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National audience; Interactive paper technologies offer new opportunities for supporting the highly individual practices of creative artists, such as contemporary music composers, who express and explore their ideas on both paper and the computer. We introduce PaperComposer, a graphical interface builder that allows users to create a personalized interactive paper interface that they can connect to their own computer-based musical data. We also present an API that facilitates the development of interactive paper components for PaperComposer. We describe one public demonstration of a novel musical interface designed for children and our collaborations with composers to create two novel interactive music interfaces that reflected their individual composition styles.

The research consisted in having an Actionbound mobile hunt for A1 learners of Dutch designed by a group of language Student Teachers (STs) within the framework of a second year course on foreign language teaching. The game was then implemented with two groups of fifth grade primary school pupils during their visit of the Hergé Museum in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. These two steps allowed our multidisciplinary research team to analyse the use of the app from the perspective of not only the players but also the creators of the game. Research data was collected throughout the study via questionnaires, observations, and a focus group. A qualitative analysis of the STs’ data allowed us to establish their digital profiles, thereby situating each of them in the digital integration process. The results suggest that integrating technology and content when designing a pedagogical activity is a complex task. Support and guidance from teacher trainers could therefore be recommended in order to propose a pertinent integration of technologies in the language classroom.

Cette thèse cherche à construire des outils pour la communauté scientifique. Une des tâches d'un chercheur est la lecture d'articles scientifiques, que ce soit pour les comparer, pour identifier de nouveaux problèmes, pour situer son travail dans la littérature courante ou pour définir des propositions de recherche. Nous avons appliqué, combiné et modifié des techniques de résumé automatique pour la littérature scientifique. L'idée est de construire le résumé à partir de l'information que d'autres chercheurs ont retenue d'un l'article de référence. Plus particulièrement, le texte des citations vers l'article de référence est utilisé pour constituer la base du résumé. Ce résumé est donc construit à partir de l'analyse de plusieurs autres qui le citent. Une citation est un élément qu'un autre auteur (ou le même) a retenu en lisant l'article. À l'intérieur d'une citation, il y a une description des liens entre plusieurs articles. Cette information n'étant pas disponible lors de l'écriture de l'article, cela lui ajoute un niveau d'interprétation et nous donne un indice sur l'apport de l'article à la communauté scientifique. Pour construire le résumé d'un article, nous trouvons tous les articles qui lui font référence à l'aide d'une base de données RDF construite à partir des données de l'ACL Anthology Network. Ensuite, les citations sont extraites et classées selon leur contexte rhétorique. Afin de construire le résumé à l'aide de l'information trouvée, une technique basée sur la Maximal Marginal Relevance choisit certaines phrases parmi les citations en évitant la redondance. Finalement, le résumé est amélioré à l'aide d'extraits du texte original., The goals of this thesis are to build and improve tools for the scientific community. One of the tasks of a researcher is to read scientific papers, in order to compare them, identify new problems, place the work within the current literature or define new research proposals. We applied, combined and modified techniques of automatic summarization for the scientific literature. The underlying idea is to build the summary from the information that other researchers retained from a given paper called a reference paper. More particularly, the text of citations towards the reference paper is used for the base of the summary. The summary of the reference paper will thus be built from the analysis from several others who quote it. A citation is an element which another author (or the same) remembered from reading the paper. Inside a citation, there is a description of the links between several papers. This information was not available when writing the original paper, it thus adds a level of interpretation to the paper. It gives an indication of the contribution of the paper to the scientific community. The set of citations reflects the opinion of the scientific community (community insight). To build the summary of a paper, we find papers which reference to it. For this, we use a RDF database built from the data from the ACL Anthology Network. Then citations are extracted and classified according to their rhetorical context. To build the summary, we use a Maximal Marginal Relevance based technique to choose sentences among citations while avoiding the redundancy. Finally, the summary is improved by adding extracts from the original text.

International audience; This short paper compares two approaches of the state of the art, to implement Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems. By com- paring the two approaches, we aim to show that combining them could lead to an improvement of the offered response of the system. It shows that it could be interesting to develop a proof-of-concept system from a combination of these approaches, as it would improve the state of the art in AAL systems.

