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The Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) Registry (NCT01990040) is a multinational real-world study evaluating the long-term safety of teduglutide in patients with SBS and intestinal failure (SBS-IF) in routine clinical practice. This paper describes the study methodology and baseline characteristics of adult patients who have (ever-treated) or have never (never-treated) received teduglutide. A total of 1411 adult patients (679 ever-treated; 732 never-treated) were enrolled at 124 sites across 17 countries. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age at enrollment was 55.4 (15.46) years, and 60.2% of patients were women. Crohn's disease was the most common cause of major intestinal resection in both ever-treated (34.1%) and never-treated patients (20.4%). A similar proportion of ever-treated and never-treated patients had a prior history of colorectal polyps (2.7% vs. 3.6%), whereas proportionally fewer ever-treated patients reported a history of colorectal cancer (1.8% vs. 6.2%) or any malignancy (17.7% vs. 30.0%) than never-treated patients. Never-treated patients received a numerically greater mean (SD) volume of parenteral nutrition and/or intravenous fluids than ever-treated patients (12.4 [8.02] vs. 10.1 [6.64] L/week). Ever-treated patients received a mean teduglutide dosage of 0.05 mg/kg/day. This is the first report of patient baseline characteristics from the SBS Registry, and the largest cohort of patients with SBS-IF to date. Overall, ever-treated and never-treated patients had similar baseline characteristics. Differences between treatment groups may reflect variations in patient selection and degree of monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Crohn's disease is a chronic and debilitating intestinal disorder that alternates between remission and active flare-ups, often leading to hospitalization. Social support is known to enhance adaptation to the disease and modulate stress perception in patients, while stress may exacerbate symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the roles of perceived stress and social support in Crohn's disease and their impact on the frequency of flare-ups. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, assessing stress and social support in a cohort of 91 patients with Crohn's disease during flare-up and remission phases. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) and a Social Support Questionnaire were utilized for evaluation. We examined the relationship between stress and social support in Crohn's disease. The interaction between the variables studied was also observed, considering the stage of the disease. Finally, we carried out an analysis of the influence of these two variables on the development of flare-ups in Crohn's disease. Results: The study revealed that patients experience higher stress levels during flare-ups and that these levels are amplified by a lack of social support. A significant relationship was identified between the levels of social support and the occurrence of flare-ups, indicating that better social support is associated with fewer flare-ups. Conclusions: Patients with Crohn's disease in the flare-up phase are subject to considerable stress. A deficit in social support is linked to an increase in stress levels. The interaction between social support and stress plays a critical role in the development of flare-ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that involves long-term treatment and chronic idiopathic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. The predominant forms of IBD are: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These diseases cause significant physical as well as psychological dysfunction - patients with this condition are thought to have an increased risk of depression as well as anxiety. Standard treatment for IBD most commonly includes aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulatory drugs, and biologic therapy. In some cases, particularly when it comes to Crohn's disease, it is necessary to remove a portion of the inflamed bowel. Multiple segmental bowel resections can result in the rare but serious complication of short bowel syndrome, which leads to intestinal failure and necessitates parenteral nutrition. Glucagon-like peptide-2 exhibits intestinotropic properties and also acts as a growth factor in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby increasing intestinal perfusion, causing increased absorption of nutrients, and enhancing proliferative mechanisms while inhibiting apoptotic processes. Methods: We carefully reviewed the medical literature on inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel syndrome and the potential treatment of this condition with GLP-2 and its analogs. The materials for the analysis we presented came from the PubMed database. Conclusions: Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analogs may prove to be new treatments for short bowel syndrome (SBS). They exhibit growth-stimulating effects on the intestinal membrane and promote normal function.

Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) in adults is defined as having less than 180 to 200 cm of remaining small bowel. Many literature sources do not provide precise epidemiological data, and challenges in estimating the prevalence of SBS include its multifactorial etiology and varying definitions. The most common pathologies leading to SBS include Crohn disease, mesenteric ischemia, radiation enteritis, post-surgical adhesions, and post-operative complications. Case presentation: This article presents a clinical case of a 76-year-old Lithuanian patient who underwent parenteral nutrition for four months due to SBS. Before the following diagnosis, the patient had undergone two surgeries. During the hospitalization, life-threatening conditions such as stercoral peritonitis, septic shock, and acute respiratory failure, were observed and treated. As a result of SBS, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia developed, leading to the prescription of full parenteral nutrition. After correcting the malnutrition, a third surgery was performed, resulting in the discontinuation of parenteral nutrition and the resumption of a regular diet. Conclusions: Parenteral nutrition is the sole effective method for preserving the lives of patients with a short segment of the intestine. While on parenteral nutrition, patients can be prepared for reconstructive surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recurrence of underlying disease after intestinal transplantation (IT) for short bowel syndrome should be taken into consideration when symptoms flare. • Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging with "VENCH scoring system" can differentiate between cute cellular rejection (ACR) and disease recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease after IT. • Early detection of ACR or disease recurrence by the VENCH score allows prompt treatment accordingly and results in favorable outcomes Crohn disease (CD) is one of the most common causes of short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. Intestinal transplantation (IT) is sometimes needed for patients with CD who develop intestinal failure after multiple intestinal resections resulting from CD-related complications, such as uncontrollable bleeding and penetrating diseases. However, there have been few case reports concerning the endoscopic surveillance of patients with CD after IT. In this article, we present 2 patients with CD who underwent IT because of short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure. We administered posttransplantation immunosuppressants and conducted regular follow-up magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI). Both cases demonstrated favorable outcomes after surveillance with ME-NBI. In this report, we outline our post-IT follow-up strategies applying the VENCH scoring system, which is based on endoscopic features using ME-NBI to predict graft rejection. Our approach could effectively distinguish between acute cellular rejection and non-rejection, particularly disease recurrence of underlying CD. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Far Eastern Memorial Hospital (FEMH-105023-F). The patients provided written informed consent for publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mainly comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a group of gradually progressive diseases bringing significant mental anguish and imposes serious economic burdens. Interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Nutrients, as crucial environmental determinants, mainly encompassing carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and micronutrients, are closely related to the pathogenesis and development of IBD. Nutrition is essential for maintaining the dynamic balance of intestinal eco‐environments to ensure intestinal barrier and immune homeostasis, while this balance can be disrupted easily by maladjusted nutrition. Research has firmly established that nutrition has the potential to shape the composition and function of gut microbiota to affect the disease course. Unhealthy diet and eating disorders lead to gut microbiota dysbiosis and further destroy the function of intestinal barrier such as the disruption of membrane integrity and increased permeability, thereby triggering intestinal inflammation. Notably, appropriate nutritional interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet, can positively modulate intestinal microecology, which may provide a promising strategy for future IBD prevention. In this review, we provide insights into the interplay between nutrition and gut microbiota and its effects on IBD and present some previously overlooked lines of evidence regarding the role of derived metabolites in IBD processes, such as trimethylamine N‐oxide and imidazole propionate. Furthermore, we provide some insights into reducing the risk of onset and exacerbation of IBD by modifying nutrition and discuss several outstanding challenges and opportunities for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Resection for Crohn's disease (CD) related strictures is definitive but carries risk of morbidity, recurrence, and short bowel syndrome. On the contrary, the durability of endotherapy (ET) for CD‐related strictures is questionable. Prospective comparative studies are limited. We aimed to prospectively compare the outcomes of ET in CD strictures with a case‐matched surgical therapy (ST) cohort. Methods: Patients undergoing ET or resection for primary CD strictures (symptomatic, non‐traversable, < 5 cm length, n ≤ 3) between January 2021 and March 2022 in a high‐volume tertiary center were compared with regard to recurrent symptoms, escalation of therapy, re‐intervention, and re‐operation based on propensity matched analysis. Results: Fifty‐nine patients [49% ET, 57.6% male, median (years): 34 (15–74)] had ≥ 12 months of follow up. Before propensity matching, cumulative re‐intervention rate was significantly higher with ET [34.5% (10/29) vs 3.3% (1/30) ST, P = 0.002]. Recurrent symptoms (34.5% vs 26.7%, P = 0.42), escalation of medical therapy (27.5% vs 23.3%, P = 0.64), and re‐operation (7.4% vs 3.1%, P = 0.55) were comparable. In propensity matched analysis adjusted for demographics, disease, and stricture characteristics [n = 42, 21 each, 62% male, median (years): 32 (15–60)], cumulative probability of re‐intervention rates was higher in ET (28.6% vs 4.8%, P = 0.042). The cumulative probability of recurrent symptoms (ET: 33.3% vs surgery 33.3%, P = 0.93), therapy escalation (ET: 23.8% vs surgery 28.6%, P = 0.75), and re‐operation (ET: 9.5% vs surgery 4.8%, P = 0.57) was similar. Conclusions: ET for CD strictures require higher re‐interventions compared with resection although re‐operation could be avoided in the majority with comparable symptom free survival at 1 year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) Registry (NCT01990040) is a multinational real-world study evaluating the long-term safety of teduglutide in patients with SBS and intestinal failure (SBS-IF) in routine clinical practice. This paper describes the study methodology and baseline characteristics of adult patients who have (ever-treated) or have never (never-treated) received teduglutide. A total of 1411 adult patients (679 ever-treated; 732 never-treated) were enrolled at 124 sites across 17 countries. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age at enrollment was 55.4 (15.46) years, and 60.2% of patients were women. Crohn’s disease was the most common cause of major intestinal resection in both ever-treated (34.1%) and never-treated patients (20.4%). A similar proportion of ever-treated and never-treated patients had a prior history of colorectal polyps (2.7% vs. 3.6%), whereas proportionally fewer ever-treated patients reported a history of colorectal cancer (1.8% vs. 6.2%) or any malignancy (17.7% vs. 30.0%) than never-treated patients. Never-treated patients received a numerically greater mean (SD) volume of parenteral nutrition and/or intravenous fluids than ever-treated patients (12.4 [8.02] vs. 10.1 [6.64] L/week). Ever-treated patients received a mean teduglutide dosage of 0.05 mg/kg/day. This is the first report of patient baseline characteristics from the SBS Registry, and the largest cohort of patients with SBS-IF to date. Overall, ever-treated and never-treated patients had similar baseline characteristics. Differences between treatment groups may reflect variations in patient selection and degree of monitoring.

