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This article provides an assessment of the impact of disability on the supply of labor. The definition of disability used here will be the same as that used in the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity, that is, a long-term, health-related impairment that limits a person's capacity to function in a job, at school, or while performing housework. Temporary conditions of ill health, such as a broken bone, the flu, or a sprained muscle, are not considered disabilities. If a person has two or more disabilities, the disability that he or she considers the more (most) important one(s) is designated a primary disability; the disability considered next in importance is designated a secondary disability. In addition, this study defines a long-term disability as one that has limited a person's capacity to function for at least twelve months. The basic model used in this study is a micro supply model, the theoretical formulation and properties of which are well known. At the foundation of this model is the basic choice between work and leisure. The results of the analysis indicate that the inclusion of measures of disability in labor supply models substantially alters a number of the results reported by labor economists.

The article illustrates the sensitivity of estimates of the effects and costs of a wage subsidy on assumptions regarding labor market demand and supply conditions. An hourly wage subsidy will cause market wage rates to be bid down and manhours demanded or number of workers employed to be increased if labor supply functions are positively sloped. Meanwhile, these conclusions are reversed if supply is backward-bending. The wage subsidy can be an inefficient transfer device depending on elasticity conditions. Transfer efficiency is lowest in markets in which a wage subsidy is most likely to be effected.

This article examines how funding for manpower programs be allocated across geographical areas and presents alternative formulas that are designed to reflect various goals of manpower policy. In any analysis, major importance should be given to the need for recognizing that there is a net flow of workers into the central cities from the suburban areas. Ensuring access to adequate data for updating the formula is a major problem for any manpower revenue-sharing formula. Because some formulas are based on unemployment rather than income data, they are more easily updated compared to others that have been proposed.

This study tests the effect of three factors often cited to explain the fact that the rate of unemployment is higher for women than for men. The most significant cause of this differential is shown by several measures to be the high rate of movement by women into and out of the labor force. Also of some importance is the lower rate of occupational mobility and of economically purposeful geographic mobility among women, which, the author argues, results in a higher level of structural unemployment among women. On the other hand, only a minor effect is traceable to the relative lack of specific training among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which tests the hypothesis that the experience of unsuccessful job search increases the propensity to withdraw from the labor force both immediately and in subsequent years in the U.S. Data from the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research Income Dynamic tapes were used to estimate the labor participation model. Annual micro-observations of labor force status, income, assets and personal characteristics were used in the study. The study revealed the existence of a negative relationship between current participation and both current and past unemployment. A remarkable persistence of the effect of unemployment on labor force participation is indicated.

The article presents a study on the differences in labor participation rates among young males in low-income urban areas in the U.S. Data from the Census Employment Survey (CES) was used in the study. The CES was conducted as part of the 1970 Census of Population to obtain more information on employment related problems encountered by persons residing in low-income areas. The participation rates of white and nonwhite youths responded similarly to changes in wage rates and the extent of formal job training. Compared with whites, nonwhite youths are more likely to leave the labor force in response to a rise in unemployment among youths in the same age and race group. The relationship between school enrollment and unemployment rates is more significant among nonwhite than white youth.

The article focuses on a study that explores the differences in workers' militancy by using a questionnaire survey that measures the attitudes of teachers and nurses toward collective bargaining and strikes by professional workers. The possible reasons for the change in attitudes of these white-collar groups included the changing patterns of societal values, the changing makeup of the work force in these occupations and another factor might have been the spectacular success of the militant actions taken by certain blue-collar unions in the postwar period, particularly in the construction and transportation industries. The questionnaire survey was conducted among nurses and teachers that have been characterized by an increasing number of militant activities. This survey was conducted with a limited sample, examined only a small number of variables, and collected primarily attitudinal rather than behavioral data.

The article presents information related to the research programs undertaken by different branches of the U.S. department of labor. Projects undertaken by the Manpower Administration's Office of Research and Development range from basic explorations of labor market functioning to experiments and demonstrations testing diverse methods of overcoming chronic or acute employment problems. The broad objectives that guide the research and development program in its major areas of interest are provided in the article and typical projects in each category are briefly described. A major component of the project will be the establishment of an industry-oriented manpower delivery system for possible replication in other states. A computer-based labor market information system, developed by John T. Dunlop, Dean of Harvard University, and D. Quinn Mills of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is designed to reduce skill shortages and unemployment in the construction industry. Research directed by professor Charles Holt, is moving into the final stage of a three-year examination of interrelationships among labor market changes, aggregate demand, inflation, and unemployment.

