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Analyzes the struggle to create a federal department of education in the 1920s. Details proponents' arguments in favor of efficiency, national control, and cultural homogeneity. Contends that opponents organized against further expansion of federal power. Places the debate within the larger context of progressivism and nativism. (CH)

The article considers the 1950s history of the right-wing popular front which embraced anti-Semitic and/or conspiratorial elements of the right, by discussing the magazine "American Mercury" and its owner Russell Maguire. It reports businessman Maguire gained control of the magazine in 1952 which was at that point under the editorial leadership of William Bradford Huie became the editor. It provides background of Maquire's education, business experience, and character and an overview of conservatism during the period.

The author uses insights from the history of knowledge and political history to consider the Progressive Era novel "The Jungle," by Upton Sinclair. Topics considered include the novel's accounts of slaughterhouses, its influence on the politics of food laws, the theory of speech acts forwarded by Jürgen Habermas, and food purity and adulteration.

The article discusses the roles of judicial retirement and pensions, as well as judicial independence, in a 1937 dispute about court-packing of the U.S. Supreme Court. Topics include the role of retirement law in a plan by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the proposals of Progressive Era reformers for judicial retirement, and 1932 legislation cutting the salaries and pensions of judges. The role of U.S. Congressman Hatton Sumners in the controversy is addressed.

The article discusses the role of U.S. racism and the U.S. civil rights movement in Canadian understanding of racism in Canada. Topics include discrimination against black and indigenous people in Canada, transnational cooperation between Black Canadians and African American activists, and the impact of racism on the international reputation of the U.S.

The article discusses the significance of the 1995 United Nations' Fourth World Conference on Women to the U.S. feminist movement, particularly focusing on the state of that movement following the end of the Cold War and the expansion of capitalism and privatization.

An essay is presented that examines what are identified as the competing postindustrial frameworks of choice and working family for family income and the gender role of working mothers in the U.S. during the administration of U.S. president Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, particularly focusing on private sector and public welfare solutions to social and political questions.

The article examines the significance of political mobilization among ecumenical Protestants during World War II and the importance placed on human rights and civil rights, particularly the role of the organization the Federal Council of Churches (FCC) and the FCC's involvement in the establishment of the United Nations (UN) following the war. It also discusses the World Order Movement.

The article discusses welfare rights activism on behalf of African American women in New Orleans between 1959 and 1962, particularly concerning legislation known as the suitable home laws, which provided money from the U.S. Social Security Act's welfare provision Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), and active denial by the Louisiana Board of Social Welfare of ADC funding to African American women and children.

The article discusses a socioeconomic change in America in the 1970s in relation to the issue of nursing home abuse and a patient abuse-related scandal involving the John J. Kane Hospital in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The economic aspects of U.S. health care policy are addressed, along with deindustrialization, long-term care for older Americans, and America's New Deal government policies. Social rights and hospital wages in the U.S. are assessed.

The article discusses the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) organization's prison organizing activities in twentieth century America, and it mentions the legal rights of prisoners in places such as Mississippi, a black freedom social movement, and the concept of black nationalism. Prisoners' radicalism and prison repression are addressed, along with the suppression of Islam, the SaMarion v. McGinnis prisoners' rights case, and Muslim religious practices and rituals in prisons.

The article discusses the relation of the Supplementary Security Income (SSI) welfare program in the U.S. to HIV infection in the U.S. during the administration of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Topics include the treatment of people with AIDS (PWA) in relation to Medicaid and healthcare access, the social impact of the definition of AIDS by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the definition of disability by the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA). Social conditions of poor people, LGBT people, and minorities are noted.

The article discusses the role of U.S. foreign aid in the Rapti Valley Development Project (RVDP) in Nepal. Topics include environmental engineering as part of the project, the use of DDT to attempt to exterminate malaria in the Rapti Valley, and the social impacts of the project on Tharu people in the valley. The involvement of U.S. planner Paul Rose in the project is addressed.

