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The article offers the author's insights on a study on how daily newspapers in Sweden cover the U.S. presidential election campaigns in 1968. The author states that the study involved ten daily papers published in Swedish metropolitan areas which are subscribed to the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). He says that the comprehensiveness of the news accounts were measured in terms of column centimeters, key developments addressed and key issues covered. He states that the findings suggest that daily metropolitan press in Sweden gave a comprehensive coverage of the election campaigns. He adds that the study provides an example in which editorial decisions on election campaign news can be evaluated.

Focuses on the efforts of the Registered Nurses Association to initiate a dialogue with the members of the nursing profession associations and the administrative personnel of various hospitals in Sweden. Improvement on the standards of living; Level of job satisfaction; Assessment on the benefits received by the nurses.

The article offers news briefs related to the study of French history. The XIth International Congress of the Historical Sciences was held in Stockholm, Sweden from August 21-28, 1960. In the sessions of the International Commission for the History of State Assemblies two papers dealing with the history of France were presented. In 1960 a considerable number of Americans active in the field of French history were in Paris, France. The 1961 Conference of Society for French Historical Studies is planned to be held in Princeton.

This article focuses on the analysis of migration in Sweden between 1895 to 1930 to evaluate the proportions assumed by total migration streams to and from community group and to obtain a perspective in evaluating net migration gain or loss. This analysis demonstrated the extensiveness of streams of internal migrants to and from these various classes of communities, as compared with the net migration gain or loss of any class. Eleven Swedish communities were selected for analysis. Six of these 11 communities were agricultural, four were rural industrial, and one was the largest town in the county. Three of the agricultural communities were relatively inaccessible to industrial communities and towns. The records of all migrants leaving each of these 11 communities for another Swedish community or entering each of these 11 communities from another Swedish community were abstracted from the parish registers for every year from 1895 to 1930. In this paper, the data for the first 10 years of the period, 1895-1904, and the last 10 years, 1921-30, only are analyzed.

This article reports that the collection of papers on the labor movement in the great depression of the 1930's most of them read to an International Conference on the History of Social Movements, held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1960 suggests one important reason for the difference. The inter-war years and the 1930's in particular, were completely dominated by the spectre of unemployments and of consequent fears of economic stagnation and the decline of trade. From the moment that labor acquires some political and economic recognition and influence, with the hope of ultimate power, even in the existing State, a status achieved in only a few countries before 1914, but in more after 1920. In the German context, this was represented by the question whether the SDP should become a "Staatspartei" or a "Klassenkampfpartei", though the dilemma was found almost everywhere in some form or the other. Only American Labors, being without a political party, has not had to face up to it. There is here a long-term an inherent problem and a short-term, or contingent one.

The main purpose of this article is to present an empirical study which is noteworthy because it accentuates and illuminates certain important aspects of inflation that are often subordinated when this leading economic problem is discussed in the United States, viz, foreign trade and the structure of international prices, supply, and physical controls. Another object of this paper is to advance the hypothesis that, given full employment and a permissive monetary policy, a mutual dependence approach to inflation transcends the "single cause" approach. As a means of organizing and interpreting the multitude of events, which lead to the several goals of this paper, an analytical framework, called the four operators of inflation, is constructed. The four operators are: the letters S. D, F, and W symbolizes supply, demand, foreign trade, and wage-price; and them, respectively. The considerations from the analysis of the 1946-48 Swedish inflation suggest that an interdependence orientation to inflation should be further developed, and that the multifarious connections among S, D, F, and F should be more systematically explored.