The concept span of control has been interpreted so widely over the past years that in its present form its use as a means of communicating information among scholars has become severely impaired. This article argues that it is a useful concept for measuring the closeness of contact between a superior and his subordinates, Data are presented which demonstrate that different operational definitions of the term will produce not only greatly different mean values of the span of control, but also different correlation coefficients with other important structural variables. A new operational measure is proposed in order to develop a common language of measurement that will facilitate an understanding of organizational structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical stochastic model for accounting evaluation of human assets¿synthesizing both the world views of economics and accounting and consistent with recommended accounting principles¿is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human assets of people at work consist of knowledge, skills, health, availability, and attitudes. This model differs from previous models primarily by emphasizing attitudes as a key reflection of the other assets, and by presenting a method for assigning financial values to attitudes in an organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common omissions of human capital in valuation sheets have led to numerous evaluations of their causes and effects. Of even more value, however, is an example of human resource accounting in action and its implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses the relative potencies of major causes of the United States Depression of 1929. The article explains that during the period the U.S. gross national product in real terms declined almost 30 percent, the money gross national product fell over 45 percent, and the private investment dropped below the level needed for replacement. One of the article's goals is to assess the relative potencies of several major causes of the Depression. The article also presents an estimated model of the economy, and policy simulations are run on the results of these simulations which help to evaluate the hypotheses usually advanced to explain the Great Depression.

In theory, the forecasting of manpower needs for a business is a straightforward process. A manpower forecast begins with an estimate of sales for the forecast period and proceeds directly to the calculation of direct manhours required by multiplying sales by hours of direct labor required to produce one unit of product. Effective manpower forecasting requires the following elements of data: reasonably reliable sales forecasts, reliable historical data on direct hours of manpower required for production of each unit of product, a reliable indirect to direct manpower ratio, an agreed upon productivity improvement goal, a reasonable estimate of overtime which will be worked in the forecast period, a reasonable estimate of the absentee rate of the forecast period. Manpower forecasting and scheduling fails to get accomplished, more often than not, because of two barriers to the process, the first is the lack of a clean, clear method for doing it. The second is, even where the method is well defined and understood, that the complexity of the mathematics involved can be overwhelming. The simplest approach to handling the mathematics of manpower forecasting and scheduling is to create a computer program which will accept the basic planning data described above, and quickly transform it into manpower forecasts and schedules.

The article focuses on the human resource center (HRC) concept, which has been applied in industry as an innovative attempt to identify and to minimize human problems in an organizational context. It has also been used as a vehicle to encourage manpower research in academia and to provide a clearinghouse for potential solutions to typical manpower problems. Important to the formulation of the HRC's objectives was the belief that the problems of absenteeism, tardiness, work performance and labor turnover are closely related to job satisfaction. Unfortunately, because the human resource centers are considered experimental, there is the possibility that their existence is cut short before any real contribution can be made toward solving manpower problems. The purpose of the HRC was to identify manpower problems, isolate the causes of the problems and solve the problems by whatever means necessary. Specifically, the HRC was to concentrate its efforts on improving the quality of work lives for entry level employees.

This article structures the capital budgeting decision problem faced by firms in a manner that permits observation of the various economic activities that take place in the firm. The author notes that this design contributes to the idea that the firm operates as an integrated system where decisions related to inputs, production and outputs are made simultaneously. The author believes that this research will optimize the budgeting process and help solve problems related to determining the number of units to produce, the number of capital goods to purchase, the size of labor force and how and from where funds will be secured.

The article focuses on the long-range outlook for financing. The author discussions reasons for why it is believed that the U.S. is in an era of dynamic expansion and why it is likely to continue for years to come. This is because so many of the factors necessary for economic growth are there in the free enterprise system. One example is an economy capable of producing large personal savings and also internal business sources of funds for use in expanding and improving productive facilities. Also discussed are the benefits of population growth.

The author comments on the article "Sources of Income for the Aged," John J. Corson. It is the author's belief that Corson effectively summarizes the relevant available material concerning the issue of sources of income for the aged. In the article the recommendation is made to finds ways of keeping more of the aged in the work force. It is suggested that it is possible that long-run policy calls for maintaining an over-all high percentage of the older workers in the work force. The author also discusses several other articles concerning the topic of the sources of income for the aged.