This article discusses bowel preserving surgery for stricturing jejunoileal Crohn's disease, specifically focusing on the Heineke-Mikulicz strictureplasty technique. The Heineke-Mikulicz technique is a minimally invasive option for Crohn's strictures that involves opening the stricture longitudinally, closing it transversely, and suturing the enterotomy. The article provides a step-by-step video vignette demonstrating the technique. It also discusses the use of adjuncts such as stricture biopsy and marking each strictureplasty with metallic clips. The article emphasizes the importance of documenting the number and location of strictures, as well as the length of small bowel resected and left in situ. The article concludes by mentioning the postoperative recovery process and the lack of funding for the study. [Extracted from the article]

Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in neonates is a significant disorder that causes skin, gastrointestinal, and intracranial hemorrhaging. Early-onset VKDB occurs within 24 hours of birth, and its prognosis is poor due to severe hemorrhage. The causes of early-onset VKDB include maternal intake of warfarin and anticoagulants, and maternal vitamin K deficiency. We report the case of a neonate with early-onset VKDB born to a mother with Crohn's disease. The neonate developed severe cerebellar hemorrhage on the day of birth and subsequent noncommunicating hydrocephalus requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The mother had a 14-year history of Crohn's disease and short bowel owing to intestinal resection. She was in complete remission during pregnancy according to the Crohn's Disease Activity Index. Endoscopic examination performed shortly before pregnancy revealed inflammatory findings in the residual small intestine. Her blood tests at delivery showed an elevated prothrombin induced by vitamin K deficiency or antagonist II (PIVKA-II) level of 26,900 mAU/mL. A definitive protocol to prevent early-onset VKDB in mothers with Crohn's disease complicated by a short bowel is lacking. Administering vitamin K to mothers with elevated PIVKA-II levels before delivery may help prevent early-onset VKDB.

Objective: Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment. Background: Gastric cancer is the 5th most common malignancy worldwide. Treatment consists of excision of the entire stomach. Malnutrition is a common problem in patients diagnosed with gastric cancer and has a negative impact on the course of treatment and the quality of life. Case Report: The paper presents a case report of a patient after total gastrectomy performed on 11/04/2016 due to G3 mucocellulare carcinoma. The patient had been on home parenteral nutrition for 2.5 years due to chronic malnutrition. After this period of time, an attempt was made to introduce an exclusion diet with the addition of Modulen IBD (Nestle Health Science), which is routinely used in the nutritional treatment of patients with Crohn's disease, with simultaneous discontinuation of parenteral nutrition. After 3 months, the patient was readmitted to the hospital to assess his nutritional status. He continued the diet as recommended. He maintained his body weight and reported improvement in eating habits. Conclusions: In the described case, the patient presented with symptoms of impaired bowel function resulting from longterm cessation of oral nutrition. It is possible that the nutritional and immunomodulatory effect of Modulen, in combination with the anti-inflammatory elimination diet, resulted in better nutrition of intestinal epithelial cells and gradual improvement of intestinal motility and absorption, which in turn enabled the patient to completely withdraw from parenteral nutrition. We propose that this type of nutritional management could also be considered in other cases of intestinal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B I Conclusion: i b In adult patients willing to undertake dietary therapy for management of their Crohn's disease, CDED is a well-tolerated approach and is associated with clinical remission at 6 weeks, based on this small cohort of prospective patients. B 36 b B Postpartum dietary therapy for Crohn's disease following Hartmann's procedure: A case report b R Davis SP 1 sp , E Young SP 1 sp , A Day SP 2 sp and D Sathananthan SP 1 sp SP 1 sp I Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide; i SP 2 sp I The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia i B I Introduction: i b Medical and surgical management of Crohn's disease (CD) during pregnancy and lactation is complex. Dietary therapy is effective for inducing remission, offering a safe and effective treatment alternative when medical management is contraindicated or when patients opt for non-pharmacological therapies. Dietary therapy can therefore be a suitable option for patients with CD during pregnancy and lactation, with the potential to yield clinical benefit while optimizing nutritional intake and mitigating potential treatment-related side effects. [Extracted from the article]

