeconomic problems such as inflation, unemployment, low national income. In the study the impact of the policies followed by governments and institutions on the emergence of this picture, and what needs to be done is discussed in comparison with similar countries. The material of the study consists of the data obtained from the General Directorate of Foreign Capital (YASED) and supranational institutions. In the analysis made using the data of the aforementioned instutions in the article, it is showed that the insufficiencies in the areas of the quality of the education system, corruption, regulatory quality, rule of law, democracy and logistic service capacity related to state and institutional policies negatively affect the production of high value-added products in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developments in the field of technology, especially in communication, have important impacts on social habits and ways of Developments in the field of technology, especially in communication, have important impacts on social habits and ways of doing business. These impacts require businesses to have resilience against uncertainties as well as adaptation to change and new conditions to maintain their sustainability. Organizational resilience, which is discussed in the context of these characteristics of businesses, is the subject of the research. The research model is taken from perspective of human and social capital theory. Our research was conducted with the data obtained from the owners of 435 different-scaled enterprises operating in Turkey by quota sampling. As a result of the research, it has been seen that human capital, social capital, and financial capital have a positive effect on organizational resilience. In addition, it has been determined that financial capital has a partial mediation effect in the relationship between human and social capital and organizational resilience. In the research, obtained results are parallel with the literature, and the importance of organizational resilience was tried to be revealed for businesses to avoid the negative effects of changes in the external environment. Based on these results, foresight can be created regarding the business processes, of which the enterprises should focus on in changing market conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital is considered as one of the most important factors in explaining development differences between countries, and as a unique source of long-run permanent economic growth. Therefore, increasing the accumulation of human capital has become an extremely important mission for economies. Theoretical and empirical literature emphasizes that public expenditures can play an important role in increasing human capital accumulation. Therefore, in this study, the effect of public expenditures on human capital accumulation for the case of Turkey was analyzed. Besides per capita income, unemployment and population variables were also included in the estimated model since they are considered as important determinants of human capital accumulation in the literature. Annual data for the period 1960-2019 were used in the analysis. The long-run cointegration relationship between the variables was determined and the long-run cointegration coefficients were obtained by applying FMOLS, DOLS and CCR estimators. Results show that public expenditures negatively affect human capital accumulation. Similarly, the increase in unemployment negatively affects human capital. However, per capita income and population are helpful to promote human capital. Probable causes of empirical outputs for the case of Turkey are further discussed in the study and policy strategies are recommended accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance in the period of 2010-2020 using the data of 2.619 listed manufacturing firms from Brasil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and Turkey. The first contribution of the study to the literature is the use of data from "fragile five" countries, which are the most delicate economies among developing countries, rather than the data from developed countries. Secondly, instead of sectors such as banking, technology, and services, which can be understood intuitively as being intellectual capital intensive, the manufacturing sector firms, which are known as physical and financial capital intensive, are examined. Finally, the most appropriate econometric method for the characteristics of the data is determined and applied. The findings of the study show that the capital employed efficiency has a positive effect on firm performance in all countries. The results regarding human capital efficiency, which is an important component of intellectual capital, point out that human capital is still underestimated in developing countries, and its effect on firm performance cannot be observed due to the lack of necessary investment in human capital. It is observed that the structural capital component of intellectual capital is an element that has been recognized and invested in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was a change in perception from one year to the happiness of people in Turkey have been observed and investigate whether the observed. Variability of the dynamics of happiness in the years 2013-2018 in Turkey is examined. Factor and logit analyzes were applied in the study. Within the framework of the findings, it was concluded that the happiness of the person in a certain year changes according to the attitudes of the people living in the political election periods of the country. While those who are satisfied with health services among those who feel very happy are happy in 2013, 2014, and 2015; they were unhappy in 2017. Likewise, among those who feel happy, those who graduated at the postgraduate level were unhappy in 2013-2016. It was seen that they described as happy in 2015 