The article presents a list of research papers related to market research and research techniques. They include "A Guide to Gathering Marketing Intelligence," by William J. Guyton, published in the March 1962 issue of the journal "Industrial Marketing." "Characteristics of the Audience of Sunset Magazine," by Arthur Kroeger, and "Newspaper Research, U.S.A.," by Bruce H. Westley.

The article discusses the concept of marketing theory and its relations to economic theory, purchasing, production, the distribution of goods, consumption and related economic concepts. The requirements of a marketing theory are evaluated. Several factors which are reportedly critical to marketing policy are addressed; they include technical capacity, organizational possibilities and financial position, among others. Managerial policy is discussed with its primary goal being the long term profitability of the organization.

The article discusses the introduction of aptitude tests utilized for survey interviewer selection. The selection process was recognized in the 1951 Surveys of Consumer Expenditures conducted by the Prices and Cost of Living Division of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The need for survey interviewers increased in the post World War II period and the labor market changed. The characteristics judged to be the most important in the survey interviewer position were intelligence, verbal ability, clerical perception, and personality. A four-battery aptitude test was chosen and administered.

The article presents an analysis of the 'trade' occupation and seeks to evaluate the changing output per person over the stated forty year time period. The author explains that those employed in 'trade' are determined by their occupational function, not their industry attachment. An index of manufacturing output is used to measure the total economic production figures from 1900 and 1940. A chart is presented which tracks the total estimate of trade employment at ten year intervals. Sources of variation in manufacturing output are discussed.

The article discusses the effectiveness of the Committee for Economic Development (CED), a privately financed nonprofit organization developed to see that business provides high employment and operates at a high level of production after the end of World War II. The author uses a study taken from the CED's presence in Peoria, Illinois. A survey was administered to a group of Peoria industrialists to determine their production capacity and their expected production plans following the end of the War. The levels of production and employment needed after the war are determined based on 1940 figures. It was found that business in Peoria will be able to meet or exceed the levels needed for economic stabilization and already has plans for reconversion to peacetime production.

The article discusses the importance of the distributor in the Pacific Coast wholesale paper trade during a war-time economy. The author points out the growing importance of paper to the war effort in areas such as paper cups and plates for mass feeding of soldiers and paper goods for packaging of materials. Many of the paper products that are need for the war effort are manufactured throughout the United States with many being east of the Rocky Mountains. The paper distributor allows those placing orders to receive their order from one location and to place one order for a variety of materials. Several problems faced by distributors, such as lack of manpower and union restrictions, are also discussed.

The article discusses the need for more effective and formal training of sales personnel. The author also calls for new models in selling in order for the industry to be successful in the years following World War II, and gives some considerations for the make-up of these models. He suggests that aptitude tests for hiring salesmen to be used in the future instead of using only the judgment of the hiring manager. Furthermore, he suggests that salesmen and sales managers play a more active role in fact finding for marketing research. Another suggestion deals with the salesmen having more extensive knowledge in the field of the product or service they are selling. Several other suggestions are also made.

The article discusses several problems faced by department stores during a war-time economy. The author discusses the idea of determining whether an obstacle is a problem which can be solved or a situation to which adjustment must be made, and attributes the main problems of department stores as being merchandise, manpower, and regulation. The biggest problem is keeping merchandise of the shelf, since many resources have been directed toward the war effort. Secondly, labor turnover in the retail industry has increased with many employees leaving retial to work in defense industries. Government regulation, while necessary, causes consistent aggravation in the form of price control, salary control, rationing, credit control, etc.

The article discusses planning for the production capacity and employment levels of industries in the United States after the end of World War II. According to the author, the period after the war should be that of abundance, but only if industry can support the increased labor force and that labor force can provide a level of production necessary for an increased demand. Demand after the war is expected to be great since many consumers will be willing to replace items that were not in production during the war. Also the potential labor force is expected to increase after the armed forces are decommissioned. The expected gross national product is compared with that of the year before the onset of the war, and problems with industrial reconversion to peacetime production is discussed.