Le présent article relate une expérience réalisée, dans le cadre de l'UFR Management des organisations, pour la formalisation de la recherche au niveau du DESA Management Industriel et ce en proposant un modêle type piloté via l'approche processus. Certes, la recherche scientifique ne peut, aujourd'hui, qu'être associée à la qualité. Cette derniêre est traduite, dans notre modêle, en une démarche bien décrite et soigneusement évaluée. Le choix de la démarche qualité comme cadre de pilotage de la recherche émane d'un bon esprit d'innovation et de créativité, et notre cartographie en témoigne. Nous avons essayé d'associer à cette approche processus un systême documentaire ayant pour objectif d'assurer la traçabilité et de capitaliser un savoir faire, désormais, intéressant. La mesure était aussi l'un des éléments sur lesquels nous nous sommes penchés. Convaincus de l'importance de l'amélioration continue, des indicateurs de qualité et de gestion ont servis de base pour notre systême de mesure. Simple dans sa conception et riche dans ses apports, ce modêle vient renforcer ce pont entre les questionnements théoriques et les aspects pratiques de la recherche et de proposer un cadre unifié de travail., This article relates an experiment carried out, within the framework of UFR Management of organizations, for the formalization of research at the level of Industrial Management DESA and this by proposing a model model piloted via the process approach. Admittedly, scientific research can today only be associated with quality. The latter is translated, in our model, into a well-described and carefully evaluated process. The choice of the quality approach as the framework for steering research emanates from a good spirit of innovation and creativity, and our mapping shows this. We have tried to associate a documentary system with this process approach, with the aim of ensuring traceability and capitalizing on know-how that is now interesting. Measurement was also one of the things we looked at. Convinced of the importance of continuous improvement, quality and management indicators served as the basis for our measurement system. Simple in its design and rich in its contributions, this model reinforces this bridge between theoretical questions and practical aspects of research and offers a unified working environment.

National audience; Les salles de classes sont de plus en plus équipées de dispositifs informatiques qui permettent aux enseignants de diffuser des ressources multimédia pendant les cours. Nous avons donc d'une part des enseignants encouragés à diffuser des ressources numériques et d'autre part des élèves qui continuent principalement à prendre des notes sur des cahiers papier traditionnels. Cet article présente un prototype de logiciel de prise de notes augmentée (appelé U-Note) qui s'appuie sur la technologie des sty-los numérique Anoto pour tenter de concilier ces deux types de supports.

The blackboard is the archetype of the media which hardly accept interactivity. However, although cybernetics has imposed itself since the 1940s as a new paradigm for the conceptualization of cognitive and intellectual activities, school practices remain attached to the blackboard as the main medium in the transmission of knowledge. And although we have passed, at the dawn of this century, from cybernetics to cognitive science, the blackboard, which has become white, still retains its place as an almost essential medium today. The prevalence of the blackboard is such that it is difficult to imagine that the nature of the educational content targeted can determine the appropriate mediums for them and that these could be incompatible with the blackboard. When the content includes dynamic and static, the use of this table makes the first implicit and leaves only the second explicit. The manipulations, in practical work, do not escape the grip of this static didactic approach immanent on the blackboard: these manipulations are most often reduced to simple demonstrations. We are trying to show how there is a very robust, although imperceptible modeling on the part of the noosphere, of the structuring of teaching content according to a single mold, that dictated by the blackboard and that this mold empties these contents of their morpho-dynamic content. The quality of teaching is compromised by this mold., Le tableau noir est l'archétype des médias qui accueillent difficilement l'interactivité. Or, bien que la cybernétique se soit imposée, depuis les années 40 du siêcle dernier, comme nouveau paradigme quant à la conceptualisation des activités cognitives et intellectuelles, les pratiques scolaires restent attachées au tableau noir comme principal médium dans la transmission des savoirs. Et bien qu'on ait passé, à l'aube de ce siêcle, de la cybernétique à la cognitique, le tableau noir, devenu blanc, conserve encore aujourd'hui sa place de médium quasi incontournable. La prégnance du tableau noir est telle qu'il est difficile d'imaginer que la nature des contenus d'enseignement visés puisse déterminer les médiums qui leur sont idoines et que ceux-ci puissent être incompatibles avec le tableau noir. Quand le contenu comporte du dynamique et du statique le recours à ce tableau rend implicite le premier et ne laisse explicite que le second. Les manipulations, en travaux pratiques, n'échappent pas à l'emprise de cet abord didactique statique immanent au tableau noir : ces manipulations se réduisent le plus souvent à de simples monstrations. Nous tentons de montrer en quoi il y a un modelage três robuste, bien qu'imperceptible de la part de la noosphêre, de la structuration des contenus d'enseignement selon un moule unique, celui dicté par le tableau noir et que ce moule vide ces contenus de leur teneur morpho-dynamique. La qualité d'enseignement est hypothéquée par ce moule.