and 2017. The change in the consumption habits of the people with the effect of showing off causes their happiness to change. Science, culture, personal development will affect factors such as the music was not sufficient to affect the happiness of people in Turkey. People who express their happiness for the personal development dimension will not be able to invest in the highest level, namely human capital, without completing their physiological needs in a way that confirms Maslow's basic needs pyramid. People's desire to increase their leisure time, social life and personal care increase their happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the effects of energy consumption and human capital on economic growth in EU-15 and Turkey through the AMG estimator under the cross-sectional dependency. It is important to note that well educated and skilled society is a crucial requirement, in order to use in an efficient way of existing resources and to increase the share of renewable energy. Therefore, human capital level and efficient usage of energy are crucially important requirements especially for countries dependent to foreign energy resources. The result of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test shows that there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption. Accordingly, it can be stated that feedback hypothesis is valid for EU-15 and Turkey. Based on the finding of the causal relationship between human capital and economic growth, the study emphasizes the necessity of qualified human capital accumulation, in order to promote feedback hypothesis and to implement innovative policies to enhance energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine relationships between human capital accumulation and economic development in Turkey for the time period of 1991-2016 by implementing the time series analysis methods. According to the results; (a) all variables exhibit unit root process, (b) long-run relationships exist among variables, (c) according to the long-run parameter estimations, education expenditures positively affect economic development, while there is no statistically significant relationship between health expenditures and economic development, (d) unemployment has a negative and statistically significant effect on economic development, whereas inflation has a negative and statistically insignificant effect on economic development. In this regard, education-oriented human capital-led development policies can positively affect economic development in Turkey. Besides, policies towards reducing unemployment rates can increase the capability of individuals by creating new job opportunities, which in turn promotes economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of R&D spending upon the exports of the high tech products have attracted attention of the economic circles in the recent decade. This study analyzes the effects of the R&D activities upon the exportation of the high tech products with reference to ten EU countries in transition (Bulgaria, Checzia, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) as well as Turkey for the period of 2007-2017 by relying on panel data econometrics. The study finds that any increase in the variables of GDP, investment liberty, R&D spending level of education and human capital employed in the research sector positively affects the exportation of high technology products. The findings show that improvement in the structural reforms have the potential of contributing to the high tech manufacturing in these countries and to the economic development of these nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even over the years, the radio is a mass media tool that protects the nostalgic side and continues its influence on the listener. University radios have an important mission to train human resources which are important for radios. University radios the number of which are getting increased along with opening of communication faculties, are examined in this study. The main aim of the study is to examine how management functions are applied in university radios in Turkey and determine their managerial process. Interview questions were asked to administrative staff of the radios in the sample and the answers were analyzed descriptively. As a result, it was found that there were target group and goal commons unity in the administration of university radios. Consequently; similarities were identified in many dimensions ranging from broadcast planning, to authority responsibility structures, from financial operation to human resource development processes. In addition, due to the nature of the job and employee profile which consist of students, it was revealed that administrative functions were far from formal and bureaucratic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation sector is directly related to socio-economic developments. Mobility of goods and passengers are ensured by the transportation sector. The development of transportation systems is the basis of both social and economic development. In the past, development policies and strategies have tended to focus on physical capital, while in recent years it has become more complex, including human capital issues. Regardless of the relative importance of physical and human capital, infrastructure cannot remain effective without proper activities and maintenance. While economic activities cannot take place without an infrastructure foundation, infrastructure cannot develop without interacting with other production systems. Many transportain activities have a complex relationship between their high transaction and serviceoriented functions and their physical and human capital needs. Therefore, states transfer resources to both investment and maintenance services in the transportation sector for the development of economies. In this study, Turkey's economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP) are examined the relationship between the resources allocated to investment and maintenance services in the transport sector are compared with selected countries. While maintenance expenses were 874 million USD in 2012, they decreased to 230 million USD in 2016. The share of maintenance expenses in the transportation sector in GDP increased from 0.01% in 1995, 0.05% in 2001, 0.04% in 2008, to 0.08% in 2011, and declined to 0.02% in 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study; human capital, innovation and economic growth for Turkey's economy were investigated by time series analysis methods using the 1995-2018 period annual data. Real GDP per capita representing economic growth was taken as a dependent variable, domestic patent registration numbers representing innovation from independent variables, and students graduating from higher education representing the human capital variable. Besides, variables of labor and capital investments, which are considered as indicators of growth, are also included in the model. Extended Dickey-Fuller and Phillips- Perron unit root tests in determining the stability of variables, Johansen cointegration analysis in determining long term relationship, the existence of a cointegration relationship between variables, were used. Granger causality analysis was used to determine the causality relationship. As a result of the analyzes applied to the model, it was determined that there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. It has been observed that human capital and innovation have no effect on economic growth in the short term, but they have a positive effect in the long term, and capital investments and workforce affect economic growth both in the short and long term. As a result of the Granger causality analysis, bidirectional causality relationships between capital investments and economic growth, from the workforce to economic growth, from the workforce to capital investments, from human capital to innovation, were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is expressed as an affecting factor of economic growth, which is one of the human capital factors. The improvement in health level with the increase in population, education, labor productivity, lifetime and life quality, may have a decisive effect on economic stability and growth by preventing future diseases. Although there is mostly a two-way relationship between health and economic growth in the findings of researches, some studies find no relationship. Different findings may be due to the neglect of health policy differences between countries in studies. Unlike previous studies in the literature, this study explores the impact of health on economic growth in all provinces of a country where the same health policy is applied with the panel data analysis method. For this purpose, covering the 2007-2017 period, the model including the variables that the gross domestic product, public investment, exports, imports, the infant mortality rate, the number of hospital beds, the number of people graduated from high school and the number of people has a bachelor's degree for all provinces in Turkey was estimated by the system GMM analysis. According to the findings, Turkey's health variables; 1% reduction in infant mortality rate causes an increase of 0.03% on GDP, 1% increase in the number of hospital beds causes an increase of 0,16% on GDP. The education variables, however, contribute to economic growth more than health variables, it is an undeniable fact that health is a prerequisite for education and economic growth. In this context, policy makers should pursue policies to improve individual and community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of human capital, which means developable human power, has started to gain importance especially after 1960s. Human capital has a positive impact on the quality of life of countries when the required importance is given, thus allowing the increase in national income. This study is primarily examined the theoretical framework of the relationship between human capital and economic growth, on the issue has been referred to the studies in the literature and post selected from 1980-2017 years in Turkey, education, health and physical capital indicators and the human impact on the capital's economic growth econometrically tested. Johansen cointegration test, granger causality test and VEC methods were used as econometric analysis method. According to the short and long term results, per capita education expenditures and fixed capital investments have enhancing effect on economic growth. According to the Granger causality analysis, there was a positive and significant relationship from economic growth to per capita education expenditures, from per capita fixed capital investments to per capita education expenditures and from per capita health expenditures to per capita education expenditures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the tourism crisis realized in Turkey has had an impact upon hotel businesses, rendering notably Russian market-oriented service and obliged managers of the hotels to seek solutions to survive in the crisis. Hotel managers have taken a number of measures in an effort to increase the occupancy rates to reasonable levels and maintain their operating activities in the usual way. The aim of this study is to reveal the crisis management implementations of hotel managers during the most severe tourism crisis that Turkey faced for the last two decades. To that end, crisis management implementations of 112 hotel managers in Antalya, which were supposed to prevent hotels from adverse impacts of crisis, were examined by content analysis method. According to the findings of the study, implementations of "Marketing" (54.8%) are the most extensive measures taken by hotel enterprises in preparation