The article discusses political activity by African American military personnel (G.I.s) during World War II as a martial freedom movement. Topics include opposition to segregation within the U.S. Armed Forces, protest strategies used by African American G.I.s, and support from the organization National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

The article discusses how the arguments of major works on U.S. President John Fitzgerald Kennedy's life, politics and governance have changed since his assassination in 1963. According to the author, Kennedy left eternal influence on U.S. and world affairs despite the limited achievements of his presidency. He observes that Kennedy unintentionally created a popular expectation about how U.S. presidents should speak and act.

The article looks back at a time before the emergence of Latino as a broad ethnoracial category in the U.S. in the 20th century. The author highlights the migration of Puerto Ricans to Chicago, Illinois, after World War II. He examines archives and scholarship on racial formation in order to explore the role of migration and citizenship in the formation of races in the country.

The article explores the struggle in Puerto Rico between organized labor and U.S. and local employers over the minimum wage provisions of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). It recounts the effort of militant labor groups to defend the provisions and the move by New Dealers to prevent conservatives from abolishing the FLSA. Also discussed is an amendment facilitated by New Dealers and conservatives to allow lower minimum wages in colonial holdings.

The article discusses why the Chinese-white color line in the early 20th century U.S. cannot be an extension of Chinese exclusion or a variant of Jim Crow racial segregation laws. A particular focus is given to two Chinese men who were charged with statutory rape in 1904 for having intimate relationships with two young white sisters in rural California. The racial geography of the Progressive Era is explored, as well as systemic exclusion faced by Chinese migrants in the interior.

The article discusses the creation of the initial Mexican clubs sociales in Los Angeles, California, between the 1960s and 1980s. According to the article, these organizations helped raise money to support the hometowns of Mexican migrants, fostered a sense of identity among them and facilitated their inclusion into the community. The growing club culture and members' demands for inclusion into the social and political realm of both nation-states are also discussed.

The article discusses teaching the U.S.'s foreign relations during the Cold War, with a particular focus on sports during this period. An overview of the teaching of race relations and international U.S. sports, including the professional boxer Muhammad Ali's (or Cassius Clay's) participation in the 1960 Rome, Italy Olympic Games, is provided. U.S.'s relations with the Soviet Union are discussed.

The article discusses the production and consumption of the songs "China Night" and "Japanese Rumba," and their significance to U.S. soldiers and officers in Allied-occupied in Japan following World War II. The author discusses the concept of so-called "G.I. songs" and the symbolism of the experience of U.S. military personnel in occupied Japan contained in the lyrics and melodies of the songs, the concept of exoticism, and stereotypes and cultural misunderstandings in the songs.

The article discusses U.S. black nationalist philosophy during the late 1960s and 1970s, including in regard to the question of land tenure. The African American black power movement's concept of the rural agrarian society ideal in the U.S. Southern States, including the aspects of nostalgia in the agrarian ideal, is discussed.

An essay is provided which discusses the U.S. Air Force's Ground Observer Corps (GOC), U.S. civil defense and American militarization during the Cold War of the late 1940s and 1950s, including the GOC's role in monitoring airplanes in the U.S. under the Air Force's Operation Skywatch. An overview of the efforts to recruit volunteers for the GOC program is provided.

The article discusses American newspaper advertisements within woman's pages developed for women consumers from 1895 through 1935. An overview of the U.S. newspaper publishers' efforts to gain access to women's private spaces in American homes, including their efforts to gain access to the American family, is provided.

Cities were fundamental to the rise of the black power movement in the late 1960s, but, as Brian D. Goldstein uncovers, the built environment also served as a crucial medium through which black power proponents imagined the future that would follow from racial self-determination. As the case of Harlem shows, activist architects and planners and their community partners crafted an urban vision that valued existing African American residents and preserved their vibrant neighborhoods. In doing so, they not only offered a rebuke to modernist city building, with its emphasis on clearance and redevelopment, but they also played a thus-far-overlooked role in crafting a new, postmodern urbanism in its place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article details the legal problems encountered by African American foreign correspondent William Worthy when he traveled to Cuba from the United States and promptly returned using a birth certificate instead of a passport, in violation of the 1961 travel ban issued by the U.S. State Department and the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). As a reporter for the "Baltimore Afro-America" and an active member of the activist group Fair Play for Cuba Committee, it was reported the the U.S. government targeted Worthy for his public support of the administration of Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro.