The effectiveness of training in Business Schools must be constantly ensured and improved, which implies knowing how to evaluate it. The evaluation system is therefore an important element in the process of continuous improvement in the quality of training. In this work, we present a study carried out on the students of the fourth year Audit and Management Control of the National School of Commerce and Management in Tangier. The "Application Project" of the Quality Management module is an educational activity which allows students of the Audit and Management Control option to develop knowledge, attitudes and professional skills for managing and solving a problem. Quality within a team. In this study, we expose the approach of training by Application Project, and we answer the main question of our research: How can we carry out a quality evaluation of an Application Project in the Management module quality ? The objectives of this work are: to define a model for the evaluation of the Application Project of the Quality Management module; identify the criteria and indicators for the evaluation; build evaluation grids for an educational project applied to Quality Management and finally improve the quality of the monitoring and evaluation system of the Application Project. In addition, we have designed and implemented procedures and registration forms that consolidate everyone's knowledge, skills, attitudes and contribution., L'efficacité de la formation dans les Ecoles de Commerce doit être sans cesse assurée et améliorée, ce qui suppose de savoir l'évaluer. Le systême d'évaluation est donc un élément important du processus d'amélioration continue de la qualité de la formation. Dans ce travail, nous présentons, une étude réalisée sur les étudiants de la quatriême année Audit et Contrôle de Gestion de l'Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion à Tanger. Le « Projet d'Application » du module Gestion de la Qualité est une activité pédagogique qui permet aux étudiants de, l'option Audit et Contrôle de Gestion, de développer des connaissances, attitudes et habilités professionnelles de gestion et de résolution d'une problématique Qualité à l'intérieur d'une équipe. Dans cette étude, nous exposons la démarche de la formation par Projet d'Application, et nous répondons à la question principale de notre recherche : Comment peut-on procéder à une évaluation de qualité d'un Projet d'Application dans le module de Gestion de la Qualité ? Les objectifs de ce travail sont : définir un modêle pour l'évaluation du Projet d'Application du module Gestion de Qualité ; identifier les critêres et les indicateurs de l'évaluation ; bâtir les grilles d'évaluation pour un projet pédagogique appliqué à la Gestion de la Qualité et enfin améliorer la qualité du systême de suivi et d'évaluation du Projet d'Application. Par ailleurs, nous avons conçu et mis en place des procédures et des formulaires d'enregistrement qui permettent de consolider les connaissances, les habilités, les attitudes et la contribution de chacun.

In this paper, we propose a method for coarse camera pose computation which is robust to viewing conditions and does not require a detailed model of the scene. This method meets the growing need of easy deployment of robotics or augmented reality applications in any environments, especially those for which no accurate 3D model nor huge amount of ground truth data are available. It exploits the ability of deep learning techniques to reliably detect objects regardless of viewing conditions. Previous works have also shown that abstracting the geometry of a scene of objects by an ellipsoid cloud allows to compute the camera pose accurately enough for various application needs. Though promising, these approaches use the ellipses fitted to the detection bounding boxes as an approximation of the imaged objects. In this paper, we go one step further and propose a learning-based method which detects improved elliptic approximations of objects which are coherent with the 3D ellipsoid in terms of perspective projection. Experiments prove that the accuracy of the computed pose significantly increases thanks to our method and is more robust to the variability of the boundaries of the detection boxes. This is achieved with very little effort in terms of training data acquisition -- a few hundred calibrated images of which only three need manual object annotation. Code and models are released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization., Comment: Presented at 3DV 2020. Code and models released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization

Cet article présente le cas de Pierre Bézier (1910-1999), un ingénieur issu des Arts et Métiers puis de l’École supérieure d’électricité qui a fait toute sa carrière (1933-1975) dans l’entreprise automobile Renault. Bézier a été tour à tour l’artisan d’une forme originale d’automatisation (1947), un pionnier en Europe de la commande numérique (1958), puis l’un des fondateurs, à l’échelle mondiale, de l’informatique industrielle (1966). Les « courbes et surfaces de Bézier » sont au fondement de la Conception et fabrication assistées par ordinateur (CFAO) qui ont réorganisé le design, la production de série et notre monde virtuel. Pourquoi cet innovateur important est-il resté un « inconnu célèbre » ? En confrontant les archives de l’entreprise aux documents conservés par l’un de ses ingénieurs l’article mesure le destin d’un électromécanicien de génie à l’aune de l’évolution d’une usine. Il montre qu’un parcours individuel peut requestionner le passé d’une entreprise. Comment une biographie sert-elle l’histoire globale ? This paper presents the case-study of Pierre Bézier (1910-1999) a former student of the École des arts et métiers then of the École supérieure d’électricité who spent his entire career (1933-1975) as an engineer in the Renault car company. Bézier was alternately the architect of an original form of automation (1947), a pioneer in Europe of digital control (1958), and last, one of the world founders of industrial computing (1966). The “Bézier curves and surfaces” are the roots of Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CADM) that have reorganized industrial drawing, mass production and our virtual world. Why has this key engineer remained an “unknown celebrity”? By comparing the company’s archives with the engineer’s personal documents, the paper measures the fate of a brilliant electromechanical innovator by the yardstick of his factory’s transformations. It shows how the story of a person can renew our understanding of the past of a firm. How can a biography serve global history?