for crisis followed by "Human Resource" (18.9%), "Cost" (14.2%), "Quality", (7.4%), and "Customer" (4.7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study the resource studies titled "Factory Businessman and Manufacturer Officer" (Azmi of Gallipoli, 1914), "Factory Business" (Major Ahmet Hamdi Bey, 1919) and "Factory Business and Industry Notes" (Mehmet Ali Bey, 1928) are examined in order to contribute to the development of factory management knowledge in Turkey. The study evaluates the contents of these resources, which were published with the Ottoman alphabet at the beginning of the 20th century and addresses the factory system and management, in the context of managementorganization in order to discover the tracks affecting the formation of business administration knowledge in Turkey and to contribute to the literature. The contents of these three studies provide information about how a factory should be operated technically. However, it is determined that the information is conveyed by prioritizing the technical knowledge and human resources management in the study titled "Factory Businessman and Manufacturer Officer", how the organization structure and qualified human resources of a company should be in the study titled "Factory Business" and the ideas regarding the productivity of a factory and how it can be operated better with scientific methods in the study titled "Factory Business and Industry Notes". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to test the relationship between human capital and economic growth in Turkey with the analysis of the time series with reference to 1983-2013 period. In the study, the number of students per school at the stage of higher education, yearly employment figures and the gross enrollment ratio of higher education were used to represent human capital. As a result of the study, the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test revealed the existence of a long-term relationship between human capital and economic growth. Also, in the analysed of period for Turkey the relationship of granger casuality results can not be found between human capital and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Human resources", which is one of the primary factors determining the competition level of businesses, has transformed into the present shape in the last century through changing on staff management, human resources management, strategic human resources management and talent management. These transformations have increased the value of human resources over time in the human resources management, and firms also want to include the information on the value of the presence of human resources in their financial reports. However, it has not been possible to include the presence of human resources in financial reports since there are difficulties in valuation on human resources. On the other hand, many firms that link their success to the presence of human resources tend to share some information about human resource activities in the annual reports. This study aims to examine the relationship between the number of human resources activities and return on assets and return on equities in BIST-30 in Turkey. The findings display that there is not a significant relationship between human resources activity score and return on assets or return on equities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The companies should not only generate value for their shareholders, but also they need to meet the expectations of the stakeholders. Thus, the companies tend to lead themselves corporate social responsibilities (CSR) activities. In this particular study, the idea is while the companies developing their CSR strategies and policies should also take into account the role of employees in these activities. Accordingly, in order to determine the extent of support between CSR and human resources (HR) practices, the deposit banks web sites operating in Turkey are taken into account via content analysis. The results show that the banks practices of CSR and activities related to recruitment-selection, training-development, appraisal-motivation functions support each other in a very limited way. These two areas are not integrated in terms of compensation management and occupational health and safety functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's competitive business sense employees are seen as an important factor in business success. The importance given to human resources in the hotels, which is evaluated within the scope of the service sectors is gradually increasing. One of the important issues that can be assessed in this scope is the perceptions and behavior of the hotel employees toward career. The purpose of this study is to reveal career strategies of employees of 4 and 5 star hotels, operate in Istanbul, and whether or not sectoral career prospects are influenced by these strategies. It is also aimed to present employees' career prospects and strategies are in relation with positive relational management. In this quantitative research, a survey was conducted with a total of 387 employees working in 4 and 5 star hotels operating in various regions of Istanbul which have Tourism Certificate. Results show that employees' career prospects affect their career strategies and these two variables are related with positive relational management. In addition to this, it is determined that demographical variables are related with career strategies. As a result of the survey conducted, it was found that employees had an effect on career strategies of career prospects and these two variables were related to positive relational management. It was also found that the demographic variables of employees are related to career strategies. Further similar researches could be conducted in the hotels which serve different target group reveal the career prospects and strategies