The food safety issue of livestock products concerning insemination by opportunistic and accompanying microflora has attracted increasing attention from specialists. The ever-increasing trade and export of dairy and meat products from Ukraine to the EU countries requires constant monitoring of inoculation with mesophilic-aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms and psychrophilic microorganisms, in particular the genera Listeria and Yersinia, which survive and multiply at low temperatures and in salted and fermented products and pose a threat to human health. Milk and lactic acid products make up a significant part of the diet of a modern person. Therefore, constant control of raw materials from dairy enterprises for the production of milk and directly at enterprises for its processing is a guarantee of food safety. At the stage of milk production, due to violations of technological cycles of production (mastitis and contamination with antibiotics) and the spread of several diseases in Ukraine (paratuberculosis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis), milk from a herd of dairy cows poses a significant threat to human health due to the danger of mastitis milk and milk containing the causative agents of tuberculosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, and recently there are more and more reports about the association of bovine paratuberculosis and human short bowel syndrome (Crohn's disease) mainly among the young population of Europe, which may be due to extreme variability and adaptive capacity mycobacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The United Kingdom nutrition database monitors the changing landscape of adult home parenteral nutrition support (HPS) to inform clinicians and policy makers of the need for this life‐saving treatment. Methods: The UK database is administered by the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Data for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has been collected since 2005 and home intravenous fluids (HIVFs) since 2011. During this study the reporting of data to the database by healthcare workers has been voluntary. Data were analyzed using linear regression. Results: A threefold increase of new registrations for patients receiving HPS was noted on this 10‐year period, with a notable increase in the number of patients with advanced malignancy supported with HPS. Crohn's disease and short bowel syndrome were the leading causes for both HPN and HIVF use in the UK. A statistically significant increase in older (P < 0.001) and less independent patients using HPS was noted. Conclusion: The prevalence of HPS is steadily increasing in size with the broadening of its acceptable performance status. The launch of the Intestinal Failure Registry and mandatory registration will increase accuracy in data reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids are an essential part of parenteral nutrition. This study aimed to determine the serum profile of amino acids and their loss in urine in patients with long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) during 12 h of infusion in comparison with similar parameters in the remaining 12 h as well as in healthy participants. We enrolled forty-five patients with long-term HPN for 6–75 (median, 33) months. The indication for HPN was short bowel syndrome secondary to radical resection of the small intestine following complications of Crohn's disease. HPN was administered via two-chamber all-in-one bags prepared in a hospital pharmacy overnight for 12 h each day. The average dose of amino acids, carbohydrates and fats administered was 1·5, 3·4 and 0·68 g/kg per d, respectively, at an infusion rate of 0·11, 0·28 and 0·06 g/kg per h, respectively. The levels of essential amino acids in the serum of the patients were not significantly different from those in healthy individuals; however, of the non-essential amino acids, cystine and glutamine levels were lower and glycine and ornithine levels were higher in the patients (P < 0·05). Excretion of amino acids in the urine during 12 h of infusion at an infusion rate of 0·11 g/kg per h was 301 mg, while it was 104 mg during the remaining 12 h (P < 0·0001). Our patients on long-term HPN had a normal serum profile of essential amino acids. The total urinary excretion of amino acids during 12 h of infusion accounted for only 0·34 % (0·23–0·46) of the administered dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-term effects of teduglutide (TED) for short bowel syndrome with chronic intestinal failure (SBS–IF) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TED in patients with CD on home parenteral support (PS) for SBS–IF. We retrospectively investigated the medical records of patients with CD associated with SBS–IF who initiated TED between 2020 and 2021. The primary outcomes were the change in PS volume and proportion of patients with a reduction of PS volume by ≥ 20% at week 8. Secondary outcomes were the change in PS volume in patients with CD without/with colon in continuity and adverse events during the observation period. Eighteen patients with CD who underwent home PS for SBS–IF were included in this study. Two patients were excluded owing to intolerable abdominal pain or vomiting within 8 weeks (11%). Sixteen patients continued TED throughout the observation period. The median PS duration was 10.5 years. The median observation period was 22 weeks after starting TED. TED significantly reduced the PS volume from 15,825.0 mL/week to 10,700.0 mL/week (p = 0.0038), and the PS volume decreased by ≥ 20% in 7 patients (43.8%) at week 8. The PS volume was significantly reduced at week 4 (p = 0.0078) in 11 patients without colon in continuity but not in 5 patients with colon in continuity. Two patients successfully stopped home PS. No serious adverse events occurred. TED administration significantly reduced PS volume at week 8 in patients with CD associated with SBS–IF, and at week 4 in patients without colon in continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by idiopathic and chronic inflammation arising elsewhere within the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, the