Many online platforms rely on users to voluntarily provide content. What motivates users to contribute content for free, however, is not well understood. In this paper, we use a revealed-preference approach to show that career concerns play an important role in user contributions to Stack Overflow, the largest online question-and-answer community. We investigate how activities that can enhance a user’s reputation vary before and after the user finds a new job. We contrast this reputation-generating activity with activities that do not improve a user’s reputation. After finding a new job, users contribute 23.7% less in reputation-generating activity; by contrast, they reduce their non–reputation-generating activity by only 7.4%. These findings suggest that users contribute to Stack Overflow in part because they perceive such contributions as a way to improve future employment prospects. We provide direct evidence against alternative explanations such as integer constraints, skills mismatch, and dynamic selection effects. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.

Full understanding of this paper requires expertise in computer science, software engineering and algorithmics.; The CAP (Consistency, Availability, Partition tolerance) also known as Brewer's theorem, states that it is impossible, on a distributed computer system, to guarantee at the same time the three qualities mentioned above. This issue affects all existing distributed engines and systems, which forces the administrators of these engines and systems to favor two qualities to the detriment of a third, when possible, despite the consequences. This paper technically and formally describes an inventive algorithm to locally weaken the said theorem when reading the data. This process combines three elements: a real-time system of key-value pairs distributed in memory cloud; a multi-planar index with concurrency avoidance; a distributed consolidated reading method called "LC4" based on a hysterical retroactive probabilistic effect. This inventive algorithm was implemented and tested successfully, jointly with a second invention playing the role of an application delivery controller (“A heuristic algorithm imitating social behaviours for intelligent routing of application flows” ⟨hal-02471814⟩ https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02471814). Full understanding of this paper requires expertise in computer science, software engineering and algorithmics.

International audience; In the absence of a music score, tempo can only be defined by its perception by users. Thus recent studies have focused on the estimation of perceptual tempo defined by listening experiments. So far, algorithms have only been proposed to estimate the tempo when people agree on it. In this paper, we study the case when people disagree on the perception of tempo and propose an algorithm to predict this disagreement. For this, we hypothesize that the perception of tempo is correlated to a set of variations of various viewpoints on the audio content: energy, harmony, spectral-balance variations and short-term-similarity-rate. We suppose that when those variations are coherent, a shared perception of tempo is favoured and when they are not, people may perceive different tempi. We then propose several statistical models to predict the agreement or disagreement in the perception of tempo from these audio features. Finally, we evaluate the models using a test-set resulting from the perceptual experiment performed at Last-FM in 2011.

International audience; In this paper, we deal with a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar used for localizing and tracking targets by frequency evaluation of the received radar beat signal. We consider the transponder as target and we achieve an identification application through frequency identification thanks to the shift frequency induced by the active target. The localization performance of FMCW radars based on radio-identification in the range (SHF) are presented and studied. Simulations and measurements complete the paper.; Dans cet article, nous traitons d'un système radar à onde continue à modulation de fréquence (FMCW) utilisé pour localiser et suivre des cibles par l'évaluation de la fréquence du signal de battement radar reçu. Nous considérons un transpondeur linéaire comme cible et nous réalisons une identification de cible grâce à la fréquence de décalage induite par cette cible active. Les performances de localisation des radars FMCW basés sur la radio-identification dans la gamme (SHF) sont présentées et étudiées. Des simulations et des mesures viennent compléter le papier.

Cet article se propose d’analyser l’évolution de l’imaginaire informatique entre la fin des années 80 et les années 2010 au travers de l’étude de deux mondes fictionnels de jeu de rôle appartenant au genre du cyberpunk : Cyberpunk et Shadowrun. Après une rapide présentation de ces deux mondes fictionnels, il se livre dans un premier temps à l’étude des évolutions de l’imaginaire informatique constatées entre les différentes éditions de ces jeux afin de souligner deux idées importantes : la révolution que constitue un monde informatique sans fil et le paradoxe entre une démocratisation et une complexification de l’informatique. Dans un second temps, il s’efforce de dégager les grandes permanences de cet imaginaire informatique en montrant qu’il se cristallise autour des notions de capitalisme, de puissance, de violence et d’une étrange similitude entre magie et informatique. This paper aims to study how computer imaginary evolved from the end of the eighties until our days. To achieve this, we’ll scrutinize two famous cyberpunk pen and paper role playing game’s fictional worlds : Cyberpunk and Shadowrun. After a short description of those fictional worlds, we’ll study how computer imaginary evolved through the many editions of those RPG to emphasize two main ideas : the revolution of wireless hardware and the paradoxical democratization and complexity of computers. After which, we’ll show the permanence and consistency of some notions and representations : how computers are linked to capitalism and the idea of power or violence, and how computers are often related to the idea of magic.