of hotel employees in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is underlined in the extant literature that as one of the countries in the middle income trap, Turkey has to create an innovative economy and thus needs to improve its human capital. The facts that Turkey is in a demographic window of opportunity with its low rates of dependent population and has increasing rates of educational enrolment create advantages for Turkey. This study aims to investigate the human capital level of Turkey and the effects of various socio-economic variables on human capital via PIAAC data collected by OECD. Analysis of PIAAC data reveals that Turkey is far behind OECD countries in terms of adult skills in numeracy, literacy and problem solving in technologyrich environments. Despite an increase in skills from older cohorts to the younger ones, it can be seen that Turkey is far from having the human capital required to escape from the middle income trap. Moreover, it is found that there are severe inequalities in adult skills according to various socio-economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of human capital increases efficiency of labor force and contributes to productivity of all the other factors of production as well. Therefore, human capital is a critical factor that has an influence on economic and social development of a country. One of the most important factors affecting development of human capital is the level of basic education. Thus, it is aimed to offer basic education in Turkey in a more widespread fashion and sufficiently. However, the level attained as a result of investments in basic education in Turkey shows various differences or similarities in terms of geographical regions or provinces. This study aims at classifying provinces by the help of indicators representing the attained level as a result of basic education practices as a factor of human capital in Turkey. The results of Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis have shown that provinces are classified similarly to a great extent, but that there are significant differences among clusters created as per related variables. It is deemed rational to consider those differences or similarities among provinces while making investments to improve basic education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beşeri sermaye seviyesini etkileyen temel deḡişkenlerden biri saḡlıktaki iyileşmelerdir. Bebek ve çocuk ölüm oranlarındaki azalma ve doḡumda yaşam beklentisindeki artış saḡlıktaki iyileşmenin temel göstergeleridir. Bu deḡişkenlerdeki iyileşmenin temel kaynaḡı eḡitimdeki iyileşmelerdir. Literatüre katkı yapan çalışmalar çeşitli göstergelerden yararlanmak suretiyle eḡitim ile saḡlık arasında uzun dönemde bir ilişki olduḡunu ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu makalede eḡitim göstergesi olarak cinsiyet eşitsizliḡi kullanılmıştır. Çünkü eḡitimde cinsiyet eşitsizliḡi bebek ve beş yaş altı çocuk ölüm oranlarını güçlü oranda etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada eḡitimde cinsiyet eşitsizliḡi ve saḡlık göstergeleri arasındaki ilişki Türkiye için incelenmiştir. 1968-2006 dönemine ait yıllık veriler Johansen eş-bütünleşme yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik analiz sonuçlarına göre eḡitimde cinsiyet eşitsizliḡinin saḡlıḡa etkisi uzun dönemde pozitiftir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the effects of elements of human capital, structural capital and customer capital which constitute intellectual capital concept on the banks which are active in banking sector have been examined. 475 of bank employees constitute the sample of the research. The statements which consist of 35 items have been given to the participants and their thoughts have been asked. In consequence of the analysis made, it can be stated that there are the elements of intellectual capital in banking sector in Central Anatolia Region and in this context the banks which have intellectual capital assets are close to each other. Being structural capital asset weak in comparison with other intellectual capital elements introduce the necessity that the banks give the required importance in respect to informatics substructures, in company training, technological developments and technical substructure and make investment. In addition to this, that the banks present a positive working atmosphere and a fair wage system to its employees can be evaluated as structural capital factors of the banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid social and economic developments in the process of globalization in the world, leads to new seeking in the field of business administration day by day. In this sense, the concept of intellectual capital will ensure that firms have the advantage in global competition. This concept, available in all sectors, stands out most in the service sector. The purpose of this study is to investigate the components of intellectual capital in the tourism sector is kind of a service in Kusadasi based on tourism firms. In order to analyze necessary search for the components of intellectual capital, a questionnaire is applied in tourism firms operating in Kusadasi. In the light of research findings, relationship between the components of the intellectual capital is revealed. Apart from relationship among the components of the intellectual capital, a couple of analysis are applied for revealing the relations between operation years and the components of intellectual capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article inquires as to whether Turkey can be among the ten largest economies of the world in 2023. According to the theory of growth, saving and investment, human capital, research and development efforts and the resulting technological development are the factors that cause economies to grow. The saving and investment ratios of Turkey have been declining