mucosal tissue is destroyed during the active phase of the disease, and therefore, spontaneous repair of damaged tissue is required to restore the function and long-term homeostasis of the intestinal mucosa. Also, in patients with refractory Crohn's disease, loss of massive intestinal function can lead to short bowel syndrome or may lead to fatal intestinal failure. Summary: The concept of mucosal healing shares the idea that both regulation of mucosal inflammation and repair of the damaged mucosa are critical to achieve the ideal clinical outcome in patients with IBD. However, current treatments lack the option of those targeted to mucosal repair, and therefore, patients must achieve mucosal healing depending on their intrinsic system. To counteract inflammation-induced mucosal damage, various biologics or cell-based treatments are currently being developed. In the early developmental phase, various growth factors have been tested for their ability to promote mucosal repair. However, most of these factors did not show clinical benefit, except the recombinant glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). On the contrary, cell-based treatments are rapidly emerging, using both somatic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells. Key Messages: In this review, we focus on the current state of factor-based or cell-based regenerative medicine in the treatment of IBD. Additionally, we would like to introduce current examples of tissue engineering technologies and provide future prospects for the application of regenerative medicine in IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are lifelong diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract leading to its progressive and irreversible destruction. Whether early initiation of IBD-specific therapy impacts the long-term course of the disease remains unclear and has to be further explored in prospective disease-modification trials. Historically, surgery and hospitalization rates have been the surrogate markers to measure disease progression in IBD, providing an overview of the effectiveness of medical therapies. However, neither surgery nor hospitalization necessarily reflects a fail in therapeutic medical management, and many confounding factors make them biased outcomes. The Selecting Endpoints for Disease-Modification Trials consensus has defined the disease-modification endpoints required for these trials, including the impact of the disease on patient’s life (health-related quality of life, disability, and fecal incontinence), the mid-term disease complications (bowel damage in CD, IBD-related surgery and hospitalizations, disease extension in UC, extra-intestinal manifestations, permanent stoma, short bowel syndrome), and the development of dysplasia/cancer and mortality in the long term. Most available data in the literature regarding the impact of current therapies on disease progression focused on anti-tumor necrosis factor agents and are based on retrospective or post-hoc studies. Thus, prospective disease-modification trials are pressingly required to explore the effectiveness of early intensified treatment in patients with severe disease or at risk for disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that most commonly affects the ileum. As a result, it is associated with a high lifetime risk of one or more surgical resections. The surgical paradigm is to preserve intestinal length. This study aims to assess the length of ileum resected at the index operation and at subsequent ileocolic resections for Crohn's disease. Methods: This is a retrospective study assessing the clinical and pathological data of patients undergoing ileocolic resection for the management of Crohn's disease over the period 01/01/2002 to 31/07/2020 in two metropolitan Australian hospitals. Results: One hundred and seventy‐six patients were analysed: 130 underwent a single resection; 31 underwent two resections; and 15 underwent three resections. The median age at the first operation was 37.2 years (range 18–69) with 60% of patients female. The median length resected at the first surgery was 17.8 cm (IQR 12.0) for small bowel, and 5.0 cm (IQR 1.0) for large bowel. The length of ileum resected at the first surgery was significantly greater than that of the second (P = 0.0001), without significant differences between the second and third resections (P = 0.49). The time interval from diagnosis to the first surgery had no significant impact on the length of intestine resected at the index ileocolic resection. Conclusion: In Crohn's disease, the length of ileum removed at first resection is the greatest, with subsequent resection lengths less than the first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Jejunal artery (JA) and ileal artery (IA) aneurysms constitute less than 3% of all visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs), carrying a risk of rupture as high as 30%, and a mortality of 20%. Though many etiologies have been reported in the literature, no mention exists on a causal association between these aneurysms and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We present the first case of a JA aneurysm related to Crohn's Disease (CD) together with a review of the literature. Materials and Methods: A 74-year-old male presenting with CD intestinal relapse and an incidental finding at the computed tomography enterography (CTE) of a 53 × 47 × 25mm apparently intact JA pseudoaneurysm, arising from the first and second jejunal branches, underwent coil embolization followed by small bowel resection, with an uneventful outcome. We also included the review of literature on JA and IA aneurysms, analyzing all reports published in PubMed and Scopus from 1943 to July 2022. Results: 60 manuscripts with 103 cases of JA and IA aneurysms in 100 patients were identified. Among cases with available data, 34 (33.0%) presented acutely with rupture, 45 (43.7%) were described as non-ruptured. 