TEC - Travaux en Cours; International audience; Multi-display environments (MDE) are becoming more and more common in public areas. They are mainly used to display information due to the limited interaction possibilities they offer. In this paper, we study how using everyday objects, available on or around users, could improve interaction with public multi-display environments. To this end, we conducted a study, in the form of a creativity session, to understand how participants would use everyday objects, to realize the most usual tasks in public MDEs. The results of this study are presented and discussed in this paper.; Les environnements multi-écrans (EME) se multiplient dans les lieux publics. Les possibilités d’interaction qu’ils offrent étant limitées, ils sont principalement utilisés pour afficher de l’information. Dans cet article, nous étudions comment les objets du quotidien, disponibles sur ou autour des utilisateurs, pourraient porter l’interaction avec les environnements multi-écrans publics. Cette approche fait émerger des solutions pour des interactions rapides, opportunistes et naturelles, ce qui répond aux besoins liés à ce type d’environnements (publics et peu sécurisés). Nous avons réalisé une séance de créativité à laquelle ont participé 8 personnes. Le but de cette séance était d’étudier la manière avec laquelle les participants exploiteraient différentes catégories d'objets du quotidien pour réaliser plusieurs tâches d’interaction avec des EME.

The digital battle has become the most important factor of economic and social development. In fact, there is no doubt on the fact that establishing E-government systems can improve the quality of government services and enhance the citizens’ life. However, E-government projects cannot be successful if they are not adapted to the specific cultural and social needs of the final users. Taking into consideration the high illiteracy rate within the Moroccan population, we conducted our research in order to design an E-government portal for the old city of Fez that is accessible by the majority of the citizens especially those who are illiterate. The objective of this research is exploring the different architectures, scenarios and technologies for designing an E-government portal that is usable and accessible by all Fez citizens whether they are literate or illiterate. Hence, the concrete output of this project is a usable graphical user interface accessible to both literate and illiterate people in order for them to interact with the static content and to use the online transactions. In the process of achieving our goal, we had to discover and create design principles and to test them with real users. To achieve our goal we had to pay particular attention to the following points: • Considering the two existing types of illiteracy: literal illiteracy and digital illiteracy. • Designing the GUI so that it is not dedicated mainly to illiterate people: literate people too should be able to use the e-government system without frustration. • Since it is the first portal targeting illiterate users in Morocco, we were interested also in building conventions on the type of symbols to be used. In fact, the main two assumptions behind this project are: • Effective electronic service delivery has to enable citizens to access government services in a new and more effective way than the traditional ways. • Government services have to be presented to citizens in a usable format and in a human centred manner. In that way, we can express the goals that are aimed to be achieved by this project as being: • Improving knowledge about how illiterate citizens in Morocco can interact with E- government services. • Developing a methodology and architecture for e-government application development that fulfils the needs of Arabic developing countries. • Demonstrating the ability of Moroccan illiterate citizens to interact with e-government portals that uses new technologies. This paper describes and justifies the chosen methodology, architecture and tools that were applied in order to develop Fez e-government portal’s graphical user interface. The results of the designed graphical user interface’ s testing are presented and discussed in order to assess the project’s success., Revue Marocaine des Sciences de Management, No 7 (2017)

International audience; This paper introduces the Halphen distribution family for modeling travel time distributions and their reliability on single road links. This probability family originally used in hydrology has a set of relevant characteristics. It is composed of three probability distribution functions for which the mathematical properties are described here. The paper uses a graphical representation, the δ-Moment Ratio Diagram (δ-MRD). This tool allows characterizing travel time reliability as well as selecting best distribution candidates within the fitting processes, by considering empirical data sets. A systematic methodology is developed to take advantage of both aspects. From maximum log-likelihood estimation it is shown that Halphen distributions are amongst the best state-of-the-art solutions for the travel time modeling purpose. This global framework is validated using two empirical data sets: an urban data set gathered in Portland, Oregon (USA) and a periurban data set from Lyon (France). The model calibration is eased through the use of the δ-MRD; this property opens new research directions about the mapping between traffic states and statistical modeling. It comes out from all these considerations that the Halphen family is suitable to describe accurately the travel time dynamics on single links. Therefore it could be part of a decision support system for practitioners interested in travel time variability.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present how to model moral sensitivity and emotions in organizational setting by using the SocLab formal framework. SocLab is a platform for the modelling, simulation and analysis of cooperation relationships within social organizations – and more generally Systems of Organized Action. Design/methodology/approach – Simulation results, including an interesting tendency for a Free Rider model, will be given. Considering that actors’ decision-making processes are not just driven by instrumental interest, the SocLab learning simulation algorithm has been extended to represent moral sensitivity, making actors trying to prevent bad emotions and feel good ones. Findings – Some simulation results about actors’ collaboration and emotions in a Free Rider model were presented. A noteworthy tendency is that actors’ unconditional collaboration, which occurs when their moral sensitivity reaches its highest value, is not so good since it exempts other actors from collaboration (they take advantage from the unconditional collaboration), while values of moral sensitivity somewhat below the highest value (between 0.7 and 0.9) still induces collaboration from others. Originality/value – The research and results presented in this paper have not been presented in other papers or workshops. The presented quantitative definition of emotions (determining indexes of emotions) is different to previous approaches – for instance, to Ortony, Clore and Collins (OCC) qualitative descriptions and to logical descriptions. Similarly, simulation of morality in organizations is a new research field, which has received scarce attention up to now.