The article discusses the American political activist group Veterans of Future Wars, established in 1936 by a group of Princeton University college students led by Lewis Jefferson Gorin Jr. The group used satire in their manifesto published in the periodical "Daily Princetonian" to promote the payment of a bonus to men eligible for the draft, who would eventually be called for future military service in Europe and should be allowed to enjoy veteran benefits before their military service rendered them disabled or dead. The student activists gained in popularity across the U.S. and became a leading antiwar organization for a few brief months before disintegrating.

A speech by historian Jon Butler is presented which was first delivered at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Providence, Rhode Island on April 9, 2016. It explores the history of religion and modernity in New York City. Topics considered include the 1953 novel "Go Tell It on the Mountain" by James Baldwin, religious congregations in the city from the 1850s to the 1960s, the social philosophies of intellectuals William James and Max Weber, and the impact of settlement patterns on the city's religious institutions.

The article discusses the regulation of noncitizen access to welfare and Medicaid health insurance in U.S. history in relation to the origins of immigrant status restrictions in American social policy. The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the 1971 state alienage-based restrictions and constitutional law case Graham v. Richardson is examined, along with the legal aspects of public assistance programs in America. Unauthorized (illegal) immigration in the U.S. is assessed, along with state laws.

The article discusses then-U.S. foreign policy strategist and diplomat George F. Kennan's emotions and his views about topics such as the Soviet Union, Russians, and a performance of the late playwright Anton Chekhov's drama "The Cherry Orchard" in 1958. Frustration and Kennan's inner personality are examined, along with his views about relations with the people, culture, and landscape of Russia during the twentieth century. Kennan's American foreign policy recommendations are assessed.

The article presents an abridged collective biography of journalists Rose Wilder Lane, Isabel Paterson and novelist Ayn Rand and their opposition to libertarianism in the U.S. in the 20th century. It provides a historical analysis of their consequence for the American right, methods and scope of intellectual history, and women's history. It also examines the political ideas they advanced to demonstrate how they reworked a personal and gendered sense of individualism into a free economy theory.

The article explores the intricacies of the 1913-1915 back-to-Africa movement of Chief Alfred Charles Sam, a shadowy figure in Oklahoma history, which inspired the African American migration to Africa. The author argues that this movement was a prelude to Garveyism and the great migration as well as a capstone to what historian Carter G. Woodson called an African American migration within and beyond North America using the story of freedpeople Elic Davis and his cousin Monroe Coleman.

The article looks at how African American Muslim minister Malik Shabazz or known as Malcolm X built an Islamic ethics of liberation in the U.S. inspired by Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser's example since 1964. It builds on the article on professor Manning Marable's suggestion that Islam became the spiritual platform toward Shabazz's life. This ethics was consonant with the social gospel tradition of American Christianity and of then African American religion.

The article discusses the history of American Jews and name changing in New York City during the World War II era from 1939 to 1945. It builds on various scholarly interpretations emphasizing the insidious nature of anti-Semitism, which may have encouraged the resistance less grounded in civil rights protests than in personal identity and bureaucracy, and the complicated responses of Jews.

The article discusses the Gold Star Mother Program initiated in 1930 by the U.S. government which undertook to send roughly 6700 mothers and wives of fallen World War I soldiers to Europe. The program would arrange for travel of both white and African American women, but the women would travel on separate ships and stay in different hotels. Civil rights activists with the the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) protested the program. However, 279 black mothers and wives did travel to Europe between 1930 and 1933 and reported the trip was nothing like the NAACP predicted.

The article details competing efforts by both private citizens and public governments in Connecticut to maintain or establish public rights and access to beaches in the 1970s. Prior to the period, homeowner associations and groups had erected fences and walls to keep areas of the beach private and deny access to minorities and other social classes. Competing issues included environmental aspects arising from barriers erected on beaches, social justice, civil rights, and real estate values.

The article discusses the New York and Bermudez Company in Guanoco, Venezuela in the first decade of the twentieth century. The American company was the holder of a large lake of tar pitch, a main ingredient used in asphalt in the U.S. and the company relations with the Venezuelan government of president Cipriano Castro were strained over the control of the area. Efforts made by the administration of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, mainly secretary of state Elihu Root, to adopt a legal strategy to intercede in the matter without resorting to the use of military force, are detailed.