since 1988. The average level of education of the labor force and the quality of education are both improving, but according to the predictions in this article, in 2023, the education level of the labor force will continue to be below most of Turkey's rivals. Research and development efforts are also improving, but considering the other negative developments, it is concluded that the progress in research and development will be insufficient to take Turkey into the group of top ten countries in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the existence of nonlinear relationship between tertiary education and economic growth in the period of the Republic of Turkey, using annual time series data from 1924 to 2009. The econometric approach of this paper is based on the threshold autoregressive (TAR) model. The empirical results show evidence of one threshold value and the graduates of tertiary education have a positive contribution to economic growth above this value. The findings of this study exhibit that the government must be invest much more for the higher education to promote the development of the Turkish economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual freedoms and democracy spread across all countries very fast. As a result of these developments, governments have to pay more attention to the policies that increase the welfare of their citizens. The increase in the welfare of the society requires economic development. But, the economic development is only possible with the activation of fundamental dynamics of economic development, not with the temporary populist policies. One of these fundamental dynamics is technological progress. The use of technology in the process of production has increased the factor productivity in the economic development. On the other hand, the development of technology and the use of it in the process of production are closely related with the quality of human capital. For the developing countries, like Turkey, the realization of economic development depends on improvement of the quality of human capital. Unless Turkey achieves this, it does not make sense to allocate resources on R&D. Therefore, education must be the primary area to allocate resources to increase the quality of human capital. This requires providing better education for more people. It must be aimed to make university education available for more people by increasing capacities and establishing new universities; to match the qualification needs of industries with the qualifications of unemployed; to improve skills of workers by providing continuous education and job training programs; to provide labor force participation of women through the use of vocational education. In short, Turkey must target by implementing the life-long learning culture in all areas, since human capital forms the foundation of endogenous growth theories. The aim of the study is to investigate the concept of human capital, the relationship between human capital and economic development, the development problem of Turkey and the position of human capital of Turkey comparing with other countries. In the study, first, related literature is reviewed and the results of the empirical studies are summarized, then the relationship between human capital and economic growth is tested using a multi-linear regression model on the data of 177 member countries of United Nations. The study reveals that human capital is very important for economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has two purposes. Firstly, the effects of nepotism-favoritism and cronyism on the employees working at Turkish Public banks are analyzed. The second aim is analyzing the relationship between the human resource practices at public banks and effects of nepotism and cronyism. Data was gathered by questionnaire method. The research is carried on 243 employees working public banks operating in Ankara. According to the research it can be understood that nepotism and cronyism, types of favoritism, have negative effects on the employees. As nepotism and cronyism arise, the employees' job stress arise, but their job satisfaction, trust on the employer and motivation decrease. This leads to a decrease on the employees' organizational commitment, and an increase on their intention to quit. Also, as the human resource practices increase at the organizations, the negative effects of nepotism-favoritism and cronyism on the employees decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic globalization since 1970'es have increased the importance of world cities in the global economy, and a global urban system has emerged. Economic development is clustered in metropolitan regions and their periphery, which have certain advantages for international trade, such as proximity and historical connections; leading to sustaining regional inequalities. In this context, core, semiperipheral and peripheral areas form a global economic system. Transnational companies and transformation of production systems into more flexible forms play key roles in this spatial restructuring processes. Turkey's integration to the global economy which gained impetus in the post 1970 period has likely lead to similar spatial developments. The Neoclassical regional growth theory foresees a decrease in regional inequalities among countries or regions in the long run, due to decreasing returns to capital.. According to Solow's growth model, initially poorer regions grow faster and catchup with richer regions. Endogenous growth theories reject the Neoclassical theory which assumes technology as a purely exogenous process, and propose that regional inequalities in productivity rates could be persistent due to local knowledge growth and diffusion, or, growth of human capital. Postneoclassical empirical findings furthermore show that productivity growth may not be limited to a region and spatial spillovers