Given the evolution of wireless technologies, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) have appeared as an emerging low-cost solution to ensure last-mile connectivity to the Internet network. However, providing real-time and streaming applications, such as VoIP (Voice over IP) and VoD (Video on Demand), with a satisfying QoS level is considered as an important challenge within these networks. In this paper, we propose a QoS based routing protocol, called Hybrid QoS Mesh Routing (HQMR), jointly with a clustering algorithm to improve the scalability of mesh networks. HQMR is composed of two routing sub- protocols: a reactive QoS based routing protocol for intra-mesh infrastructure communications and a proactive QoS based multi- tree routing protocol for communications with external networks. We analyze in this paper the simulation results of different scenarios conducted on the network simulator ns-3 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the reactive routing sub-protocol while forwarding real-time applications with a QoS guarantee.

National audience; Research contributions to improve interactive systems reliability as, for now, mainly focused towards fault occurrence prevention by removing software bugs at development time. However, Interactive Systems complexity is so high that whatever efforts are deployed at development time, faults and failures occur at operation time. Root causes of such failures may be due to transient hardware faults or (when systems are used in high atmosphere) may be so called "natural faults" triggered by alpha particles in processors or neutrons from cosmic radiations. This paper proposes an exhaustive identification of faults to be handled in order to improve interactive systems reliability. As currently no research has been carried out in the field of interactive systems to detect and remove natural faults, this paper proposes a software architecture providing fault-tolerant mechanisms dedicated to interactive systems. More precisely, the paper how such architecture addresses the various component of interactive applications namely widgets, user application and window manager. These concepts are demonstrated through a case study from the domain of interactive cockpits of large civil aircrafts. \; La recherche pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs s’est, pour l’instant, principalement dirigée vers la prévention d’introduction de fautes par la suppression des bugs lors du développement. Cependant, la complexité des systèmes interactifs est telle que, quels que soient ces efforts, des défaillances apparaissent lors de leur utilisation. Les causes de telles défaillances peuvent être dues à des pannes matérielles intermittentes ou (quand ces systèmes sont utilisés en haute altitude (avions, véhicules spatiaux …) être déclenchées par des fautes naturelles dues aux particules alpha dans les processeurs ou aux neutrons issus des radiations cosmiques. Cet article propose l’identification exhaustive des problématiques se posant pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs en prenant en compte à la fois les erreurs faites dans les phases de développement et les fautes qui peuvent se produire lors de leur utilisation. Du fait qu’aucune recherche n’a été menée à ce jour pour détecter et éliminer les fautes naturelles, l’article propose aussi une architecture logicielle pour intégrer des mécanismes de tolérance aux fautes dans les systèmes interactifs. L’article présente en particulier comment cette architecture couvre les différents composants d’un système interactif incluant les widgets, le gestionnaire de fenêtres et l’application interactive. Ces concepts sont mis en œuvre sur une application interactive de cockpits d’avions civils.

This paper examines the semantics of AT in English, with a view to accounting for the way prepositional constructions are learned in a usage-based approach to language.Prepositions in their primary uses are shown to be both case and theta-role assigners, whose distribution in language use is semantically determined by their core value. The latter is established through the analogical processes which control the development of variables in the corresponding prepositional constructions.It is argued that AT has two main uses : an autonomous use in which the PP denotes a spatial or temporal adimensional landmark (there/then) and a dependent one in which the PP becomes part of a construction headed by a governing element, verb, adjective or noun (at + pronoun). AT PPs can instantiate three argument positions, Trigger, Target and Domain, depending on the governing element.The paper also discusses two values which are commonly associated with AT in governed PPs, namely aggressiveness and incompleteness, to show that neither can be considered as part of the core meaning of the preposition.

Our research is embedded in the framework of the development of free-hand drawing-based computer assisted architectural design environment. In this paper, we study the activity of drawings duplication, observed during the paper changes in the phase of preliminary sketching. We aim at identifying the impacts of two digital sketches environments, with or without drawings interpretation, on this activity and on the graphical productions. We observe six activities, two with paper-pencil and four distributed on our two prototypes, and draw some operational conclusions for the development of software designed to support the architectural sketches in the preliminary design stage.