The article discusses a number of factors contributing to the rise in demand for food in the United States. According to the author, in order to forecast food demand, market researchers must know certain factors, including the amount of income available for consumption, the distribution of that income and likely food consumption patterns at a number of income levels. The author notes numerous other factors contributing to the demand for food, including growth of the labor force, and the outbreak of World War II.

The article discusses a study which examined the influence of a reduction in workforce on the work attitudes of engineers in the U.S. The study compared two groups of engineers, one of which was released by a company during a reduction in force while the other was retained. The company, a division of a large corporation concerned with government defense contracts, was involved in two layoffs during the 1970-72 recession in the country. To measure the specific job attitudes of current and terminated engineers, three scales were utilized: indifference; job involvement; and sense of duty. As measured by the three attitudinal scales, there were no significant differences between the terminated and current engineers.

This paper draws attention to the relevance of factors in both the external and internal environment on organizational efforts to incorporate the disadvantaged into the workforce. Of particular importance to the success of such endeavors is an awareness of the differences which arise from institutional affiliation. Institutional differences exert a major influence on policies and procedures relating to manpower planning, e.g., recruitment, selection, and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research methodology included interviews, questionnaires, and the participant-observer approach in order to generate data otherwise unobtainable. The basic problem in performing the staffing function in a highly competitive labor market was economic. Sociological aspects and failure to utilize Management Theory, especially in terms of organization structure, were further complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial organizational modifications are taking place in a number of areas of process related industries where, as in steel production, many features of the newer technologies are incorporated. This paper reports on some of the managerial manpower implications arising out of a series of innovations and improvements in a steel production unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts pertaining to management science. They include "A General Systems Approach to the Analysis of Managerial Functions," by R. William Millman, "An Analysis of Management Functions as Influenced by Organized Labor: The Early Traditional Approach," by Richard J. Whiting, and "The Impact of Scientific Management and Automation on the American Labor Force," by Mohamed Salah El-Din El-Shanawani.

The article addresses questions of what constitutes union-management cooperation and how such cooperation is possible and desirable in the U.S. The concept that management operates as a trustee for all those affected by the enterprise implies that the balancing leverage of collective bargaining will serve to promote the interests of owners, workers and consumers. The need for determining union work rules are understandable for the sole reasons that they invoked health and safety of their members, prolong jobs and they place arbitrary limits on the amount of individual output. However, there are areas of potential conflict between management unions such employer's control over workforce, production incentives and labor turnover.

Labor EDUCATION is a term of at least two meanings. In a narrow sense it is identical with "workers' education." Caroline 'Ware in her excellent little book, Labor Education in Universities, declared the purpose of labor education, in this sense, to be "to enable workers to understand their experience, their problems and the issues of the day, and to equip them to function effectively as union members and as citizens." But the term properly also can be used more broadly to include not only workers' education but all teaching and research dealing with industrial relations and the problems growing out of the employment contract. Labor education in this sense is concerned not only with the education of workers "to equip them to function effectively as union members and citizens," but to acquaint students, whatever homes they may come from and whatever Work they may be preparing themselves to undertake, with the labor problems of today. This includes technical training for a limited number of university students to qualify them for specialized positions with unions, management, and the government in dealing with labor and labor relations problems. More important still is less specialized education to give all university students and as many adults as are interested some appreciation and understanding of labor problems. Such education seeks not to train labor specialists, but to prepare students to deal more intelligently with the labor problems, both as citizens and in their own vocations. Within this broad concept of labor education also are research and writing, to bring to light successful and unsuccessful experience in dealing with labor relations and related problems and to discover underlying forces and trends, all with a 'view to the improvement of existing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the proliferation of foreign scientists which make up a sizable percentage of U.S. scientists. The impression of omnipresence of foreigners and as well as their relevant contributions to the country's science. The figures presented in the 1960 census indicates the significance of foreign manpower for the quantity and quality of the country's scientific knowledge production. This could be attributed to brain drain which has received widespread attention. The large proportion of foreign-born high school linguist with highest degree from the country was due to the comparative advantage they have enjoyed from speaking their own language.

The article comments on the developments of space explorations in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). According to the author, there is no parallel in the USSR to the severe cutbacks in skilled work forces, highly trained scientific and technical personnel and organizational specialists that have occurred in the U.S., as Soviet leaders assert none will take place. Moreover, he emphasizes that the USSR effort has been gaining momentum while the U.S. has been losing. In addition, continued conviction on the part of Soviet leadership is evident, that in a full mastery of space lies the key to the attainment of Soviet superiority on a world scale.