This paper has two principal aims: (1) to analyze and measure how the demographic variables-mortality, fertility, and immigration- affect the cost of education; (2) to evaluate what possibilities developing countries, such as those of Latin America, have for a rapid educational improvement. The paper relates demographic and educational variables of three different populations: Sweden, 1840-1965; the United States, 1850-1960; and Latin America, 1930-2000. Three educational variables are also cone sidered: (a) school attendance rates by sex and age; (b) distribution of students of same age by grade; and (c) cost of student by grade. Demographic changes in countries such as Sweden and the United States were favorable for the development of education. For the future, unless an increase of fertility occurs, mortality and fertility changes will not have a significant effect on the cost of education in these countries. In current less developed countries the demographic changes during the past were less favorable to educational development. A future reduction of fertility will significantly help them to achieve a higher educational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the March 1965 issue of the Swedish Economic Journal (Ekonomisk Tidskrift). The goal of the article External Trade, Industrial Structure, Employment Mix and the Distribution of Incomes: A Simple Model of Planning and Growth, by Roland Artle was to change the present distribution of incomes, as between low-income, middle-income and high-income families, in a desired direction and at desire rates of change. While, the study An Empirical Study of Labour Reallocation Gains in Sweden Between 1950 and 1960, estimated the contributions of various economic sectors to the gross national product during the two years.

The article offers information on the symposium entitled "Review of Nuclear Proliferation Problems" organized by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and conducted in Tallberg, Sweden on June 15-18, 1973. The meeting delved into various topics including the spread of nuclear technology, nuclear developments, safeguards, cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy, military consequences of the proliferation of nuclear technology, the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) review conference, and security problems involving non-nuclear weapon countries. Delegates from India, Israel, Japan, USSR, Mexico, and the United States attended the gathering.

This article profiles Swedish criminologist Harry Söderman. He was born on August 28, 1902 in Stockholm, Sweden in a maternity home. His elementary schooling was had in northern Sweden, and when he finished elementary school, his father sent him to the Chemical Institute of Malmo where he graduated with honors in 1920. At the age of 18 he went for special training to Germany, where he studied legal chemistry as well as pulp and paper industry at the Technical Institute of Altenburg where he graduated in 1922. He worked for the Swedish Police Journal and he persuaded the journal to send him on an Asiatic tour from 1924-1926. He served as a correspondent for this paper and reported on Asiatic police systems and crime and delinquency in these countries. Upon returning to Europe, he became assistant to Edmond Locard at the French State Police Laboratory at Lyons from 1926-1928. When he came back to Sweden in 1930, he was made chief editor of Nordisk Criminal Teknisk Tidskrift, the noteworthy publication in its field in northern Europe. In 1931, he was named a member of the Royal Parliamentary Technical Committee which investigated the riots at the sawmills in Odalen, Sweden. His fame reached much higher in 1930 upon the appearance of what promised to be a definitive work on police science: Handbook of Police Science in which he collaborated with Ernst Fontell, police commissioner of Gothenburg. Many of his books were published after that. In 1939, the Swedish Parliament created a kind of Swedish version of the Federal Bureau of Investigation called the National Institute of Technical Police. He was named its first director. During World War II, he was placed by his government in charge of a then very confidential project of organizing Norwegian and Danish police troops raised in Sweden during that conflict. In the post-war years, he acted as reporter general to the International Criminal Police Commission.

This paper presents the organizational development and the operational problems of a regional project for research in population dynamics in the North Central Region of the United States. This is the first social-political study of the farmers in Sweden. Among other things, he found that farmers gave radio as a source of information on agricultural subjects more often than any other source. This result was recently used in a farmers' request to the Swedish broadcasting authorities for an increase in the number of agricultural programs. Also in 1951, an investigation of "Forest-ville," a village in Norrland, was published. It was made by B. Rundblad for UNESCO, and contains, among other things, several sociograms. In the same year, official reports were published on the alcohol problem, on youth care, and on producers' and consumers' subsidies to small farmers. Several bodies of data on country conditions can be obtained from these reports. The report of the committee on youth care contains, besides population data, data on the economic conditions of youth in Sweden and their dwelling conditions, sense of comfort in work, home milieu, associations, dancing habits, hobbies, and sexual behavior.