Within the last two decades, text messaging by means of SMS has become a central tool of communication around the globe. The use of more than one language for composing a message is wide spread, but, to this day, is relatively underrepresented in research. This paper presents an analysis of the plurilingual nature of SMS communication in Switzerland with the limelight on the forms and functions of code-switching within a set of 345 messages, base language of which is French. Results show that SMS users regularly exhibit code-switching even if they are not members of a bilingual speech community. Code-switching most frequently consists of inserts, i.e. embeddings of single items or combinations of items within a message composed in another language, and this typically involves (only) a limited range of routinized expressions. While English is the most frequently used language for code-switching, German, Swiss German, Spanish and Italian are also recurrent, the latter two being particularly associated with terms of endearment. Code-switching regularly highlights the expression of actions that have a strong interpersonal (phatic) focus, such as greetings, good-byes or thanks. It elucidates the expressive character of the messages, and is also associated with the expression of affection. The specificity of the plurilingual SMS repertoire is discussed in the paper's conclusion.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the challenge of designing an interface for a virtual class, where being represented together contributes to the learning process. It explores the possibility of virtual empathy.Design/methodology/approachThe challenges are: How can this feeling of empathy be recreated through a delicate staging of location and interactions? How can the feeling of togetherness be organized in a 3D environment without creating a feeling of distraction? What are the tools of empathy in a mediated situation? The authors propose to use the concept of “contradictory semiotic analysis” to describe the design process that taps into visual cultures to build a representation and tools that support users' empathetic interactions. The analysis of designers' work from a semiotic point of view shows that they do not necessarily paint after life but play with different media and representations to build “remediated” situations of use.FindingsThe paper introduces the concept of “control room” elaborated after Manovich's control panel, to describe the visual interface that supports a diversity of points of view, hence supporting mediated empathetic relationships.Originality/valueThe paper answers the design questions: how can the system of representation support the feeling of empathy amongst participants through a delicate staging of space, people and of interactions within this space? How can a participant get, first, a feeling of togetherness and, second, a feeling of empathy with other participants? The design methodology is explained based on a “contradictory semiotic analysis” made of the comparison with similar platforms and with other modalities of empathy in different media. Second, the design proposition is described. Third, the design challenges that this type of production entails are discussed and the difficulties faced during the design process are analyzed.

International audience; Given the maturity of Internet standards, inter-organizational workflow is expected to be deployed in environments that are more dynamic and open than before. This paper addresses Inter Organizational Workflow (IOW) coordination in such a context, mainly investigating autonomic coordination managed at run-time. It is based on the idea that an agent-based approach is suitable to deal with this issue. More precisely, this paper introduces a framework for dynamic IOW in which involved processes are encapsulated into agents, called Process Agents (PA) in order to give them the capability to autonomously decide with whom, when and how to cooperate, and in which involved processes can access protocol components for their coordination needs. Our approach is based on the capability of PAs in playing different coordination protocols in order to take part in new business opportunities. This solution has numerous advantages. First, it provides extendable and reusable coordination components. Then, it supports run-time protocol integration. Finally, it eases openness since it imposes very few constraints.

International audience; Create an electronic dictionary from scratch is an expensive job because this task mobilizes over a long period, the work of skilled contributors, if not in lexicology, at least in linguistics. The use of specialized computer tools is essential for resources used by programs in natural language processing. When the socio-economic environment does not gather the necessary resources to the drafting of an electronic dictionary and printed dictionaries exist, these dictionaries are an important resource that can be used to initialize the creation of electronic lexical resources. This paper presents theoretical and practical aspects concerning the conversion of publishing dictionaries to electronic lexical resources. It takes into account the issue of limited economic resources, technology and the availability of qualified persons. Our field experiments concerns under-resourced languages mainly in Southeast Asia (Khmer, Malay, Vietnamese) and the Sahel (Bambara, Hausa, Kanuri, Tamajaq, Zarma), as most of the examples and socio-linguistic situations described in the paper relate to these areas. After a brief history devoted to the formats of electronic dictionaries (SGML, XML, XSLT and CSS), we present two standards that are dedicated to them (Text Encoding Initiative and Lexical Markup Framework). The issue of under-resourced languages is exposed and is followed by some examples concerning published dictionaries. The main technical challenges are detailed like the lack of standardization of the alphabets used and special characters (outside the traditional latin range). The conversion methodology is outlined and then detailed. The conversion to a bridge format in XML can be done by regular expressions or using specialized tools. Then, the bridge format is converted into the target format in LMF. The last part is dedicated to the consultation of resources through an online platform resource management.