83 (80.6%), and 14 (13.6%) were JA and IA aneurysms, respectively, having a median size of 15 (range:3.5–52) mm. Atherosclerosis (16.5%), infections (10.7%), and vasculitides/connective tissue disorders (9.7%) represented the main causes mentioned. Mean age was 53.6 (±19.2) years, male patients being 59.4%. One third of patients (32.4%) were asymptomatic. Overall, treatment was indicated in 63% of patients, with surgery and endovascular procedures performed in 61.9% and 38.1% cases, respectively. The technical success rate of endovascular treatment (EVT) was 95.8%. The mortality rate was 11.8%, being higher (21.2%) in the rupture group. Conclusions: The prompt treatment accomplished in our case granted a successful outcome. JA and IA aneurysms should be included among local complications of IBD. Considering their high potential for rupture, regardless of size, a low threshold for endovascular or surgical treatment should be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) with intestinal failure (SBS-IF) requires long-term parenteral nutrition (PN). This study investigated the real-world etiologies of SBS, treatment patterns, and PN-related outcomes among adult patients with SBS-IF in Japan. Methods: This retrospective, observational cohort study was based on data from April, 2008 to January, 2020 from one of the largest hospital-based claim databases in Japan. Analyzed patients were aged ≥ 16 years, had received continuous PN for ≥ 6 months, and had SBS or undergone SBS-related surgery with a diagnosis of a causative disease. The primary endpoint was PN weaning. Results: We analyzed data for 393 patients. The most frequent causes of SBS-IF were ileus (31.8%), Crohn's disease (20.1%), and mesenteric ischemia (16.0%). Of 144/393 (36.6%) patients who were weaned off their PN, 48 (33.3%) were subsequently restarted on PN. Of 276/393 (70.2%) patients whose PN was initiated in hospital, 156 (56.5%) transitioned to home management. The mean duration of initial PN was 450.4 and 675.5 days for patients who were able or unable to be weaned off PN, respectively. Sepsis (67.4%), catheter-related bloodstream infections (49.1%), and liver disorders (45.0%) were the most reported PN-related complications. Conclusions: Most patients with SBS-IF in Japan could not be weaned off PN and suffered life-threatening complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) refers to a malabsorptive state caused by extensive resection of the intestinal tract that leads to chronic diarrhea, electrolyte disturbances, and malnutrition. Although relatively uncommon, patients with SBS can present to the emergency department with more serious complications that are potentially life-threatening. Among these complications, coagulopathy secondary to SBS is an underrecognized condition.Case Report: We present a case of severe coagulopathy secondary to vitamin K deficiency in SBS. The patient presented with unexplained coagulopathy and spontaneous bleeding in multiple organs. With a review of surgical history and detailed clinical evaluation, SBS complicated with vitamin K deficiency was diagnosed, and the patient was treated successfully. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: When a patient with a history of repeated intestinal surgery presents with diarrhea, malnutrition, or electrolyte abnormalities, emergency physicians should suspect SBS. Among complications of SBS, vitamin K deficiency is a rare but serious cause of unexplained coagulopathy presenting to the emergency department. Understanding the pathophysiology of SBS facilitates early identification of complications and improves patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In children with gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal failure (IF), the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increased. VTE may lead to pulmonary embolism, sepsis and central line infection, stroke and post-thrombotic syndrome. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge and recent advances around VTE management in pediatric gastroenterology with a focus on IBD and IF. The VTE incidence in children with IBD is reported to be around 4–30 per 10,000 patient-years, with higher incidences for hospitalized children. While in general, IF is less common than IBD, the VTE incidence in children with IF is around 750 per 10,000 patient-years. The most common risk factors for development of VTE involve deviations leading to Virchow's triad (endothelial damage, stasis, and hypercoagulability) and include active inflammation, particularly with colonic involvement, presence of a central venous catheter, underlying thrombophilia, reduced mobility, surgery, and hospitalization. Classes of anticoagulants used for treatment of VTE are low molecular weight heparins and vitamin K antagonists. However, the use of direct oral anticoagulants for treatment or prevention of VTE has not been studied in this pediatric population yet. Pediatric gastroenterologists apply different VTE prevention and treatment strategies due to lack of literature and lack of consensus. We discuss the role of primary and secondary prophylactic use of anticoagulants, and provide tools and recommendations for screening, prevention and management for the specific pediatric populations.