Seymour Lipset summarized some evidence suggesting that upwardly mobile individuals in some Northern European countries, including Sweden, retained the working class loyalties characteristic of their stations of origin to much greater extent than upwardly mobile individuals in some other countries. This paper presents findings from a study designed to test some of the assumptions of Lipset's interpretation of this evidence, and also offers a number of alternative interpretations taking account of macro conditions of Swedish political history and social structure as well as micro processes of ideological conviction through "cognitive vigilance". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to test empirically the covariation between a few partial measures applying to ecological distance on the one hand, and to geographical distance on the other, within a given area of investigation, viz the city of Stockholm, Sweden, in 1947. The distance in question is the distance from the centre of the city. The investigation was planned as part of a sociological study of the city of Stockholm, the data used covering the years 1945-4950. Result of the study seems to indicate that the geographical distance is, with certain adjustments, a barely acceptable measure to be applied to the ecological distance in zone divisions within the area investigated, but only provided a rough division is considered sufficient. At the same time the study diminishes the importance of substituting geographical distance for ecological distance in the actual ecological analyses of Stockholm of the given time. It provides two partial measures of ecological distance which could be used in the analyses as well.

This paper explores two related problems, which have grown out of a concern with dynamic aspects of Swedish voting behavior. In trying to apply a model of voting behavior primarily designed to analyze American data to the Swedish multiparty system have raised some descriptive questions, which at least partly can be answered on the basis of some recent survey work in Sweden. The first topic concerns the relationship between social mobility and political preference. The Center Party has traditionally had its strongest support among the farmers and other rural voters but has lately made some inroads among urban voters. Now there is in Sweden, as in other industrial nations, a fair amount of intergenerational mobility. The white collar class has been growing fast during the last decades and can be expected to grow further. Many members of the new middle class come from homes where the father was a worker. These upwardly mobile people have a Socialist heritage but now belong to a class where the norm is rather anti-Socialistic.

Analyzes the policies of the Bank of Sweden in the middle 18th century Sweden. Examination of the economic theories of two political parties in the representative body; Experiment with paper money mercantilism; Description of the political environment.

The investigation reported in this article formed a part of a program of study recently undertaken on a Social Science Research Council fellowship. The original problem was epidemiological in character, the purpose being to obtain evidence of the relation of childhood infection to adult tuberculosis. The present paper is limited to one aspect of this investigation. It is an attempt to control or evaluate the influence of environment in order to determine the relative tuberculosis mortality rates of urban and rural populations under equivalent conditions. Tuberculosis mortality rates were computed and compared for various sections of the Swedish population. This article presents a chart showing a comparison of these rates for the city of Stockholm, the rest of urban Sweden, and rural Sweden as a whole, tile rates being presented for several broad age groups and also combined by standardization against the age distribution of the total Swedish population in 1920. As shown by the standardized rates, the tuberculosis mortality of the males tended to be somewhat higher in the urban than in the rural districts, but for the females very little difference between the mortality rates in the two sections of the material was to be observed. This latter fact is perhaps associated with the phenomenon of relatively higher tuberculosis mortality rates for females in the rural sections of countries in which women perform a considerable amount of physical labor.

The article analysis short-run variations in marital fertility in Sweden during the period 1830-1879 in order to explore different models of fertility determination before the secular decline of fertility took place, and to use fertility data to demonstrate a method of studying sociological trends and oscillations. One of the main determinants of aggregate marital fertility, the total number of legitimate births or the legitimate birth rate, is the number of marriages, and fluctuations in that number. It will be shown that if this were the sole determinant the result would be a very high degree of smoothness in the response, fertility. Auto-correlations would be high, much higher than actually observed. So a simple inspection of the response series and the correlogram is sufficient to reject this explanation, even if there were no direct statistical information on the annual number of marriages. But as direct information on marriages is available, this may be used to compute the expected level of aggregate marital fertility assuming a constant fertility schedule by duration of marriage. This turns out to follow the smooth pattern predicted, whilst observed fertility shows much more pronounced short-term variations.