National audience; In real world scenarios, the formation of consensus is an self-organisation process by which actors have to make a joint assessment about a target subject being it a decision making problem or the formation of a collective opinion. In social simulation, models of opinion dynamics tackle the opinion formation phenomena. These models try to make an assessment, for instance, of the ideal conditions that lead an interacting group of agents to opinion consensus, polarisation or fragmentation. In this paper, we investigate the role of social relation structure in opinion dynamics using an interaction model of relative agreement. We present an agent-based model that defines social relations as multiple concomitant social networks and apply our model to an opinion dynamics model with bounded confidence. We discuss the influence of complex social network topologies where actors interact in multiple relations simultaneously. The paper builds on previous work about social space design with multiple contexts and context switching, to determine the influence of such complex social structures in a process such as opinion formation.

In this article, following the TPACK framework, we study the content and technological knowledge of teachers who teach or are preparing to teach computer science in a francophone environment. The content knowledge is organised around the five main domains of computer science (algorithms, languages and programming, machines and networks, data representation, and computer science and society). Technological knowledge is studied based on current programming languages and educational programming languages. We administered a questionnaire around these questions and collected and analysed 339 valid responses. Through a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) we find that the knowledge declared by the teachers is varied. They are mainly organised in four groups (from poorly structured knowledge to complete knowledge) and follow a hierarchy depending on the content and technological context., Review of Science, Mathematics and ICT Education, Forthcoming papers

International audience; This paper presents some tests of adaptivity for the AS4DR (Adaptive Scheduling for Distributed Resources) scheduler. The objective of AS4DR is to maximize the CPU use efficiency when executing divisible load applications on heterogeneous distributed memory platforms. Furthermore, this scheduler can operate when the total workload is unknown and when the execution parameters (available communication speed, available computing speed, etc.) are unspecified or may vary through time.The paper analyzes results obtained when simulating AS4DR scheduling on platforms characterized by such type of execution parameters.

International audience; Several separate displays are used by Air Traffic Controllers, such as radar view, flight lists view or paper strips. In order to link the information between these views and keep focus on a subset of flights, controllers are required to do visual operations (eye gaze, analysis of visual properties etc.). This process can be disruptive when traffic increases and when visualizations display large amounts of objects. In this paper we propose the use of animated transitions to replace the visual paths controllers take. We discuss this technique and show results of a predictive evaluation that suggests an improvement in users' performance.

International audience; Initially designed in the nineteen seventies as a mere zapping tool, obviously the traditional device known as the TV remote control no longer responds to the multifarious needs of today's interactive television. Designing new remote-control devices is a challenge that the HCI community has started to face. The paper indicates the various directions that are currently being investigated by researchers. The paper starts with an attempt to characterize the specific context of interactive TV. We then offer a tentative account of the design and evaluation space of interest. There is little doubt that the traditional remote control may still be improved and augmented. It is unlikely, however, that it will survive for long the crisis it has been undergoing since the beginning of the digital era, given the emerging plethora of alternative interaction possibilities based on a variety of new interfacing logics, which the paper reviews.

International audience; This paper addresses the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) as a remote sensing tool for oceanographic applications. In this paper we use the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals reflected off the sea surface along with a coastal receiver to perform detection and tracking of a near sea surface mobile target. Because these signals have a very low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) in a non stationary medium, a matched filter is required. A filter based on the Extended Kalman process is presented here.

International audience; In the next decades, the growth in population ageing will cause important problems to most industrialized countries. To tackle this issue, Ambient Assistive Living (AAL) systems can reinforce the well-being of elderly people, by providing emergency, autonomy enhancement, and comfort services. These services will postpone the need of a medicalized environment, and will allow the elderly to stay longer at home. However, each elderly has specific needs and a deployment environment of such services is likely unique. Furthermore, the needs evolve over time, and so does the deployment environment of the system. In this paper, we propose the use of a model-based development method, the adaptive medium approach, to enable dynamic adaptation of AAL systems. We also propose improvements to make it more suited to the AAL domain, such as considering heterogeneity and a composition model. The paper includes an evaluation of the prototype implementing the approach, and a comparison with related work.

Evaluating information retrieval implies a document collection on which search is carried out, a set of test queries and the lists of the relevant documents for each query. This evaluation framework also includes evaluation measures making it possible to control the impact of search parameters on the performance. Trec-eval calculates a large number of measures, some being used more widely, like the mean average precision or recall-precision curves. The aim of this paper is to choose the minimal set of measures necessary to compare different information retrieval systems. In this paper, we present the study we carried out on relationships between 27 measures among the most used in the literature. We show that a set of 7 measures is enough to represent 27 studied measures: ircl_prn.80, MAP, ircl_pr.20, recip_rank, P15, exact_precision, and exact_recall.