may lead to growth of productivity in neighbor regions. Empirical studies about Turkey provide evidence of productivity convergence and first order neighbor region effects on productivity growth in the pre-1995 period. However, it should not be thought that spillovers are effective only for first order neighbors in a country like Turkey, where sharp differences between Eastern and Western provinces are observed. Spatial spillover effects may span longer distances, as evident elsewhere in the world. Apart from such spillovers empirical studies on Turkey have also demonstrated that human capital has an effect on per capita productivity growth in Turkey in the pre1995 period. It is thought that this is still an important cause of productivity growth at the regional level, in the period 19902000. Three questions are asked regarding theoretical approaches and empirical findings on Turkey. Has regional inequalities in productivity rates decreased, or, in other words, is there beta convergence in Turkey during 1990-2000? Do long distance spatial spill-overs have an impact on regional growth? And last, but not the least: Did growth of human capital have an effect on regional growth? In order to answer these questions, three variables are identified and a conditional beta convergence model is specified. The model is in the form of a log-linear cross-sectional model where the dependent variable is the productivity growth per worker in a region. Furthermore, it incorporates neighborhood effects within 500 km. Particularly, the model incorporates the influence of initial productivity levels of neighbor regions on growth of productivity within a region. A preliminary Moran's I test demonstrates that there is significant but weak spatial autocorrelation between the initial per worker productivity levels of neighbor regions and the growth rate of per worker productivity in a region. The model is estimated by using an OLS estimation procedure. The result is an adjusted R2 of 0.39. Usual tests like Breusch-Pagan and White tests show that hetero-skedasticity is not a problem and Jarque Bera test is not significant. Therefore, the model is thought to be thoroughly specified. Findings suggest that initially poorer regions grow faster, pointing to convergence. The speed of convergence is about 1.89% per annum, which indicates a half-life of approximately 37 years. The result suggests that the inequalities between productive and less productive regions are decreasing slowly. As expected, initial productivity levels of neighbor regions have a positive impact on growth of productivity in a region. Therefore, it could be concluded that spatial spillovers reach far distances, leading to growth in semi-peripheral areas. The strongest impact on productivity growth belongs to the human capital variable. Excessive growth of per worker scientific and technical professionals is an important determinant of productivity growth. Although the results suggest conditional convergence, they also point that regional growth is stronger in regions around developed metropolitan regions. Regional inequalities are likely to persist between East and West for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth literature shows that there is a direct and strong relationship between human capital accumulation and the growth of national income. This study aims to analyze the importance of human capital in regional economic development of Turkey. In terms of data, Turkish Statistical Institute's First Level Regional data has been used for the period of 1990-2001. We considered education and health investments as components of economics growth. Since there is no city level economic growth data available for Turkey, we used GDP figures as indicator of economic growth. In order to determine the regional differences E-Views 5.0 Econometric Package has been used and the required tests have been done. The results indicate that even if not for all, some regions show statistically different characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly emphasized in the international policy agenda as well as in the "FDI spillover" literature that the inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flow has positive impacts on the growth of host countries by creating new employment opportunities, accumulation of capital stock, and "spillovers" of superior technology and knowledge to host economy and to local firms. Especially for less developed countries which are generally associated with limited capital accumulation, low level of industrial and technological capability and insufficient human capital, transfer of advanced technological knowledge is regarded a critical factor to upgrade their national technological capabilities. Thus, in order to benefit from technology spillovers that occur "autonomously" as a result of quantitative accumulation of FDIs in the national economy, it is generally suggested for less developed countries to improve their national investment climate to attract more Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs). However, previous studies in different country contexts showed that in cases where the necessary local conditions and capabilities were lacking, the transfer of technological knowledge from FDIs did not occur, and on the contrary to what was expected, the long-term effects of FDIs to the host countries have been negative. Moreover, even the existence of the business linkages between MNCs' foreign affiliates and local firms themselves can not guarantee the flow of technological knowledge. Transfer of highvalue added knowledge requires certain level of capabilities and efforts of both MNC foreign affiliates and local firms, and certain level of collaboration among them. This research aims to explore how the technology using and technology creating capabilities of local firms affect the knowledge transfer content, intensity and channels