The article discusses the author's prediction on the future developments in science. The author describes what he has observed in general change in attitude toward science which play a decisive role in the future. He also discusses the extent of scientific work especially on how much the state would allot in manpower, material resources, and money to science. Furthermore, he anticipates several new phenomena that will be discovered in nature per year. He also asserts that in seeking new discoveries, nothing more or less is involved than the law of dialectical development of nature. However, the author describes several problems that will develop and most significant for the needs of the people.

The article discusses the author's perspective on the importance of science, men, and money to the economic growth of the country. He points that the biggest contribution of science to the economic development of the country specifically in agriculture include the breeding of plants and animals, studying plant nutrients and animal foods, and devising ways of controlling pests and diseases. He also notes that the proportion of people needed at different levels of training depends on a country's level of development. On the other hand, he emphasizes that the amount of money needed for economic growth also depends on the growth rate which one wishes to attain.

The article focuses on the revolution of human labor. According to the author, the man's labor that has existed even in the earlier period, which serves as fuel for man's survival. Technology was used to support industrialization in the later years, as a partner of manpower. People are more than any other have created the conditions that confront mankind with the choice between extinction and the achievement of its yearning to fulfill its humanity. Moreover, in relation to technology, the way of life that human are privileged to enjoy is possible for all mankind.

Information about several subjects discussed at a symposium on the state of human resources and manpower in the United States is presented. Information on population statistical trends, labor and intellectual resources are crucial in planning a framework for progress and development. There is a need for environments which are conducive to learning because it is where the youth can develop their full potential.

The article presents the recommendations made by the Scientific Manpower Advisory Committee of the National Security Resources Board regarding the mobilization of American scientists. The committee suggests that the U.S. military needs scientific personnel for research, training, operations, and maintenance for technological warfare. It also suggests that scientific personnel are needed in research so the United States will lead in scientific advancement. One recommendation of the committee deals with the continuous flow of students under military service.

The article presents a speech given before the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Cleveland, Ohio. It provides recommendations and proposals concerning problems of stockpiling and rationing of scientific manpower. It also discusses several issues regarding the use of scientists in war preparation.

This paper is concerned with the organizational problems associated with housing maintenance in the public sector. It is based on a number of studies carried out by the Unit in Government and Local Authority Organizations.
The main problem areas investigated so far include: (a) The fragmentation of responsibility between the different people in housing maintenance systems. (b) The variable obligations of occupants for the initiation of and participation in maintenance work. (c) The nature of the supervisor's role and the job satisfaction of operatives. As a result of these studies, two types of goals have been isolated which can be used to determine the characteristics of maintenance systems: 1. The Demand Goal--The degree of occupant influence on the type of work provided. 2. The Supply Goal--The speed of response of the organization to maintenance demands. It is suggested that the way in which these two goals are reconciled allow four 'ideal types' of system to be identified: (a) An occupant based system. (b) An insurance based system. (c) An owner based system. (d) A work force based system.
The separate interest groups discernable in a system tend to prefer different 'ideal types' and, where any one of these is developed to a pathological extent, the overall satisfaction and standard of maintenance tends to decline. A case study is used to illustrate some of these problems in detail.
Finally, the possibilities of stimulating change in the organizational behaviour of maintenance systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of determining the optimum size of a repair or servicing crew for a given number of automatic machines is examined. Charts are presented which are applicable to the Poisson arrival--exponential service time model and provide a ready means of solution to the problem in this case. Further charts are presented which enable the expected utilisations of the servicemen and machines to be easily determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the optimal production planning and inventory control. The first problem is a multiperiod production scheduling problem in which the objective is to minimize the operating cost for a planning period. This cost is composed principally of the sum of the production cost and inventory carrying cost. The second problem considers an inventory system with two decision variables in each planning period. These are the production schedule and work force which are to be determined so as to minimize the operating cost which includes the costs of changing the production rate, of changing the work force and of carrying the inventory. The maximum principle in the discrete form is used to reduce both t he first problem which has N decision variables and the second problem which has 2N decision variables respectively to a series of two decision variables problems. The so-called sequential simplex pattern search technique is used to determine the optimal values of these two decision variables. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]