The article discusses the relationship between the U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's social policy known as Great Society and mass incarceration in the U.S. (referred to as the carceral state) from the 1960s through the early 1970s. An overview of Johnson's crime policy, including in regard to the relations between urban African Americans and police, the impact of riots on Johnson's crime policy and the president's anti-poverty efforts known as the War on Poverty, is provided.

An essay is presented which discusses the U.S. Southern States prisoners' civil rights movement from the 1960s through the 1990s, commenting on the historiography of mass incarceration in the U.S. (referred to as the carceral state) and the legal struggles of prisoners. An overview of prisoners' lawsuits over their prison conditions, including the Texas prisoner class-action civil rights lawsuit "Ruíz v. Estelle," is provided.

An essay is presented which discusses the role that the mass incarceration in the U.S. (referred to as the carceral state) played in the development of the chicano/a movement's political mobilization in Los Angeles, California from the mid 1940s through the early 1970s. The relationship between the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and Mexican Americans, including in regard to police brutality and the police's attitudes towards chicano youth as being criminally inclined, is discussed.

The article discusses the police's policies towards gay and queer people and sexuality in the U.S. during the late 20th century, including police harassment of gays and disparity of the state's treatment of African American LBGT people. An overview of the gay rights movement's efforts to end police harassment of LGBT people is provided. U.S. laws criminalizing LGBT people, including local laws criminalizing cross-dressing, are discussed.

An essay is presented which discusses the history of the U.S. Office of Public Safety (OFS) from 1962 through 1974, with a particular focus on the role that the OFS played in assisting police and law enforcement throughout the world in training and counterinsurgency. The impact that OFS had in civilian-military relations is discussed.

The article discusses African Americans' attitudes towards the militaristic, or militarized, methods of the Los Angeles, California Police Department's (LAPD's) involvement in the war on drugs in Los Angeles' African American community during the 1980s and early 1990s, with a particular focus on the African American attitudes on the social impact of the use of crack cocaine. The LAPD's law enforcement policies towards Los Angeles gangs are discussed.

The article discusses the U.S. war on drugs in the context of the legal protections for suburban white middle class illegal drug users and addicts from the 1950s through the 1980s, including in regard to the U.S. President Ronald Reagan's illegal drug policy. An overview of the racial disparities in U.S. drug policy between African Americans and whites, including for marijuana and crack cocaine, is provided.

An essay is presented which discusses the politics associated with the U.S. welfare state, mass incarceration in the U.S. (referred to as the carceral state) and social exclusion in the country from the 1960s through the 1990s. An overview of the New York state Governor Nelson Rockefeller's policies on illegal drugs, including their influence on mandatory minimum sentences in the U.S., is provided.

The article discusses the film "Unbroken," directed by Angelina Jolie and the books "Devil at My Heels: A Heroic Olympian's Astonishing Story of Survival As a Japanese POW in World War II," by Louis Zamperini and "Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption," by Laura Hillenbrand. Topics of the works, including Japanese involvement in World War II, World War II prisoners of war (POW) and the personal narrative of American Army Air Force pilot of the Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber Louis Zamperini's World II experience, are discussed.

An essay is presented which discusses the youth of color at the Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility (originally known as the Whittier State School) in Whittier, California in the 1910s and 1920s, including in regard to African American, Mexican and Mexican American youth at the facility and mass incarceration (referred to as the carceral state) in California. Efforts towards researching the causes of juvenile delinquency, including the fieldwork research, the measuring of intelligence of juvenile delinquents and the influence of eugenics on the research, are discussed.

An essay is presented which discusses the relationship between American crime and punishment in the context of U.S. criminal justice administration during the Interwar Period of the 1920s and the 1930s, including crime in New Orleans, Louisiana, imprisonment, the racial aspects of crime and the association of crime with African Americans. An overview of violent crime rates in the U.S., including homicide, is provided.

The article discusses the California attorney general and California Governor of the Republican Party Earl Warren's liberal politics from 1942 through 1946, including his perspective on social classes and his support for the U.S. New Deal programs and labor unions. An overview of Warren's policy towards California's industries, including in regard to the state's economic development, is provided.