from the foreign affiliates of multinational corporations to local firms in supplier-buyer relationships. The methodological approach of this research is based on qualitative analysis of case studies and face-to-face in-depth interviews with the respondents of 7 local supplier firms and 7 foreign affiliates of MNCs. The findings of case studies with local supplier firms showed that the production scales, production capabilities and design capabilities of local firms have significant impacts on their positions in the supply chain of their customer firms, on the nature of their relationships with their customer firms, and on the channels, content and intensity of knowledge transfer from the foreign affiliates of multinational customer firms. … [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general meaning, performance appraisal is a systematic evaluation which is made through comparing one's skills, potential talent, work routines, behaviors and such qualities with others, besides forms a basis to determine the needs of Human Resources for the future. Therefore, the existence of a Human Resources Information System (HRIS) that will support human resources administration during the decision process became absolutely necessary. Effective use of performance appraisal by current Human Resources Information System practices in companies became much more important with the Labour Law No. 4857/2003, which provides regulations for companies on securing employees' rights. The aim of this study is to reveal the effectiveness of performance appraisal with Human Resources Information System by how the HRIS -- Performance Appraisal is effective and whether it is used in the way of desired degrees (if it is effective in point of time and cost) or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Objective: Automotive sector in Turkey is a risk- intensive sector classified under the IV Risk Group. Our study was planned in order to analyze the records of the occupational accidents in 2007 and share our findings. • Material and Method: All records of the occupational accidents that occurred in a privately-owned automotive factory in Adana between 2004 and 2007 were obtained. Interviews were made with people who experienced occupational accident and the processes performed following the accident and their consequences were analyzed and reported. Our study is a cross- sectional, retrospective and descriptive- qualitative one. • Results: There were 2025 workers; including 1334 (64.9%) blue collars and 712 white collars (35.1%) in the factory. Following the efforts to improve the work health and safety under the scope of this system, a decrease by 61.1% in the number of occupational accidents was achieved in 2007 in comparison to tha of 2004, in addition to a decrease by 63.9% in the loss of labor day. It was found that most of the accidents occurred between 10.00 -11.00 am (14.5%): in september and on the mechanical line (19.0%). The most frequently seen accident type was cutting and excoriating by 43.0%. • Conclusion: It is utmost necessary that occupational accidents occurred are analyzed and relevant measures are taken in order to prevent the accidents in all enterprises, primarily the intensive-risk enterprises. Development and implementation of such practices will have significant contribution to the enterprises and the country, but primarily for the individuals in terms of human resources and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth literature shows that there is a direct and strong relationship between human capital accumulation and the growth of national income. This study aims to analyze the importance of human capital in regional economic development of Turkey. In terms of data, Turkish Statistical Institute's First Level Regional data has been used for the period of 1990-2001. We considered education and health investments as components of economics growth. Since there is no city level economic growth data available for Turkey, we used GDP figures as indicator of economic growth. In order to determine the regional differences E-Views 5.0 Econometric Package has been used and the required tests have been done. The results indicate that even if not for all, some regions show statistically different characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine whether reengineering is applied to firms in industrial zone in Turkey, aims of reengineering projects, key persons in projects and their roles, areas that projects applied, information technology used in projects and problems that encountered applying of projects. For this object, as a result of analized inquiry it is found that the most widespread informatics technology in reengineering practices is the job flow systems. Beside this, It is seen that the most important problems encountered in reengineering projects are insufficient financial and human resources, deficient informatics technology and specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies concerning the measurement, valuation and accounting of intellectual capital assets constituted an important research area behind new knowledge economy. Locally, Turkish Accounting Standard 38 "Intangible Assets" defines the legal framework on this subject as of fiscal periods after 2005. The fair value of Human Capital which regarded as a major element of intellectual assets was calculated by a methodology described herein, under the accounting approach emphasized at TMS-38 principles. The significant impact of calculated human capital assets to the market value of the company were statistically measured and analyzed. The methodology and approach was verified through five year data sets (2003-2007) of a selected company registered at Istanbul Capital Markets and also enlisted within top 50 company of Turkey according to the Istanbul Industrialists Chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]