The paper relates the Swedish discussion and criticism of national accounting statistics, especially GNP, as a measure of welfare. It describes some results of recent Swedish attempts to find practicable measures of welfare components, i.e. the investigations of the Low Income Commission and of the Expert Group on Regional Development Research. In both cases the regional aspects of welfare are emphasized in the paper. The results are presented as a sign of important needs for new methods and new systems of concepts in measuring welfare. The Expert Group has for instance in different ways tried to map and compare the ‘service structure’ of separate parts of Sweden. The Low Income Commission has principally studied the position in Swedish society of low income recipients and has not been working particularly on the illumination of regional differences, but since different types of region are included as a background variable, the investigations also give certain measures of the regional aspects of welfare. In the last part of the paper some of the risks that seem to be difficult to avoid in trying to use welfare measurements are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a rather novel simulation procedure to describe the flow and diffusion of information within a region. A partial test of the design's predictability is provided by empirical studies of the distribution and reception of agricultural information by farmers in Middle Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the plant ecology of serpentine, with focus on the influence of a high magnesium and calcium ratio and high nickel and chromium levels in some British and Swedish serpentine soils. Ecology studies found that considerable quantities of nickel and chromium are frequently found in the shoots of Agrostis species growing in serpentine soils. Also discussed are paper calcium-magnesium nutrition of serpentine plants, plant analysis of Agrostis species that grow on serpentine soils, water culture experiments that show the widespread tolerance of high magnesium levels among clones of Agrostis species collected from serpentine sites.

The article presents an abstract of a research paper on the labor movement in Sweden in 1909. The research paper was presented at the Society for the Study of Labour History's conference held in England on May 3, 1968. The first great conflict between labour organizations and the government of Sweden took place in 1909. In this year the Employers Confederation called a lockout which was answered by a great strike, resulting in defeat for the Swedish Confederation of Trade Unions. The motive of the Swedish Confederation of Employers in deciding on a lockout was not very complex: they wanted branch agreements keeping the level of wages the same in the respective fields. On the side of organized labour, one big dispute had been solved in 1908 through State mediators. A general depression had set in, causing price inflation but stagnation of wages. The trade union leaders as well as the Social Democratic Party were subject to remarkable membership losses in 1908-1909. A great strike had been tried for political reasons in 1902 but since then the propaganda for settling disputes by means of a great strike had mainly been voiced by the anarchists, who were excluded from the Party in 1908.

This article focuses on teaching the construction of physics apparatus in various schools in Sweden. Manual arts of various types are collectively known as sloyd in the Scandinavian countries. Sloyd has been a part of the school curriculum in Sweden for many years. Recently a new type of sloyd instruction in which the subject is combined with physics has been introduced in Sweden and Denmark. There has always been some construction of physics apparatus in various schools in Sweden. This work was started at the Gothenburg State Normal School for Elementary School Teachers in Sweden. Some years ago the teacher of physics at this school recognized the need of giving training to teachers in the construction and the repair of physics apparatus. Sloyd is currently supplemented by this new addition. Physics-sloyd includes the rare combination into one course of the separate arts of paper, wood, and metal sloyd.

The article focuses on the news flow from Middle East to Sweden in the fall of 1972. It states that the guessed average proportion in Swedish newspaper of its foreign news of the news hole is 20%. It mentions that the Sweddish news followed the assassination news of the Jordan's prime minister in Cairo, Egypt. It says that the national newspaper has dedicated 7% of its foreign news to the Middle East, but 12% during the assassination's week. Moreover, the assassination in the Middle East has caused the interest to be doubled or tripled.