Disturbances of potassium equilibrium have also been linked to other neuromuscular diseases, such as a report of two patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hypokalemia, and myopathy (CK: 10,246 and 8499 U/l) [[11]]. In summary, considering that we have found two patients with secondary PP out of 400 IBD patients seen in 2013, we estimate its prevalence to be 0.5%. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the case of a 48-year-old male patient with Crohn's disease and short bowel syndrome who experienced recurrent tetany. The patient had a history of gastric ulcer perforation and small intestine perforation, which required ileostomy formation. The patient presented with symptoms such as motor aphasia, diplopia, weakness in the lower extremities, and joint pain. Laboratory tests revealed electrolyte imbalances, including severe hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia. The patient was treated with medication, electrolyte supplementation, and antibiotics, which resulted in improved symptoms. The article highlights the various metabolic symptoms that can occur in patients with Crohn's disease. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Aim: Despite widespread recommendations and use of intravenous corticosteroids (IVCS) for the treatment of acute flares of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, limited evidence exists comparing outcomes of the two most common regimens, intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) and intravenous hydrocortisone (IVHC). IVHC has stronger mineralocorticoid effects compared with IVMP and may cause higher rates of hypokalemia. We aimed to determine differences in clinical outcomes including requirement for inpatient rescue therapy, bowel resection, and rates of hypokalemia. Methods: We conducted a multicenter cohort study of all adult patients admitted with an acute flare of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to the three tertiary hospitals in Auckland, New Zealand, where the protocol at each institution is either IVMP 60 mg daily or IVHC 100 mg four times daily. All patients requiring IVCS between 20 June 2016 and 30 June 2018 were included. The IVCS protocol was then changed at one hospital, where further data were collected for a further 12 months from 30 January 2019 until 30 December 2019. Results: There were 359 patients, including 129 (35.9%) patients receiving IVMP and 230 (64.1%) patients receiving IVHC. IVMP treatment was associated with a greater requirement for rescue therapy than IVHC (36.4% vs 19.6%, P = 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 2.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64–4.75, P < 0.001), but also reduced rates of hypokalemia (55.8% vs 67.0%, P = 0.04; OR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30–0.81, P = 0.005). There was no difference between treatment groups for the median length of admission (5 days, interquartile range [IQR] 3–8), median duration of IVCS treatment (3 days, IQR 2–5), or bowel resection within 30 days of admission (12.4% vs 11.7%; OR = 1.04). Conclusion: For the treatment of an acute flare of IBD, treatment with IVMP results in significantly more requirement for inpatient rescue biologic or cyclosporin. In addition, it causes statistically significant less hypokalemia than IVHC, although in practice differences are negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crohn's disease activates the inflammatory reactions to induce intestinal disorders. Enteral nutrition (EN) could exert general immunomodulatory effects. Cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) surgery was utilized to establish Crohn's disease mice models. Survival analysis, hematoxylin-eosin staining, flow cytometry, ELISA, Western blot and liquid chromatography-tandem MS were applied. Baicalein was added to inhibit lipoxygenases. The survival rate was restored and inflammatory injury, exudate neutrophils in peritoneal lavage and serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were ameliorated by EN treatment as compared with CLP treatment. EN also increased ILC-3 content, 5/15-LOX level and RvD1-RvD5 in peritoneal lavage. Baicalein reversed all the detected effects of EN except ILC-3 content. EN could activate special pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) through ILCs to mitigate injuries of Crohn's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 30–50% of patients with Crohn's disease will require surgery during their lifetime in order to resolve obstructive symptoms in the more or less long term. However, almost all patients develop endoscopic recurrence post-operatively; its detection is essential since it precedes the development of clinical recurrence that may require surgery. Eventually, 15–20% of resected patients will require a new intestinal resection. • Several risk factors have been implicated in post-operative recurrence: smoking, repeated and/or extensive resections (> 50 cm), anoperineal involvement, myenteric plexitis, epithelioid granulomas and lack of post-operative prophylactic treatment. The penetrating phenotype of Crohn's disease, classically recognized as promoting post-operative recurrence, has more recently been identified as a protective factor against recurrence. • Currently, the prevention of recurrence requires the cessation of smoking in all cases and the prescription of anti-TNF to patients at high risk of recurrence (at least two risk factors). However, the effectiveness of anti-TNF agents is limited and diminishes over time. • The consensus of ECCO (European Crohn's and Colitis Organization) favors a lateral stapled anastomosis for ileocecal resection and considers stricturoplasty as a valid alternative to resection for short or long strictures of the small intestine except for perforating disease where only resections are possible. Long stricturoplasty techniques for extensive strictures have provided encouraging