Time series analysis techniques are used to model and to forecast populations. An autoregressive (AR) and a moving average (MA) model, which seem to fit the population of Sweden very well, are found. Forecasts are calculated using both models and are compared with the forecasts obtained by other methods. This comparison is very favorable for the time series models. Although our study is confined to the mid-year population of Sweden, there are good reasons to expect that the technique can be successfully applied to other population parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS paper is part of a broad comparative analysis of the role of the state on the labour market in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. The analysis includes the historical background and the structure of interested organizations--these are the independent variables--and the legal rules for conflict resolution, the role of the state as employer, and the methods of incomes policy, which are all regarded as dependent variables. Space does not permit a full account of all parts of the investigation. We have to concentrate upon the methods used for pursuing an incomes policy, and these methods will be analyzed in connection with the collective bargaining systems. We can only hint at some historical background data, and at some of the salient facts about organizational structure and rules for conflict resolution, which should be seen as explaining variables in the analysis of collective bargaining systems and incomes policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem facing the British economy is to curb inflation, reduce the deficit on the balance of payments, now running at £4,000 million a year, raise company profits to improve new capital investment, improve efficiency and productivity and to contain wage demands. The competitive power of British exports in the world will depend to a large extent on labour costs and managerial competence. Labour costs largely depend on the attitudes and actions of the trade unions, and in full employment their power is considerable. It can have far reaching social and economic effects. Their failure in the past two decades to readjust their philosophy, their organisations and institutional arrangements, created in times of mass unemployment, to conditions of full employment is partly the reason for the present state of industrial relations: backward, inward looking and divisive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an announcement of the Ninth International Congress of Dermatology, that will be held in Stockholm, Sweden under the presidency of Professor Sven Hellerstrom from July 31 to August 5, 1957. Contact persons for information about the Congress are also given.

This article focuses on the development of spatial distributions of towns in Sweden. The city or town is now the home of the majority of the population of the more developed countries, but the rise of a modem urban culture has been rapid and rather recent. This paper attempts a rather general approach to the development of the spatial distribution of towns. The approach recognizes that urbanization involves more than the location of central place activities. Much urban support derives from activities that do not depend on a local hinterland.

The article focuses on the treatment of persistent offenders outside the U.S. The concept of persistent offenders is the creation of the sociological school in criminology. The end of the treatment studied in this paper is to eliminate criminals who proved to be incorrigible. The treatment of persistent offenders is either aggravated punishment, or a measure of social security replacing punishment, or a combination of punishment and of a measure of social security, the latter being applied after the former. The first system is now of historical interest only. France applied it in 1885, but the draft of 1932 does not follow the law in force. Norway in 1902 introduced the system in positive law, but practically did not apply it. The second system is applied in some places, but presents rather an exception, merely Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland have accepted it. The idea that persistent offenders should be released if they ceased to be socially dangerous is explicitly expressed in Switzerland, England, Germany, Sweden, and Italy.

The article presents the author's insights on personnel psychology. The author says that he came to Oslo, Norway following two meetings Sweden which is the Tenth International Congress of Applied Psychology inn Gothenburg. He states that planenrs of the Gothenburg program invite contributions that deals with five principal themes including vocational guidance, occupational analysis, and fatigue. He mentions the Eleventh International Congress of Psychotechnology in Paris, France and linguist Mlle Weinberg who had practiced sessions of the League of Nations.

The article examines the application of an empirical formula for comparing lists of flora from several districts of different sizes. The researcher collected data from different types of plant associations in the islands of Stockholm, Sweden. The results indicate an increase in the deviation corresponding to increasing area, which depends on the fact that the values of the smaller areas are the average of a greater number of observations than those of the larger. The use of the formula allows one to determine a standard for the relative richness or poorness of a floral district.

This article focuses on a study which examined the nitrogen content of the soil in woodlands and its transformations to assimilable forms. A leaf mould type of humus can be found in the soil of beech woods, as well as in mixed dicotyledonous woods with Quercus, Carpinus, and Ulmus. It found that nitrification is very active in rather damp shady parts. High nitrate content was also found in majority of the plants of Alder woods' ground flora. In northern Sweden, the mossy type of conifer forest is abundant. The raw kind of humus, which can be found in this type of forest, has a distinctly acid reaction. In addition, stored samples showed very little or no nitrate. A high nitrate content was found in all cases of rock plants, as well as colonizing plants on bare mineral soils.