results with regard to endoscopic healing and long-term surgical recurrence. • The side-to-side Kono anastomosis and intestinal resections that include extensive mesenteric resection have shown promising results leading to decreased endoscopic, clinical and surgical recurrence. These new techniques could thus limit the need for post-operative prescription of immunomodulators in patients considered to be at high risk of recurrence. Surgery retains a major role in the treatment of Crohn's disease, and the prevention of post-operative recurrence is an essential issue. In fact, despite the increasing use of biotherapies, almost all of the patients who undergo surgery will present with a recurrence, initially endoscopic and then clinical, eventually leading to a second intervention in 15 to 20% of cases. Certain risk factors for recurrence such as smoking, repeated and/or extensive resections, anoperineal involvement, myenteric plexitis, epithelioid granulomas, penetrating disease behaviour and lack of post-operative prophylactic treatment have been well established. Currently, measures to prevent post-operative recurrence are based mainly on smoking cessation in all patients and the prescription of anti-TNFα medications for patients with a high risk of recurrence (at least two risk factors for recurrence). However, new surgical techniques have recently been described which could modify post-operative prevention strategies. Kono's lateral anti-mesenteric anastomosis could significantly reduce clinical and endoscopic recurrence compared to conventional anastomosis techniques. Long latero-lateral isoperistaltic stricturoplasties have been shown to be feasible and are associated with a low rate of long-term symptomatic recurrence requiring surgery. In a preliminary series, intestinal resections with extensive mesenteric resection reduced the rate of recurrence in comparison with patients operated on conventionally (3% vs. 40% at five years). If the results of these new surgical techniques are confirmed, the indications for post-operative immunomodulatory treatments could be downgraded in patients currently considered to be at high risk of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the journal Endoscopy, examines the efficiency and safety of self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement in Crohn's disease strictures. The study analyzed cases of SEMS placement in Crohn's disease patients at a single center between November 2020 and October 2023. The results showed that stent placement was successful in the majority of cases, with a low complication rate. The authors suggest that stent placement could be a viable option for patients with refractory Crohn's disease strictures, particularly those who have undergone repeated surgeries or have strictures in unfavorable locations. Further research is needed to explore this treatment option. [Extracted from the article]

A robotic small bowel resection followed by Kono-S anastomosis was offered to the patient. Once we get close to finishing the posterior wall closing, we put in another stay stich that will be another 00 braided suture that is going to allow us to expose the area of the anastomosis that we are suturing at this moment. During the next step we will measure the diameter of the anastomosis, score the small bowel and confirm that the length of the scoring is around 7 cm. Scoring starts 1 cm to the end of the small bowel and finishes 7 cm proximal or distal to the starting point. [Extracted from the article]

Background. Biological therapy has reduced the number of cases requiring surgical interventions, but at least half of the patients are operated during their lifetime. Choosing the optimal surgical moment is based on a series of factors related to the patient, preoperative medication, long term complications of the disease. Aim. Stratification of risk factors for postoperative morbidity, based on clinical guidelines for surgical therapy in Crohn's disease. Methods. The analysis of our own series of cases, superimposed on the statistical data from the ECCO surgical treatment guide, highlighted a series of risk factors, which were stratified according to the possibilities of preoperative correction. Results. The most frequent postoperative complications were identified as: anastomotic and enterocutaneous fistulas, intraperitoneal abscesses, wound dehiscences, general complications (pneumonia, urinary infections). The following factors were taken into account: Preoperative nutritional status, especially in patients with long periods of disease evolution, preoperative corticosteroid medication, control of sepsis sources (including clostridium difficile infection), cessation or not of immunological therapy. The nutritional status of patients with malabsorption syndrome or long-standing stenoses can be improved preoperatively by parenteral nutrition, minimally invasive treatment of the sources of intraperitoneal sepsis, correction of stenosis (percutaneous drainage of abscesses, balloon dilatations for short stenoses), antibiotic therapy and discontinuation of cortisone medication, can reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Conclusion. The surgical moment is not clearly coded and it is difficult to choose. The decision must be multidisciplinary and take into account the patients' quality of life and the operative risk. Delaying the intervention can lead to nutritional degradation and increased postoperative morbidity as a result of prolonged corticotherapy or the installation of malabsorption syndrome. There are often situations in which surgery represents a new beginning for the gastroenterologist in re-initiating drug therapy, such as situations in which the timing of the intervention until the non-invasive therapeutic resources are exhausted can lead to the failure of a surgical solution that, applied early, would have been beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]